00 Chapter I

National Catalogue of Economically Valuable Landraces, Released Cultivars and Red List of Landraces

National Catalogue of Economically Valuable Landraces, Released Cultivars and Red List of Landraces

NARC

LIBIRD

IPGRI

© NARC, LIBIRD and IPGRI, 2005

Nepal Agricultural Research Council (NARC) Kathmandu, Nepal

Local Initiatives for Biodiversity, Research and Development (LIBIRD) Pokhara, Nepal

International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI) Rome, Italy

Citation (example) Joshi BK, MP Upadhyay, J Bajracharya, RB Amagain, RB Yadav, P Shrestha and BR Sthapit. 2005. Catalogue 1. Pigeon pea. In: National catalogue of economically valuable landraces, released cultivars and red list of landraces. NARC, LIBIRD and IPGRI. Pp.1-8.

Acknowledgments F Chaudhary, L Karna, SS BK, SK Shrestha, B Dongol, DN Pokhrel, VK Dutta, NK Yadav, K Shrestha, J Shrestha, N Adhikari, B Chaudhary, ML Vaidya, RK Mishra, Farmers of Kachorwa, Begnas and Talium, NRRP-Hardinath, HCRP-Kavre, ABD-Khumaltar, ARSMalepatan, RARS-Nepalgunj, ARS-Jumla and GLRP-Rampur.

ii

Introduction These catalogues, listed below were developed under the Global Project, Strengthening the scientific basis of agricultural biodiversity on farm: Nepal component. Crop species based catalogue of 11 mandate crops of on farm conservation were developed for general references. Information was mostly collected from Participatory Rural Appraisal, published documents of on farm agricultural biodiversity conservation project and Nepal Agricultural Research Council (NARC).

Crop catalogue series Catalogue 1. Catalogue 2. Catalogue 3. Catalogue 4. Catalogue 5. Catalogue 6. Catalogue 7. Catalogue 8.

Pigeon pea Finger millet Buckwheat Sponge gourd Cucumber Taro Barley Rice

1 9 26 33 47 56 69 76

iii

Ecosites for on farm agricultural biodiversity conservation project Talium

Jumla

Begnas Kachorwa

Kaski

Bara

Ecosites description for on farm agricultural biodiversity conservation in Nepal (Upadhyay and Subedi 1999) Ecosite Physiographic Level of Degree of zone/ altitude diversity intervention Jumla,

Rice, Finger millet, Barley, Buckwheat, Cucumber Kaski, Mid hills ModerateMedium Rice, Finger Begnas 600-1600 m High millet, Taro, Sponge gourd, Cucumber Bara Tarai LowHigh Rice, Finger Kachorwa 100-150 m Moderate millet, Sponge gourd, Cucumber, Pigeon pea † Broad leaf mustard, citrus and mango are additional target crops of on farm conservation project. Talium

High hills 2200-3000 m

ModerateHigh

iv

Low

Target crops†

Catalogue 1. Pigeon pea

Bal K Joshi, Madhusudan P Upadhyay, Jwala Bajracharya, Ram B Yadav, Resham B Amagain, Pitamber Shrestha and Bhuwon R Sthapit

/x/ - ;+ = cf9sL_ Rahar Pigeon pea (2n=2x=22, 4x, 6x) Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. A. Landraces of pigeon pea in Bara district and Kachorwa VDC SN Area Landraces Conservation† Reference coverage 1. Bara 1. Aghanwa NK Sherchand district 2. Chaite/Baisakhi NK et al 1998 3. Chanki NC 4. Chitbhogar NK 5. Lal (Long) NK 6. Local (Black) NK 7. Local (Red) NK 8. Local (White) NK 9. Local (Yellow) NA 10. Maghi NA 11. Pajawa NC 12. Piyarka NA 2. Kachorwa 1. Chanki NC Rana et al VDC 2. Local NA 2000 3. Pajawa NC 4. Rato local NA 5. Seto local NA † Conservation is marked as BM (used in breeding program), ES (conserved ex situ), NK (not known), NC (no conservation efforts).

2

B. Landrace richness of pigeon pea in Kachorwa VDC of Bara district over time (Khatiwada et al 1999, Joshi et al 2004a). New introduction was not included in 2003 report. 12

PRA/site selection

11

Diversity fair Baseline survey

Landraces, n

10 8 6

5

4 2

2

2 0 1999

2003

C. Economically valuable landraces of pigeon pea in Kachorwa VDC of Bara (Rana et al 2000, Joshi et al 2003) Landrace Special value/ traits Diversity Remarks status Chanki Good taste, early maturity, Common Adapted to good market value, and upland and spreading growth habit, widespread lowland sensitive to rain during (Many bund, and flowering, plant height farmers and monoculture range from 145-316 cm, large area), system tertiary branches from 0H’ = 0.217 74, raceme per plant from 22-438 and grain yield per plant from 1-95 g Pajawa Less tasty, late maturity, Rare and erect growth habit, plant localized height range from 166-200 (Few cm, more branching (36farmers and 100 tertiary branches), small area), raceme per plant from H’ = 0.079 240-470, more production (1-133 g per plant) 3

D. Released varieties of pigeon pea in Nepal (NARC 2002, GLRP 1997, Furman and Bharati 1989) Feature Variety Breeding line/ source Parentage/ pedigree Origin Year of release Year of introduction/ research initiation Target environments

Special value/ traits

Adoption rate

Bageshwori ICP 11384/ Dalkebar Local landrace (PR 5147) Nepal 1991 1986

Rampur Rahar-1 ICP 6997/ ICRISAT DSLAR 17 India 1991 1987

Tarai and Inner Tarai of Central and Mid Western Development Regions Yield potential of 2 t/ha, mature within 201 days, wilt susceptible, good eating quality, long duration rainy season variety Common

Tarai and Inner Tarai of Central Development Region Yield potential of 1.5 t/ha, mature within 197 days, short to medium duration rainy season variety Localized

E. Red list category of landraces of pigeon pea in Kachorwa VDC of Bara SN Landrace Economic value Red listing† Remarks 1. Rato local Extinct Joshi et al 2. Seto local Extinct (2004b) 3. Local Extinct 4. Pajawa Good for fence and Endangered firewood, religious/ prestigious crop, high grain yield 5. Chanki Good market value No risk † Red list is the categorical list of crop species, varieties or landraces whose populations are in decreasing trend due to many factors and if such trend continues these genotypes will disappear in future.

4

F. Phenotypic appearance of pigeon pea plant

Landrace: Chanki Location: Kachorwa, Bara Diversity: Common and widespread Distinguishing traits: Spreading branching habit, tall plant, yellow flower, thinner pod and smaller seed with light brown color

Landrace: Pajawa Location:Kachorwa, Bara Diversity: Rare and lo calized Distinguishing traits: Erect branching habit, dwarf plant than Chanki, yellow flower with reddish fringe, thicker pod and larger seed with brown color

5

Variety: Bageshwori Origin: Nepal Year of released: 1991 Target domain: Tarai and Inner Tarai of Central and Mid Western Development regions Distinguishing traits: Small grains, SMD resistance, spreading growth habit, attractive seed color, scented after cooking, thin pods

Variety: Rampur Rahar-1 Origin: India Year of released: 1991 Target domain: Tarai and Inner Tarai of Central Development Region Distinguishing traits: White grains, tall plant with more branching

6

G. Glossary Baisakh Chaite GLRP H’ ICRISAT Lalka NARC Rahar Rato Seto SMD VDC

May April Grain Legumes Research Program Shanon-Weaver index International Crops Research Institute for the Semi Arid Tropics Red Nepal Agricultural Research Council Arahar Rahari Pigeon pea Red White Sterility Mosaic Disease Village Development Committee

;+=

;+:s[t

H. References Furman BJ and MP Bharati. 1989. Collection and characterization of legumes germplams in Nepal. NGLIP, HMGN. GLRP. 1997. Annual report 2053/054 (1996/97). Grain Legumes Research Program, NARC, Rampur. Joshi BK, P Shrestha, MP Upadhyay, B Chaudhary, A Mudwari, BK Baniya, HB KC and BR Sthapit. 2003. On farm variation and household diversity of pigeon pea landraces. ABD, NARC, Khumaltar. Joshi BK, HB KC, RK Tiwari, P Shrestha, R Amagain, A Subedi, N Adhikari, MP Upadhyay and BR Sthapit. 2004a. Varietal richness of eight crop species populations and farmers’ preferred traits over space and time in Nepal. Paper presented in National workshop on Strengthening the Scientific Basis of In-situ Conservation of Agricultural Biodiversity On-farm. 2527 Aug 2004, Nagarkot, Kathmandu, NARC, LIBIRD and IPGRI. Joshi BK, MP Upadhyay, D Gauchan, BR Sthapit and KD Joshi. 2004b. Red listing of agricultural crop species, varieties and landraces. Nepal Agric. Res. J. 5:73-80. Khatiwada SP, BK Baniya, DK Rijal, CL Paudel, RB Rana, P Chaudhary, PR Tiwari, MP Upadhyay, YR Pandey and A 7

Mudwari. 1999. Population structure and breeding system factors shaping the genetic diversity of crops. In: A scientific basis of in situ conservation of agrobiodiversity on farm: Nepal’s contribution to the global project (B Sthapit, M Upadhyay and A Subedi, eds). NP working paper no 1/99. Pp.67-77. NARC. 2002. Released and registered crops varieties in Nepal 19602002 AD. Nepal Agricultural Research Council (NARC) Kathmandu. Rana RB, P Chaudhary, D Gauchan, SP Khatiwada, BR Sthapit, A Subedi, MP Upadhyay and DI Jarvis. 2000. In situ crop conservation: Findings of agro-ecological, crop diversity and socio-economic baseline survey of Kachorwa ecosite, Bara, Nepal. NP working paper no 1/2000. NARC, LIBIRD and IPGRI. Sherchand KK, NP Adhikari, SP Khatiwada, AC Shrivastav, J Bajracharya, KD Joshi, KB Kadayat, M Chaudhary, P Chaudhary, SS Vishwakarma, and S Yadav. 1998. Strengthening the scientific basis for in situ conservation of agrobiodiversity: Findings of site selection in Bara, Nepal. NP working paper no 2/98. NARC, LIBIRD and IPGRI. Upadhyay MP and A Subedi. 1999. Methods used to create a framework for implementation and management of in situ conservation on farm in Nepal. In: A scientific basis of in situ conservation of agrobiodiversity on farm: Nepal’s contribution to the global project (B Sthapit, M Upadhyay and A Subedi, eds). NP working paper no 1/99. Pp.1-7.

8

Catalogue 2. Finger millet

Bal K Joshi, Jwala Bajracharya, Resham B Amagain, Radha K Tiwari, Bhola MS Basnet, Abiskar Subedi, Pitmaber Shrestha and Bimal K Baniya

sf] b f] - ;= sf] b | j jf sf] / b" i f_ Kodo Finger millet (2n=2x=36) Eleusine coracana L. A. Landraces of finger millet in 3 ecosites SN Area Landraces coverage 1 Jumla Auli district 2 Gumki 3 Jumleli 4 Jumli Rato 5 Kalo 6 Karane 7 Mudule 8 Murali 9 Rato 10 Rato Jharuwa 11 Seto 12 Tikhude 1 Talium Auli VDC 2 Auli Kalo 3 Auli Rato 4 Dabli 5 Dabli Rato 6 Dalle 7 Jumli 8 Kalo 9 Kangcho 10

Conservation†

Reference

NK NK NK NK ES NK NK NK ES NK ES NK NK NK NK NK NK ES NK ES NK

Poudel et al 1998

Rana et al 2000a

SN 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 1 2

Area coverage

Kaski district

Begnas VDC

Landraces

Conservation†

Murali Rato Seto Ashare Ashoje Barge Thansinge

NK ES ES NK ES NK

Bhadure Dalle Dhami Dudhe Ghaleli Harpake Hetauda Jhwai Jhyapre Jhype Kalo Kartike Kukurkane Magshire Nuwakote Paudhere Phulbari Samdhi Sano Dalse Sathya Seto Tinmase Urchho Arghumle Asoje

NK ES NK NK NK NK NK NK ES ES NK ES ES NK NK ES NK NK NK ES ES NK ES NK NK

11

Reference

Rijal et al 1998

Rana et al 2000b

SN 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1. 1 2 3 4 5 6

Area coverage

Bara district Kachorwa VDC

Landraces

Conservation†

Dalle Dudhe Dudhe Dalle Dedhe Seto Hetaude Hetaude Seto Jhyape Kalo Kalo Dalle Kalo Jhyape Kartike Kukurkane Laphre Majhthare Dalle Mansire Jhyape Rato Jhyape Samdhi Seto Seto Dalle Seto Jhyape Thulo Thulo Kalo Maruwa

NK NK NK NK NK NK NK NK NK NK NK NK NK NK NK NK NK NK NK NK NK NK NK

Jhalariya Jhalaro Local Muna Muturiya Satpuriya

NK NK NK NK NK NK

Reference

Sherchand et al 1998 Rana et al 2000c

† Used as breeding material (BM), conserved ex situ (ES), not known (NK), no conservation (NC).

