Cryptogam Biodiversity and Assessment
Cryptogam Biodiversity and Assessment
Special Volume (2018), e-ISSN :2456-0251, 71-114
Lichen diversity in the Eastern Himalaya biodiversity hotspot region, India K.P. Singh*, Pushpi Singh** and G.P. Sinha Botanical Survey of India, Central Regional Centre, Allahabad 211 002
ABSTRACT
Publication Info Article history: Received : 30.08.2017 Accepted : 15.11.2017 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21756/ cab.esp9 Key words: Eastern Himalaya, Biodiversity, Hotspot, Indian lichens Corresponding authors: Email:
[email protected]*
[email protected]**
Eastern Himalaya, a part of the Himalaya biodiversity hotspot region has been assessed for its lichen diversity, based on the own collections, identifications, field observations and published literature. Out of ca 2540 species so far, known from India, 1047 species,1 sub species and 4 varieties distributed in 592 crustose, 321 foliose, 125 fruticose and 9 squamulose growth forms under 212 genera and 63 families, occurring as corticolous, saxicolous, terricolous, foliicolous, and muscicolous constitute c. 41.22 % of the total lichen diversity of the country. The lichen vegetation is recognized into four major types and discussed under (i) tropical lichen vegetation (ii) sub tropical lichen vegetation (iii) temperate lichen vegetation and (iv) subalpine and alpine lichen vegetation. A comparative statistics of diversity of species under dominant families and genera at India and Eastern Himalaya level is given. The region is also active centre of speciation and represented by 107 endemic species including many point endemics. It is pointed out that this rich diversity of lichens is under threat due to various biotic activities. Therefore, conservation measures concerning rich lichen diversity in brief are also discussed. It is also suggested that unexplored high altitude areas are required to be explored thoroughly for getting complete knowledge of the lichen diversity of the region and finally its utilization for the welfare of human beings.
INTRODUCTION
N latitudes and 87o59´- 97o30´ E longitudes in the eastern part of India and comprises the states of Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim and Darjeeling district of West Bengal (Fig. 1). The region consists of mountains, valleys and plateaus of various dimensions with average altitude ranging between 1800 and 3000 m. Humidity in rainy season exceeds 90%. With these varied topographical factors, unique geographical position coupled with moisture laden monsoon winds, blowing across the Bay of Bengal provide heavy rainfall in most of the places that have resulted in a variety of ecosystems which supported a rich biodiversity, including lichens and make the region one of the major biodiversity hotspots of the world.
The Eastern Himalaya, a part of the Indian Himalaya biodiversity hotspot (Myer et al. 2000; Mittermeier et al. 2005) has always been a focus of special attention to the botanists, investigators delight and a paradise to the plant explorers and nature lovers as it truly represents one of the biodiversity rich regions in the world. It provides a better picture of structural diversity of vegetation of all groups of plants under the influence of varied altitudinal, climatic and topographic conditions. It forms major part of the richest lichenogeographic region in India, i.e. Eastern Himalayan region (Singh and Sinha 1997). Lichens, an interesting group of symbiotic association (alga and fungus) constitute significant biota of the region and occur from tropical to alpine areas on various substrata. According to an estimate about 19,409 lichenized species are currently accepted under 1002 genera (Lücking et al. 2017a&b), but this estimate represents only 50–65% of the true species richness (Feuerer and Hawksworth 2007; Lücking et al. 2014). In India, about 2540 lichenized species are known, of which 1047 species (41.22%) occur in Eastern Himalaya that are enumerated alphabetically (Table-1) in the present communication.
Eastern Himalaya falls in two different Biogeographic zones (1 & 2) and 3 biotic provinces (1B, 2C & 2D) of the total 10 zones and 26 provinces in India as recognized by Rodger & al. (2002). Arunachal Pradesh comes within 2D (Himalaya: East Himalaya) while Sikkim within 1B (Trans Himalaya: Tibetan plateau province). Darjeeling district of West Bengal comes under 2C (Himalaya: Central Himalaya province. The physical aspects and geography of these three provinces has already presented (Dey and Singh 2012; Hajra & al. 1996;Singh and Chauhan 1999) and hence, it is not dealt here .
The Indian Eastern Himalaya (Dey and Singh 2012) covers an area of 93,985 sq km km lies between 26o27´- 29o30´
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71
Singh et al.
1.
Acarospora bullata Anzi
2.
Acarospora molybdina (Ach.) Trevis.
3.
Acroscyphus sphaerophoroides Lév
4.
Aderkomyces albostrigosus (R. Sant.) Lücking, Sérus. & Vìzda
5.
Aderkomyces sikkimensis Pinokiyo et al.
6.
Acarosporaceae
S
C
+
,,
S
C
+
Darjeeling
Sikkim
Arunachal Pradeh
Family
Endemic nature
Name of species
Growth form
Sl.No.
Enumeration of lichen species in Eastern Himalaya
Habitat
Table 1.
Caliciaceae
S/T
Fr
+
+
Gomphillaceae
C/F
Cr
+
+
+
,,
F
Cr
+
+
Agonimia tristicula (Nyl.) Zahlbr.
Verrucariaceae
T
Sq
7.
Alectoria ochroleuca (Hoffm.) A. Massal.
Parmeliaceae
T
Fr
+
8.
Allocetraria ambigua (C. Bab.) Kurok. & M.J. Lai
Parmeliaceae
T/M
Fo
+
9.
Allocetraria denticulata (Hue) A. Thell & Randlane
,,
S
Fo
+
10.
Allocetraria flavonigrescens A. Thell & Randlane
,,
S/T
Fo
+
11.
Allocetraria globulans (Nyl.) A. Thell & Randlane
,,
C/T
Fo
+
12.
Allocetraria stracheyi (C. Bab.) Kurok. & M.J.Lai
,,
T
Fo
+
13.
Anisomeridium biforme (Borrer) R.C. Harris
Monoblastiaceae
C
Cr
14.
Anisomeridium ranunculosporum (Coppons & James) Coppins
,,
C
Cr
15.
Anisomeridium tamarindi (Fée) R.C. Harris
,,
C
Cr
16.
Anisomeridium tuckeri (R.C.Harris) R.C.Harris
,,
C
Cr
17.
Anthracothecium prasinum (Eschw.) R.C. Harris
Pyrenulaceae
C
Cr
+
18.
Anthracothelium macrosporum (Hepp.) Müll. Arg.
,,
C
Cr
+
19.
Anzia ornatodes Yoshim.
Parmeliaceae
C
Fo
+
20.
Anzia physoidea A.L. Sm.
,,
C
Fo
+
21.
Arctoparmelia subcentrifuga (Oksner) Hale
Parmeliaceae
S
Fo
22.
Arthonia antillarum (Fée) Nyl.
Arthoniaceae
C
Cr
+
23.
Arthonia cinnabarina (DC.) Wallr.
,,
C
Cr
+
24.
Arthonia collectiva Stirt.
,,
C
Cr
+
25.
Arthonia dispersula Nyl.
,,
F
Cr
26.
Arthonia inconspicua Stirt.
,,
C
Cr
27.
Arthonia obesa (Müll. Arg.) R. Sant.
,,
F
Cr
28.
Arthonia palmulacea (Müll. Arg.) R. Sant.
,,
F
Cr
29.
Arthonia recedens Stirt.
,,
C
Cr
30.
Arthonia subgyrosa Nyl.
,,
C
Cr
+
31.
Arthonia trilocularis Müll. Arg.
32.
Arthopyrenia allogena (Nyl.) Arnold
33. 34.
E +
+ + + +
+
+ + + + + + E
+
,,
F
Cr
+
Arthopyreniaceae
C
Cr
+
Arthopyrenia analepta (Ach.) A. Massal.
,,
C
Cr
+
Arthopyrenia clavaeformis (Stirt.) D. Hawksw.
,,
C
Cr
72
+
E
+
+
Family
35.
Arthopyrenia grisea (Schleich. ex Schaer.) Körb.
,,
C
Cr
+
36.
Arthopyrenia majuscula (Nyl.) Zahlbr
,,
C
Cr
+
37.
Arthopyrenia saxicola A. Massal.
,,
S
Cr
+
38.
Arthothelium abnorme (Ach.) Müll. Arg.
Arthoniaceae
C
Cr
39.
Arthothelium chiodectoides (Nyl.) Zahlbr.
,,
C
Cr
40.
Arthothelium confertum (A.L. Sm.) Makhija & Patw.
,,
C
Cr
41.
Arthothelium consociatum Makhija & Patw.
,,
C
Cr
E
+
42.
Arthothelium deplanatum (Müll. Arg.) Makhija & Patw.
,,
C
Cr
E
+
43.
Arthothelium nigrescens Makhija & Patw.
,,
C
Cr
E
44.
Arthothlelium subbessale (Nyl.) Makhija & Patw.
,,
C
Cr
45.
Aspicilia almorensis Räsänen
Megasporaceae
S
Cr
46.
Aspicilia caesiocinerea (Nyl. ex. Malbr.) Arnold
,,
S
Cr
47.
Aspicilia calcarea (L.) Sommerf.
,,
S
Cr
48.
Aspicilia dwaliensis Räsänen
,,
S
Cr
E
+
49.
Aspidothelium scutellicarpum var. indicum Kr. P. Singh & Pinokiyo
Thelenellaceae
F
Cr
E
+
50.
Asterothyrium decipiens (Rehm) R. Sant.
Gomphillaceae
F
Cr
+
51.
Asterothyrium rotuliforme (Müll. Arg.) Sérus
,,
F
Cr
+
52.
Astrothelium luridum (Zahlbr.)Aptroot & Lücking
Trypetheliaceae
C
Cr
53.
Astrothelium megaspermum (Mont.)Aptroot & Lücking
,,
C
Cr
+
54.
Astrothelium meristosporum (Mont.& Bosch) Aptroot & Lücking
,,
C
Cr
+
55.
Astrothelium phlyctaena (Fée) Aptroot& Lücking
,,
C
Cr
56.
Astrothelium scoria (Fée) Aptroot &Lücking
,,
C
Cr
57.
Astrothelium sikkimense (Makhija &Patw.) Aptroot & Lücking
,,
C
Cr
E
58.
Astrothelium subnitidiusculum (Makhija & Patw.) Pushpi Singh & Kr. P. Singh
,,
C
Cr
E
59.
Astrothelium variolosum (Ach.) Müll. Arg.
,,
C
Cr
60.
Aulaxina microphana (Vain.) R. Sant.
Gomphillaceae
F
Cr
61.
Aulaxina quadrangula (Stirt.) R. Sant.
,,
F
Cr
+
62.
Aulaxina uniseptata R. Sant.
+
63.
Bacidia alutacea (Kremp.) Zahlbr.
64. 65.
Sikkim
Name of species
+
+ E
+
+ + +
+ +
E +
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ +
+ + + + + +
,,
F
Cr
Ramalinaceae
C
Cr
+
Bacidia arceutina (Ach.) Rehm & Arnold
,,
C
Cr
+
Bacidia connexula (Nyl.) Zahlbr.
,,
C
Cr
66.
Bacidia convexula (Mull. Arg.) Zahlbr.
,,
C
Cr
67.
Bacidia heterochroa (Müll. Arg.) Zahlbr.
,,
C
Cr
73
Darjeeling
Arunachal Pradeh
Endemic nature
Sl.No.
Habitat
Growth form
Cryptogam Biodiversity and Assessment
+
+ + +
+
Family
68.
Bacidia incongruens (Stirt.) Zahlbr.
,,
C
Cr
69.
Bacidia laurocerasi (Delise ex Duby) Vain.
,,
C
Cr
+
70.
Bacidia medialis (Tuck. ex Nyl.) Zahlbr.
,,
C
Cr
+
71.
Bacidia millegrana (Taylor) Zahlbr.
,,
C
Cr
+
72.
Bacidia nigrofusca (Müll. Arg.) Zahlbr.
,,
C
Cr
+
73.
Bacidia olivaceorufa Vain.
,,
F
Cr
+
74.
Bacidia phaeolomoides (Müll. Arg.) Zahlbr.
,,
C
Cr
75.
