given including the concept of exclamation in English and Arabic, as well ... on the data taken from the Shakespearean tragedy Julius Caesar with ..... To think that he knew about it all the time! ... the degree of assertion is more than when we say â It tastes .... performs an illocutionary act of sorrow, he must be really sad.
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The Translation of English Exclamatory Expressions into Arabic
By Luqman Abdulkarim Nasser
7DEOH2I&RQWHQW Subject Table Of Content List of Abbreviations List of Tables & Figures
Chapter One: Introduction Chapter Two: Literature Review 2.1 Exclamation In English 2.1.1 The Concept of Exclamation In English 2.1.2 Features of Exclamation In English 2.1.2.1 Phonological Features of Exclamation 2.1.2.2 Syntactic Features of Exclamation 2.1.2.2.1. Overt Exclamation 2.1.2.2.2. Covert Exclamation 2.1.2.3. Semantic Features of Exclamation 2.1.2.4. Pragmatic Features of Exclamation 2.1.2.4.1. Illocutionary Force 2.1.2.4.1.1 IFID of Exclamatory Expressions 6HDUOH 9DQGHUYHNHQ¶V&RPSRQHQWVRI,) 2.1.2.4.2. Exclamatory ExpUHVVLRQV ([SUHVVLYH,)¶V 2.1.2.4. 2.1. English Expressives )HOLFLW\&RQGLWLRQVRI([SUHVVLYH,)¶V 2.1.2.4. 2.3. Analysis of Expressive Acts 2.2 Exclamation In Arabic 2.2.1 The Concept of Exclamation In Arabic 2.2.2 Features of Exclamation In Arabic 2.2.2.1. Phonological Features of Exclamation In Arabic 2.2.2.2. Syntactic Features of Exclamation In Arabic 2.2.2.3. Semantic Features of Exclamation In Arabic 2.2.2.3.1. Wonder 2.2.2.3.2. Praise & Rebuke 2.2.2.3.3. Lament & Condole 2.2.2.3.4. Call For Help 2.2.2.3.5. Verbal Nouns 2.2.2.3.6. Wishes Notes to Chapter Two Chapter Three:The Translation of IF of Exclamatory Expressions
Page No. 2 3 3 5-8 8-38 8 8 9 9 11 12 13 16 19 22 22 25 25 27 28 29 32 32 34 34 35 36 36 38 38 38 39 39 41 42-100
3.1 Definitions of Translation 3.2 Translation Theory 3.3 Types of Translation 3.4 Translation & Speech Act Theory 3.5 Literary Translation 3.6 Language Functions & Exclamation 3.7 Data Analysis Notes to Chapter Three
Chapter Four: Conclusions, Recommendations & Suggestions 4.1 Conclusions 4.2 Recommendations 4.3 Suggestions Bibliography
42 42 44 45 46 46 46 100 101-109 101 108 109 110
/LVWRI$EEUHYLDWLRQV
F = Force IF = Illocutionary Force IFID = Illocutionary Force Indicating Device SAT = Speech Act Theory P = Proposition m = Mental State S = Speaker H = Hearer
/LVWRI7DEOHV
Subject
Page No.
Table No.(1) Expressive Acts in English. Table No.(2) Criteria of Determining the IF of Exclamatory Expressions Table No.(3) The Syntactic Classification of Exclamatory Expressions Table No.(4) Patterns of Exclamatory Expressions & their appearances in the text.
24 27
100
101
Table No.(5) Arabic Linguistic Devices of ,)¶s.
102
Table No.(6) The IF¶VRI([FODmatory Expressions.
103
Table No.(7) The Syntactic Realizations of Exclamatory Expressions.
/LVWRI)LJXUHV Subject
Figure No.(1): The psychological Mechanism of IF¶VRI Exclamatory Expressions. Figure No.(2): The Classification of Sentences in Arabic. Figure No.(3): The procedure adopted in the Translation of Exclamatory Expressions.