12

B. Landrace richness of finger millet in 3 ecosites over time (Khatiwada et al 2000, Joshi et al 200a). New introduction was not included in 2003 report. Baseline survey

6

Talium Monitoring survey 2003

Talium Baseline survey 1999

6

9

Diversity fair PRA/site selection

12

10

Begnas Monitoring survey 2003

24

Begnas Baseline survey 1999

5

36

2

Kachorwa Monitoring survey 2003

6

Kachorwa Baseline survey 1999

17

0 0

5

10 15

20 25 30 35 40

Landraces, n

C. Economically valuable landraces of finger millet (Rana et al 2000a, 2000b, 2000c, Joshi et al 2004b) Ecosite Landrace Special value/ traits Diversity status Talium Dabli Good taste, black seed Rare & Kodo black cooked flour localized Dabli Good taste, reddish seed Rare & Rato localized Dalle Medium height, tightly Rare & curled in finger localized Kalo Good taste, medicinal Common & Kodo value, early maturity, widespread coarse grain Murali Bad taste, medicinal Common & Kodo value, easy to harvest, widespread 13

Ecosite

Landrace

Rato Kodo

Begnas

Dalle

Jhyape

Samdhi Kodo Kachorwa

Jhalariya Muna

Special value/ traits more by-products Good taste, medicine for diarrhea and common cold, more flour recovery, late maturity, more husk, more content feeling after consumption Bad taste, compact head, late maturity, tall plant, small grain, difficult to thresh, unpalatable straw Good taste, early maturity, easy to thresh, open fingers, hollow straw, coarse grain, high shattering, dwarf plant Good taste, white grain, prestigious value, dwarf plant Good for making haluwa and cahppati, nutritious Bad taste, black grain, medicinal and nutritious value

14

Diversity status Common & widespread

Common & widespread

Common & widespread

Rare & localized Rare & widespread Rare & widespread

D. Released varieties of finger millet in Nepal (NARC 2000) SN Variety Breeding Parentage/ Origin Year of line/ pedigree release source

Year of introduction/ research initiation

Target environments

Special value/traits

Field tolerant to blast Moderate susceptible to finger blast and tolerant to heavy rainfall

Localized

Field tolerant to blast

Localized

1.

Dalle-1

-/-

-

India

1980

-

Inner Tarai & mid hills

2.

Kabre Kodo-1

NF 6401-26

Local cultivar, Surkhet

Nepal

1990

1974/ DOAG

Mid hills rainfed

3.

Okhle-1

-/-

Local cultivar, Okhaldhu nga

Nepal

1980

1975/ OVT

Mid & high hills

Adoption rate

Localized

E. Red list category of landraces of finger millet (Rana et al 2000a, 2000b, 2000c, Joshi et al 2004c, Tiwari et al 2003) Ecosite Landraces Economic value Red listing Talium Auli Kalo Extinct Auli Kodo Extinct Auli Rato Extinct Dabli Kodo Good taste Endangered Dabli Rato Good taste Endangered Dalle Dwarf plant with Conservation compact head dependent Jumli Kodo Extinct Kalo Kodo Medicinal value, No risk early maturity Kangcho Extinct Murli Kodo Medicinal value, Conservation easy to harvest dependent Rato Kodo Medicinal value, No risk more content felling after consumption Seto Kodo Extinct Begnas Arghumle Extinct Asoje Extinct Dalle Compact head, No risk late maturity, tall plant, small grain Dudhe Extinct Dudhe Dalle Extinct Dedhe Seto Extinct Hetaude Extinct Hetaude Seto Extinct Jhyape Good taste, early Conservation maturity, easy to dependent thresh, dwarf plant Kalo Extinct Kalo Dalle Extinct Kalo Jhyape Extinct Kartike Extinct Kukurkane Extinct

Ecosite

Landraces Laphre Majthane Dalle Mansire Jhyape Rato Jhyape Samdhi

Economic value Red listing Extinct Extinct Extinct Extinct Good taste, white Conservation grain, dwarf plant dependent Seto Extinct Seto Dalle Extinct Seto Jhyape Extinct Thulo Extinct Thulo Kalo Extinct Kachorwa Jhalariya Good for cooking Conservation haluwa and dependent chappati Jhalaro Extinct Local Extinct Muna Black grain, Conservation (Muturiya) medicinal and dependent nutritious Satpuriya High tillering and Endangered grain yield † Red list is the categorical list of crop species, varieties or landraces whose populations are in decreasing trend due to many factors and if such trend continues these genotypes will disappear in future. F. Phenotypic appearance of finger millet plant

Arbali Kodo 17

Kalo Kodo (Jumla)

Rato Kodo (Jumla)

18

Dalle

Dudhe Kodo

19

Kavre

Jhalari

20

Okhale

Kalo Jhyape 21

Kukurkane

Muna

Samdhi Kodo

22

Seto Dalle

Shyangkhole

G. Glossary Chappatit Dalle Dedhe Dudhe Haluwa Kalo Kodo Rato Seto VDC

Thin bread Dwarf Thick poridge Milky Thick poridge Black Kodrab, Fingermillet Red White Village Development Committee

23

H. References Joshi BK, HB KC, RK Tiwari, P Shrestha, R Amagain, A Subedi, N Adhikari, MP Upadhyay and BR Sthapit. 2004a. Varietal richness of eight crop species populations and farmers’ preferred traits over space and time in Nepal. Paper presented in National workshop on Strengthening the Scientific Basis of In-situ Conservation of Agricultural Biodiversity On-farm. 2527 Aug 2004, Nagarkot, Kathmandu, NARC, LIBIRD and IPGRI. Joshi BK, MP Upadhyay, D Gauchan, BR Sthapit and KD Joshi. 2004c. Red listing of agricultural crop species, varieties and landraces. Nepal Agric. Res. J. 5:73-80. Joshi BK, RK Tiwari, RB Amagain, P Shrestha, S Gyawali, A Mudwari and BK Baniya. 2004b. Stability and adaptation of finger millet landraces. Paper presented in National workshop on Strengthening the Scientific Basis of In-situ Conservation of Agricultural Biodiversity On-farm. 25-27 Aug 2004, Nagarkot, Kathmandu, NARC, LIBIRD and IPGRI. Khatiwada SP, BK Baniya, DK Rijal, CL Paudel, RB Rana, P Chaudhary, PR Tiwari, MP Upadhyay, YR Pandey and A Mudwari. 1999. Population structure and breeding system factors shaping the genetic diversity of crops. In: A scientific basis of in situ conservation of agrobiodiversity on farm: Nepal’s contribution to the global project. B Sthapit, M Upadhyay and A Subedi (eds). NP working paper no 1/99. Pp.67-77. NARC. 2002. Released and registered crops varieties in Nepal 19602002 AD. Nepal Agricultural Research Council (NARC) Kathmandu. Poudel CL, PR Tiwari, JD Neupane, and DP Devkota. 1998. Strengthening the scientific basis for in situ conservation of agrobiodiversity: Findings of site selection in Jumla, Nepal, NP working Paper No 3/98. NARC/LIBIRD/IPGRI. Rana RB, CL Paudel, PR Tiwari, D Gauchan, A Subedi, BR Sthapit, MP Upadhyay and DI Jarvis. 2000a. In situ crop conservation: Findings of agro-ecological, crop-diversity and socio-economic baseline survey of Talium ecosite, Jumla, Nepal, NP working Paper No 3/2000. NARC/LIBIRD, NEPAL/IPGRI, ROME, ITALY.

24

Rana RB, DK Rijal, D Gauchan, BR Sthapit, A Subedi, MP Upadhyay, YR Pandey, DI Jarvis. 2000b. In situ crop conservation: Findings of agro-ecological, crop-diversity and socio-economic baseline survey of Begnas ecosite, Kaski, Nepal, NP working Paper No 2/2000. NARC/LIBIRD, NEPAL/IPGRI, ROME, ITALY. Rana RB, P Chaudhary, D Gauchan, SP Khatiwada, BR Sthapit, A Subedi, MP Upadhyay and DI Jarvis. 2000c. In situ crop conservation: Findings of agro-ecological, crop-diversity and socio-economic baseline survey of Kachorwa ecosite, Bara, Nepal, NP working Paper No 1/2000. NARC/LIBIRD, NEPAL/IPGRI, ROME, ITALY. Rijal DK, RB Rana, KK Sherchand, BR Sthapit, YR Pandey, N Adhikari, KB Kadayat, YP Gautam, P Chaudhary, CL Poudyal, SR Gupta and PR Tiwari. 1998. Strengthening the scientific basis for in situ conservation of agrobiodiversity: Findings of site selection in Kaski, Nepal, NP working Paper No 1/98. NARC/LIBIRD/IPGRI. Sherchand KK, NP Adhikari, SP Khatiwada, AC Shrivastav, J Bajracharya, KD Joshi, KB Kadayat, M Chaudhary, P Chaudhary, SS Vishwakarma, and S Yadav. 1998. Strengthening the scientific basis for in situ conservation of agrobiodiversity: Findings of site selection in Bara, Nepal. NP working paper no 2/98. NARC, LIBIRD and IPGRI. Tiwari PR, KD Joshi, DK Rijal, RB Rana, BK Baniya, J Bajracharya, SP Khatiwada, R Tiwari, MP Upadhyay, BR Sthapit, and BK Joshi. 2003. Finger millet diversity in Kaski, Nepal. In: On farm management of agricultural biodiversity in Nepal. BR Sthapit, MP Upadhyay, BK Baniya, A Subedi and BK Joshi (eds). Proceedings of a National workshop, 24-26 April 2001 Lumle Nepal, NARC, LIBIRD and IPGRI. Pp. 71-78

25

Catalogue 3. Buckwheat

Bal K Joshi, Bimal K Baniya, Abiskar Subedi and Madhusudan P Upadhyay

kmfk/ - ltt] / ld7] _ Phapar (Tite and Mithe) Buckwheat (Tartary, 2n=2x=16 and Common, 2n=2x=16) Fagopyrum spp. (F. tataricum Gaertn. and F. esculentum Moench) A. Landraces of buckwheat in Jumla Area Landraces Conservation† coverage Jumla district Batule NC

Talium VDC

Bhadule Chuchhe Ghode Kalo Mithe Seto Tilkhude Tite Tote Batule

NC NK NK NK ES NK NC ES NK NC

Bhadule Mithe Murali Tilkhude Tite

NC ES NC NC ES

Reference Poudel et al 1998

Rana et al 2000


27

B. Landrace richness of buckwheat in Jumla over time (Khatiwada et al 2000, Joshi et al 2004a) 7

PRA/site selection

6

Landraces, n

6 5

Diversity fair 6

Baseline survey

4

4

4 3 2 1 0 Baseline survey 1999

Monitoring survey 2003

C. Economically valuable landraces of buckwheat (Rana et al 2000, Joshi et al 2004a, 2004b, Pandey et al 2003) SN Landrace Special value/traits Diversity status 1 Bhadule Less bitterness, easy to mill, Common & more flour recovery, good widespread for roti, more production, ovate seed, sour leaf 2. Mithe Good taste, medicinal value, Rare & low production, prestigious localized 3. Tilkhude Good taste, dwarf plant, Rare & small grain, bunchy type of localized inflorescences 4 Tite Bitterness, early maturity, Common & medicinal value, low widespread production, low flour recovery D. Released varieties of buckwheat in Nepal (NARC 2002) Buckwheat variety was not released so far.