Bacidia rubella (Hoffm.) A. Massal.
,,
C
Cr
+
76.
Bacidia submedialis (Nyl.) Zahlbr.
,,
C
Cr
+
77.
Bacidina apiahica (Müll. Arg.) Vìzda
Ramalinaceae
F
Cr
+
78.
Bacidina mastothallina (Vain.) Vìzda
,,
F
Cr
+
79.
Bacidina pallidocarnea (Müll. Arg.) Vìzda
,,
F
Cr
+
80.
Bacidiospora psorina (Nyl. ex Hue) Kalb
Ramalinaceae
C
Cr
+
81.
Bactrospora myriadea (Fée) Egea & Torrente
Incertae sedis
C
Cr
+
82.
Baculifera curtisii (Tuck.) Marbach
Caliciaceae
C
Cr
83.
Baculifera remensa (Stirt.) Marbach
,,
C
Cr
+
84.
Badimia galbinea (Kremp.) Vìzda
Ramalinaceae
F
Cr
+
85.
Baeomyces carneus (Retx.) Flörke
Baeomycetaceae
T
Fr
+
86.
Baeomyces pachypus Nyl.
,,
T
Fr
87.
Bapalmuia buchananii (Stirt.) Kalb & Lücking
Pilocarpaceae
C
Cr
88.
Bapalmuia palmularis (Müll. Arg.) Sérus.
,,
F
Cr
+
89.
Biatora subduplex (Nyl.) Printzen
Ramalinaceae
C
Cr
+
90.
Biatora vernalis (L.) Fr.
91.
Blastenia ferruginea (Huds.) A. Massal.
92.
Blastenia herbidella (Hue) Servít
93.
Brigantiaea leucoxanthum (Spreng.) R. Sant. & Hafellner
94.
Bryoria asiatica (Du Rietz) Brodo & D. Hawksw.
95.
Darjeeling
Name of species
Sikkim
Arunachal Pradeh
Endemic nature
Sl.No.
Habitat
Growth form
Singh et al.
+ +
+ + +
+
+
+ +
,,
C
Cr
+
Teloschistaceae
C
Cr
+
+
+
,,
C
Cr
+
Brigantiaeaceae
C
Cr
+
Parmeliaceae
C
Fr
+
+
Bryoria bicolor (Ehrh.) Brodo & D. Hawksw.
,,
C/S/T
Fr
+
+
+
96.
Bryoria confusa (D.D. Awasthi) Brodo & D. Hawksw.
,,
C
Fr
+
+
+
97.
Bryoria himalayana (Motyka) Brodo & D. Hawksw.
,,
C
Fr
+
+
98.
Bryoria implexa (Hoffm.) Brodo & D. Hawksw.
,,
T
Fr
+
99.
Bryoria levis D.D. Awasthi
,,
C
Fr
+
100.
Bryoria nepalensis D.D. Awasthi
,,
T
Fr
+
101.
Bryoria nitidula (Th. Fr.) Brodo & D. Hawksw.
,,
C
Fr
+
102.
Bryoria perspinosa (Bystrek) Brodo & D. Hawksw.
,,
C
Fr
+
103.
Bryoria rigida P.M Jørg. & Myllys
,,
C
Fr
+
74
+
Name of species
Family
104.
Bryoria smithii (Du Rietz) Brodo & D. Hawksw.
,,
C
Fr
105.
Bryoria tenuis (Å.E. Dahl) Brodo & D. Hawksw.
,,
C/T
Fr
106.
Buellia aethalea (Ach.) Th.Fr.
Caliciaceae
S
Cr
+
107.
Buellia alboatra (Hoffm.) Th. Fr.
,,
C
Cr
+
108.
Buellia curatellae Malme
,,
C
Cr
+
109.
Buellia disciformis (Fr.) Mudd.
,,
C
Cr
+
110.
Buellia himalayensis (S.R. Singh & D.D. Awasthi) A. Nordin
,,
C
Cr
111.
Buellia leptocline (Flot.) Körb.
,,
C
Cr
112.
Buellia megaspora (S.R. Singh & D.D. Awasthi) A. Nordin
,,
C
Cr
E
113.
Buellia morehensis Kr.P. Singh & S.R. Singh
,,
C
Cr
E
114.
Buellia pharcidia (Ach.) Malme
,,
C
Cr
+
115.
Buellia posthabita Nyl. Zahlbr.
,,
C
Cr
+
116.
Buellia subtigmea S.R. Singh & D.D.Awasthi
117.
Bulbothrix isidiza (Nyl.) Hale
118. 119.
+ +
+
+ +
+
E
+ +
+
,,
S
Cr
Parmeliaceae
C/S/T
Fo
+
+
Bulbothrix meizospora (Nyl.) Hale
,,
C/S/T
Fo
+
+
Bulbothrix setschwanensis (Zahlbr.) Hale
,,
C/S
Fo
+
+
120.
Bunodophoron diplotypum (Vain.) Wedin
Sphaerophoraceae
C
Fo
121.
Bunodophoron formosanum (Zahlbr.) Wedin
,,
C
Fo
+
122.
Bunodophoron macrocarpum (Ohlsson) Wedin
123.
Byssolecania deplanata (Müll. Arg.) R. Sant.
+
124.
Byssolecania fumosonigricans (Müll. Arg.) R. Sant.
125.
Byssoloma chlorinum (Vain.) Zahlbr.
126. 127.
+ + +
,,
C
Fo
+
Pilocarpaceae
F
Cr
+
,,
F
Cr
+
Pilocarpaceae
F
Cr
+
Byssoloma leucoblepharum (Nyl.) Vain.
,,
F
Cr
+
Byssoloma polychromum (Müll. Arg.) Zahlbr.
,,
F
Cr
+
128.
Byssoloma subdiscordans (Nyl.) P. James var. subdiscordans
,,
F
Cr
+
129.
Byssoloma tricholomum (Mont.) Zahlbr.
,,
F
Cr
+
130.
Calenia aspidota (Vain.) Vìzda
Graphidaceae
F
Cr
+
131.
Calicium abietinum Pers.
Caliciaceae
C
Cr
132.
Calicium adspersum Pers. subsp. himalayensis G. Pant & D.D. Awasthi
,,
C
Cr
E
133.
Calicium indicum Tibell
,,
C
Cr
E
134.
Calicium subquercinum Asahina subsp. nanum G.Pant & D.D.Awasthi
,,
C
Cr
E
135.
Calopadia fusca (Müll. Arg.) Vìzda
Pilocarpaceae
F
Cr
+
136.
Calopadia nymanii (R. Sant.) Vìzda
,,
F
Cr
+
75
Darjeeling
Sl.No.
Sikkim
Arunachal Pradeh
Endemic nature
Growth form
Habitat
Cryptogam Biodiversity and Assessment
+
+
+
+
+
+ + + +
+
Family
137.
Calopadia perpallida (Nyl.) Vìzda
,,
F
Cr
+
138.
Calopadia puiggarii (Müll. Arg.) Vìzda
,,
F
Cr
+
139.
Calopadia subcoerulescens (Zahlbr.) Vìzda
140.
Caloplaca brebissonii (Fée) J. Sant. ex Hafellner & Poelt
141. 142.
,,
F
Cr
+
Teloschistaceae
C
Cr
+
Caloplaca gyrophorica Jagadeesh & G.P. Sinha
,,
C
Cr
Caloplaca handelii (Zahlbr.) D.D. Awasthi
,,
S
Cr
143.
Caloplaca indica Y. Joshi, Jagadeesh & Sinha
,,
C
Cr
144.
Caloplaca maura Poelt & Hinter
,,
C
Cr
145.
Caloplaca saxicola (Hoffm.) A. Nordin
,,
S
Cr
146.
Caloplaca squamosa (de Lesd.) Zahlbr.
,,
C
Cr
+
147.
Calvitimela aglaea (Sommerf.) Hafellner
Tephromelataceae
C
C
+
148.
Candelaria concolor (Dicks.) Stein
Candelariaceae
C
Fo
+
149.
Candelaria indica (Hue) Vain.
,,
C
Fo
+
150.
Candelariella aurella (Hoffm.) Zahlbr.
,,
C
Fo
+
151.
Candelariella grimmiae Poelt & Reddi
,,
T
Sq
+
152.
Candelariella sorediosa Poelt & Reddi
,,
C
Cr
+
153.
Candelariella vitellina (Ehrh.) Müll. Arg.
,,
C/S
Cr
+
154.
Canoparmelia aptata (Kremp.) Elix & Hale
Parmeliaceae
C/S
Fo
155.
Canoparmelia crozalsiana (de Lesd.) Elix & Hale
,,
C
Fo
156.
Canoparmelia ecaperata (Müll. Arg.) Elix & Hale
,,
C
Fo
157.
Canoparmelia texana (Tuck.) Elix & Hale
,,
C
Fo
158.
Carbacanthographis marcescens (Fée) Staiger & Kalb
Graphidaceae
C
Cr
159.
Catillaria leptocheiloides (Nyl.) Zahlbr.
Catillariaceae
C
Cr
160.
Catillaria sikkimensis (Müll. Arg.) Zahlbr.
,,
C
Cr
161.
Catillaria versicolor G. Pant & D.D. Awasthi
,,
C
Cr
162.
Cetraria islandica (L) Ach.
Parmeliaceae
T
Fo
+
163.
Cetraria laevigata Rass.
,,
T
Fo
+
164.
Cetraria muricata (Ach.) Eckfeldt
,,
S/T
Fo
+
165.
Cetraria nigricans Nyl.
,,
T
Fo
+
166.
Cetrelia braunsiana (Müll. Arg.) W.L. Culb. & C.F. Culb.
Parmeliaceae
C/S
Fo
+
167.
Cetrelia cetrarioides (Delise ex Duby) W.L. Culb. & C.F. Culb.
,,
C
Fo
168.
Cetrelia collata (Nyl.) W.L. Culb. & C.F. Culb.
,,
C
Fo
+
169.
Cetrelia delavayana W.L. Culb. & C.F. Culb.
,,
C
Fo
+
170.
Cetrelia japonica (Zahlbr.) W.L. Culb. & C.F. Culb.
,,
C
Fo
+
76
Darjeeling
Name of species
Sikkim
Arunachal Pradeh
Endemic nature
Sl.No.
Habitat
Growth form
Singh et al.
+
E
+ +
E
+
+ +
+
+
+
+
+ + + + + + +
+
+
+
Name of species
Family
Sikkim
Darjeeling
Arunachal Pradeh
Endemic nature
Sl.No.
Habitat
Growth form
Cryptogam Biodiversity and Assessment
171.
Cetrelia olivetorum (Nyl.) W.L. Culb. & C.F. Culb.
,,
S
Fo
+
+
172.
Cetrelia pseudolivetorum (Asahina) W .L. Culb. & C.F. Culb. ,,
+
173.
Cetrelia sanguine (Schaer.) W.L. Culb. & C.F. Culb.
174.
Cetrelia sinensis W.L. Culb. & C.F. Culb.
175.
Cetreliopsis rhytidocarpa (Mont. & Bosch.) M.J. Lai subsp. langtangi Randlane & A. Thell in Randlane & al. Cetreliopsis rhytidocarpa (Mont. & Bosch.) M.J. Lai subsp. rhytidocarpa
S/C
Fo
+
,,
C
Fo
+
,,
C/S
Fo
Parmeliaceae
C
Fo
+
,,
C
Fo
+
Graphidaceae
C
Cr
+ +
176.
Chapsa leprocarpa (Nyl.) A. Frisch
177.
Chapsa patens (Nyl.) A. Frisch
,,
C
Cr
178.
Chapsa pseudophlyctis (Nyl.) A. Frisch
,,
C
Cr
+
179.
Chiodecton leptosporum Müll. Arg.
Roccellaceae
C
Cr
+
180.
Chroodiscus australiensis Vìzda & Lumbsch
Graphidaceae
C
Cr
+
181.
Chroodiscus coccineus (Leight.) Müll. Arg
,,
C
Cr
+
182.
Chroodiscus mirificus (Kremp.) R. Sant.