104
Page No. 28 30 45
Chapter One
ϭ͘/ŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŽŶ ϭ͘ϭ͘ džĐůĂŵĂƚŝŽŶ džĐůĂŵĂƚŝŽŶ ŝƐ Ă ƵŶŝǀĞƌƐĂů ƐĞŵĂŶƚŝĐ ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚ ƵƐĞĚ ƚŽ ĞdžƉƌĞƐƐ ƐƉĞĂŬĞƌƐΖ ĞŵŽƚŝŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ ĨĞĞůŝŶŐƐ ƚŽǁĂƌĚƐ ĂŶ ĂĐƚŝŽŶ ǁŚŝĐŚ ƉƌŽǀŽŬĞƐ Ă ƌĞĂĐƚŝŽŶ ŽĨ ƚǁŽ ĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐ͗ >ŝŶŐƵŝƐƚŝĐ ĂŶĚ ŶŽŶͲ>ŝŶŐƵŝƐƚŝĐ͘ dŚĞ ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ ƐƚƵĚLJ ŝƐ ĐŽŶĐĞƌŶĞĚ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ůŝŶŐƵŝƐƚŝĐ ŽŶĞ͘ ůƚŚŽƵŐŚ ƚƌĂŶƐůĂƚŽƌƐ ǁŝĚĞůLJ ĐŽŵĞ ĂĐƌŽƐƐ ƐƵĐŚ ĞdžƉƌĞƐƐŝŽŶƐ ĚƵƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĞŝƌ ǁŽƌŬ͕ ƚŚĞ ƚƌĂŶƐůĂƚŝŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚŽĨƚŚŝƐƌĞĂĐƚŝŽŶŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨŝƚƐŝůůŽĐƵƚŝŽŶĂƌLJĨŽƌĐĞƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌ ƌĞĂůŝnjĂƚŝŽŶƐ ŝŶ ŶŐůŝƐŚ ĂŶĚ ƌĂďŝĐ ŚĂƐ ŶŽƚ ďĞĞŶ ƐƚƵĚŝĞĚ ďĞĨŽƌĞ͘ dŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞ͕ƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƐƚƵĚLJŝƐĂŶĂƚƚĞŵƉƚƚŽďƌŝĚŐĞƚŚŝƐŐĂƉ͘ dŚĞƚƌĂŶƐůĂƚŝŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝůůŽĐƵƚŝŽŶĂƌLJĨŽƌĐĞƐŽĨ ŶŐůŝƐŚĞdžĐůĂŵĂƚŽƌLJ ĞdžƉƌĞƐƐŝŽŶƐ ŝŶƚŽ ƌĂďŝĐ ŝƐ ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞĚ ƚŽ ďĞ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽďůĞŵ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƐƚƵĚLJ ͘dŚĞ ƐƚƵĚLJ ƉƵƚƐ ƐŽŵĞ ĂŝŵƐ ƚŽ ďĞ ĂĐŚŝĞǀĞĚ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ ŝŶǀĞƐƚŝŐĂƚŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽďůĞŵƐ ƚŚĂƚ ŵĂLJ ĂƌŝƐĞ ĚƵƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƚƌĂŶƐůĂƚŝŽŶ ŽĨ ĞdžĐůĂŵĂƚŽƌLJ ĞdžƉƌĞƐƐŝŽŶƐ͕ĂŶĚƌĞǀĞĂůŝŶŐƚŚĞƐLJŶƚĂĐƚŝĐĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŚĂƚŵĂLJĂƉƉĞĂƌŝŶƚŚĞ ƚŚĞŝƌ ƚƌĂŶƐůĂƚŝŽŶ͘ dŚĞ ƐƚƵĚLJ ĂůƐŽ ĂŝŵƐ ƚŽ ĐůĂƌŝĨLJ ƚŚĞ ƉƌĂŐŵĂƚŝĐ ŝŵƉůŝĐĂƚŝŽŶƐ ŽĨ ƐƵĐŚ ĞdžƉƌĞƐƐŝŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞŝƌ ŝŵƉĂĐƚ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ ŽĨ ƚƌĂŶƐůĂƚŝŽŶ͘ Ŷ ĂŶĂůLJƚŝĐĂů ƉƌĂŐŵĂƚŝĐ ƉƌŽĐĞĚƵƌĞ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ ŽĨ ƚƌĂŶƐůĂƚŝŶŐŽĨƚŚĞƐĞĞdžƉƌĞƐƐŝŽŶƐŝƐƚŽďĞĂĚŽƉƚĞĚ͘dŽƐŽůǀĞƚŚĞƉƌŽďůĞŵ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƐƚƵĚLJ͕ ƚǁŽ ďLJƉŽƚŚĞƐĞƐ ĂƌĞ ŐŝǀĞŶ͘ dŚĞ ĨŝƌƐƚ ŝƐ ƚŚĂƚ ĞĂĐŚ ĞdžĐůĂŵĂƚŽƌLJ ĞdžƉƌĞƐƐŝŽŶ ŚĂƐ ŽŶĞ Žƌ ŵŽƌĞ ŝůůŽĐƵƚŝŽŶĂƌLJ ĨŽƌĐĞ ďĞƐŝĚĞƐ ŝƚƐ ƉƌŽƉŽƐŝƚŝŽŶĂů ĐŽŶƚĞŶƚ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ƐĞĐŽŶĚ ŝƐ ƚŚĂƚ ĂŶLJ ŶĞŐůŝŐĞŶĐĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŝůůŽĐƵƚŝŽŶĂƌLJĨŽƌĐĞǁŽƵůĚĐĂƵƐĞĂůŽƐƐŽĨŵĞĂŶŝŶŐŝŶƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐůĂƚŝŽŶ͘ dŽ ƚĞƐƚ ƚŚĞ ǀĂůŝĚŝƚLJ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŚLJƉŽƚŚĞƐĞƐ͕ Ă ďƌŝĞĨ ůŝƚĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ ƌĞǀŝĞǁ ŝƐ ŐŝǀĞŶŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽŶĐĞƉƚŽĨĞdžĐůĂŵĂƚŝŽŶŝŶ ŶŐůŝƐŚĂŶĚƌĂďŝĐ͕ĂƐǁĞůů ĂƐŝƚƐƉŚŽŶŽůŽŐŝĐĂů͕ƐLJŶƚĂĐƚŝĐ͕ĂŶĚƉƌĂŐŵĂƚŝĐĨĞĂƚƵƌĞƐ͘/ŶƚŚŝƐƚŚĞŽƌĞƚŝĐĂů ĐŚĂƉƚĞƌ͕ Ă ƉƌŽĐĞĚƵƌĞ ŽĨ ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ ŝƐ ƉƌŽƉŽƐĞĚ ƚŽ ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞ ƚŚĞ ŝůůŽĐƵƚŝŽŶĂƌLJ ĨŽƌĐĞ ŽĨ ĞĂĐŚ ƵƚƚĞƌĂŶĐĞ͘ dŚŝƐ ƉƌŽĐĞĚƵƌĞ ŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶ ĂƉƉůŝĞĚ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ĚĂƚĂ ƚĂŬĞŶ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ^ŚĂŬĞƐƉĞĂƌĞĂŶ ƚƌĂŐĞĚLJ :ƵůŝƵƐ ĂĞƐĂƌ ǁŝƚŚ ĨŝǀĞŽĨŝƚƐƌĂďŝĐƌĞŶĚĞƌŝŶŐŝŶŽƌĚĞƌƚŽĐŽŵƉĂƌĞƚŚĞŝƌŝůůŽĐƵƚŝŽŶĂƌLJĨŽƌĐĞƐ