28

E. Red list category of landraces of buckwheat (Rana et al 2000, Joshi 2004a, 2004b) SN Landrace Economic value Red listing† 1 Bhadule Extinct 2 Bhadule Easy to mill, good for roti, No risk more flour recovery 3 Mithe Good taste, medicinal Conservation value, prestigious landraces dependent 4 Tilkhude Good taste, dwarf plant Endangered 5 Tite Easy maturity, medicinal No risk value † Red list is the categorical list of crop species, varieties or landraces whose populations are in decreasing trend due to many factors and if such trend continues these genotypes will disappear in future. F. Phenotypic appearance of buckwheat plant

Mithe

29

Tite

Bhate phapar

30

Wild buckwheat (F. cymosum)

G. Glossary Chuchhe Kalo Mithe Phaper Roti Seto Tite VDC

Pointed Black Sweet Buckwheat Thin bread White Bitter Village Development Committee

H. References Joshi BK, HB KC, RK Tiwari, P Shrestha, R Amagain, A Subedi, N Adhikari, MP Upadhyay and BR Sthapit. 2004. Varietal richness of eight crop species populations and farmers’ preferred traits over space and time in Nepal. Paper presented 31

in National workshop on Strengthening the Scientific Basis of In-situ Conservation of Agricultural Biodiversity On-farm. 2527 Aug 2004, Nagarkot, Kathmandu, NARC, LIBIRD and IPGRI. Joshi BK, MP Upadhyay, D Gauchan, BR Sthapit and KD Joshi. 2004b. Red listing of agricultural crop species, varieties and landraces. Nepal Agric. Res. J. 5:73-80. Khatiwada SP, BK Baniya, DK Rijal, CL Paudel, RB Rana, P Chaudhary, PR Tiwari, MP Upadhyay, YR Pandey and A Mudwari. 1999. Population structure and breeding system factors shaping the genetic diversity of crops. In: A scientific basis of in situ conservation of agrobiodiversity on farm: Nepal’s contribution to the global project. B Sthapit, M Upadhyay and A Subedi (eds). NP working paper no 1/99. Pp.67-77. NARC. 2002. Released and registered crops varieties in Nepal 19602002 AD. Nepal Agricultural Research Council (NARC) Kathmandu. Pandey D, BK Baniya, J Bajracharya, DM Shakya and PR Tiwari. 2003. Preliminary study of two bitter buckwheat cultivars of Jumla, Nepa. In: On farm management of agricultural biodiversity in Nepal. BR Sthapit, MP Upadhyay, BK Baniya, A Subedi and BK Joshi (eds). Proceedings of a National workshop, 24-26 April 2001 Lumle Nepal, NARC, LIBIRD and IPGRI. Pp. 119-126. Poudel CL, PR Tiwari, JD Neupane, and DP Devkota. 1998. Strengthening the scientific basis for insitu conservation of agrobiodiversity: Findings of site selection in Jumla, Nepal, NP working Paper No 3/98. NARC/LIBIRD/IPGRI. Rana RB, CL Paudel, PR Tiwari, D Gauchan, A Subedi, BR Sthapit, MP Upadhyay and DI Jarvis. 2000a. In situ crop conservation: Findings of agro-ecological, crop-diversity and socio-economic baseline survey of Talium ecosite, Jumla, Nepal, NP working Paper No 3/2000. NARC/LIBIRD, NEPAL/IPGRI, ROME, ITALY.

32

Catalogue 4. Sponge gourd

Bal K Joshi, Salik R Gupta, Hari B KC, Pitamber Shrestha, Radha K Tiwari, Bishnu H Adhikari and Abiskrar Subedi

l3/f+ } n f] Ghiraulo Sponge gourd (2n=2x=26) Luffa cylindrica (L.) Roem. A. Landraces of sponge gourd in Bara and Kaski district SN 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

Area coverage Kaski district

Begnas VDC

Landraces Basaune Ghiraula

Conserv ation † ES

Bose Ghiraula Dalle Seto Hariyo Chhoto Hariyo Ghiraula Hariyo Lamo Kalo Chhoto Seto Chhoto Seto Lamo Chhoto Hariyo Hariyo Chhoto Hariyo Lamo Hariyo Dalle Hariyo Madhyam Hariyo Basaune Kalo Chhoto Kalo Lamo Seto Seto Bose Seto Chhoto Seto Lamo

NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC

34

Reference Rijal et al 1998

Rana et al 2000a

SN

Area coverage

14. 15. Bara district

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Kachorwa VDC

Landraces Seto Madhyam Seto Dharse 1. Basmatiya 2. Chota Hara 3. Chota Ujarka 4. Gola 5. Gothauliya 6. Hariarka Chotka 7. Hariarka Lamo 8. Hariarka Chota 9. Hariarka Badka 10. Hariyo Chhoto 11. Kalo Lamo 12. Hariyo Lamo 13. Hariyo Sano 14. Hariyo Seto 15. Hariyo Thulo 16. Kalo Choto 17. Kariyarka 18. Lamba Hara 19. Lamka Chotka 20. Lamka Ujarka 21. Satputiya 22. Seto Choto 23. Seto Lamo 24. Seto Sano 25. Seto Thulo 26. Tagwa 27. Ujarka 28. Ujarka Badka 29. Ujarka Chota 30. Ujarka Lamo Balma Baisakha Basmati Bhadaiya Dudhi Galphuli Galphuli Hariyo 35

Conserv ation † NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC

Reference

Sherchand et al 1998

Rana et al 2000b

SN

Area coverage

Landraces

Conserv Reference ation † 8. Galphuli Seto NC 9. Ghiuwa NC 10. Hariyo Lamo NC 11. Hariyo Local NC 12. Muturiya NC 13. Seto Lamo NC 14. Tagwa NC 15. Seto Tagwa NC 16. Ujala (Uja/Ujarka) NC † NK, Not known. NC, No conservation. ES, Conserved ex situ.

B. Landrace richness of sponge gourd in Kaski and Bara district over time (Khatiwada et al 2000, Joshi et al 2004a) Baseline survey 9 Begnas Monitoring survey 2003

Diversity fair PRA/site selection

15 Begnas Baseline survey 1999

24

5 8



3 0

36

5

16 16

10 15 20 Landraces, n

25

30

C. Economically valuable landraces of sponge gourd in Begnas and Kachorwa VDC (Rana et al 2000, Joshi et al 2004b, Yadav et al 2003, Pandey et al 2003) SN

Landrace


Diversity status

Remarks

Begnas 1.

Hariyo Chhoto

High yield, good taste, soft when cooked, less spongy for longer time, harvested for extended period and early fruiting

Common & widespread (Most popular and widely grown)

Prolonged fruiting period

2.

Hariyo Lamo

High yield and long fruits

Common & widespread

Good yield

3.

Seto Chhoto

High yield, good taste, soft when cooked, less spongy for longer time and less time required for cooking

Common & widespread (Popular and widely grown)

Less spongy and take short time for cooking

Seto Lamo Kachorwa 1. Galphuli

High yield and long fruits

Common & widespread

White skin fruit

High yield, good taste, soft when cooked, early fruiting and harvested for extended period

Common & widespread

Adapted to upland and Bari land

2.

Galphuli Hariyo

Common & localized

Oblong fruit

3.

Bhadaiya

High yield, testy curry and harvested for extended period High yield, tasty curry and good for patients

4.

37

Rare & localized

SN

Landrace


4.

Basmatiya

Tasty curry, scented variety and early fruiting

Diversity status Common & rare

Remarks Scented fruit

D. Released varieties of sponge gourd in Nepal (NARC 2000) Variety Kantipure-1 Breeding line/ source Parentage/ pedigree Kathmandu light green Origin Nepal Year of release 1994 Year of introduction/ research initiation 1986/87 Target environments

Mid hill


Soft, very long fruit, suitable for rainy season, late maturity Localized

Adoption rate

E. Red list category of landraces of sponge gourd in Begnas and Kachorwa VDC (Rana et al 2000a, 2000b, Joshi et al 2004a, 2004c) SN Landrace Economic value Red listing† Begnas 1 Hariyo Basaune Dark green pointed fruit Conservation dependent 2 Hariyo Chhoto High yield, good taste, soft No risk when cooked, less spongy for longer time, early fruiting 3 Hariyo Dalle Extinct 4 Hariyo Lamo High yield and long fruits, No risk good taste and soft 5 Hariyo Good market value, good No risk Madhyam taste and fruit size 6 Kalo Chhoto Extinct 7 Kalo Lamo Extinct 8 Seto Bose Pointed tapered fruit, Endangered intermediate size

38

SN 9

Landrace Seto Chhoto

10 Seto Dharse 11 Seto Lamo 12 Seto Madhyam Kachorwa 1 Baisakha 2 Balma 3 Basaune Ghiraula 4

Basmatiya

5

Bhadaiya

Economic value High yield, good taste, soft when cooked, less spongy for longer time High yield and long fruits -

Red listing† No risk

High market value Having aroma and are unique in taste and productivity Having aroma after cooking

Endangered Extinct No risk

Extinct Endangered Extinct

Conservation dependent Conservation dependent Extinct Extinct Endangered

High yield, tasty curry, good for patient, early fruiting 6 Chitkavra 7 Dudhi 8 Galphuli High yield, high market value 9 Galphuli Hariyo High yield, long harvesting Conservation period, tasty dependent 10 Galphuli Seto Extinct 11 Ghiuwa Extinct 12 Hariyo Lamo Pointed fruit, green and long No risk fruit 13 Hariyo Local Extinct 14 Muturiya Extinct 15 Seto Lamo Thick fruit, white and good Endangered fruit size 16 Seto Tagwa High yield, good taste, heavy Endangered fruit, high market value 17 Ujala High yield, long harvesting No risk (Uja/Ujarka) period, good taste, high market value † Red list is the categorical list of crop species, varieties or landraces whose populations are in decreasing trend due to many factors and if such trend continues these genotypes will disappear in future.

39

F. Phenotypic appearance of sponge gourd plant

Lamo Bose

Lamo Bose

Ujarka

40

Jangali Ghiraula

Kantipure-1

41

Hariharka

Hariyo Lamo

42

Hariyo Basaune

Hariyo Bose

43

Hariyo Chhoto

Galphuli

44

G. Glossary Basmatiya Bhdaiya Chot Ghiraulo Hariyo Kalo Lamo PRA Sano Seto Thulo Ujarka VDC

Scented August Short Ghiraula Sponge gourd Green Black Long Participatory Rural Appraisal Small White Large Bright, white Village Development Committee

H. References Joshi BK, HB KC, RK Tiwari, P Shrestha, R Amagain, A Subedi, N Adhikari, MP Upadhyay and BR Sthapit. 2004. Varietal richness of eight crop species populations and farmers’ preferred traits over space and time in Nepal. Paper presented in National workshop on Strengthening the Scientific Basis of In-situ Conservation of Agricultural Biodiversity On-farm. 2527 Aug 2004, Nagarkot, Kathmandu, NARC, LIBIRD and IPGRI. Joshi BK, MP Upadhyay, D Gauchan, BR Sthapit and KD Joshi. 2004c. Red listing of agricultural crop species, varieties and landraces. Nepal Agric. Res. J. 5:73-80. Joshi BK, RK Tiwari, HB KC, HN Regmi, BH Adhikari, M Ghale, B Chaudhary, S Gyawali, and BR Sthapit. 2004b. Evaluation of sponge gourd diversity for production of fruits vegetable. In: National workshop on Strengthening the Scientific Basis of Insitu Conservation of Agricultural Biodiversity On-farm. 25-27 Aug 2004, Nagarkot, Kathmandu, NARC, LIBIRD and IPGRI. Khatiwada SP, BK Baniya, DK Rijal, CL PAudel, RB Rana, P Chaudhary, PR Tiwari, MP Upadhyay, YR Pandey and A Mudwari. 1999. Population structure and breeding system factors shaping the genetic diversity of crops. In: A scientific basis of in situ conservation of agrobiodiversity on-farm: 45