,,
F
Cr
+
183.
Chrysothrix candelaris (L.) J.R. Laundon
Chrysotrichaceae
C
Cr
+
184.
Chrysothrix chlorina (Ach.) J.R. Laundon
,,
C
Cr
185.
Cladia aggregata (Sw.) Nyl.
Cladoniaceae
T
Fr
186.
Cladonia amaurocraea (Flörke) Schaer.
Cladoniaceae
T
Fr
187.
Cladonia arbuscula (Wallr.) Flot.
,,
T
Fr
188.
Cladonia awasthiana Ahti & Upreti
,,
T
Fr
189.
Cladonia borbonica Nyl.
,,
T
Fr
190.
Cladonia borealis S. Stenroos
,,
T
Fr
+
191.
Cladonia carisa (Ach.) Spreng.
,,
T
Fr
+
192.
Cladonia carneola (Fr.) Fr
,,
T
Fr
+
193.
Cladonia cartilaginea Müll. Arg.
,,
T
Fr
+
194.
Cladonia ceratophyllina (Nyl.) Vain. in Hue
,,
T
Fr
+
195.
Cladonia chlorophaea (Flörke ex Sommerf.) Spreng.
,,
T
Fr
196.
Cladonia coccifera (L.) Willd.
,,
T
Fr
+
197.
Cladonia coniocraea (Flörke) Spreng.
,,
T
Fr
+
198.
Cladonia corniculata Ahti & Kashiw. in Inoue
,,
T
Fr
199.
Cladonia coymbescens Nyl. ex Leight.
,,
T
Fr
200.
Cladonia crispata (Ach.) Flot. in Wend var. cetrariiformis (Delise) Vain.
,,
T
201.
Cladonia delavayi Abbayes
,,
202.
Cladonia didyma (Fée) Vain.
,,
77
+ + +
+ + +
+
+
+
+
+
+ +
E
+
+
+
+ + +
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Fr
+
+
T
Fr
+
+
T
Fr
+
+ +
Family
Arunachal Pradeh
Sikkim
Darjeeling
203.
Cladonia fenestralis Nuno
,,
T
Fr
+
+
+
204.
Cladonia fruticulosa Kremp.
,,
T
Fr
+
+
+
205.
Cladonia furcata (Huds.) Schrad.
,,
T
Fr
+
+
+
206.
Cladonia indica Ahti & Upreti
,,
T
Fr
207.
Cladonia kanewskii Oksner
,,
T
Fr
208.
Cladonia kurokawae Ahti & S. Stenroos
,,
T
Fr
209.
Cladonia laii S. Stenroos
,,
T
Fr
210.
Cladonia luteoalba Wheldon & A. Wilson
,,
T
Fr
+
+
+
211.
Cladonia macilenta Hoffm.
,,
T
Fr
+
+
+
212.
Cladonia macroptera Räsänen
,,
T
Fr
+
+
+
213.
Cladonia mauritiana Ahti & J.C. David in J.C. David & D. Hawksw.
,,
T
Fr
+
214.
Cladonia mongolica Ahti
,,
T
Fr
+
215.
Cladonia nitens Ahti
,,
T
Fr
+
216.
Cladonia nitida Ahti
,,
T
Fr
217.
Cladonia ochrochlora Flörke
,,
T
Fr
+
+
218.
Cladonia pocillum (Ach.) Grognot
,,
T
Fr
+
+
219.
Cladonia pyxidata (L.) Hoffm.
,,
T/S
Fr
+
+
220.
Cladonia ramulosa (With.) J.R. Laundon
,,
T
Fr
+
+
221.
Cladonia rangiferina (L.) F.H. Wigg.
,,
T
Fr
+
+
222.
Cladonia rei Schaer.
,,
T
Fr
+
223.
Cladonia scabriuscula (Delise) Nyl.
,,
T
Fr
+
+
+
224.
Cladonia singhii Ahti & P.K.Dixit
,,
T
Fr
+
+
+
225.
Cladonia squamosa Hoffm.
,,
T
Fr
+
+
+
226.
Cladonia stricta (Nyl.) Nyl.
,,
T
Fr
227.
Cladonia subconistea Asahina
,,
T
Fr
+
228.
Cladonia submultiformis Asahina
,,
T
Fr
+
+
229.
Cladonia subradiata (Vain.) Sandst.
,,
T
Fr
+
+
230.
Cladonia subulata (L.) F .H. Wigg.
,,
T
Fr
+
+
231.
Cladonia verticillata (Hoffm.) Schaer.
,,
T
Fr
232.
Cladonia yunnana (Vain.) Abbayes ex J.C. Wie & Y.M. Jiang ,,
T
Fr
+
+
233.
Coccocarpia erythroxyli (Spreng.) Swinscow & Krog
Coccocarpiaceae
C/S/T/M
Fo
+
+
234.
Coccocarpia palmicola (Spreng.) Arv. & D.J. Galloway
,,
C/S/T
Fo
+
+
235.
Coccocarpia pellita (Ach.) Müll. Arg. em. R. Sant.
,,
C/S/T
Fo
+
+
236.
Coccotrema cucurbitula (Mont.) Müll. Arg.
Coccotremataceae
C
Cr
237.
Coenogonium himalayense G. Pant & D.D. Awasthi Coenogoniaceae
F
Cr
238.
Coenogonium luteum (Dicks.) Kalb & Lücking
C/F
Cr
,,
78
Endemic nature
Name of species
Growth form
Sl.No.
Habitat
Singh et al.
E
+ + +
+ +
+
+
+
+ + +
+
+
+ E
+ +
+
+
,,
240.
Coenogonium zonatum (Müll. Arg.) Kalb & Lücking
241.
Collema flaccidum (Ach.) Ach.
242. 243.
C/F
Cr
+ +
+
,,
F
Cr
Collemataceae
C
Fo
+
Collema furfuraceum (Arn.) Du Rietz
,,
C/T
Fo
+
Collema glaucophthamum Nyl. var. implicatum (Nyl.) Degel.
,,
C
Fo
+
244.
Collema hookeri Degel.
,,
C
Fo
245.
Collema japonicum (Müll. Arg.) Hue
,,
C/T
Fo
246.
Collema pulcellum Ach. var. subnigrescens (Müll. Arg.) Degel.
,,
C/T
Fo
247.
Collema rugosum Kremp.
,,
C/T
Fo
248.
Collema subflaccidum Degel.
,,
C
Fo
249.
Collema subnigrescens Degel.
,,
C
Fo
+
250.
Cresponea plurilocularis Egea & Torrente
Opegraphaceae
C
Cr
+
251.
Cryptothecia candida (Kremp.) R. Sant.
Arthoniaceae
C
Cr
+
252.
Cryptothecia effusa (Müll. Arg.) R. Sant.
,,
C
Cr
253.
Cryptothecia farinose Jagadeesh et al.
,,
C
Cr
254.
Cryptothecia faveolata Makhija & Patw.
,,
C
Cr
+
255.
Cryptothecia lunulata (Zahlbr.) Makhija & Patw.
,,
C
Cr
+
256.
Cryptothecia monospora (Vain.) Makhijia & Patw.
,,
C
Cr
+
257.
Cryptothecia porosa Makhijia & Patw.
,,
C
Cr
+
258.
Cryptothecia punctulata Makhija & Patw.
,,
C
Cr
259.
Cryptothecia scripta G. Thor
,,
C
Cr
260.
Cryptothecia stirtonii A.L. Sm.
,,
C
Cr
E
261.
Cryptothecia verruculifera Jagadeesh & al.
E
262.
Cyphelium inquinans (Sm.) Trev.
263.
Dibaeis baeomyces (L.f.) Rambold & Hertel
264.
Dibaeis pulogensis (Vain.) Kalb & Gierl in Gierl & Kalb
265.
Dimelaena oriena (Ach.) Norman
266.
Diorygma aeolum (Stirt.) Pushpi Singh & Kr. P. Singh
267. 268.
,,
C
Cr
Caliciaceae
C
Cr
Icmadophilaceae
T
Fr
T
Fr
,,
E
Darjeeling
Coenogonium subluteum (Rehm) Kalb & Lücking
Sikkim
239.
Arunachal Pradeh
Family
Endemic nature
Name of species
Growth form
Sl.No.
Habitat
Cryptogam Biodiversity and Assessment
+
+
+ + +
+
+ + +
+
+ +
E
E
+
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
Caliciaceae
S
Cr
Graphidaceae
C
Cr
+
+
+
Diorygma heiroglyphium (Pers.) Staiger & Kalb
,,
C
Cr
+
+
+
Diorygma junghuhnii (Mont. & Bosch.) Kalb, Staiger & Elix
,,
C
Cr
+
+
+
269.
Diorygma longilirellatum B.O. Sharma & Makhija
,,
C
Cr
270.
Diorygma macgregorii (Vain.) Staiger & Elix
,,
C
Cr
+
271.
Diorygma pachygraphum (Nyl.) Kalb, Staiger & Elix
,,
C
Cr
+
272.
Diorygma pruinosum Eschw. Kalb, Staiger & Elix
,,
C
Cr
+
273.
Diorygma radiatum (D.D. Awasthi & S.R. Singh) Kr.P.Singh & Swanalatha
,,
C
Cr
79
+
E
E
+
+
Darjeeling
Arunachal Pradeh
Endemic nature
Name of species
Family
274.
Diorygma soozanum (Zahlbr.) M. Nakan & Kashiw.
,,
C
Cr
275.
Diorygma tuberculosum (Stirt.) Kalb & al.
,,
C
Cr
276.
Diploschistes caesioplumbeus (Nyl.) Vain.
Graphidaceae
T
Cr
+
277.
Diploschistes cinereorcaesius (Sw. ex Ach.)Vain.
,,
T
Cr
+
278.
Diploschistes diacapsis (Ach.) Lumbsch
,,
T
Cr
+
279.
Diploschistes muscorum (Scop.) R. Sant.
,,
T/M
Cr
280.
Diploschistes rampoddensis (Nyl.) Zahlb
,,
T
Cr
281.
Diploschistes scruposus (Schreb.) Norman
,,
S
Cr
+
+
282.
Dirinaria aegialita (Afzel.) B.J.Moore
Caliciaceae
C
Fo
+
+
283.
Dirinaria applanata (Fée) D.D. Awasthi
,,
C
Fo
Dirinaria applanata (Fée) D.D. Awasthi var. endochroma (H. Magn. & D.D. Awasthi) D.D. Awasthi
,,
C
Fo
284.
Dirinaria confluens (Fr.) D.D. Awasthi
,,
C
Fo
+
285.
Dirinaria confusa D.D. Awasthi
,,
C/S
Fo
+
286.
Dirinaria consimilis (Stirt.) D.D. Awasthi
,,
C
Fo
+
287.
Dirinaria picta (Sw.) Clem. & Shaer
,,
C
Fo
+
288.
Dyplolabia afzelii Ach. A.Massal.
Graphidaceae
C
Cr
+
289.
Echinoplaca argentea (Mont.) R. Sant.
Gomphillaceae
C
Cr
+
290.
Echinoplaca epiphylla Fée
,,
C
Cr
+
+
+
291.
Echinoplaca pellicula (Müll. Arg.) R. Sant.
,,
F
Cr
+
+
+
292.
Echinoplaca streimannii Sérus.
,,
F
Cr
+
+
293.
Endocarpon subrosettum Ajay Singh & Upreti
Verrucariaceae
S
Sq
+
294.
Enterographa multiseptata R. Sant.
Roccellaceae
F
Cr
295.
Erioderma meiocarpum Nyl.
Pannariaceae
C
Fo
296.
Erythrodecton malacum (Kremp.) G. Thor
Roccellaceae
C
Cr
297.
Eumitria baileyi Stirt.
Parmeliaceae
Fr
298.
Eumitria pectinata (Taylor) Articus
,,
Fr
299.
Evernia mesomorpha Nyl.
Parmeliaceae
C/T
Fo
300.
Fellhanera bouteillei (Desm.) Vìzda
Pilocarpaceae
F
Cr
+
301.
Fellhanera fuscatula (Müll. Arg.) Vìzda
,,
F
Cr
+
+
302.