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inevitably come across exclamatory expressions during their work, little attention has been given to this phenomenon compared with statements, questions, and orders. The study aims at: Studying the exclamatory expressions in the Shakespearean tragedy Julius Caesar ,investigating the problems that may arise during the translation of exclamatory expressions ,revealing the syntactic changes that may appear in the translation of exclamatory expressions, clarifying the pragmatic implications of exclamatory expressions and their impact on the translation of such expressions, investigating the whole range of different illocutionary forces that may appear within the exclamatory expressions in English ,showing how the illocutionary forces of these expressions are realized in Arabic ,revealing the priorities that influenced the five translators of the text, trying to put an analytical pragmatic procedure for the process of translating of these expressions, proposing a new rendering if all the analyzed ones are not satisfactory, and proposing some recommendations for students of translation, teachers of translation and translators. The study is an attempt to apply some aspects of pragmatics to the practice of translation, starting from the assumption that the achievement of equivalence between original and translated texts involves an analysis of the pragmatic level of the text. It is very difficult to cover the whole pragmatic aspect in one thesis. Therefore; only the notion of illocutionary force will be dealt with in this thesis. Further researches may be conducted to cover other pragmatic notions. Syntactically, for the same reason, only exclamatory expressions will be studied. Due to the limitation of time the study will only concentrate on the exclamatory expressions which appeared in the analyzed text. Exclamatory expressions are rarely found in scientific language. A scientist, if he does not want to add a certain emotive meaning, which is raUHZRXOG QRW VD\ IRUH[DPSOH ³:KDW D ODUJHFHOO WKLV LV´ EXW LQVWHDG KHZRXOGVD\³7KLVLVDYHU\ODUJHFHOO´7KHUHIRUH WKHVWXG\LVFRQILQHG to those texts where speech is written. Such texts can be found in literary language. As the study will deal with the pragmatic aspects of exclamatory expressions, a highly imaginative language is needed. The language of Shakespeare is the best representative of such language. Therefore; it has been chosen to be the source of the data of the study. Among the Shakespearean plays, Julius Caesar has been found to contain a lot of different exclamatory expressions from which the data of the study were taken. The procedure adopted in this study consists of the following steps: 1.Identifing the exclamatory expressions that appeared in the text.
2.Choosing the available published rendering of the text. These rendering DUH%HLUXW-DPPDO$O¶XVDLO\+DPGLDQG)DGLO 3.Classifying the exclamatory expressions into their syntactic patterns. 4.Investigatinsg the whole range of the syntactic realizations of exclamatory expressions in English. 'HWHUPLQLQJ WKH ZKROH SRVVLEOH UDQJH RI ,)¶V WKDW PD\ DSSHDU LQ WKHVH expressions and their conditions of success. 6.Determining the I),'¶VRIWKHVHH[SUHVVLRQVLQ(QJOLVK ,QYLVWLJDWLQJWKHHTXLYDOHQW$UDELF,),'¶VRIHDFKLOORFXWLRQDU\IRUFHRI English exclamatory expressions and their realization in the translated texts. 8.Analysing one or two samples of each pattern of English exclamatory expressions appeared in the selected text with five of its Arabic translations. 9.Identifing the IF conveyed by SLT and comparing it with the one FRQYH\HG E\ WKH 7/7¶V 7KH WUDQVODWLRQV WKDW EHDU ,) LGHQWLFDO WR WKDW RI the SLT are regarded to be more accurate.
1.2.Value of the Study: The pragmatic approach attempts to explain translation from the point of view of what is potentially done by the original author in the text and what is potentially done in the translation as a response to the original. So, the study helps the translators of literary works to overcome the difficulties of translating exclamatory expressions by providing an example of the application of SAT on the field of translation. It, also, shed some light on the pragmatic implications of exclamatory expressions and their impact on translating such texts. Furthermore; the study clarifies the common misconception about the concept of exclamation in Arabic.