Nepal’s contribution to the global project. B Sthapit, M Upadhyay and A Subedi (eds). Pp.67-77. NARC. 2002. Released and registered crops varieties in Nepal 19602002 AD. Nepal Agricultural Research council (NARC). Pandey YR, D Rijal, MP Upadhyay, B Sthapit, and BK Joshi. 2003. In situ characterization of morphological traits of sponge gourd at Begnas, Kaski, Nepal. In: On farm management of agricultural biodiversity in Nepal. BR Sthapit, MP Upadhyay, BK Baniya, A Subedi and BK Joshi (eds). Proceedings of a National workshop, 24-26 April 2001 Lumle. Pp. 63-70. Rana RB, DK Rijal, D Gauchan, BR Sthapit, A. Subedi, MP Upadhyay, YR Pandey and DI Jarvis. 2000. In situ crop conservation: Findings of agro-ecological, crop-diversity and socio-economic baseline survey of Begnas eco-site, Kaski, Nepal, NP working Paper No 2/2000. NARC/LIBIRD, /IPGRI. Rana RB, P Chaudhary, D Gauchan, SP Khatiwada, BR Sthapit, A Subedi, MP Upadhyay and DI Jarvis. 2000. In situ crop conservation: Findings of agro-ecological, crop-diversity and socio-economic baseline survey of Kachorwa ecosite, Bara, Nepal, NP working Paper No 1/2000. NARC/LIBIRD, NEPAL/IPGRI, ROME, ITALY. Rijal DK, RB Rana, KK Sherchand, BR Sthapit, YR Pandey, N Adhikari, KB Kadayat, YP Gautam, P Chaudhary, CL Paudel, SR Gupta and PR Tiwari. 1998. Strengthening the scientific basis for in situ conservation of agrobiodiversity: Findings of site selection in Kaski, Nepal. NP working paper No 1/98. NARC/LI-BIRD, Nepal/IPGRI, Italy, Rome. Sherchand KK, NP Adhakari, SP Khatiwada, AC Shrivastav, J Bajracharya, KD Joshi, KB Kadayat, M Chaudhary, P Vhaudhary, SS Vishwakarma, and S Yadav. 1998. Strengthening the scientific basis for in situ conservation of agrobiodiversity: Findings of site selection in Bara, Nepal, NP working Paper No 2/98. NARC/LIBIRD/IPGRI. Yadaw R, P Chaudhary, S Khatiwada, J Bajracharya, RK Yadav, M Upadhaya, B Sthapit, A Gautam, and BK Joshi. 2003. Agromorphological diversity of sponge gourd (Luffa cylindrica L.) in Bara, Nepal. In: On farm management of agricultural biodiversity in Nepal. BR Sthapit, MP Upadhyay, BK Baniya, A Subedi and BK Joshi (eds). Proceedings of a National workshop, 24-26 April 2001 Lumle Nepal, NARC, LIBIRD and IPGRI. Pp. 58-62. 46

Catalogue 5. Cucumber

Bal K Joshi, Madhusudan P Upadhyay, Jwala Bajracharya, Hom N Regmi, Hari B KC, Abiskar Subedi and Radha K Tiwari

sF f q| m f] - ;+ = s{ s 6L_ Kankro Cucumber (2n=2x=14) Cucumis sativus L. A. Landraces of Cucumber in Bara, Kaski and Jumla district SN 1 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Area coverage Jumla district Talium VDC

Kaski district

Begnas VDC

Landraces Jumli local

Conserv ation † NC

Auli Auli Panhelo Jalgi Kankro Jumli Local Jumli Seto Jumli Panhelo Junli Rato Lamo Thulo Sano (Jumli Sano) Thulo Kankro Khir Kankari Madale Local Bhaktapur Local Bhaktapir Local Chaite Chhoto Dalle Dalle Bhunte Bhunte Ghiu Kankro

NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NK ES NK ES ES NC NC NC NC NC NC

48

Reference Poudel et al 1998 Rana et al 2000a

Rijal et al 1998

Rana et al 2000b

SN

Area coverage

Landraces

Conserv Reference ation † 8. Hariyo NC 9. Kalo Kankro NC 10. Khir Kankro NC 11. Lamcho Thulo NC 12. Madale NC 13. Madhyan Pahenlo NC 14. Seto Dalle NC 15. Seto Local NC 1. Bara district Balma NC Sherchand et al 1998 2. Balma hara NK 3. Balma harihar NC 4. Baisakha NC 5. Balma khira NK 6. Balma khira seto NK 7. Balma lamka NK 8. Balma seto NK 9. Hariarka NK 10. Hariarka chhotka NK 11. Hariya khira NK 12. Khira seto NK 13. Ujarka NK 14. Ujarka balma NK 1. Kachorwa Baisakha NC Rana et al VDC 2000c 2. Balma NC 3. Balma Harihar NC 4. Hariyo NC † NK, Not known. NC, No conservation. ES, Ex situ conservation.

49

B. Landrace richness of cucumber in Jumla, Kaski and Bara district over time (Khatiwada et al 2000, Joshi et al 2004a) Baseline survey Diversity fair PRA/site selection

2

Talium Monitoring survey 2003 Talium Baseline survey 1999

9

0

10

4

Begnas Monitoring survey 2003 Begnas Baseline survey 1999

15

0 0 4

Kachorwa Monitoring survey 2003 Kachorwa Baseline survey 1999

2 0

2

3 4

4

6

8

10

12

14

Landraces, n

C. Economically valuable landraces of cucumber in Talium, Begnas and Kachorwa VDC (Rana et al 2000, Joshi et al 2004a) Landrace Special value/traits Diversity status Talium Auli Very large fruit, yellow fruit after Rare and Panhelo maturity, not juicy, good for pickle localized Jumli Local Good taste, good for salad and Common & pickle, fruit crack after maturity localized Begnas Khir Good taste, juicy, dense fruit, good Common and Kankro for pickle and good outlook, short widespread harvesting period Madale Good taste, food for pickle, large Common and fruit, medicinal value localized Ghiu Green, soft and sweet Rare and Kankro localized Kalo Dark green, long and sweet fruit Rare and Kankro localized 50

16

Landrace Kachorwa Baishakha Balma

Balma Harihar Hariyo


Diversity status

High market value, white green mixed fruit Big white fruit, tasty, good market price, suitable for off season production Good eating quality, thin and long fruit Mostly used during feast and festivals, green fruit with white spot in distal end

Rare and localized Common and localized Rare and localized Rare and localized

D. Released varieties of Cucumber in Nepal (NARC 2000) Variety Kusle Bhaktapur Local† Breeding line/ source -/ Bhaktapur Parentage/ pedigree CP Origin Nepal Nepal Year of release 1994 Year of introduction/ 1986/87 research initiation Target environments Mid hill and Tarai Mid hill Special value/ traits

Early maturity, straight fruit Early fruiting, dense fruit setting, good taste

Adoption rate

Localized

Common

† Most popular but not documented as a released variety. E. Red list category of landraces of cucumber in Talium, Begnas and Kachorwa VDCs (Rana et al 2000a, 2000b, 2000c, Joshi et al 2004b) SN Landrace Economic value Red listing† Talium 1 Auli Extinct 2 Auli Panhelo Very large fruit, yellow fruit Endangered after maturity, not juicy, good for pickle 51

SN 3 4

Landrace Jalgi Kankro Jumli Local

5 Jumli Seto 6 Jumli Panhelo 7 Jumli Rato Begnas 1 Chaite 2 Chhoto 3 Bhunte 4 Ghiu Kankro 5 Hariyo 6 Kalo Kankro 7

Khir Kankro

8

Madale

9

Madhyan Pahenlo 10 Seto Dalle Kachorwa 1 Baisakha

Economic value Good taste, good for salad and pickle, fruit crack after maturity -

Red listing† Extinct Endangered

Green, soft and swet Dark green, long and sweet fruit Good taste, juicy, dense fruit, good for pickle and good outlook, short harvesting period Good taste, food for pickle, large fruit, medicinal value -

Extinct Extinct Extinct

-

Extinct

Extinct Extinct Extinct

Extinct Endangered Endangered

Conservation dependent Extinct

High market value, white Endangered green mixed fruit 2 Balma Big white fruit, tasty, good Conservation market price, suitable for off dependent season production 3 Balma Harihar Good eating quality, thin Endangered and long fruit 4 Hariyo Mostly used during feast Endangered and festivals, green fruit with white spot in distal end † Red list is the categorical list of crop species, varieties or landraces whose populations are in decreasing trend due to many factors and if such trend continues these genotypes will disappear in future.

52

F. Phenotypic appearance of cucumber plant

Auli

Bhaktapur Local 53

G. Glossary Bais akha Hariyo Kankro Lamka Ujarka VDC

May Green Cucumber Long Bright, white Village development committee

H. References Joshi BK, HB KC, RK Tiwari, P Shrestha, R Amagain, A Subedi, N Adhikari, MP Upadhyay and BR Sthapit. 2004a. Varietal richness of eight crop species populations and farmers’ preferred traits over space and time in Nepal. Paper presented in National workshop on Strengthening the Scientific Basis of In-situ Conservation of Agricultural Biodiversity On-farm. 2527 Aug 2004, Nagarkot, Kathmandu, NARC, LIBIRD and IPGRI. Joshi BK, MP Upadhyay, D Gauchan, BR Sthapit and KD Joshi. 2004b. Red listing of agricultural crop species, varieties and landraces. Nepal Agric. Res. J. 5:73-80. Khatiwada SP, BK Baniya, DK Rijal, CL PAudel, RB Rana, P Chaudhary, PR Tiwari, MP Upadhyay, YR Pandey and A Mudwari. 1999. Population structure and breeding system factors shaping the genetic diversity of crops. In: A scientific basis of in situ conservation of agrobiodiversity on-farm: Nepal’s contribution to the global project. B Sthapit, M Upadhyay and A Subedi (eds). NP working paper No 1/99. Pp.67-77. NARC. 2002. Released and registered crops varieties in Nepal 19602002 AD. Nepal Agricultural Research council (NARC) Kathmandu. Paudel CL, PR Tiwari, JD Neupane and DP Devkota. 1998. Strengthening the scientific basis for in situ conservation of agrobiodiversity: Findings of site selection in Jumla, Nepal. NP working paper No.: 3/98. NARC/LI-BIRD, Nepal/IPGRI, Italy, Rome. Rana RB, CL Paudel, PR Tiwari, D Gauchan, A Subedi, BR Sthapit, MP Upadhyay and DI Jarvis. 2000a. In situ crop conservation: 54

Findings of agro-ecological, crop-diversity and socio-economic baseline survey of Talium eco-site, Jumla, Nepal, NP working Paper No 3/2000. NARC/LIBIRD, NEPAL/IPGRI, ROME, ITALY. Rana RB, DK Rijal, D Gauchan, BR Sthapit, A. Subedi, MP Upadhyay, YR Pandey and DI Jarvis. 2000b. In situ crop conservation: Findings of agro-ecological, crop-diversity and socio-economic baseline survey of Begnas eco-site, Kaski, Nepal, NP working Paper No 2/2000. NARC/LIBIRD, NEPAL/IPGRI, ROME, ITALY. Rana RB, P Chaudhary, D Gauchan, SP Khatiwada, BR Sthapit, A Subedi, MP Upadhyay and DI Jarvis. 2000c. In situ crop conservation: Findings of agro-ecological, crop-diversity and socio-economic baseline survey of Kachorwa ecosite, Bara, Nepal, NP working Paper No 1/2000. NARC/LIBIRD, NEPAL/IPGRI, ROME, ITALY. Rijal DK, RB Rana, KK Sherchand, BR Sthapit, YR Pandey, N Adhikari, KB Kadayat, YP Gautam, P Chaudhary, CL Paudel, SR Gupta and PR Tiwari. 1998. Strengthening the scientific basis for in situ conservation of agrobiodiversity: Findings of site selection in Kaski, Nepal. NP working paper No.: 1/98. NARC/LI-BIRD, Nepal/IPGRI, Italy, Rome. Sherchand KK, NP Adhakari, SP Khatiwada, AC Shrivastav, J Bajracharya, KD Joshi, KB Kadayat, M Chaudhary, P Vhaudhary, SS Vishwakarma, and S Yadav. 1998. Strengthening the scientific basis for in situ conservation of agrobiodiversity: Findings of site selection in Bara, Nepal, NP working Paper No 2/98. NARC/LIBIRD/IPGRI.