Fellhanera rhapidopfylli (Rehm) Vìzda
,,
F
Cr
+
+
303.
Fellhanera semecarpi (Vain.) Vìzda
+
304.
Fissurina dumastii Fée
305.
Fissurina subcontexta Ach.
306. 307.
Sikkim
Sl.No.
Habitat
Growth form
Singh et al.
+ E
+ + +
+
+
+
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
,,
F
Cr
Graphidaceae
C
Cr
,,
C
Cr
Flavocetraria cucullata (Bellardi) Kärnefelt & A. Thell Parmeliaceae
T
Fo
+
Flavocetrariella leucostigma (Lev.) D.D. Awasthi
C
Fo
+
Parmeliaceae
80
+
+
+ +
+
+
+
Family
308.
Flavocetrariella melaloma (Nyl.) D.D. Awasthi
,,
T
Fo
+
309.
Flavoparmelia caperata (L.) Hale
Parmeliaceae
C/S/T
Fo
+
310.
Flavopunctelia flaventior (Stirt.) Hale
Parmeliaceae
C/S/T
Fo
+
311.
Glyphis cicatricosa Ach.
Graphidaceae
C
Cr
312.
Glyphis confluens Zenk.
,,
C
Cr
313.
Glyphis scyphulifera Ach. Staiger
,,
C
Cr
314.
Graphidastra byssiseda (Müll. Arg.) G. Thor
Roccellaceae
C
Cr
315.
Graphidastra himalayana Jagadessh Ram & G.P. Sinha
,,
C
Cr
316.
Graphis acharii Fée
Graphidaceae
C
Cr
+
317.
Graphis ajarekarii Pat. & C.R.Kulk
,,
C
Cr
+
318.
Graphis albidofarinacea Adaw. & Makhija
,,
C
Cr
319.
Graphis albissima Mull Arg.
,,
C
Cr
320.
Graphis anfractuosa (Eschw.) Eschw. in Mart.
,,
C
Cr
321.
Graphis aurita Eschw.
,,
C
Cr
322.
Graphis bipartita (Müll. Arg.) Lucking
,,
C
Cr
323.
Graphis brittanica Staiger
,,
C
Cr
+
324.
Graphis caesiella Vain
,,
C
Cr
+
325.
Graphis capillacea Stirt.
,,
C
Cr
+
326.
Graphis celata Stirt.
,,
C
Cr
+
327.
Graphis chlorotica A. Massal & Kremp.
,,
C
Cr
+
328.
Graphis cincta (Pers.) Aptroot
,,
C
Cr
+
329.
Graphis cleistoblephara Nyl.
,,
C
Cr
+
330.
Graphis comma (Ach.) Spreng.
,,
C
Cr
331.
Graphis contortuplicata Müll. Arg.
,,
C
Cr
+
332.
Graphis crebra Vain.
,,
C
Cr
+
333.
Graphis cycasicola A. W. Archer & Elix
,,
C
Cr
+
334.
Graphis daintriensis (A.W. Archer) A.W. Archer
,,
C
Cr
+
335.
Graphis darjeelingensis (Dharne & Roych.) Kr.P. Singh & Swarnlatha
,,
C
Cr
336.
Graphis dendrogramma Nyl.
,,
C
Cr
+
+
337.
Graphis dimidiata Vain.
,,
C
Cr
+
+
338.
Graphis duplicata Ach.
,,
C
Cr
+
339.
Graphis farinulenta Müll. Arg.
,,
C
Cr
+
340.
Graphis filiformis Adaw. & Makhija
,,
C
Cr
+
341.
Graphis furcata Fée
,,
C
Cr
+
342.
Graphis galactoderma (Zahlbr.) Lücking
,,
C
Cr
+
343.
Graphis garoana Nagarkar & Patw.
,,
C
Cr
+
81
+
Sikkim
Name of species
+
Darjeeling
Arunachal Pradeh
Endemic nature
Sl.No.
Habitat
Growth form
Cryptogam Biodiversity and Assessment
+
+ +
+
+
+
E
+
E
+ +
+
+ + + +
+
+
E
+
+
+ +
Sikkim +
Name of species
Family
344.
Graphis glaucescens Fée
,,
C
Cr
345.
Graphis glauconigra Vain.
,,
C
Cr
346.
Graphis handelii Zahlbr.
,,
C
Cr
+
347.
Graphis hossei Vain.
,,
C
Cr
+
348.
Graphis illinata Eschw.
,,
C
Cr
349.
Graphis intermediella Stirt.
,,
C
Cr
+
350.
Graphis intricata Fée
,,
C
Cr
+
+
351.
Graphis japonica (Müll. Arg.) A.W. Archer & Lücking
,,
C
Cr
+
+
352.
Graphis kousyuensis (Horik. & M. Nakan.) Lucking
,,
C
Cr
+
353.
Graphis leptoclada Müll. Arg.
,,
C
Cr
+
+
354.
Graphis librata C. Knight
,,
C
Cr
+
+
355.
Graphis lineola Ach.
,,
C
Cr
+
356.
Graphis longiramea Müll. Arg.
,,
C
Cr
357.
Graphis longispora D.D. Awasthi & S.R. Singh
,,
C
Cr
358.
Graphis macella Kremp.
,,
C
Cr
359.
Graphis marginata Raddi
,,
C
Cr
360.
Graphis nanodes Vain.
,,
C
Cr
361.
Graphis neoraensis Jagadeesh & G.P. Sinha
,,
C
Cr
362.
Graphis nuda (Magn.) Staiger & Lücking
,,
C
Cr
+
363.
Graphis oligospora Zahlbr.
,,
C
Cr
+
364.
Graphis paraserpens Lizano & Lücking
,,
C
Cr
+
365.
Graphis parilis Kremp.
,,
C
Cr
+
+
366.
Graphis pavoniana Fée
,,
C
Cr
+
+
367.
Graphis pertricosa (Kremp.) A.W. Archer
,,
C
Cr
+
+
368.
Graphis pinicola Zahlbr.
,,
C
Cr
+
369.
Graphis platycarpa Eschw.
,,
C
Cr
370.
Graphis proserpens Vain.
,,
C
Cr
+
371.
Graphis pyrrhocheiloides Zahlbr.
,,
C
Cr
+
372.
Graphis renschiana (Müll. Arg.) Stizenb.
,,
C
Cr
+
373.
Graphis rimulosa (Mont.) Trevis.
,,
C
Cr
+
374.
Graphis scripta (L.) Ach.
,,
C
Cr
+
375.
Graphis semirigida (Müll. Arg.) Lücking
,,
C
Cr
376.
Graphis sitapurensis Makhija & Adaw.
,,
C
Cr
377.
Graphis streblocarpa (Bel.) Nyl.
,,
C
Cr
+
+
378.
Graphis striatula (Ach.) Spreng.
,,
C
Cr
+
+
379.
Graphis subasahinae Nagarkar & Patw.
,,
C
Cr
+
380.
Graphis subassimilis Müll. Arg.
,,
C
Cr
+
82
+
+
+ +
+
E
Darjeeling
Arunachal Pradeh
Endemic nature
+
Sl.No.
Habitat
Growth form
Singh et al.
+
+
+ +
+ + +
+
+
+ E
+
+
+
+
+ +
+ +
E
+
+
+
Sikkim
Darjeeling
Arunachal Pradeh
Endemic nature
+
+
Sl.No.
Name of species
Family
Habitat
Growth form
Cryptogam Biodiversity and Assessment
381.
Graphis subdisserpens Nyl.
,,
C
Cr
382.
Graphis subducta Vain.
,,
C
Cr
383.
Graphis subserpentina Nyl.
,,
C
Cr
384.
Graphis subvirginea Nyl.
,,
C
Cr
+
385.
Graphis subvittata Adaw. & Makhija
,,
C
Cr
+
386.
Graphis supertecta Müll. Arg.
,,
C
Cr
+
387.
Graphis tenella Ach.
,,
C
Cr
+
+
388.
Graphis tsunodae Zahlbr.
,,
C
Cr
+
+
389.
Graphis urandrae Vain.
,,
C
Cr
390.
Graphis valparaiensis Adaw. & Makhija
,,
C
Cr
391.
Graphis vittata Müll. Arg.
392.
Gyalectidium filicinum Müll. Arg.
393. 394. 395.
Gyalolechia flavorubescens (Huds.) Søchting, Frödén & Arup
396.
Gymnoderma coccocarpum Nyl.
397.
Haematomma cf. puniceum (Sw.) A. Massal.
398.
Haematomma leprarioides (Vain.) Vain.
399.
Haematomma wattii (Stirt.) Zahlbr.
400.
Hemithecium amboliense Makhija & A. Dube
401.
Hemithecium aphaneomicrosporum Makhija & A.Dube
402.
+ +
+ E
+
,,
C
Cr
+
+
Gomphillaceae
F
Cr
+
+
Gyalidea corticola Pooja Gupta & G.P. Sinha
Gomphillaceae
C
Cr
Gyalolechia bassiae (Ach.) Søchting, Frödén & Arup ex Ahti
Teloschistaceae
C
Cr
+
+
,,
C
Cr
+
+
Cladoniaceae
C/T
Sq
+
+
,,
C
Cr
+
Haematommataceae
C
Cr
,,
C
Cr
Graphidaceae
C
Cr
E
+
,,
C
Cr
E
+
Hemithecium aphanes (Mont. & Bosch.) M. Nakan. & Kashiw.
,,
C
Cr
403.
Hemithecium himalayanum Jagadeesh & G.P. Sinha
,,
C
Cr
404.
Hemithecium isidiatum Upreti & U. Dubey
,,
C
Cr
405.
Hemithecium nagalandicum (Kr.P. Singh & G.P. Sinha) Adaw. & Makhija
,,
C
Cr
406.
Hemithecium nakanishianum (Patw. & C.R. Kulk.) Makhija & A.Dube
,,
C
Cr
407.
Hemithecium noristicticum Makhija & A.Dube
,,
C
Cr
408.
Hemithecium rufopallidum (Vain.) Staiger
409.
Herpothallon albidum (Fée) Aptroot & al.
410. 411.
E
+
+
+ +
+
+ +
+
+ E
+ +
E
+ +
E
+ +
+
,,
C
Cr
+
Arthoniaceae
C
Cr
+
Herpothallon australasicum (Elix)
,,
C
Cr
Herpothallon cinereum G. Thor
,,
C
Cr
412.
Herpothallon echinatum Aptroot
,,
C
Cr
413.
Herpothallon flavominutum Jagadeesh et al.
,,
C
Cr
83
+
E
+
+
+
+ +
+ +
Family
Growth form
Endemic nature
414.
Herpothallon granulosum Jagadeesh & G. P. Sinha
,,
C
Cr
E
415.
Herpothallon himalayanum Jagadeesh & G.P. Sinha
,,
C
Cr
E
416.
Herpothallon isidiatum Jagadeesh & G.P.Sinha
,,
C
Cr
E
417.
Herpothallon japonicum (Zahlbr.) G. Thor
,,
C
Cr
+
418.
Herpothallon philippinum (Vain.) Aptroot & Lücking
,,
C
Cr
+
+
419.
Herpothallon sticticum Jagadeesh Ram & G.P. Sinha
,,
C
Cr
+
+
420.
Heterodermia albidiflava (Kurok.) D.D. Awasthi
Physciaceae
C
Fo
421.
Heterodermia angustiloba (Müll. Arg.) D.D. Awasthi
,,
C
Fo
422.
Heterodermia awasthii (Kurok.) D.D. Awasthi
,,
C
Fo
423.
Heterodermia barbifera (Nyl.) Kr.P. Singh
,,
C
Fo
424.
Heterodermia boryi (Fée) Kr. P. Singh & S.R. Singh
,,
C
Fo
+
425.
Heterodermia chondroidea Weber & D.D. Awasthi
,,
C
Fo
+
+
426.
Heterodermia comosa (Eschw.) Follmann & Redón
,,
C
Fo
+
+
427.
Heterodermia dactyliza (Nyl.) Swinscow & Krog
,,
C
Fo
+
+
428.