&KDSWHU7ZR /LWHUDWXUH5HYLHZ ([FODPDWLRQLQ(QJOLVK : 2.1.1 The Concept of Exclamation in English: ([FODPDWLRQVDUHXWWHUDQFHVWKDWH[SUHVVWKHVSHDNHU¶VHPRWLRQV and feelings including: surprise, relief, anger, grief, fear, hatred, delight, etc (House&Harman, 1931:14; Gardiner, 1932: 315; Smart 1940: 117; Mallery, 1944:74; Francis, 1958: 427; Scheurweghs, 1959: 310; Sledd, 1959: 210-211; Quirk et al, 1973:833; Leech and Svartvik, 1975: 230; Crystal, 1985: 113; among many others). Sleed (1959:210) argues that almost any form can be spoken with an intonation, a stress pattern, which will make it express strong feeling. Hence the application of the terms exclamation, exclamatory and interjection is too vague and extensive for them to be of much use. Exclamations do not occur in written English, except when speech is written down (Feigenbaum, 1985:37). So, exclamation is a feature of the style of spoken language (Nash,1986:90) . Generally, there are two main kinds of exclamation: those that can be identified syntactically by having certain structures and easily recognized without referring to the distinctive feature of intonation represented by the exclamation mark in written language (for the purpose of the research) will be termed as Overt Exclamations. Such patterns are always and only Exclamations; whereas those that cannot be recognized without the distinctive feature of intonation will be termed as Covert exclamations.
2.1.2 Features of Exclamation in English: The following sections are devoted to tackle the most important phonological, syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic features of exclamatory expressions in English upon which the practical chapter will be based.
2.1.2.1 The Phonological Features of Exclamation: Depending on the fact that exclamation is a feature of spoken language, any study of exclamation must take into consideration its phonological features. As it was mentioned earlier, exclamation is recognized by a certain pattern of Intonation which is generally the falling one. The study will focus on the function of Intonation in conveying certain meanings. Uttering each syllable with different level of pitch and different loudness conveys a part of the meaning of an utterance. In fact, intonation makes it easier for us to understand what others want to say. In exclamation, the importance of intonation comes to its highest amount because in many cases intonation provides the only indicating device of Exclamation. According to Roach, Intonation has four functions: Attitudinal, Accentual, Grammatical, and Discourse one. Among the functions illustrated by Roach (1983:136-168) the Attitudinal one is the most important as far as this study is concerned because a special kind of meaning is added to the spoken language where Intonation helps us to express our emotions and attitudes as we speak. All types of sentences may be distorted as to pitch and also as to stress. Such distortion happens when the speaker is responding to a strong stimulus. In such a case, a single secondary phoneme of exclamatory pitch is added. This phoneme is represented by the exclamatory mark (!) in written language (Bloomfield,1933:115). According to Crystal, there are different kinds of pitch phonemes including: 1. The final pitch at the end of a statement represented by /. /. 2. The rising pitch at the end of a yes/no question represented by
/? /.
3. A rise in pitch before a pause within a sentence represented by /,
/.
4. The distortion of the pitch scheme in exclamation which modifies WKH ILUVW WKUHH RQHV ³([FODPDWRU\ SLWFK´ UHSUHVHQWHG E\ /! 1969:46).
Intonation,
therefore;
plays
an
/.
important
(Crystal, role
in
distinguishing a question from an exclamation. Consider the following example: Has she grown! When there is a stress on the operator and subject, this yes/no question turns to be an exclamatory one. (Leech and Svartvik, 1975:137). Exclamation is generally realized by a falling tone in which there is a start from a high or medium pitch to a low one. When surprise is mixed with satisfaction the nucleus is high; while when it is mixed with dismay the nucleus is low.(Palmer& Blandford, 1969 :27). A falling intonation can be used in a question, a command, or a statement to indicate a strong feeling or an exclamation as in: Are you going ! You are going ! Now you look here ! All these sentences, though syntactically different, are exclamations. Another subtype of yes/no questions can be used with falling intonation to indicate a strong feeling or exclamation as in: Was he disgusted! (Sledd, 1959:178-179) Another example, which indicates the role of intonation in determining the type of sentence, and hence the meaning, is given by Bloomfield (Bloomfield, 1933,115) Who was watching the door? (Question) Who was watching the door! (Exclamation)
The researcher agrees with Huddelston who says that intonation can be regarded as an illocutionary force indicator especially when no other indicator is available.(Huddelston,1971:7).