55

Catalogue 6. Taro

Bal K Joshi, Radha K Tiwari, Abiskar Subedi, Krishna P Baral and Bishnu H Adhikari

lkF 8 fn' - ;+ = lk08fn' _ Pindalu Taro (2n=2x=28, 3x) Colocasia esculenta Schott. A. Landraces of taro in Kaski district and BegnasVDC Area Landraces Conserv coverage ation† Kaski 1. Barmeli NK district 2. Bharte (Rate) NK 3. Dalle NK 4. Dudhe NK 5. Hattipau NK 6. Juke NK 7. Kalo NK 8. Kathe NK 9. Khaire NK 10. Khajure NK 11. Khari NK 12. Lahure NK 13. Local NK 14. Pancha Mukhe NK 15. Rato Mukhi (Katubi) NK 16. Seto NK Begnas 1. Chhaure FB VDC 2. Dalle FB 3. Dudhe Karkalo FB 4. Hattipau Pidalu FB

57


Rana et al 2000

Area coverage

Landraces 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24.

Juke Kalo Karkalo Kalo Pindalu Khajure Rato Pidalu Khari Pidalu Khujure Seto Lahure Karkalo Rato Rato Khari Rato Lamo Rato Mukhe Pidalu Rato Panchamukhe Pidalu Rato Pidalu Satmukhe Seto Karkalo Seto Lahure Seto Pindalu Seto Mukhe Thado Thado Rato Mukhe

Conserv ation† FB FB FB FB FB FB FB

Reference

NC NC FB NC FB NK FB NC NC NC NC FB FB

† NK, Not known. NC, No conservation. FB, Conserved in field bank.

58

B. Landrace richness of taro in Begnas VDC of Kaski district over time (Khatiwada et al 1999, Joshi et al 2004a) 40

PRA/site selection

35

35


Landraces, n

30 24

25 20 15

9

12

10 5 0 Begnas baseline survey 1999

Begnas monitoring survey 2003

C. Economically valuable landraces of taro in Begnas VDC of Kaski (Rana et al 2000, Joshi et al 2004b) SN Landrace Special value/ traits Diversity status 1. Hattipau Large corm, good taste, good for Common masyaura, gava and tandro, and dis ease susceptible, cook well, widespread demand high fertility 2. Juke Very long cormels, slippery after Rare and cooking, tall plant, not so good localized for consumption 3. Khari Pidalu Good for masayaura, gava and Common tandra, good taste, less number and of cormels, disease susceptible, widespread demands high fertility 4. Khajur Rato Good for masyaura, gava, tandra Rare and Pidalu and Khaseura, produce many widespread cormels, disease susceptible 5. Kalo Karkalo Good for masyaura, gava and Rare and (Xanthosoma pickles, good taste, corm and localized spp) cormels not edible 6. Lahure Karkali Good for pickles and curry, good Rare and 59

SN

7.

Landrace


(Xanthosoma spp) Rato Panchamukhe

taste, cormels edible but corm not edible Many buds in corm, good taste, all part useful

Diversity status localized Rare and localized

D. Released cultivars of taro in Nepal (NARC 2002) Taro cultivar was not released so far. E. Red list category of landraces of taro in Begnas VDC of Kaski (Rana et al 2000, Joshi et al 2004a, 2004b) SN Landrace Economic value Red listing† 1 Hattipau Good taste, good for No risk Pidalu masayaura, gava and tandra, cook well 2 Juke Very long cormels, slippery Endangered after cooking, tall plant, not so good for consumption 3 Khari Pidalu Good taste, good for No risk masayaura, gava and tandra, cook well 4 Khajure Rato Good for masayaura, gava, Conservation Pidalu tandra and khaseura, dependent produces many cormels 5 Kalo Karkalo Good for pickles, masyaura Endangered and gava, good taste 6 Lahure Good taste, good for pickles Endangered Karkalo and curry, many edible cormels 7 Rato Many buds in corm, good Endangered Panchamukhe taste, all part useful 8 Rato Extinct 9 Seto Lahure Extinct 10 Seto Mukhe Extinct † Red list is the categorical list of crop species, varieties or landraces whose population are in decreasing trend due to many factors and if such trend continues these genotypes will disappear in future. 60

F. Phenotypic appearance of taro plant

Bhaisekhutte Pindalu

Hatipau Pindalu

61

Kalo Lahure

Rato Bharte 62

Thaune

Panchamukhe Seto 63

Rato Panchamukhe Pindalu

Khujure Kalo

64

Dudhe Karkalo

Khari Lamo

65

Thadomukhe

Khujure Rato

66

G. Glossary Dalle Dudhe Gava Kalo Karkalo Khaseura Masyaura Pidalu Rato Seto Tandra

Dwarf Milky Rolled, boiled and dried leaf Black Taro importante for aerial parts Dried leaves Dried balls made from chopped petiole and black gram flour Taro importance for underground parts Red White Noodles like tendrils made from dry petiole

H. References Joshi BK, HB KC, RK Tiwari, P Shrestha, R Amagain, A Subedi, N Adhikari, MP Upadhyay and BR Sthapit. 2004a. Varietal richness of eight crop species populations and farmers’ preferred traits over space and time in Nepal. Paper presented in National workshop on Strengthening the Scientific Basis of In-situ Conservation of Agricultural Biodiversity On-farm. 25-27 Aug 2004, Nagarkot, Kathmandu, NARC, LIBIRD and IPGRI. Joshi BK, MP Upadhyay, D Gauchan, BR Sthapit and KD Joshi. 2004b. Red listing of agricultural crop species, varieties and landraces. Nepal Agric. Res. J. 5:73-80. Khatiwada SP, BK Baniya, DK Rijal, CL Paudel, RB Rana, P Chaudhary, PR Tiwari, MP Upadhyay, YR Pandey and A Mudwari. 1999. Population structure and breeding system factors shaping the genetic diversity of crops. In: A scientific basis of in situ conservation of agrobiodiversity on farm: Nepal’s contribution to the global project (B Sthapit, M Upadhyay and A Subedi, eds). NP working paper no 1/99. Pp.67-77. NARC. 2002. Released and registered crops varieties in Nepal 19602002 AD. Nepal Agricultural Research Council (NARC) Kathmandu. Poudel CL, PR Tiwari, JD Neupane, and DP Devkota. 1998. Strengthening the scientific basis for insitu conservation of

67

agrobiodiversity: Findings of site selection in Jumla, Nepal, NP working Paper No 3/98. NARC/LIBIRD/IPGRI. Rana RB, DK Rijal, D Gauchan, BR Sthapit, A Subedi, MP Upadhyay, YR Pandey, DI Jarvis. 2000b. In situ crop conservation: Findings of agro-ecological, crop-diversity and socio-economic baseline survey of Begnas ecosite, Kaski, Nepal, NP working Paper No 2/2000. NARC/LIBIRD, NEPAL/IPGRI, ROME, ITALY. Rijal DK, RB Rana, KK Sherchand, BR Sthapit, YR Pandey, N Adhikari, KB Kadayat, YP Gautam, P Chaudhary, CL Poudyal, SR Gupta and PR Tiwari. 1998. Strengthening the scientific basis for in situ conservation of agrobiodiversity: Findings of site selection in Kaski, Nepal, NP working Paper No 1/98. NARC/LIBIRD/IPGRI.

68

Catalogue 7. Barley

Bal K Joshi, Bimal K Baniya, Ashok Mudwari and Jwala Bajracharya, Bhuwon R Sthapit and Abiskar Subedi

hf} - ;+ = oj_ Jau Barley (2n=2x=14) Hordeum vulgare L. A.

Landraces of barley in Jumla

Area coverage

Landraces

Jumla district

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Talium VDC

Conservation†

Bhuwali Bikasi Chawali Jhuse Jau Lekali LG51 Mangsire Pahabai Pakhe Sano Chawali Takule Thulo Chawali Tinmase Uwa Chawali Gharelu Jau Lekali Lekali Takulo Takullo pahabai

ES NK ES ES ES NK NK ES NK NK NK NK NK ES ES NC ES NC NC

Reference Poudel et al 1998

Rana et al 2000


70

Landraces, n

B. Landrace richness of barley in Jumla over time (Khatiwada et al 2000, Joshi et al 2004a) 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

PRA/site selection

8


5 3 2



C. Economically valuable landraces of barley (Rana et al 2000, Joshi et al 2004a, 2004b) SN Landrace Special value/traits Diversity status 1 Chawali Good taste, nutritious, early Common & maturing, religions value low widespread production 2 Lekali Adapted to marginal land, late Rare & maturity, causes heart and gum widespread problem, cold and drought tolerant, more production 3 Takullo Adapted to marginal land, good Rare & localized Pahabai taste

71

D. Released varieties of barley in Nepal (NARC 2002) SN Variety Breeding Parentage/ Origin Year of Year of Target Special value/ line/source pedigree release introduction/ environments traits research initiation 1 Bonus Sweden 1973 Kathmandu Resistant to valley lodging, high tillering, late maturity 2 CI-10448 CI-10448 USA 1973 Tarai and Spring type, Inner Tarai moderately susceptible to yellow leaf rust 3 Galt USA 1973 Tarai and Spring type, high Inner Tarai tillering 4 HBL-56 India 1973 Tarai and Moderately Inner Tarai susceptible to leaf rust 5 Ketch Australia 1974 Tarai and 2- row Inner Tarai 6 Solu Uwa NB Local Nepal 1990 High hill Nacked 1054/Soluk selection humbu

Adoption rate Common

Localized

Localized Localized

Localized Common

E. Red list category of landraces of barley (Rana et al 2000, Joshi et al 2004b) SN Landrace Economic value Red listing† 1 Chawali Good taste, dwarf plants, No risk early maturity, religions and medicinal value 2 Gharelu Jau Extinct 3 Lekali Adapted to marginal land, Conservation late maturity, cold and dependent drought tolerant, more flour recovery 4 Lekali Takulo Extinct 5 Takullo Pahabai Adapted to marginal land, Endangered good taste † Red list is the categorical list of crop species, varieties or landraces whose population are in decreasing trend due to many factors and if such trend continues these genotypes will disappear in future.

F. Phenotype of barley plant

Chawali

Lekali

Bonus

Solu Uwa 74

G. Glossary Jau Lekali Mansire Pakhe PRA Sano Thulo VDC

Barley High Himalayan November Bari land, dry upland Participatory Rural Appraisal Small Large Village Development Committee

H. References Joshi BK, HB KC, RK Tiwari, P Shrestha, R Amagain, A Subedi, N Adhikari, MP Upadhyay and BR Sthapit. 2004. Varietal richness of eight crop species populations and farmers’ preferred traits over space and time in Nepal. Paper presented in National workshop on Strengthening the Scientific Basis of In-situ Conservation of Agricultural Biodiversity On-farm. 2527 Aug 2004, Nagarkot, Kathmandu. Joshi BK, MP Upadhyay, D Gauchan, BR Sthapit and KD Joshi. 2004b. Red listing of agricultural crop species, varieties and landraces. Nepal Agric. Res. J. 5:73-80. Khatiwada SP, BK Baniya, DK Rijal, CL Paudel, RB Rana, P Chaudhary, PR Tiwari, MP Upadhyay, YR Pandey and A Mudwari. 1999. Population structure and breeding system factors shaping the genetic diversity of crops. In: A scientific basis of in situ conservation of agrobiodiversity on farm: Nepal’s contribution to the global project. B Sthapit, M Upadhyay and A Subedi (eds). NP work. paper 1/99. Pp.67-77. NARC. 2002. Released and registered crops varieties in Nepal 19602002 AD. NARC Kathmandu. Poudel CL, PR Tiwari, JD Neupane, and DP Devkota. 1998. Strengthening the scientific basis for insitu conservation of agrobiodiversity: Findings of site selection in Jumla, Nepal, NP working Paper No 3/98. NARC/LIBIRD/IPGRI. Rana RB, CL Paudel, PR Tiwari, D Gauchan, A Subedi, BR Sthapit, MP Upadhyay and DI Jarvis. 2000a. In situ crop conservation: Findings of agro-ecological, crop-diversity and socio-economic baseline survey of Talium ecosite, Jumla, Nepal, NP working Paper No 3/2000. NARC, LIBIRD, IPGRI. 75

Catalogue 8. Rice

Bal K Joshi, Bimal K Baniya, Madhusudan P Upadhyay, Jwala Bajracharya, Sanjya Gyawali, Abiskar Subedi, Radha K Tiwari, Pitamber Shrestha, Resham B Amagain, Devendra Gauchan, Bedananda Chaudhary, Ram B Yadav and Bhuwon R Sthapit

76

wf g - ;+ = wfGo_ Dhan Rice (2n=2x=24) Oryza sativa L. A. Landraces of rice in Jumla, Kaski and Bara districts SN Area Landraces Conserv coverage ation† 1. Jumla Darime NC 2. district Jumli Marshi ES 3. Junge NC 4. Mehele (Boyo Dhan) NC 5. Takule NK 1. Talium Boyo Dhan (Pakhe) NC 2. VDC Darime NC 3. Dhan EX 4. Jadan Dhan EX 5. Jumli Local NC 6. Kalo Dhan NC 7. Kalo Marshi EX, BM 8. Lahare Dhan NC 9. Majhaula Marshi NC 10. Mahele EX 11. Patle Dhan NC 12. Ratanpuri NC 13. Rato Dhan NC 14. Rato Marshi EX, BM 15. Rato And Seto Marshi NC 16. Rato Kalo Marshi NC 17. Seto Local NC 18. Seto Marshi EX 19. Seto Seed NC 20. Sijalalya NC 77

Reference Paudel et al 1998

Rana et al 2000a

SN

Area coverage Kaski district

Landraces 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39.