Heterodermia dendritica (Pers.) Poelt
,,
C
Fo
+
429.
Heterodermia diademata (Taylor) D.D. Awasthi
,,
C
Fo
+
430.
Heterodermia dissecta (Kurok.) D.D. Awasthi
,,
C/T
Fo
431.
Heterodermia firmula (Nyl.) Trevis.
,,
C/S/T
Fo
+
432.
Heterodermia flabellata (Fée) D.D. Awasthi
,,
S/T
Fo
+
433.
Heterodermia himalayensis (D.D. Awasthi) D.D. Awasthi
,,
C
Fo
+
434.
Heterodermia hypocaesia (Yasuda) D.D. Awasthi
,,
C/S/T
435.
Heterodermia hypoleuca (Ach.) Trevis.
,,
C
436.
Heterodermia incana (Stirt.) D.D. Awasthi
,,
437.
Heterodermia indica (H. Magn.) D.D. Awasthi
,,
438.
Heterodermia isidiophora (Nyl.) D.D. Awasthi.
439.
Heterodermia japonica (M. Satô) Swinscow & Krog
440.
E
Darjeeling
Name of species
Sikkim
Sl.No.
Habitat
Arunachal Pradeh
Singh et al.
+
+ +
+
+
+ +
+
+
+ +
+
+
+ +
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Fo
+
+
Fo
+
C
Fo
+
+
C
Fo
+
+
,,
C
Fo
,,
C/S/T
Fo
Heterodermia leucomelos (L.) Poelt
,,
C/T
Fo
441.
Heterodermia lutescens (Kurok.) Follmann
,,
C
Fo
442.
Heterodermia microphylla (Kurok.) Skorepa
,,
S
Fo
443.
Heterodermia obscurata (Nyl.) Trevis.
,,
C/S/T
Fo
+
444.
Heterodermia pandurata (Kurok.) J.C. Wei
,,
C
Fo
+
445.
Heterodermia pellucida (D.D. Awasthi) D.D. Awasthi
,,
C
Fo
446.
Heterodermia podocarpa (Bél.) D.D. Awasthi
,,
C
Fo
447.
Heterodermia propaqulifera (Vain.) J. D. Dey
,,
C
Fo
448.
Heterodermia pseudospeciosa (Kurok.) W.L. Culb.
,,
C/S/T
449.
Heterodermia punctifera (Kurok.) D.D. Awasthi
,,
450.
Heterodermia rubescens (Räsänene) D.D. Awasthi
,,
84
+ +
+
+
+
+
+
+ + +
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Fo
+
+
C/S
Fo
+
C/S
Fo
+
+ + + +
+
Family
451.
Heterodermia rubricosa (Stirt.) Poelt
,,
C
Fo
452.
Heterodermia togashii (Kurok.) D.D. Awasthi
,,
C
Fo
453.
Heterodermia tremulans (Müll. Arg.) W.L. Culb.
,,
C/S/M/T
Fo
+
454.
Hypogymnia alpina D.D. Awasthi
Parmeliaceae
T/S/C
Fo
+
455.
Hypogymnia austerodes (Nyl.) Räsänen
,,
T
Fo
+
456.
Hypogymnia bitteri (Lynge) Ahti
,,
C
Fo
+
457.
Hypogymnia crystallina McCune, Divakar & Upreti
,,
C
Fo
458.
Hypogymnia enteromorpha (Ach.) Nyl.
,,
C
Fo
459.
Hypogymnia hengduanensis J.C. Wei
,,
C
Fo
460.
Hypogymnia hypotrypa (Nyl.) Rassad.
,,
T
Fo
461.
Hypogymnia physodes (L.) Nyl.
,,
C
Fo
+
462.
Hypogymnia pseudobitteriana (D.D. Awasthi.) D.D. Awasthi ,,
C
Fo
+
463.
Hypogymnia pseudohypotrypa (Asahina) Ajay Singh,
,,
C
Fo
464.
Hypogymnia sikkimensis G.P. Sinha & Elix
,,
C
Fo
465.
Hypogymnia subarticulata (J.D. Zhao, L.W. Hsu & Z.M. Sun) J.C. Wei & Y.M. Jiang
,,
C
Fo
+
466.
Hypogymnia thomsoniana (Müll. Arg.) D.D. Awasthi
,,
C
Fo
+
467.
Hypogymnia vittata (Ach.) Parrique
+
468.
Hypotrachyna alectorialica (W.L. Culb. & C.F. Culb.) Divakar, A. Crespo, Sipman, Elix & Lumbsch
469.
Sikkim
Name of species
Darjeeling
Arunachal Pradeh
Endemic nature
Sl.No.
Habitat
Growth form
Cryptogam Biodiversity and Assessment
+ +
E
+ +
+ + + +
+
+ E
+
+
,,
C
Fo
Parmeliaceae
C
Fo
Hypotrachyna cirrhata (Fr.) Divakar, A. Crespo, Sipman, Elix & Lumbsch
,,
C
Fo
+
470.
Hypotrachyna coorgiana Patw. & A.V. Prabhu
,,
C/S
Fo
+
471.
Hypotrachyna dactylifera (Vain.) Hale
,,
C
Fo
472.
Hypotrachyna degelii (Hale) Hale
,,
C
Fo
+
473.
Hypotrachyna exsecta (Taylor) Hale
,,
C
Fo
+
+
474.
Hypotrachyna imbricatula (Zahlbr.) Hale
,,
C/S
Fo
+
+
475.
Hypotrachyna immaculata (Kurok.) Hale
,,
C/S
Fo
+
476.
Hypotrachyna masonhalei Patw. & A.V. Prabhu
,,
C
Fo
+
477.
Hypotrachyna neodissecta (Hale) Hale
,,
C
Fo
+
478.
Hypotrachyna neosingularis Divakar & al.
,,
C
Fo
479.
Hypotrachyna nepalensis (Taylor) Divakar, A. Crespo, Sipman, Elix & Lumbsch
,,
C
Fo
+
+
+
480.
Hypotrachyna osseoalba (Vain.) Y.S. Park and Hale
,,
C/S
Fo
+
+
+
481.
Hypotrachyna physcioides (Nyl.) Hale
,,
C/S
Fo
+
+
+
482.
Hypotrachyna pseudosinuosa (Asahina) Hale
,,
C
Fo
+
+
483.
Hypotrachyna radiculata (Kurok.) Elix
,,
C
Fo
+
+
484.
Hypotrachyna rhabdiformis (Kurok.) Hale
,,
S/T
Fo
+
85
+ +
+
+ +
+ + + +
+
+
Sikkim
Darjeeling
Arunachal Pradeh
Endemic nature
+
+
Sl.No.
Name of species
Family
Habitat
Growth form
Singh et al.
485.
Hypotrachyna sinuosa (Smith) Hale
,,
C
Fo
486.
Hypotrachyna sublaevigata (Nyl.) Hale
,,
C
Fo
+
+
487.
Hypotrachyna vexans (Zahlbr. ex W.L. Culb. & C.F. Culb.) Divakar, A. Crespo, Sipman, Elix & Lumbsch
,,
C
Fo
+
+
488.
Icmadophila ericetorum (L.) Zahlbr.
Icmadophilaceae
T
Fr
489.
Ionaspis lacustris (With.) Lutzoni
Hymeneliaceae
S
Cr
+
+
490.
Lasallia mayebarae (M. Sato) Asahina
Umbilicariaceae
S
Fo
+
491.
Lasallia pustulata (L.) Mérat
,,
S
Fo
+
492.
Lasioloma archnoideum (Krep.) R. Sant.
Pilocarpaceae
F
Cr
+
493.
Lasioloma phycophilum (Vain.) R. Sant.
,,
F
Cr
+
494.
Lecanora achroa Nyl.
Lecanoraceae
C
Cr
+
495.
Lecanora alba Lumbsch
,,
C
Cr
+
496.
Lecanora albella (Pers.) Ach.
,,
C
Cr
+
497.
Lecanora argentata (Ach.) Degel.
,,
C
Cr
498.
Lecanora austointumescens Lumbsch & Elix
,,
C
Cr
499.
Lecanora bicincta Ramond
,,
C
Cr
500.
Lecanora carnulenta Nyl.
,,
C
Cr
501.
Lecanora carpinea (L.) Vain
,,
C
Cr
502.
Lecanora cenisia Ach.
C
Cr
503.
Lecanora chlarotera Nyl.
,,
C
Cr
504.
Lecanora chondroderma Zahlbr.
,,
T/M
Cr
505.
Lecanora cinereofusca H. M agn.
,,
C
Cr
506.
Lecanora concilianda Vain.
,,
C
Cr
507.
Lecanora coronulans Nyl.
,,
C
Cr
508.
Lecanora fimbriatula Stirt.
,,
C
Cr
509.
Lecanora flavidofusca Müll. Arg.
,,
C
Cr
+
510.
Lecanora formosa (Bagl.& Carestia) Knoph & Leuckert
,,
C
Cr
+
511.
Lecanora gangaleoides Nyl.
,,
C
Cr
+
512.
Lecanora geophila (Th.Fr.) Poelt =Siphula himalayensis (Räsänen) Kantvilas
,,
T
Sq
+
513.
Lecanora helva Stizenb.
,,
C
Cr
+
514.
Lecanora hensenniae Vanska
,,
S
Cr
+
515.
Lecanora himalayae Poelt
,,
T
Cr
+
516.
Lecanora horiza (Ach.) Röhl.
,,
C
Cr
+
517.
Lecanora impudens Degel.
,,
C
Cr
+
518.
Lecanora imshaugii Brodo
,,
C
Cr
+
519.
Lecanora intumescens (Rebent.) Rabenh.
,,
C
Cr
86
+ +
+
+
+
+
+ +
+ + + + + +
+
+
+
+ +
+ +
+
+
+
+
+
+ +
Sikkim
Darjeeling
Arunachal Pradeh
Endemic nature
+
+
+
+
Sl.No.
Name of species
Family
Habitat
Growth form
Cryptogam Biodiversity and Assessment
520.
Lecanora iseana Räsänen
,,
C
Cr
521.
Lecanora leprosa Fée
,,
C
Cr
522.
Lecanora luteomarginata Nayaka et al.
,,
C
Cr
523.
Lecanora meridionalis H. Magn.
,,
C
Cr
524.
Lecanora perplexa Brodo
,,
C
Cr
+
525.
Lecanora phaeocardia Vain.
,,
C
Cr
+
526.
Lecanora pulicaris (Pers.) Ach.
,,
C
Cr
+
527.
Lecanora queenslandica C. Knight
,,
C
Cr
+
+
528.
Lecanora rugosella Zahlbr.
,,
C
Cr
+
+
+
529.
Lecanora streimanii Lumbsch
,,
S
Cr
+
530.
Lecanora subalbellina Vain.
,,
C
Cr
+
531.
Lecanora subimmersa (Fée) Vain.
,,
S
Cr
+
532.
Lecanora subjaponica L. Lü & H. Y. Wang
,,
C
Cr
+
533.
Lecanora subrugosa Nyl.
,,
C
Cr
534.
Lecanora tropica Zahlbr.
,,
C
Cr
+
535.
Lecanora wilsonii Mull Arg.
,,
S
Cr
+
536.
Lecidea confluens (Weber) Ach.
Lecideaceae
S
Cr
537.
Lecidea lapicida (Ach.) Ach.
,,
S
Cr
538.
Lecidella bullata Körb.
Lecanoraceae
C
Cr
+
539.
Lecidella stigmatia (Ach.) Hertel & Leuckert
,,
S
C
+
540.
Leiorreuma exaltatum (Mont. & Bosch) Staiger
Graphidaceae
C
Cr
541.
Leiorreuma subpatellulum Dubey, Upreti & Nayaka
,,
C
Cr
542.
Lepra leucosora (Nyl.) Hafellner
Ochrolechiaceae
C
Cr
543.
Lepra leucosorodes (Nyl.) I. Schmitt, Hodkinson & Lumbsch
,,
C
Cr
+
+
544.
Lepra multipuncta (Turner) Hafellner
,,
C
Cr
+
+
545.