2.1.2.2 Syntactic Features of Exclamation: Within the grammatical mood, exclamative sentences form the fourth type of sentences after declarative, Interrogative, and Imperative (House &
Harman,
1931:
13;
Mallery,
1944:74;
Huddleston,
1971:5;
Feigenbaum, 1985:37). Pragmatically, any of these categories can be an exclamation. However; if we make a one to one correspondence, we will have the illocutionary force of assertion, question, order, and exclamation respectively. Exclamatives are, in fact, only a part of Exclamation. Because every exclamatives are exclamations but not every exclamations are exclamatives. Syntactically, it is very difficult to recognize an H[FODPDWLYH VHQWHQFH ZLWKRXW QRWLFLQJ WKH LQGLFDWLQJ GHYLFHV RI ³What and How´ 4XLUN UHIHUV WR WKLV FDWHJRU\ DV WKH Formal Exclamation. (Quirk et al,1985:833). As our thesis concentrates basically on the pragmatic aspect of exclamation, the syntactic aspect is given here only as a list of different patterns of exclamations which basically appear in two main types:
2.1.2.2.1.Overt exclamation: Overt exclamations are those patterns that can be recognized structurally without the use of intonation and they include: 1.
The first category that are introduced by the predeterminer
³:KDW´LQFOXGHV 1.1 Exclamations with a wh-element as subject: (SV) What an enormous crowd came! 1.2 Exclamations with a wh-element as Object: (OSVA)
:KDWDWLPHZH¶YHKDGWRGD\! 1.3 Exclamations with a wh- as Prepositional Complement:(CSV) What a mess we are in! 1.4 Exclamation with a wh -element as Adverbial: What along time we have been waiting! 1.5 In literary English, Exclamation may appear with inversion in the verb as in: What magnificent characters does she present in her latest novel! 2 .The second category is the one introduced by the degree word ³+RZ´DQGLQFOXGHV 2.1 Exclamations with a wh-element as Complement: (CSV) The complement is either an adjective or an adverbial as in: a-
How delightful her manners are !
b - How beautifully she sings! 2.2. Exclamations with a Wh-element as Adverbial followed by a Subject: (SVO) How I used to hate geography! ([FODPDWLRQZLWKWKHLQWHQVLILHU³VXFK´ZLWKWKHIRUFHRIJUHDWDVLQ He is such a fool! (Bolinger,1972:68) 4. Exclamation with (so) alone or with an adjective as in: They struggled so ! ŽŽŬǁŚĂƚĂŶŝĐĞŬ͊
^нs Kн^нsн н^нs н^нs KнĂƵdžн^нsн
dĂďůĞ;ϯͿ͗dŚĞƐLJŶƚĂĐƚŝĐĐůĂƐƐŝĨŝĐĂƚŝŽŶ ŽĨ ĞdžĐůĂŵĂƚŽƌLJ ĞdžƉƌĞƐƐŝŽŶƐ.
WĂƚƚĞƌŶEŽ