Aapjhutte Anadi Andhere Marshi Anga Bangare Bange Jhinuwa Bangore Basmati Baulaha Bayerni Bhangere Bhatkhola Biramphool CH-45 Chhote Chiate Chiniya Chiniya Marshi Chobo Darmali Dudhe Marshi Ekle Gadura Gajale Gauri Gauriya Golai Tauli Gorkhali IR-28 Jadhikhole Jarneli Jethobudho Jhauri Jhinuwa Juhari K-39 Kanika Kanjirakanike Kathe 78

Conserv ation† EX EX EX EX EX NC NC NC EX, BM EX EX NC NC EX, BM EX, MV EX NC EX EX NC NC BM NC NC NC NC NC NC MV NC EX EX, BM NC EX EX NC NC NC NC


SN

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Area coverage

Begnas VDC

Landraces 40. Kathe Marshi 41. Kathejhauri 42. Khumal-4 43. Koile Marshi 44. Madise 45. Makaikhole 46. Manamuri 47. Mansara 48. Naldhunga 49. Naltummbe 50. Naule Marshi 51. Naya Gaule 52. Phalame 53. Phalamkote 54. Radh-9 55. Radha-4 56. Radha-7 57. Rai Marshi 58. Ramjate 59. Rate 60. Samundraphinj 61. Seto Tauli 62. Suidali 63. Taldhunge 64. Taulichiniya 65. Thakali Marshi 66. Thimaha 67. Thulo Marshi 68. Tulsi 69. Tunde Anga Barmali Basmati Bayarni Bayarni Jhinuwa Bichara Ghaiya Biramghul Ch-45 Chobo 79

Conserv ation† NC NC EX, BM NC EX MC EX EX, BM NC NC NC NC NC NC MV MV MV NC NC NC EX NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC EX NC EX, BM NC NC NC EX, BM EX, MV EX

Reference

Rana et al 2000b

SN 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48.

Area coverage

Landraces Dhave Jarneli Ekle Gauriya Ghaiya Gurdi Gurdi Ghaiya Jarneli Jethobudho Jhauri Jhinuwa Jhinuwa Basmati Jhinuwa Ghaiya Jhyali Rato Ghaiya Jire Ghaiya Juge Bayarni Kalo Bayarni Kalo Gurdi Kalo Jhinuwa Kalo Tude Jhinuwa Kanajire Ghaiya Kanchi Mansuli Kathe Gurdi Katuse Ghaiya Kaude Kaude Anadi Kunchali Ghaiya Lahare Ghaiya Lahare Gurdi Lame Madhese Mala Manamuri Mansara Mansuli Masino Ghaiya Masino Jhinuwa Naltume Naulo Madhese Pahenle 80

Conserv ation† NC BM EX BM EX NC EX EX, BM NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC EX NC EX EX, BM EX, MV NC EX NC BM EX

Reference

SN

Area coverage

49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. Bara district

Landraces Pakhe Jarneli Pakhe Ramani Radha Radha-7 Radha-9 Ramani Rate Rato Anadi Rato Ghaiya Sano Gurdi Sano Madhese Seto Anadi Seto Bayarni Seto Ghaiya Seto Gurdi Seto Jhinuwa Tende Thapachini Thulo Gurdi Thulo Madhese Tude Jhinuwa 1. Anadi 2. Anga 3. Bageri 4. Baharni 5. Bangla 6. Baramhabhusi 7. Basmati 8. Basmati Lalka 9. Basmati Rato 10.Basmati Seto 11.Bhulani 12.Changaul 13.Devsara 14.Dudhi 15.Dudhisaro 16.Dudhiyadayan 17.Dudhraj 18.Gaddar 81

Conserv ation† NC NC MV MV MV NC NC EX NC EX, BM NC EX NC NC NC NC NC NC BM NC NC EX NC NC EX NC EX EX BM NC NC NC NC NC NC EX, BM NC NC EX

Reference

Sherchand et al 1998

SN

Area coverage

Landraces 19.Gamadi 20.Handiphool 21.Harinkhir 22.Jhali 23.Jharlajha 24.Jiri 25.Kamod 26.Kariakamod 27.Karma 28.Kasturi 29.Katakamud 30.Kataush 31.Katika 32.Khera 33.Kudia 34.Lajhi 35.Lalka Katika 36.Lalkapharom 37.Lalkasaripha 38.Madhumalat 39.Maluri 40.Mansara 41.Maruti 42.Matisar 43.Maturi 44.Nakhi 45.Nakhisaro 46.Pakhinari 47.Parewapankh 48.Parmal 49.Piyarka 50.Ratan 51.Sakan 52.Satha 53.Sikhichand 54.Sokan 55.Sotwa 56.Tulsiprasad 57.Ujala 82

Conserv ation† NC EX NC NC NC NC NC NC EX EX NC NC NC NC NC EX, BM NC NC NC NC NC EX, BM NC EX EX EX NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC EX NC NC NC

Reference

SN

Area coverage

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38.

Kachorwa VDC

Landraces 58.Ujarka Katika Anadi Anga Ashanni Basmati Basmati Lalka Batsar Bhathi Ch-45 Chandina Chiana-4 Dipahiya Dudhisaro Dudhraj Ekahatar Faram Gajargaul Ghuthani Jaya Jiri Karma Kataush Kheraha Kunchali Mansuli Lajhi Lalka Farm Lalka Katika Latongad Mallika Mansara Mansari Masula Masuli Masura Meghdut Mutmur Muturi Nakhi Nakhi Saro 83

Conserv ation† NC EX NC NC EX EX, BM NC NC MV NC NC NC EX, BM NC NC NC NC NC MV NC EX NC NC NC EX, BM NC NC NC NC EX, BM NC NC MV NC NC NC EX EX NC

Reference

Rana et al 2000c

SN 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53.

Area coverage

Landraces

Conserv ation† NC NC NC MV NC NC MV NC NC NC EX NC NC NC NC

Nat Masuriya Net Masuli Philips Radha 5 Rango Ratrani Sabitri Sarho Sathi Satraj Sokan Sona Masuli Sotwa Television Usha

Reference

† NK, Not known. NC, No conservation. MV, Modern variety. ES, Ex situ conservation. BM, Used as breeding material.

B. Landrace richness of rice in Talium VDC of Jumla district over time (Khatiwada et al 2000, Rana et al 2000a, 2000b, 2000c, Joshi et al 2004a) Baseline survey

8


Diversity fair


11

PRA/site selection

21

4 39

Begnas Monitoring survey 2003

63

Begnas Baseline survey 1999

99

49 40


33


77

24 0

20

40

60

Landraces, n

84

80

100

120

C. Economically valuable landraces of rice in Talium, Begnas and Kachorwa (Rana et al 2000a, 2000b, 2000c, Joshi et al 2004b) SN

Landrace

Talium 1. Boyo Dhan

2.

Kalo Marshi

3.

Majhaula Marshi

4.

Rato Marshi

5.

Seto Marshi


Diversity status

Large plant type, more straw, coarse grain Tasty/quality rice, more productive, easy milling and content feeling after consumption

Rare and localized

Small plant type, small panicle, soft and tasty Tasty, quality rice, low disease problem, content feeling after consumption and religious use Tasty, quality rice, content feeling after consumption, easy milling, easy threshing and religious use

Rare and localized

Tasty, more spikelets

Rare and localized

Common and localized

Aanpjhutte

85

Cold tolerant

Common and widespread

Cold tolerant

Common and widespread (Many farmers and large area), H’ = 0.217

Adapted to upland and lowland bund, and monocul ture system

Begnas 1

Remarks

SN

Landrace


Diversity status Rare and localized

Remarks

2

Anadi

Good for latte, puwa, siraula and khatte and use as medicine

3

Bayarni

Long straw, good taste, soft bhat, and aromatic rice.

Rare and localized

Aromati c rice

4

Biramphul

Small and long grain, early maturity, short panicle, tasty Long straw, good taste, more production, quality straw for mat making and good milling recovery.


5

Ekle

6

Ghaiya

Coarse grain, upland rice, more solid content Rounded grain, upland rice, more solid content High market price, long straw, good taste and aromatic rice.

Common and widespread Common and localized Common and widespread

7

Gurdi

8

Jethobudho

9

Jhinuwa

Soft, scented rice, small grain and more straw Black grain, small and long grain, scented rice, tall plant Soft and scented rice, tall plant, small

Common and widespread Rare and localized

10

Kalo Bayarni

11

Krishnabhog

86

Rare and Localized (Few farmers and small area), H’ = 0.079

Rare and localized

Late maturity

SN

Landrace

12

Manamuri

13

Mansara

14

Naltume

15

Pahele

16

Pakhe Jhinuwa

Corse grain, drought tolerant

17

Ramani

18

Seto Bayrni

19

Thapachini

20

Tuned Jhinuwa

Small and rounded grain, long panicle, tasty Long small white grain, scented rice Early maturity, attractive yellow grain, soft Long awn, long and small grain, scented rice

Kachorwa 1 Aama Ghauj

2

Anga

Special value/traits and long grain Coarse grain, tasty, tall plant Long straw, drought tolerance, require less fertilizer and early maturity. Shade loving, black and rounded grain Small and long grain, scented rice

High yielded, suitable for deep water condition Suitable for uccha and niccha condition, high resistance to insect pest

87

Diversity status Rare and localized Common and localized

Remarks

Upland rice and early maturity

Rare and localized Common and widespread Common and localized Rare and widespread Rare and localized Common and localized Common and localized Rare and localized

Multiple spicklet


Small, awned, black and flat seed

SN

Landrace


Diversity status Common and widespread

Remarks

3

Basmati

Good quality rice, soft, tasty, aromatic rice, religious, cultural significance, good market price and quality khir (rice pudding)

4

Batshar

High yield, good eating quality, early mature

Rare and localized

Bhadaiya Basmati

Good eating quality, Scented, high marketing value


6

Bhatthi

Suitable for deep water


7

Dhuthani

High yielding, few irrigation sufficient

Rare and localized

8

Dudh Raj


9

Harin Ker

10

Jagar Nathiya

Good eating quality, suitable running water condition (i.e. flood rarelv uproot) Good eating, quality, suite for medium type land Suitable for deep water condition

11

Kariya

Scented, high

Common

White, thick, long grain Reddish brown, slender grain Light reddish brown with flat grain Reddish grain pale red basal leaf sheath White grain thin and tall plant Mixed grain color Reddish, Long grain Black

5

88

Common and localized Rare and widespread

SN

Landrace


Kamod

marketing value

12

Karma

Suitable for all land type, high yield anf good eating quality

13

Khehara

Used in Karikh, Govinda, and Sokha’s (god’s) praying

Rare and localized

14

Laji

Good eating quality, suitable for rainfed condition

Common and widspread

15

Lal Tenger

Used in pond and deep water condition


16

Lalka Basmati


17

18

Lalka Kartika/Lalk a Faram Madhumala

Good eating quality. scented rice, slender long grain, good for mat making, highly preferred by livestock, high marketing value Good eating quality, early maturity Good eating quality, less tillering