Lepraria lobificans Nyl.
Stereocaulaceae
C/S
Cr
+
546.
Leprocaulon arbuscula (Nyl.) Nyl.
Leprocaullaceae
T
Fr
+
547.
Leprocaulon pseudoarbuscula (Asahina) I.M. Lamb & Ward
,,
T
Fr
+
548.
Leptogium arisanense Asahina
Collemataceae
M/T/C
Fo
549.
Leptogium asiaticum P .M. Jørg.
,,
C
Fo
550.
Leptogium askotense D.D. Awasthi in D.D. Awasthi & Akhtar ,,
C/S/T
Fo
551.
Leptogium austroamericanum (Malme) C.W. Dodge
C
Fo
+
552.
Leptogium azureum (Sw. ex Ach.) Mont. in Webb & Berthelot ,,
C/S
Fo
+
553.
Leptogium burgessii (L.) Mont. in Webb & Berthelot
,,
C/M
Fo
+
554.
Leptogium burnetiae C.W. Dodge
,,
C/T
Fo
+
,,
87
E
+ + +
+
+ +
+
+ +
+
+ E
+ +
+
+
+
+
+ E
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Sikkim
Darjeeling
Arunachal Pradeh
Endemic nature
+
+
Sl.No.
Name of species
Family
Habitat
Growth form
Singh et al.
555.
Leptogium cochleatum (Dicks.) P .M. Jørg. & P. James
,,
C
Fo
556.
Leptogium corniculatum (Hoffm.) Minks
,,
T/M/S
Fo
557.
Leptogium cyanescens (Rabenh.) Körb.
,,
C/S/T
Fo
+
558.
Leptogium delavayi Hue
,,
C/M/T
Fo
+
+
+
559.
Leptogium denticulatum Nyl.
,,
C/S/T/M
Fo
+
+
+
560.
Leptogium fallax Müll. Arg.
,,
C
Fo
+
561.
Leptogium furfuraceum (Harm.) Sierk
,,
T
Fo
+
562.
Leptogium gelatinosum (With.) J.R. Laundon
,,
C/S
Fo
+
563.
Leptogium indicum D.D. Awasthi & Akhtar
,,
C
Fo
564.
Leptogium javanicum Mont.
,,
C/S
Fo
+
565.
Leptogium moluccanum (Pers.) Vain.
,,
C/T
Fo
+
566.
Leptogium pedicellatum P.M. Jørg.
,,
C/M
Fo
+
567.
Leptogium saturninum (Dicks.) Nyl.
,,
C/M/T
Fo
568.
Leptogium trichophorum Müll. Arg.
,,
C/M/T
Fo
+
569.
Leptogium ulvaceum (Pers.) Vain.
,,
C
Fo
+
570.
Lethariella cashmeriana (Nyl.) Krog
,,
T
Fr
571.
Lethariella cladonioides (Nyl.) Krog
572.
Letrouitia domingensis (Pers.) Hafellner &Bellem
573.
Letrouitia transgressa (Malme) Hafellner & Bellem
574.
Lithothelium decumbens (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot
575. 576. 577.
Lithothelium obtectum (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot
578.
Lobaria discolor (Bory) Hue
579.
Lobaria fuscotomentosa Yoshim.
580.
Lobaria isidiosa (Müll. Arg.) Vain.
581.
,,
T
Fr
Letrouitiaceae
C
Cr
+
E
+
+ + + +
+
+ +
+
+ +
+ +
,,
C
Cr
+
Pyrenulaceae
C
Cr
+
Lithothelium hyalosporum (Nyl.) Aptroot
,,
C
Cr
+
Lithothelium illotum (Nyl.) Aptroot
,,
C
Cr
+
+
,,
C
Cr
+
Lobariaceae
C/S
Fo
+
,,
C
Fo
+
,,
T/S/M
Fo
Lobaria kurokawae Yoshim.
,,
C/T
Fo
582.
Lobaria meridionalis Vain.
,,
C
Fo
583.
Lobaria pindarensis Räsänen
,,
C
Fo
+
+
+
584.
Lobaria pseudopulmonaria Gyeln.
,,
T/S
Fo
+
+
+
585.
Lobaria retigera (Bory) Trevis.
,,
C/S/M/T
Fo
+
+
+
586.
Loflammia gabrielis (Mull. Arg.) Vìzda
Pilocarpaceae
F
Cr
+
587.
Loflammia intermedia (R. Sant.) Vìzda
,,
F
Cr
+
588.
Malmidea granifera (Ach.) Kalb, Rivas Plata & Lumbsch
Malmideaceae
C
Cr
+
589.
Malmidea indica (Awasthi & Agarwal) Hafellner & T. Sprib.
,,
F
Cr
88
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
E
+
+
590.
Malmidea piperis (Spreng.) Kalb.
,,
C
Cr
591.
Marcelaria benguelensis (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot, Nelsen & Parnmen
Trypetheliaceae
C
Cr
E
592.
Maronea manipurensis H. Magn.
Fuscideaceae
C
Cr
E
593.
Maronea melanocarpa (Müll. Arg.) Zahlbr.
594.
Mazosia bambusae (Vain.) R. Sant.
595. 596.
Darjeeling
Family
Sikkim
Name of species
Arunachal Pradeh
Endemic nature
Sl.No.
Habitat
Growth form
Cryptogam Biodiversity and Assessment
+ +
+
+
,,
C
Cr
Roccellaceae
F
Cr
+
Mazosia lueckingii Kr.P. Singh & Pinokiyo
,,
F
Cr
Mazosia melanophthalma (Müll. Arg.) R. Sant.
,,
F
Cr
+
597.
Mazosia paupercula (Müll. Arg.) R. Sant.
,,
F
Cr
+
598.
Mazosia phyllosema (Nyl.) Zahlbr.
,,
F
Cr
+
599.
Mazosia rotula (Mont.) A. Massal.
,,
F
Cr
+
600.
Mazosia tumidula (Stirt.) Müll. Arg.
,,
F
Cr
+
601.
Megalaria laureri (Hepp. ex Th. Fr.) Hafellner
Ramalinaceae
C
Cr
+
602.
Megalospora atrorubricans (Nyl.) Zahlbr.
Megalosporaceae
C
Cr
+
603.
Megalospora tuberosculosa (Fée) Sipman
+
604.
Melanelia hepatizon (Ach.) A. Thell
605. 606. 607.
Melanelia tominii (Oksner) Essl.
608.
Melanelixia glabroides (Essl.) O. Blanco et al.
609.
Melanohalea olivacea (L.) O. Blanco et al.
610. 611. 612. 613. 614.
Mycobilimbia philippina (Vain.) D.D. Awasthi
615.
Mycoblastus affinis (Schaer.) Schauer.
616. 617. 618.
Myelochroa aurulenta (Tuck.) Elix & Hale
619.
Myelochroa entotheiochroa (Hue) Elix & Hale
620. 621.
+ E
+ +
+ +
+
+
+
,,
C
Cr
Parmeliaceae
S/T
Fo
Melanelia panniformis (Nyl.) Essl.
,,
S/T
Fo
Melanelia stygia (L.) Essl.
,,
S
Fo
+
,,
S
Fo
+
Parmeliaceae
S/C/T
Fo
+
Parmeliaceae
C
Fo
+
Melanohalea poeltii (Essl.) O. Blanco et al.
,,
C
Fo
+
Melanohalea septentrionalis (L ynge) O. Blanco et al.
,,
C
Fo
+
Menegazzia terebrata (Hoffm.) A. Massal.
Parmeliaceae
C
Fo
+
+
+
Mycobilimbia hunana (Zahlbr) D.D.Awasthi
Lecideaceae
S
Cr
+
+
+
+ + +
,,
T
Cr
+
Tephromelataceae
C
Cr
+
Mycomicrothelia conothelena (Nyl.) D. Hawksw.
Trypetheliaceae
C
Cr
Mycomicrothelia minutula (Zahlbr.) D. Hawksw.
,,
C
Cr
Parmeliaceae
C/S
Fo
+
,,
C/S
Fo
+
Myelochroa metarevoluta (Asahina) Elix & Hale
,,
C/S
Fo
+
Myelochroa perisidians (Nyl.) Elix & Hale
,,
C
Fo
+
622.
Myelochroa sikkimensis Divakar & al.
,,
C
Fo
+
+
623.
Myelochroa subaurulenta (Nyl.) Elix & Hale
,,
C/S
Fo
+
+
+
624.
Myelochroa xantholepsis (Mont. & Bosch) Elix & Hale
,,
C/S
Fo
+
+
+
625.
Myriotrema clandestinum (Fée) Nyl.
Graphidaceae
C
Cr
89
E
+
+
+ + +
+
+
Darjeeling
,,
C
Cr
Nephromataceae
C/S/T
Fo
+
+
Nephroma isidiosum (Nyl.) Gyeln.
,,
C/T
Fo
+
+
Nephroma nakaoi Asahina
,,
C
Fo
+
631.
Nephroma sikkimense Asahina
,,
C
Fo
632.
Nephromopsis ahtii (Randlane & Saag) Randlane & Saag
Parmeliaceae
C/T
Fo
633.
Nephromopsis isidioidea (Räsänen) Randlane & Saag
,,
C
Fo
634.
Nephromopsis laii (A. Thell & Randlane) Saag & A.Thell
,,
C
Fo
635.
Nephromopsis nephromoides (Nyl.) Ahti & Randlane
,,
C/T
Fo
636.
Nephromopsis ornata (Müll. Arg.) Hue
,,
C
Fo
637.
Nephromopsis pallescens (Schaer.) Park
,,
C/S
Fo
+
+
+
638.
Nephromopsis stracheyi (C. Bab.) Müll. Arg.
,,
C
Fo
+
+
+
639.
Nephromopsis togashii (Asahina) Randlane & Saag
,,
C
Fo
Trypetheliaceae
C
Cr
+
Graphidaceae
C
Cr
+
Sl.No.
Name of species
Family
Habitat
Sikkim
Arunachal Pradeh
Endemic nature
Growth form
Singh et al.
626.
Myriotrema microporum (Mont.) Hale
,,
C
627.
Myriotrema rugiferum (Harm.) Hale
628.
Nephroma helveticum Ach.
629. 630.
Cr
+ +
E
+
E
+
+
+
+
+ +
+
+
+
640.
Nigrovothelium tropicum (Ach.)Lücking
641.
Ocellularia allosporoides (Nyl.) Patw. & C.R. Kulk.
642.
Ocellularia neopertusariiformis Hale
,,
C
Cr
+
643.
Ocellularia subgranulosa (Homchantara & Coppins) Lumbsch & Papong
,,
C
Cr
+
644.
Ochrolechia harmandii Verseghy
Ochrolechiaceae
C
Cr
+
645.
Ochrolechia pallescens (L.) A. Massal.
,,
C
Cr
+
646.
Ochrolechia parella (L.) A. Massal.
,,
C
C
+
647.
Ochrolechia parellula (Müll. Arg.) Zahlbr.
,,
C
Cr
648.
Ochrolechia rosella (Müll. Arg.) Verseghy
,,
C
Cr
649.
Ochrolechia subpallescens Verseghy
,,
C
Cr
650.
Ochrolechia yasudae Vain.
,,
C
Cr
651.
Opegrapha filicina Mont.
Opegraphaceae
F
Cr
+
652.
Opegrapha vulgata (Ach.) Ach.
,,
C
Cr
+
653.
Opegrapha xercica Torrente & Egea
,,
C
Cr
654.
Ophioparma ventosa (L.) Norman
Ophioparmaceae
S
Cr
655.
Oropogon formasanus Asahina
Parmeliaceae
C/S/T
Fr
656.
Pallidogramme awasthii (Patw. &C. R. Kulk.) Kr.P.Singh & Pushpi Singh
Graphidaceae
C
Cr
657.
Pallidogramme bengalense B.O.Sharma & P. Khadilkar
,,
C
Cr
658.
Pallidogramme chlorocarpoides (Nyl.) Staiger et al.
,,
C
Cr
659.