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dĂďůĞ;ϰͿWĂƚƚĞƌŶƐŽĨ džĐůĂŵĂƚŽƌLJ džƉƌĞƐƐŝŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌĂƉƉĞĂƌĂŶĐĞƐŝŶ ƚŚĞdĞdžƚ͘
/&
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ϝόϓΎϣ Ώϝόϓ
/ƌƌĞŐƵůĂƌ tŽŶĚĞƌ
sŽĐĂƚŝǀĞ
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/ŶĨŝŶŝƚŝǀĞ
ϥΎΣΑγ
KĂƚŚ
ௌϭ
ϝόϓ /ŶƚĞƌƌŽŐĂƚŝŽŶ
ϑϳϛ ϱ Ύϣ ΫΑΣˬϡόϧ ϑˬΫΑΣϻˬαΑ ϩˬΎϳˬϭ Ύϳ ϪλˬΎϫϭˬΕΎϬϳϫˬϩ ΎϣϭϟˬϻϭϟˬϼϫˬϝϫˬϭϟˬΕϳϟ
WƌĂŝƐĞ ĞƉůŽƌĞ >ĂŵĞŶƚ ĂůůĨŽƌ,ĞůƉ sĞƌďĂůEŽƵŶƐ tŝƐŚĞƐ
dĂďůĞ;ϱͿ͗ƌĂďŝĐůŝŶŐƵŝƐƚŝĐĞǀŝĐĞƐŽĨ/&ΖƐ
EŽ͘
^>d; ŶŐůŝƐŚͿ
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džĐůĂŵĂƚŝǀĞ džĐůĂŵĂƚŝǀĞ /ŶƚĞƌƌŽŐĂƚŝǀĞ /ŶƚĞƌƌŽŐĂƚŝǀĞ /ŶƚĞƌƌŽŐĂƚŝǀĞ džĐůĂŵĂƚŝǀĞ džĐůĂŵĂƚŝǀĞ džĐůĂŵĂƚŝǀĞ džĐůĂŵĂƚŝǀĞ /ŶƚĞƌƌŽŐĂƚŝǀĞ /ŶƚĞƌƌŽŐĂƚŝǀĞ /ŶƚĞƌƌŽŐĂƚŝǀĞ /ŶƚĞƌƌŽŐĂƚŝǀĞ ĞĐůĂƌĂƚŝǀĞ sŽĐĂƚŝǀĞ ĞĐůĂƌĂƚŝǀĞ ĞĐůĂƌĂƚŝǀĞ ĞĐůĂƌĂƚŝǀĞ ĞĐůĂƌĂƚŝǀĞ ĞĐůĂƌĂƚŝǀĞ ĞĐůĂƌĂƚŝǀĞ ĞĐůĂƌĂƚŝǀĞ ĞĐůĂƌĂƚŝǀĞ ĞĐůĂƌĂƚŝǀĞ džĐůĂŵĂƚŝǀĞ
d>d;ƌĂďŝĐͿ ĞŝƌƵƚ /ŶƚĞƌƌŽŐĂƚŝǀĞ sŽĐĂƚŝǀĞ /ŶƚĞƌƌŽŐĂƚŝǀĞ /ŶƚĞƌƌŽŐĂƚŝǀĞ /ŶƚĞƌƌŽŐĂƚŝǀĞ džĐůĂŵĂƚŝǀĞ /ŶƚĞƌƌŽŐĂƚŝǀĞ džĐůĂŵĂƚŝǀĞ sŽĐĂƚŝǀĞ /ŶƚĞƌƌŽŐĂƚŝǀĞ /ŶƚĞƌƌŽŐĂƚŝǀĞ KƌŝŐŝŶĂƚŝǀĞ KƌŝŐŝŶĂƚŝǀĞ ĞĐůĂƌĂƚŝǀĞ sŽĐĂƚŝǀĞ /ŶƚĞƌƌŽŐĂƚŝǀĞ KƌŝŐŝŶĂƚŝǀĞ KƌŝŐŝŶĂƚŝǀĞ sŽĐĂƚŝǀĞ džĐůĂŵĂƚŝǀĞ KƌŝŐŝŶĂƚŝǀĞ KƌŝŐŝŶĂƚŝǀĞ ĞĐůĂƌĂƚŝǀĞ ĞĐůĂƌĂƚŝǀĞ ĞĐůĂƌĂƚŝǀĞ
:ĂŵĂů ůΖƵƐĂŝůLJ sŽĐĂƚŝǀĞ sŽĐĂƚŝǀĞ sŽĐĂƚŝǀĞ KƌŝŐŝŶĂƚŝǀĞ /ŶƚĞƌƌŽŐĂƚŝǀĞ KƌŝŐŝŶĂƚŝǀĞ džĐůĂŵĂƚŝǀĞ sŽĐĂƚŝǀĞ /ŶƚĞƌƌŽŐĂƚŝǀĞ /ŶƚĞƌƌŽŐĂƚŝǀĞ džĐůĂŵĂƚŝǀĞ džĐůĂŵĂƚŝǀĞ /ŶƚĞƌƌŽŐĂƚŝǀĞ ĞĐůĂƌĂƚŝǀĞ džĐůĂŵĂƚŝǀĞ sŽĐĂƚŝǀĞ sŽĐĂƚŝǀĞ džĐůĂŵĂƚŝǀĞ /ŶƚĞƌƌŽŐĂƚŝǀĞ KƌŝŐŝŶĂƚŝǀĞ /ŶƚĞƌƌŽŐĂƚŝǀĞ /ŶƚĞƌƌŽŐĂƚŝǀĞ KƌŝŐŝŶĂƚŝǀĞ KƌŝŐŝŶĂƚŝǀĞ KƌŝŐŝŶĂƚŝǀĞ KƌŝŐŝŶĂƚŝǀĞ ĞĐůĂƌĂƚŝǀĞ ĞĐůĂƌĂƚŝǀĞ KƌŝŐŝŶĂƚŝǀĞ /ŵƉĞƌĂƚŝǀĞ /ŶƚĞƌƌŽŐĂƚŝǀĞ KƌŝŐŝŶĂƚŝǀĞ KƌŝŐŝŶĂƚŝǀĞ KƌŝŐŝŶĂƚŝǀĞ KƌŝŐŝŶĂƚŝǀĞ KƌŝŐŝŶĂƚŝǀĞ sŽĐĂƚŝǀĞ sŽĐĂƚŝǀĞ džĐůĂŵĂƚŝǀĞ KƌŝŐŝŶĂƚŝǀĞ KƌŝŐŝŶĂƚŝǀĞ KƌŝŐŝŶĂƚŝǀĞ KƌŝŐŝŶĂƚŝǀĞ KƌŝŐŝŶĂƚŝǀĞ ĞĐůĂƌĂƚŝǀĞ /ŶƚĞƌƌŽŐĂƚŝǀĞ /ŶƚĞƌƌŽŐĂƚŝǀĞ /ŶƚĞƌƌŽŐĂƚŝǀĞ džĐůĂŵĂƚŝǀĞ ĞĐůĂƌĂƚŝǀĞ
,ĂŵĚŝ &ĂĚŝů /ŶƚĞƌƌŽŐĂƚŝǀĞ /ŶƚĞƌƌŽŐĂƚŝǀĞ sŽĐĂƚŝǀĞ sŽĐĂƚŝǀĞ džĐůĂŵĂƚŝǀĞ /ŶƚĞƌƌŽŐĂƚŝǀĞ džĐůĂŵĂƚŝǀĞ /ŶƚĞƌƌŽŐĂƚŝǀĞ /ŶƚĞƌƌŽŐĂƚŝǀĞ /ŶƚĞƌƌŽŐĂƚŝǀĞ džĐůĂŵĂƚŝǀĞ džĐůĂŵĂƚŝǀĞ /ŶƚĞƌƌŽŐĂƚŝǀĞ /ŶƚĞƌƌŽŐĂƚŝǀĞ džĐůĂŵĂƚŝǀĞ /ŶƚĞƌƌŽŐĂƚŝǀĞ džĐůĂŵĂƚŝǀĞ džĐůĂŵĂƚŝǀĞ /ŶƚĞƌƌŽŐĂƚŝǀĞ /ŶƚĞƌƌŽŐĂƚŝǀĞ /ŶƚĞƌƌŽŐĂƚŝǀĞ /ŶƚĞƌƌŽŐĂƚŝǀĞ KƌŝŐŝŶĂƚŝǀĞ KƌŝŐŝŶĂƚŝǀĞ KƌŝŐŝŶĂƚŝǀĞ KƌŝŐŝŶĂƚŝǀĞ ĞĐůĂƌĂƚŝǀĞ ĞĐůĂƌĂƚŝǀĞ KƌŝŐŝŶĂƚŝǀĞ sŽĐĂƚŝǀĞ KƌŝŐŝŶĂƚŝǀĞ KƌŝŐŝŶĂƚŝǀĞ KƌŝŐŝŶĂƚŝǀĞ KƌŝŐŝŶĂƚŝǀĞ /ŶƚĞƌƌŽŐĂƚŝǀĞ sŽĐĂƚŝǀĞ KƌŝŐŝŶĂƚŝǀĞ sŽĐĂƚŝǀĞ džĐůĂŵĂƚŝǀĞ KƌŝŐŝŶĂƚŝǀĞ KƌŝŐŝŶĂƚŝǀĞ KƌŝŐŝŶĂƚŝǀĞ KƌŝŐŝŶĂƚŝǀĞ KƌŝŐŝŶĂƚŝǀĞ ĞĐůĂƌĂƚŝǀĞ ĞĐůĂƌĂƚŝǀĞ /ŶƚĞƌƌŽŐĂƚŝǀĞ ĞĐůĂƌĂƚŝǀĞ džĐůĂŵĂƚŝǀĞ /ŶƚĞƌƌŽŐĂƚŝǀĞ
