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is given variously by different authors: fi al-Hikma (as in Ibn KathÄ«r and Hāji. Khālifah); fi Ilm ... refuting the falāsifa and mutakallimÅ«n in his Dar? Ta ārud al-Aql wa ...
     !         Syamsuddin Arif

I. Introduction

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n his classic essay published in 1951, Ignaz Goldziher made a strong case for the negative attitude of orthodox Muslim scholars towards the so-called ancient

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