Pallidogramme chrysenteron (Mont.) Staiger, Kalb & Lucking
,,
C
Cr
90
+
+ +
+
+ + + + + + E
+ +
+ +
+
+
+
Sl.No.
Name of species
Family
Habitat
Growth form
Endemic nature
Arunachal Pradeh
Sikkim
Darjeeling
Cryptogam Biodiversity and Assessment
660.
Pallidogramme divaricoides (Räsänen) Pushpi Singh & Kr. P. Singh
,,
C
Cr
E
+
+
+
661.
Pallidogramme nilgiriensis (Kr.P.Singh & D.D. Awasthi) Kr.P.Singh & Swarnlatha
,,
C
Cr
662.
Parmelaria subthomsonii D.D. Awasthi
Parmeliaceae
C
Fo
+
+
663.
Parmelaria thomsonii (Stirt.) D.D. Awasthi
,,
C
Fo
+
+
+
664.
Parmelia adaugescens Nyl.
Parmeliaceae
C
Fo
+
+
+
665.
Parmelia isidioclada Vain.
,,
C
Fo
+
666.
Parmelia masonii Essl. & Poelt
,,
S/T
Fo
+
667.
Parmelia meiophora Nyl.
,,
C
Fo
+
668.
Parmelia ricasolioides Nyl.)
,,
C
Fo
669.
Parmelia saxatilis (L.) Ach.
,,
S
Fo
+
670.
Parmelia squarrosa Hale
,,
C
Fo
+
671.
Parmelia sulcata Taylor
,,
C/T
Fo
+
672.
Parmelina tiliacea (Hoffm.) Hale
Parmeliaceae
C
Fo
673.
Parmelinella manipurensis (Kr. P. Singh) Elix & Hale
Parmeliaceae
C
Fo
674.
Parmelinella simplicior (Hale) Elix & Hale
,,
C
Fo
+
675.
Parmelinella wallichiana (Taylor) Elix & Hale
+
676.
Parmelinopsis afrorevoluta (Krog & Swinscow) Elix & Hale
677.
+ E
+
+ E
+
,,
C/S/T
Fo
Parmeliaceae
C/S
Fo
+
Parmelinopsis expallida (Kurok.) Elix & Hale
,,
C
Fo
+
+
678.
Parmelinopsis horrescens (Taylor) Elix & Hale
,,
C
Fo
+
+
679.
Parmelinopsis microlobulata (D.D. Awasthi) Elix & Hale
,,
C
Fo
680.
Parmelinopsis minarum (Vain.) Elix & Hale
,,
C
Fo
681.
Parmelinopsis spathulata (Kurok.) Elix & Hale
,,
C
Fo
+
682.
Parmelinopsis spumosa (Asahina) Elix & Hale
,,
C
Fo
+
683.
Parmotrema cristiferum (Taylor) Hale
Parmeliaceae
C/T
Fo
+
684.
Parmotrema disparile (Nyl.) Hale
,,
C
Fo
685.
Parmotrema hababianum (Gyeln.) Hale
,,
C
Fo
+
+
686.
Parmotrema mellissii (C.W. Dodge) Hale
,,
C/T
Fo
+
+
687.
Parmotrema mesotropum (Müll. Arg.) Hale
,,
C/T
Fo
688.
Parmotrema nilgherrense (Nyl.) Hale
,,
C
Fo
+
+
689.
Parmotrema permutatum (Stirt.) Hale
,,
C
Fo
690.
Parmotrema pseudonilgherrense (Asahina) Hale
,,
C
Fo
691.
Parmotrema rampoddense (Nyl.) Hale
,,
C
Fo
692.
Parmotrema ravum (Krog & Swinscow) Sérus.
,,
C
Fo
+
693.
Parmotrema reticulatum (Taylor) M. Choisy
,,
C/T
Fo
+
694.
Parmotrema robustum (Degel.) Hale
,,
C
Fo
+
91
+
+
+ +
+ +
+ + + + +
Family
695.
Parmotrema saccatilobum (Taylor) Hale
,,
C
Fo
696.
Parmotrema sancti-angelii (Lynge) Hale
,,
C
Fo
697.
Parmotrema subsumptum (Nyl.) Hale
,,
C
Fo
698.
Parmotrema subtinctorium (Zahlbr.) Hale
,,
C
Fo
699.
Parmotrema thomsonii (Strit.). A Crespo, Divakar & Elix
,,
C
Fo
700.
Parmotrema tinctorum (Despr. ex. Nyl.) Hale
,,
C/T
Fo
+
701.
Parmotrema zollingeri (Hepp) Hale
702.
Peltigera canina (L.) Willd.
703. 704.
+ + +
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ +
+
+
+
,,
T
Fo
+
Peltigeraceae
T/S
Fo
+
Peltigera collina (Ach.) Schrad.
,,
T/S
Fo
Peltigera dolichorrhiza (Nyl.) Nyl.
,,
T
Fo
705.
Peltigera dolichospora (Lu) Vitik.
,,
T
Fo
706.
Peltigera elisabethae Gyeln.
,,
T
Fo
707.
Peltigera horizontalis (Huds.) Baumg.
,,
T
Fo
+
708.
Peltigera macra Vain.
,,
T
Fo
+
709.
Peltigera malacea (Ach.) Funck
,,
T
Fo
710.
Peltigera membranacea (Ach.) Nyl.
,,
T
Fo
711.
Peltigera polydactylon (Neck.) Hoffm. var. polydactylon
,,
T
Fo
Peltigera polydactylon (Neck.) Hoffm. var. pruinosa Gyeln.
,,
T
Fo
712.
Peltigera praetextata (Flörke) Zopf
,,
T
Fo
+
+
713.
Peltigera rufescens (Weiss) Humb.
,,
T
Fo
+
+
714.
Peltigera venosa (L.) Hoffm.
,,
T
Fo
715.
Peltula obscurans (Nyl.) Gyeln.
716.
Pertusaria alpina Hepp.
717. 718.
+ + +
+ +
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ +
+
Peltulaceae
C
Sq
Pertusariaceae
C
Cr
Pertusaria amarescens Nyl.
,,
C
Cr
Pertusaria ceylonica Müll. Arg.
,,
C
Cr
+
719.
Pertusaria colorata Awasthi & Srivastava
,,
C
Cr
+
720.
Pertusaria composita Zahlbr.
,,
C
Cr
+
721.
Pertusaria dehiscens Müll. Arg.
,,
C
Cr
+
722.
Pertusaria depressa (Fée) Mont & Bosch
,,
C
Cr
+
723.
Pertusaria hartmannii Mull. Arg.
,,
C
Cr
+
724.
Pertusaria himalayensis D.D. A wasthi & Preeti Srivast.
,,
C
Cr
+
725.
Pertusaria indica Preeti Srivast. & D.D. Awasthi
,,
S
Cr
726.
Pertusaria leioplacella Nyl.
,,
C
Cr
+
727.
Pertusaria leucostoma (Bernh.) A. Massal.
,,
C
Cr
+
728.
Pertusaria melastomella Nyl.
,,
C
Cr
+
729.
Pertusaria pallidula Stirt.
,,
C
Cr
730.
Pertusaria pertusa (L.) Tuck.
,,
C
Cr
92
Darjeeling
Name of species
Sikkim
Arunachal Pradeh
Endemic nature
Sl.No.
Habitat
Growth form
Singh et al.
+ +
+ +
E
+
E
+ +
+
+ +
Family
731.
Pertusaria pseudococcodes Müll. Arg
,,
C
Cr
+
732.
Pertusaria pustulata (Ach.) Duby
,,
C
Cr
+
733.
Pertusaria pycnothelioides Vain.
,,
C
Cr
734.
Pertusaria quassiae (Fée) Nyl.
,,
C
Cr
735.
Pertusaria rigida Müll. Arg.
,,
C
Cr
736.
Pertusaria submultipuncta Nyl.
,,
C
Cr
737.
Pertusaria tropica Vain.
738.
Phaeographis caesioradians (Leight.) A.W. Archer
739. 740.
Sikkim
Name of species
+ +
+ +
+
+
,,
C
Cr
Graphidaceae
C
Cr
+
Phaeographis dendritica (Ach.) Müll. Arg.
,,
C
Cr
+
Phaeographis dendroides (Lwight.) Müll. Arg.
,,
C
Cr
+
741.
Phaeographis firmula (Stirt.) PushpiSingh & Kr. P. Singh
,,
C
Cr
742.
Phaeographis intricans (Nyl.) Staiger
,,
C
Cr
+
743.
Phaeographis scalpturata (Ach.) Staiger
,,
C
Cr
+
744.
Phaeographis submarcescens (Leight.) Zahlbr. var. megaspora Kr.P. Singh & D.D. Awasthi
,,
C
Cr
745.
Phaeographopsis indica (Patw. & Nagarkar) Sipman & Graphidaceae Aptroot
C
Cr
746.
Phaeophyscia constipatta (Norrl. & Nyl.) Moberg
T
Fo
747.
Phaeophyscia decolor (Kashiw.) Essl.
,,
T
Fo
748.
Phaeophyscia endococcina (Körb.) Moberg var. endococcinodes (Poelt) Moberg.
,,
C/M/ S
Fo
+
+
749.
Phaeophyscia hispidula (Ach.) Moberg
,,
C
Fo
+
+
750.
Phaeophyscia orbicularis (Neck.) Moberg
,,
C
Fo
+
751.
Phaeophyscia pyrrhophora (Poelt) D.D. A wasthi & M. Joshi
,,
C
Fo
+
752.
Phlyctis monosperma S. Joshi & Upreti
Phlyctidaceae
C
Cr
E
753.
Phylctis karnatakana S. Joshi & Upreti
,,
C
Cr
E
+
754.
Phylctis subhimalayensis S. Joshi & Upreti
,,
C
Cr
E
+
755.
Phyllobathelium indicum G.P. Sinha & Kr. P. Singh
Strigulaceae
F
Cr
E
+
756.
Phylloblastia dolichospra Vain.
Verrucariaceae
F
Cr
757.
Phyllopsora corallina (Eschw.) Müll. Arg.
Ramalinaceae
C
Sq
758.
Phyllopsora manipurensis (Müll. Arg.) Gotth. Schneid.
,,
C
Sq
759.
Physcia adscendens (Fr.) H. Olivier
Physciaceae
T
Fo
760.
Physcia caesia (Hoffm.) Fürnr.
,,
S/T
Fo
+
761.
Physcia dilatata Nyl.
,,
C
Fo
+
762.
Physcia dimidiata (Arn.) Nyl.
,,
C
Fo
+
763.
Physcia integrata Nyl.
,,
C
Fo
+
764.
Physcia semipinnata (J.F. Gmel.) Moberg
,,
C
Fo
+
Physciaceae
93
Darjeeling
Arunachal Pradeh
Endemic nature
Sl.No.
Habitat
Growth form
Cryptogam Biodiversity and Assessment
+
E
+ + +
E
+ +
+ + +
+
+ + E
+ +
+
+
765.
Physcia tribacia (Ach.) Nyl.
,,
C/S
Fo
766.
Physcia tribacoides Nyl.
767.
Physconia detersa (Nyl.) Poelt
768. 769.
Darjeeling
Family
Sikkim
Name of species
Arunachal Pradeh
Sl.No.
Endemic nature
Growth form
Habitat
Singh et al.
+
,,
C/T
Fo
Physciaceae
C
Fo
Physconia muscigena (Ach.) Poelt
,,
T
Fo
Pilophorus awasthianum Räsänen
Cladoniaceae
S
Fr
E
+
770.
Placopsis himalayensis D.D. Awasthi & M.R. Agarwal Trapeliaceae
S
Cr
E
+
771.
Platismatia erosa W.L. Culb. & C.F. Culb.
Parmeliaceae
C/S
Fo
772.
Platygramme caesiopruinosa (Fée) Fée
Graphidaceae
C
Cr
+
773.
Platygramme discurrens (Nyl.) Staiger
,,
C
Cr
+
774.
Platygramme muelleri (A. W. Archer) Staiger
,,
C
Cr
+
775.