dĂďůĞ;ϲͿdŚĞ^LJŶƚĂĐƚŝĐZĞĂůŝnjĂƚŝŽŶƐŽĨ džĐůĂŵĂƚŽƌLJ džƉƌĞƐƐŝŽŶƐ
EŽ͘ ^>d; ŶŐů
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&ĂĚŝů
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tŽŶĚĞƌ
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ĞƉůŽƌĞ
>ĂŵĞŶƚ
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/ŶƚĞŶƐŝĨŝĐĂƚŝŽŶ
tŽŶĚĞƌ
tŽŶĚĞƌ
ĐƵƌƐĞ
tŽŶĚĞƌ
tŽŶĚĞƌ
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ĞƉůŽƌĞ
ĞƉůŽƌĞ
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ͲͲͲͲ
ĞƉůŽƌĞ
ĞƉůŽƌĞ
ϰ
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tŽŶĚĞƌ
tŽŶĚĞƌ
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tŽŶĚĞƌ
tŽŶĚĞƌ
ϱ
/ŶƚĞŶƐŝĨŝĐĂƚŝŽŶ
/ŶƚĞŶƐŝĨŝĐĂƚŝŽŶ
/ŶƚĞŶƐŝĨŝĐĂƚŝŽŶ
/ŶƚĞŶƐŝĨŝĐĂƚŝŽŶ
ϲ
>ĂŵĞŶƚ
>ĂŵĞŶƚ
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/ŶƚĞŶƐŝĨŝĐĂƚŝŽŶ
/ŶƚĞŶƐŝĨŝĐĂƚŝŽŶ
ϳ
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tŽŶĚĞƌ
ĞƉůŽƌĞ
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tŽŶĚĞƌ
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tŽŶĚĞƌ
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/ŶƚĞŶƐŝĨŝĐĂƚŝŽŶ /ŶƚĞŶƐŝĨŝĐĂƚŝŽŶ
ϵ
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tŽŶĚĞƌ
ůĂŵĞ
ůĂŵĞ
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ĞƉůŽƌĞ
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tŝƐŚ
tŝƐŚ
tŝƐŚ
tŝƐŚ
tŝƐŚ
tŝƐŚ
ϭϯ
ůĂŵĞ
ůĂŵĞ
ůĂŵĞ
ůĂŵĞ
ůĂŵĞ
ϭϰ
WƌĂŝƐĞ
WƌĂŝƐĞ
WƌĂŝƐĞ
WƌĂŝƐĞ
WƌĂŝƐĞ
WƌĂŝƐĞ
ϭϱ
ĞƉůŽƌĞ
ĞƉůŽƌĞ
ĞƉůŽƌĞ
ĞƉůŽƌĞ
ĞƉůŽƌĞ
ĞƉůŽƌĞ
ϭϲ
ůĂŵĞ
ůĂŵĞ
ůĂŵĞ
ůĂŵĞ
ůĂŵĞ
ůĂŵĞ
ϭϳ
tŝƐŚͬůĂŵĞŶƚ
tŝƐŚͬůĂŵĞŶƚ
>ĂŵĞŶƚ
tŝƐŚ
tŝƐŚͬůĂŵĞŶƚ
tŝƐŚ
ϭϴ
>ĂŵĞŶƚ
>ĂŵĞŶƚ
>ĂŵĞŶƚ
>ĂŵĞŶƚ
tŽŶĚĞƌ
>ĂŵĞŶƚ
ϭϵ
>ĂŵĞŶƚ
tŽŶĚĞƌ
tŽŶĚĞƌ
>ĂŵĞŶƚ
ĞƉůŽƌĞ
tŽŶĚĞƌ
ϮϬ
>ĂŵĞŶƚͬƉƌĂŝƐĞ
WƌĂŝƐĞ
WƌĂŝƐĞ
>ĂŵĞŶƚͬƉƌĂŝƐĞ
WƌĂŝƐĞ
WƌĂŝƐĞ
Ϯϭ
tŝƐŚͬůĂŵĞŶƚ
ǁŝƐŚ
tŝƐŚͬůĂŵĞŶƚ
tŝƐŚͬůĂŵĞŶƚ
ǁŝƐŚ
>ĂŵĞŶƚ
ϮϮ
ƵƌƐĞ
ƵƌƐĞ
ǁĂƌŶŝŶŐ
ƵƌƐĞ
ƵƌƐĞ
ƵƌƐĞ
Ϯϯ
ĞƉůŽƌĞ
ͲͲͲͲͲͲͲ
ͲͲͲͲͲͲͲͲͲ
ĞƉůŽƌĞ
ĞƉůŽƌĞ
ĞƉůŽƌĞ
Ϯϰ
ĞƉůŽƌĞ
ĞƉůŽƌĞ
ĞƉůŽƌĞ
ĞƉůŽƌĞ
ĞƉůŽƌĞ
ĞƉůŽƌĞ
Ϯϱ
ŽŶĚŽůĞͬĚĞƉůŽƌĞ
ĞƉůŽƌĞ
ĞƉůŽƌĞ
ĞƉůŽƌĞ
tŽŶĚĞƌͬĚĞƉůŽƌĞ
ŽŶĚŽůĞͬĚĞƉůŽƌĞ
dĂďůĞ;ϳͿdŚĞ/ĨƐŽĨ džĐůĂŵĂƚŽƌLJ džƉƌĞƐƐŝŽŶƐ͘
4.2 Recommendations:
Based on the findings and conclusions of the thesis, the following recommendations are given to all translators, teachers and translation students of translation. 