Rare and widespread

19

Mansara

Good eating quality, spreading panicle

20

Mutmur

Content feeling after eating, good taste, good

Common and widespread Common and localized

89

Diversity status and widespread Rare and localized

Rare and localized

Remarks slender grain, Reddish brown, thick grain Awned whitish grain, red pericarp White grain, red pericarp Thick grain with orange red Reddish, awned, scented, thin and tall plant

Straw color grain Reddish brown grain, Reddish grain, awnless Grain reddish brown,

SN

Landrace

21

Nakhisharo

22

Parewa Pankha

23

Rango

24

Sathi

25

Silhat

26

Sokan/Sotwa /Gajjar Goul

27

Sotwa

28

Ujjarka

Special value/traits performance under rainfed condition, less manure requirement and robust seed/seedling Soft, tasty, less insect, disease problem and respond well in low input conditions High yield, Good beaten rice

Diversity status

pale red basal leaf sheath Common and localized

Rare and localized

Good eating quality, medium grain type Religious and cultural significance, good market price and quality khir (Rice pudding), used in the Chaat festival Suitable for deep water condition

Rare and localized Common and localized

Good for beaten rice, good for starch (Madd) delay digest (Aadilo), tall and thick plant type Soft, tasty, less insect and disease problem and medicinal value

Rare and localized

Good eating quality,

Rare and

90

Remarks

Rare and localized

Whitish awned grain, light red pericarp Long grain, sterile lemma Reddish color Sheathe d panicle, black grain color Large flat black grain Brown, thicker, and firmed grain,


White

SN

Landrace


Kartika/Ujjar ka Faram

early maturity, medium sized grain

Diversity status localized

Remarks grain

D. Red list category of landraces of rice in Talium, Begnas and Kachorwa VDCs SN Landrace Economic value Red listing† Talium 1. Boyo Dhan Large plant type, more straw, Conservation (Pakhe) coarse grain dependent 2. Darime Extinct 3. Jadan Dhan Extinct 4. Jumli Local Extinct 5. Kalo Dhan Extinct 6. Kalo Marshi Tasty/quality rice, more Endangered productive, easy milling and content feeling after consumption 7. Lahare Dhan Extinct 8. Majhaula Small plant type, small panicle, Endangered Marshi soft and tasty 9. Mahele Extinct 10. Patle Dhan Extinct 11. Ratanpuri Extinct 12. Rato Marshi Tasty, quality rice, low disease No risk problem, content feeling after consumption and religious use 13. Seto Local Extinct 14. Seto Marshi Tasty, quality rice, content Conservation feeling after consumption, easy dependent milling, easy threshing and religious use Sijalalya Begnas 1. Anga

-

Extinct

Awned, reddish pericarp, coarse grain

Endangered

91

SN 2.

Landrace Barmali

3.

Basmati

4.

Bayarni

5.

Bayarni Jhinuwa Bichara Ghaiya Biramphul

6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Chobo Dhave Jarneli Ekle

11. 12.

Gauriya Ghaiya

13.

Gurdi

14.

Jarneli

15.

Jethobudho

16. 17.

Jhauri Jhinuwa

18.

Jire Ghaiya

19.

Juge Bayarni Kalo Bayarni

20.

Economic value Thick and long white grain, good straw yield Long and small grain, scented rice Long straw, good taste, soft bhat, and aromatic rice. -

Red listing† Endangered

-

Extinct

Small and long grain, early maturity, short panicle, tasty Long and thick grain, deep water rice Long straw, good taste, more production, quality straw for mat making and good milling recovery.

Endangered

Coarse grain, upland rice, more solid content Rounded grain, upland rice, more solid content Yellowish thick and long grain

Extinct Conservation dependent Conservation dependent Conservation dependent No risk

High market price, long straw, good taste and aromatic rice. Soft, scented rice, small grain and more straw Small and white grain, non lodging Black grain, small and long grain, scented rice, tall plant

92

Endangered Conservation dependent Extinct

Extinct Endangered No risk

Extinct No risk Endangered Extinct Endangered

SN 21.

Landrace Kalo Gurdi

22.

Kalo Jhinuwa Kalo Tude Jhinuwa Kanajire Ghaiya Kathe Gurdi Katuse Ghaiya Kaude Krishnabhog

23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34.

35.

Kunchali Ghaiya Lahare Ghaiya Lahare Gurdi Lame Manamuri Mansara

36.

Masino Jhinuwa Naltume

37.

Pahenle

38.

40.

Pakhe Jhinuwa Pakhe Ramani Ramani

41. 42.

Rate Rato Anadi

39.

Economic value Rounded and black spot at tip of grain Rounded and black spot at tip of grain and long grain Scented ric, tall, small and long grain Small grain, upland rice, tall plant Rounded yellowish grain, tasty -


Soft and scented rice, tall plant, small and long grain Non lodging, rounded white grain Upland rice, rounded grain, tall

Extinct Endangered

Small rounded white grain

Conservation dependent Extinct Endangered No risk

Coarse grain, tasty, tall plant Long straw, drought tolerance, require less fertilizer and early maturity. Soft, scented rice, tall, small and long grain Shade loving, black and rounded grain Small and long grain, scented rice Coarse grain, drought tolerant Rounded small white grain, upland rice Small and rounded grain, long panicle, tasty Thick grain, tasty 93

Endangered Endangered Endangered No risk Extinct

Endangered Endangered

Endangered Endangered No risk Endangered Endangered Endangered Extinct No risk

SN 43. 44. 45. 46.

Landrace Rato Ghaiya Sano Gurdi Seto Anadi Seto Bayarni

47. 48. 49.

Seto Ghaiya Seto Gurdi Seto Jhinuwa Tende Thapachini

50. 51. 52. 53.

Thulo Gurdi Tude Jhinuwa Kachorwa 1. Aama Ghauj

Economic value Deep water rice Long small white grain, scented rice Tall plant, small and long grain, taty Early maturity, attractive yellow grain, soft Rounded grain with black tip Long awn, long and small grain, scented rice

Red listing† Extinct Endangered Extinct Endangered

High yielded, suitable for deep water condition Sticky rice Suitable for uccha and niccha condition, high resistance to insect pest Good quality rice, soft, tasty, aromatic rice, religious, cultural significance, good market price and quality khir (rice pudding)

Endangered

Endangered

2. 3.

Anadi Anga

4. 5.

Ashanni Basmati

6.

Basmati Lalka

7.

Batsar

8.

Bhathi

Good eating quality. scented rice, slender long grain, good for mat making, highly preferred by livestock, high marketing value High yield, good eating quality, early mature Suitable for deep water

9.

Dudhisaro

-

94

Extinct Extinct Endangered Extinct Endangered No risk Endangered

Endangered Endangered

Extinct Conservation dependent

Conservation dependent Conservation dependent Extinct

SN 10.

Landrace Dudhraj

Economic value Good eating quality, suitable running water condition (i.e. flood rarelv uproot) Suitable for all land type, high yield and good eating quality Used in Karikh, Govinda, and Sokha’s (god’s) praying Good eating quality, suitable for rainfed condition Good eating quality, early maturity Good eating quality, spreading panicle Content feeling after eating, good taste, good performance under rainfed condition, less manure requirement and robust seed/seedling Soft, tasty, less insect, disease problem and respond well in low input conditions -

Red listing† Conservation dependent

11. 12. 13.

Gajargaul Ghuthani Karma

14. 15.

Kataush Kheraha

16.

Lajhi

17.

Lalka Katika

18. 19.

Latongad Mansara

20. 21. 22.

Mansari Masura Mutmur

23.

Nakhi Saro

24. 25.

Nat Masuriya Rango

Endangered

Ratrani Sarho Sathi

Good eating quality, medium grain type Religious and cultural significance, good market price and quality khir (Rice pudding)

26. 27. 28.

29.

Satraj

-

Extinct

95

Extinct Extinct Conservation dependent Extinct Endangered Endangered Endangered Extinct Conservation dependent Extinct Extinct No risk

No risk

Extinct

Extinct Extinct Conservation dependent

SN 30.

Landrace Sokan

31.

Sotwa

Economic value Good for beaten rice, good for starch (Madd) delay digest (Aadilo), tall and thick plant type Soft, tasty, less insect and disease problem and medicinal value


Conservation dependent

† Red list is the categorical list of crop species, varieties or landraces whose populations are in decreasing trend due to many factors and if such trend continues these genotypes will disappear in future (See Joshi et al 2004).

96

E. Released varieties of rice in Nepal (NARC 2000, Joshi 2004c, Upadhaya and Joshi 2003) SN

Variety

1.

Barkhe-2

2.

Bindeswari

3.

CH-45

4.

Chainan-2

5.

Chainung-242

6.

7.

Breeding line/source

Parentage, Pedigree

Origin

Release

B441b-126-3/2/2001, C4-63GB/B531b TK39 IET 1444, TN 1/Co29

Indonesia

1987

Tarai, Inner Tarai

India

1981

Tarai, Inner Tarai

China 45, Selection at CRRI

IRRI

1966

1957

Tarai, Inner Tarai

Taiwan

1967

1965

Mid hill

-, Hsinchu 4/Taichung 150// Taipei7/T45

Taiwan

1967

1964

Mid hill and valley

Chaite-2

IR7151-1260-3-3, BG34-8/IR2061-5226-9

IRRI

1987

Tarai. Inner Tarai

Chaite-4

IR9729-67-3, BG348/IR28//IR2071-6251-252

IRRI

1987

Tarai, Inner Tarai

-, O-luamchu/ShiniriAikoku//Taichung 65

Introduction/ research initiation

Target environments


Adoption rate† Localized

Upland rice, early maturity Good for chiura, early maturity, resistance to brown spot

Localized

Widespread

Localized Good for chiura, non lodging maturity, moderately resistance to blast and BLB Early maturity, moderately

Common

Widespread

Common

SN

Variety


Parentage, Pedigree

Origin

Release

NR 274-7-3-3-1, NR6-5-46-50/IR28

IRRI

1991


Target environments

1-252

8.

Chaite-6

9.

Chandannath-1

-/IRCTN

Jinling 78-102, Selection from Jinling 78-102

China

2002

1995

Jumal valley and similar high hill (2300 masl)

10.

Chandannath-3

-/IRCTN

Yunlen-1, Selection from Yunlen-1

China

2002

1995

Jumal valley and similar high hill (2300 masl)

11.

Chandina

IRRI

1978

IR532-1-176, Peta* 3/TN1//TKM6

98

Tarai, Inner Tarai

Tarai, Inner Tarai

Special value/ traits moderately resistance to blast and BLB Resistance to blast and BLB Cold tolerance, high rice recovery, no loss by hail storm Cold tolerance, high rice recovery, no loss by hail storm Early maturity, dwarf, resistance to blast, stem borer, high amalyose content

Adoption rate†

Localized Localized

Common

Localized

SN

Variety

12.


Parentage, Pedigree

Origin

Release

Chhomrong local

Ghandruk local, Selection from Ghandruk local

Nepal

1991

13.

Durga

IET 2938, Jaya//IR8/Latisail

India

1979

1974

14.

Ghaiya-2

MW 10, MTU15/Waikakku

India

1987

1977

Tarai, Inner Tarai

15.

Hardinath 1

BG 951///793348/H4//BW288-1-3

IRRI

2004

1987

Tarai, Inner Tarai

16.

Himali

IR 2298-PLPB-3-192-1-1B, Cica 4/Kulu

IRRI

1982

BG 1442/-

99


Target environments High hills of eastern and western region (1400-2000 m) mid hill in cold water region Tarai, Inner Tarai

Mid hill

Special value/ traits Cold tolerance

Adoption rate† Common

Localized Early maturity, dwarf Early maturity, good eating quality, high milling recovery, suitable for bhadaiya rice Fine and aromatic, non lodging

Localized

Widespread

Common

SN

Variety

17.


Parentage, Pedigree

Origin

Release

IR-20

IR 532E-576, IR 26224-3/TKM6

IRRI

1972

Tarai

18.

IR-22

IRRI

1972

Tarai

19.