1. Translators must be able first to identify different syntactic exclamation in order to look for their equivalents in TL. 2. Translators must have a good knowledge of different syntactic patterns of exclamation in Arabic in order to choose the most appropriate one. 3. Translators should determine the IF's of the exclamatory expression depending on the context of the text. The determination of IF's can be done by following the procedure of pragmatic analysis adopted in this thesis. This procedure includes the following steps: a- Mental state of the speaker should be first determined. The translator must know whether the speaker is angry, happy, sad etc. b-For every exclamatory expression, there must be a stimulus. This stimulus is represented by an action. The translator has to determine the doer of the action and the party affected by the action. c- An evaluation of the effect must also be done. The translator should specify whether the effect of the action is positive or negative on the effected party. d- The relation between the doer and the effected must be known especially when the forces to be determined have the same effect on the effected. 4. Translators should try to convey not only the pro positional content of SLT, but also to convey its IF(s). 4.3 Suggestions:
The following suggestions are given to stimulate further researches 1. The illocutionary force of other kinds of sentences can be the subject of patterns of similar studies. 2. Further studies are needed to determine the whole range of the c patterns nate one.xpression F's can be ted in this realizations of different IF in Arabic. 3. A scale of the degree of strength of different Ifs can be a subject of further studies. 4. Obligatory and optional shifts in the translation of exclamatory expression can be further studied in a syntactic approach to translation. 5. The translation of Arabic exclamatory expressions into English represents another area that deserves a study 6. Multifunctional Linguistic devices need more studies.
%LEOLRJUDSK\ Alalousi, Q. (1988) :$VDDOHHE $WWDODE µ,QGD $QQDKDZ\LQ ZDObalaghyin, Baghdad: Baghdad University Press. Al-Hilali, M. T. and Khan, M. M.(Trans) 1996: Interpretation of the Meanings of the noble Quran in English Language, (13th ed.) Riyadh: Dar us-Salam Publications. Almakhzoumi , M. (1964): )L$QQDKXO¶DUDEL 1DTG:DWDZMHK,1st ed., Beirut: Modern Library Publishing. Annahawi, A. (296): .LWWDE 0D¶DQL $OKXURXI, Revised by Shalabi, A. (1984), Jada: Dar Ashshrouq For Buplishing. Annis, I. (1975): Alaswat Allughawia, 4th ed.,Cairo: Anglo-Egyptian Library. Assaqi, F. M. (1977): $TVDP $ONODP $O¶DUDL 0LQ +DLWK $VKVKDNO Wal Wadifa, Cairo: AlKharji Library. $]L]