IR-24

IR 579-160-2, IR 8/Tadukan IR661-1-140-3, IR8/// Century Patna/SLO//Sigadis

IRRI

1975

Tarai, Inner Tarai

20.

IR-8

IR 8-288-3, Peta/DGWG

IRRI

1968

Tarai

21.

Janaki

BG 90-2, Peta*3/TN1//Remadja

Srilanka

1979

100


1975

Target environments

Tarai, Inner Tarai

Special value/ traits Resistance to BLB, tungro virus, green leaf hopper, Zn and P deficiency Resistance to BLB Dwarf, photoperiod non sensitive, resistance to green leaf hopper Early maturity, resistance to green leaf hopper, dwarf Field resistance to blast and BLB, non lodging


Localized Common

Common

Common

SN

Variety

22.


Parentage, Pedigree

Origin

Release

Jaya

-, TN1/T141

India

1973

Tarai

23.

Kanchan

IRRI

1982

Mid hill

24.

Khajura-2

IR 3941-4 PL-P28, CR 126-42-5/IR 2061-213 PAU41-262, RP72/Mutant65

India

1987

25.

Khumal-11

NR 10375-14-2-1, Akiyudaka/Barkat

Nepal

2002

1992

Mid Western Tarai (Banke) Kathmandu valley

26.

Khumal-2

NR 10068-60-3-2, Jarneli/KN-1B-361BLK-2-8

Nepal

1987

1976

27.

Khumal-3

K 39, China 1039/IR 580

India

1984

28.

Khumal-4

NR 10078-76-1-1, IR 28/Pokhreli Masino

Nepal

1987

101


Target environments

Mid hill

Mid hill

1977

Mid hill

Special value/ traits Non lodging, resistance to BLB Non lodging, fine grain


Localized Localized

Blast resistance, good for Chiura Early maturity

Common

Early maturity, blast susceptible, good for chiura Fine quality, good for

Localized

Localized

Widespread

SN

Variety


29.

Khumal-5

30.

Khumal-6

-/F2-IRTP

31.

Khumal-7

-/IRCTN

32.

Origin

Release


Target environments

NR 10067-8-2-2-2, Pokhreli Masino/KN1B-361-BLK-2-8

Nepal

1990

1976

Mid hill

NR10172-2B-12-4-13-2, IR13146/IR17492

Nepal

1999

1984

Kathmandu valley and similar area

IR 7167-33-2-3-3-1, China 1039-DWFMUT/KN-1B-361-1-86-10

Nepal

1990

1983

Mid hill

Khumal-9

IR 15579-135-2, K-2876-B-1/KN 1B-214-14-3

Nepal

1990

33.

Lakshmi

IRRI

1979

34.

Machhapuchhre-

IR2061-628-1-6-4-3, IR833-6-2-11//IR1561-1491/IR1737 LR 88001-80-OL,

Nepal

1996

LR 88001-

Parentage, Pedigree

102

Special value/ traits good for cattle, blast resistance, non lodging Tasty

Adoption rate†

Non lodging, blast resistance Good for chiura

Localized

Localized

Localized

Mid hill

Localized

1975

Tarai, Inner Tarai

Localized

1988

Mid to High

Cold

Localized

SN

Variety


Parentage, Pedigree

3

8L-OL

Fuji 102/Chhommrong

35.

Makawanpur-1

36.

Mallika

37.

Manjushree-2

38.

Masuli

39.

Palung-2

40.

Parwanipur-1

BG 400-1, Ob678/IR20//H4

Origin

Release


hills with cold climate area (13002000m) semi irrigated land Tarai, Inner Tarai

Srilanka

1987

Bangladesh

1982

Nepal

2002

1989

Mahsuri, Mayang Ebos 80*2/Taichung 65 NR 10073-167-3-1-3, BG 94-2/Pokhreli Masino

Malaysia

1973

1956

Nepal

IR400-29-2-73, Peta* 4/TN1

IRRI

Mala/J15 (IR272), CP/SLO*2//Sigadis NR10291-6-1, Fuji 102/NR10157-2B-7-11

103

Target environments

Tarai, Inner Tarai Kathmandu valley

Special value/ traits tolerance, bacterial sheath brown rot resistance Resistance to gall midge, blast and BLB, good for popped rice

Adoption rate†

Widespread

Localized Non lodging

Localized

Tarai, Inner Tarai

Good grain quality

Widespread

1987

Mid hill

Early maturity, cold tolerance

Common

1973

Tarai, Inner Tarai

Localized

SN

Variety


41.

Radha krishna-9

42.

Radha-11

-/IRRSWON

43.

Radha-12

/IRRSWONM’85

44.

Radha-4

IR8423

45.

Radha-7

46.

Rampur Masuli

AS 7811/IIRYN-M

Parentage, Pedigree

Origin

Release

NR 15016-24-1-3, IR 42/Masuli

Nepal

1991

TCA 80-4, Local selection OR 142-99, TNI/T141//Annapurna

IRRI

1994

1986

IRRI

1994

1985

IR 8423-156-2-2-1, BG 34-8/IR 2071625-1

IRRI

1994

1983

NR 15013-40-1-1, Janaki/Masuli

Nepal

1991

-, Lal Nakanda/IR30

Nepal

1999

104


Target environments T arai, Inner Tarai (Irrigated area)

1991

Central Tarai ,rain fed area Eastern Tarai (irrigated, unirrigated and low land area) Mid Western and Far Western Tarai

Tarai, Inner Tarai (rainfed low land area) Tarai, Inner Tarai and foothills in

Special value/ traits Long compact panicle, lodging and shattering problems Drought tolerance Wide adoptability, bold grain

Adoption rate†

Field resistance to blast and BLB, extreme drought tolerance

Widespread

Localized

Localized Localized

Common

Leaf and neck blast resistance

Common

SN

Variety


Parentage, Pedigree

Origin

Release


47.

Sabitri

IR 2071-124-6-4, IR 1561-228-1/IR 1737//CR 94-13

IRRI

1979

1975

48.

Taichung-176

-, TsaiYuanchung/DGWG

Taiwan

1967

1965

49.

Tainan-1

Target environments foothills in Central and Western Regions (upto 900masl) Tarai, Inner Tarai

Mid hill and valley

Special value/ traits resistance

Adoption rate†

Field resistance to blast and BLB, resistance to stem borer Good for chiura, non lodging

Widespread

-, TsaiTaiwan 1967 1965 Mid hill Yuanchung/DGWG † Widespread, High adoption rate. Common, Medium adoption rat e. Localized, Low adoption rate. BLB, Bacterial leaf blight.

105

Localized

Localized

F. Phenotypic appearance of rice plant

Jumli Marshi (Kalo)

Jumli Marshi (Seto)

Junge

Masino Jhinuwa

107

Tunde

Lahare Gurdi

108

Kanjira

Ramani

109

Chobo

Bale

110

Lamcho Jhinuwa

Jhinuwa 111

Palungtare

Pakhe Jarneli

112

Junge Jhinuwa

Rate

113

Manamuri

Pahele Jhinuwa 114

Jethobudo

Thulo Gurdi 115

Naltume

Koili

116

Amaghoj

Anga

117

Bhatti

Dudhraj

118

Harinker

Jagar Nathiya

119

Kariya Kanod

Karma

120

Khehra

Laltenger

121

Lalka Basmati

Madhumala

122

Pakher

Parew Pankha

123

Chandannath 1

Chandannath 3

124

Chianung 242

Chhommrong

125

Himali

Kanchan

126

Khumal 11

Khumal 2

127

Khumal 7

Khumal 6

128

Khumal 3

Khumal 4

129

Khumal 9

Machhapucchre 3

130

Manjushree 2

Palung 2

131

Taichung 176

Hardinath 1

132

CH 45

Chaite 2

133

Chaite 4

Chaite 6

134

Ghaiya 2

Janaki

135

Makwanpur 1

Mansuli

136

Radha 11

Radha 32

137

Radha 7

Radha 12

138

Radha 4

Radha 9

139

Radha 6

Rampur Mansuli

140

Sabitri

Sona Mansuli

141

G. Glossary Baisakh Chaite Lalka Rato Rec Seto VDC

May April Red Red Recommended White Village development committee

H. References Joshi BK, HB KC, RK Tiwari, P Shrestha, R Amagain, A Subedi, N Adhikari, MP Upadhyay and BR Sthapit. 2004a. Varietal richness of eight crop species populations and farmers’ preferred traits over space and time in Nepal. Paper presented in National workshop on Strengthening the Scientific Basis of In-situ Conservation of Agricultural Biodiversity On-farm. 2527 Aug 2004, Nagarkot, Kathmandu, NARC, LIBIRD and IPGRI. Joshi BK, MP Upadhyay, D Gauchan, BR Sthapit and KD Joshi. 2004b. Red listing of agricultural crop species, varieties and landraces. Nepal Agric. Res. J. 5:73-80. Joshi BK. 2004c. Rice gene pool for mid and high hills and its conservation in Nepal. In: Agricultural Research for Enhancing Livelihood of Nepalese People (BK Joshi, SL Joshi and KP Paudyal, eds). Proceedings of 2nd SAS-N Convention, 30 July 1 Aug 2003, Kathmandu. Pp.252-264. Khatiwada SP, BK Baniya, DK Rijal, CL Paudel, RB Rana, P Chaudhary, PR Tiwari, MP Upadhyay, YR Pandey and A Mudwari. 1999. Population structure and breeding system factors shaping the genetic diversity of crops. In: A scientific basis of in situ conservation of agrobiodiversity on farm: Nepal’s contribution to the global project. B Sthapit, M Upadhyay and A Subedi (eds). NP working paper no 1/99. Pp.67-77. NARC. 2002. Released and registered crops varieties in Nepal 19602002 AD. Nepal Agricultural Research Council (NARC) Kathmandu.

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Poudel CL, PR Tiwari, JD Neupane, and DP Devkota. 1998. Strengthening the scientific basis for insitu conservation of agrobiodiversity: Findings of site selection in Jumla, Nepal, NP working Paper No 3/98. NARC/LIBIRD/IPGRI. Rana RB, CL Paudel, PR Tiwari, D Gauchan, A Subedi, BR Sthapit, MP Upadhyay and DI Jarvis. 2000a. In situ crop conservation: Findings of agro-ecological, crop-diversity and socio-economic baseline survey of Talium ecosite, Jumla, Nepal, NP working Paper No 3/2000. NARC/LIBIRD, NEPAL/IPGRI, ROME, ITALY. Rana RB, DK Rijal, D Gauchan, BR Sthapit, A Subedi, MP Upadhyay, YR Pandey, DI Jarvis. 2000b. In situ crop conservation: findings of agro-ecological, crop-diversity and socio-economic baseline survey of Begnas ecosite, Kaski, Nepal, NP working Paper No 2/2000. NARC/LIBIRD, NEPAL/IPGRI, ROME, ITALY. Rana RB, P Chaudhary, D Gauchan, SP Khatiwada, BR Sthapit, A Subedi, MP Upadhyay and DI Jarvis. 2000c. In situ crop conservation: findings of agro-ecological, crop-diversity and socio-economic baseline survey of Kachorwa ecosite, Bara, Nepal, NP working Paper No 1/2000. NARC/LIBIRD, NEPAL/IPGRI, ROME, ITALY. Rijal DK, RB Rana, KK Sherchand, BR Sthapit, YR Pandey, N Adhikari, KB Kadayat, YP Gautam, P Chaudhary, CL Poudyal, SR Gupta and PR Tiwari. 1998. Strengthening the scientific basis for insitu conservation of agrobiodiversity: Findings of site selection in Kaski, Nepal, NP working Paper No 1/98. NARC/LIBIRD/IPGRI. Sherchand KK, NP Adhikari, SP Khatiwada, AC Shrivastav, J Bajracharya, KD Joshi, KB Kadayat, M Chaudhary, P Chaudhary, SS Vishwakarma, and S Yadav. 1998. Strengthening the scientific basis for in situ conservation of agrobiodiversity: Findings of site selection in Bara, Nepal. NP working paper no 2/98. NARC, LIBIRD and IPGRI. Upadhaya MP and BK Joshi. 2003. Plant genetic resources in SAARC countries: Their conservation and management. Nepal chapter. SAARC Agriculture Information Center. Pp. 297-422.

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