Platygramme pudica (Mont. & Bosch) M. Nakan. & Kashiw
,,
C
Cr
+
776.
Platythecium serpentinellum (Nyl.) Staiger
Graphidaceae
C
Cr
+
777.
Pliariona montagnei (Bosch) A. Massal.
Graphidaceae
C
Cr
+
778.
Polymeridium albopruinosum(Makhija & Patw.) Aptroot
Trypetheliaceae
C
Cr
779.
Polymeridium catapastum (Nyl.) R.C. Harris
Trypetheliaceae
C
Cr
780.
Polymeridium refertum (Stirt.)Aptroot
,,
C
Cr
781.
Porina aenea (Wallr.) Zahlbr.
Porinaceae
C
Cr
782.
Porina albicera (Kremp.) Overeem
,,
F
Cr
783.
Porina andamanica Makhija & al.
,,
C
Cr
784.
Porina applanata Vain.
,,
F
Cr
+
785.
Porina articeps (Vain.) Vain.
,,
F
Cr
+
786.
Porina atrocoerulea Müll. Arg.
,,
F
Cr
+
787.
Porina atroperiostiola Makhija, Adaw. & Patw.
,,
C
Cr
788.
Porina belanospora (Nyl.) Müll. Arg.
,,
C
Cr
+
789.
Porina conica R. Sant.
,,
F
Cr
+
790.
Porina cupreola (Müll. Arg.) F. Schill.
,,
F
Cr
+
791.
Porina dolichophora (Nyl.) Müll. Arg.
,,
F
Cr
792.
Porina epiphylla (Fée) Fée
,,
F
Cr
793.
Porina fulvella Müll. Arg.
,,
F
Cr
794.
Porina glaucoflava Makhija & al.
,,
C
Cr
E
+
795.
Porina halei Makhija & al.
,,
C
Cr
E
+
796.
Porina imitatrix Müll. Arg.
,,
F
Cr
+
797.
Porina innata (Nyl.) Müll. Arg.
,,
C
Cr
+
798.
Porina internigrans (Nyl.) Müll.
,,
C
Cr
+
799.
Porina kameruensis F. Schill.
,,
F
Cr
+
94
+
+ + +
+
E
+
+
+
+ +
E
+ + +
E
E
+ + +
+ + + + +
+
+
Sikkim
Darjeeling
Arunachal Pradeh
Endemic nature
+
+
+
+
Sl.No.
Name of species
Family
Habitat
Growth form
Cryptogam Biodiversity and Assessment
800.
Porina karnatakensis Makhija & al.
,,
F
Cr
+
801.
Porina limbulata (Kremp.) Vain.
,,
F
Cr
+
802.
Porina lucida R. Sant.
,,
C
Cr
+
803.
Porina luteopallens (Nyl.) Zahlbr.
,,
C
Cr
+
804.
Porina mastoidella (Nyl.) Müll. Arg.
,,
F
Cr
+
805.
Porina monocarpa (Kremp.) F. Schill.
,,
F
Cr
+
806.
Porina napensis Lücking
,,
F
Cr
+
807.
Porina nitidula Müll. Arg.
,,
F
Cr
+
808.
Porina rufula (Kremp.) Vain.
,,
F
Cr
+
809.
Porina subcutanea Ach.
,,
C
Cr
810.
Porina subhibernica Upreti
,,
C
Cr
811.
Porina subinterstes (Nyl.) Müll. Arg.
,,
S
Cr
+
812.
Porina tetracerae (Afz.) Müll. Arg.
,,
C
Cr
+
813.
Porina tetramera (Malme) R. Sant.
,,
F
Cr
+
814.
Porina tijucana Vain.
,,
S
Cr
+
815.
Porina trichothelioides R. Sant.
,,
F
Cr
+
816.
Porina virescens (Kremp.) Müll. Arg.
,,
F
Cr
+
817.
Porpidia albocoerulescens (Wulfen) Hertel & Knoph
Lecideaceae
S
Cr
+
818.
Porpidia crustulata (Ach.) Hertel & Schwab
,,
S
Cr
819.
Porpidia flavicunda (Ach.) Gowan
,,
S
C
820.
Porpidia macrocarpa (DC.) Hertel & Knoph
,,
S
Cr
821.
Pseudocyphellaria aurata (Ach.) V ain.
Lobariaceae
C
Fo
822.
Pseudocyphellaria clathrata (De Not.) Malme
,,
C
Fo
823.
Pseudocyphellaria crocata (L.) Vain.
,,
C
Fo
+
824.
Pseudopyrenula diluta (Fée) Müll. Arg.
Trypetheliaceae
C
Cr
+
825.
Pseudopyrenula subnudata Müll. Arg.
,,
C
Cr
+
826.
Psilolechia lucida (Ach.) M. Choisy
Psilolechiaceae
S
Cr
+
827.
Psora himalayana (C.Bab.) Timdal
Psoraceae
S/T
Sq
+
828.
Punctelia borreri (Sm.) Krog
Parmeliaceae
C
Fo
+
829.
Punctelia rudecta (Ach.) Krog
,,
C/S/T
Fo
+
830.
Pyrenula acutispora Kalb & Hafellner
Pyrenulaceae
C
Cr
831.
Pyrenula adacta Fée
,,
C
Cr
832.
Pyrenula aggregata (Fée) Fée
,,
C
Cr
+
833.
Pyrenula anomla (Ach.) Vain.
,,
C
Cr
+
834.
Pyrenula aspistea (Ach.) Ach.
,,
C
Cr
+
835.
Pyrenula astroidea (Fée) R.C. Harris
,,
C
Cr
836.
Pyrenula balia (Kremp.) R.C. Harris
,,
C
Cr
95
+ + +
E
+
+ +
+
+ +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + + + +
+
Arunachal Pradeh
Sikkim
837.
Pyrenula breutelii (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot
,,
C
Cr
+
+
838.
Pyrenula brunnea Fée
,,
C
Cr
+
839.
Pyrenula castanea (Eschw.) Müll. Arg.
,,
C
Cr
+
840.
Pyrenula cayennensis Mull. Arg.
,,
C
Cr
841.
Pyrenula complanata (Mont.) Trevis.
,,
C
Cr
842.
Pyrenula cuyabensis (Malme) R.C. Harris
,,
C
Cr
843.
Pyrenula darjeelingensis JagadeeshRam & G. P. Sinha
,,
C
Cr
844.
Pyrenula dermatodes (Borrer) Schaer.
,,
C
Cr
845.
Pyrenula duplicans (Nyl.) Aptroot.
,,
C
Cr
+
846.
Pyrenula fetivica (Kremp.) Müll. Arg.
,,
C
Cr
+
847.
Pyrenula globifera (Eschw.) Aptroot
,,
C
Cr
848.
Pyrenula immissa (Stirt.) Zahlbr.
,,
C
849.
Pyrenula interducta (Nyl.) Zahlbr.
,,
850.
Pyrenula leucostoma Ach.
,,
851.
Pyrenula leucotrypa (Nyl.) Upreti
852.
Pyrenula maravalensis Vain.
853. 854.
Darjeeling
Family
Endemic nature
Name of species
Growth form
Sl.No.
Habitat
Singh et al.
+ +
+ +
E
+ + +
+
+
+
+
Cr
+
+
C
Cr
+
+
C
Cr
,,
C
Cr
,,
C
Cr
Pyrenula mastophoroides (Nyl.) Zahlbr
,,
C
Cr
Pyrenula minarum Vain.
,,
C
Cr
855.
Pyrenula mucosa (Vain.) R.C. Harris
,,
C
Cr
856.
Pyrenula neoculata Aptroot
,,
C
Cr
857.
Pyrenula ochraceoflavens (Nyl.) R.C. Harris
,,
C
Cr
858.
Pyrenula oculata Ajay Singh & Upreti
,,
C
Cr
+
+
859.
Pyrenula papillifera (Nyl.) Aptroot
,,
C
Cr
+
+
860.
Pyrenula pinguis Fée
,,
C
Cr
861.
Pyrenula platystoma (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot
,,
C
Cr
+
+
862.
Pyrenula punctella (Nyl.) Trevis.
,,
C
Cr
+
+
863.
Pyrenula pyrenuloides (Mont.) R.C. Harris
,,
C
Cr
864.
Pyrenula quassiaecola Fée
,,
C
Cr
865.
Pyrenula subelliptica (Tuck.) R.C. Harris
,,
C
Cr
866.
Pyrenula sublaevigata (Patw. & Makhija) Upreti
,,
C
Cr
867.
Pyrenula subumbilicata (C. Knight) Aptroot
,,
C
Cr
868.
Pyrenula thailandica Aptroot
,,
C
Cr
+
869.
Pyrenula zeylanica Upreti & Ajay Singh
,,
C
Cr
+
870.
Pyrgillus cubanus Nyl.
Pyrenulaceae
C
Cr
+
871.
Pyrgillus javanicus (Mont. & Bosch.) Nyl.
,,
C
Cr
+
872.
Pyrgillus tibellii Kr. P. Singh & Pushpi Singh
,,
C
Cr
E
+
873.
Pyxine cognata Stirt.
Caliciaceae
C
Fo
E
+
96
+ E
+
+
+ + + + +
+ +
+
+
E
+
+
+
+
+ +
+
Family
874.
Pyxine himalayensis D.D. Awasthi
,,
C
Fo
875.
Pyxine philippina Vain.
,,
C
Fo
876.
Pyxine retirugella Nyl.
,,
C
Fo
877.
Pyxine sorediata (Ach.) Mont.
,,
C
Fo
878.
Pyxine subcinerea Stirt.
,,
C
Fo
879.
Ramalina conduplicans Vain.
Ramalinaceae
C
Fo
880.
Ramalina himalayensis Räsänen
,,
S
Fo
881.
Ramalina hossei Vain. var. hossei
,,
C
Fo
882.
Ramalina pollinaria (Westr.) Ach.
C
Fo
883.
Ramalina roesleri (Hochst.) Hue
,,
C/T
Fo
884.
Ramalina shinanoana Kashiw.
,,
C
Fo
885.
Ramalina sinensis Jatta
,,
C
Fo
886.
Ramalina taitensis Nyl.
,,
T/S
Fo
887.
Ramboldia russula (Ach.) Lumbsch & Elix
Ramboldiaceae
C
Cr
+
888.
Remototrachyna adducta (Nyl.) Divakar & A. Crespo
Parmeliaceae
C
Fo
+
889.
Remototrachyna crenata (Kurok.) Divakar & A. Crespo
,,
C/T
Fo
890.
Remototrachyna dodapetta (Hale & Patw.) Divakar & A. Crespo
,,
C
Fo
891.
Remototrachyna flexilis (Kurok.) Divakar & A. Crespo
,,
C/S
Fo
892.
Remototrachyna incognita (Kurok.) Divakar & A. Crespo
,,
C/S
Fo
893.
Remototrachyna infirma (Kurok.) Divakar & A. Crespo
,,
C/S
Fo
894.
Remototrachyna koyaensis (Asahina) Divakar & A. Crespo
,,
C
Fo
895.
Remototrachyna rigidula (Kurok.) Divakar & A. Crespo
,,
C
Fo
896.
Remototrachyna scytophylla (Kurok.) Divakar & A. Crespo
,,
C/T
Fo
897.
Remototrachyna thryptica (Hale) Divakar & A. Crespo
,,
C
Fo
898.
Rhabdodiscus asiaticus (Vain.) Rivas Plata, Lücking & Graphidaceae Lumbsch
C
Cr
+
899.
Rhabdodiscus auberianus (Nyl.) Vain.
,,
C
Cr
+
900.
Rhabdodiscus crassus (Müll. Arg.) Rivas Plata
,,
C
Cr
901.
Rhabdodiscus indicus Pushpi Singh & Kr. P. Singh
,,
C
Cr
902.
Rhizocarpon geographicum (L.) DC.
Rhizocarpaceae
S
Cr
903.
Rhizocarpon sikkimense H. Magn.
,,
S
Cr
904.
Rhizocarpon superficiale (Schaer.) Malme
905.
Rhizoplaca chrysoleuca (Sm.) Zopf
906.
Rhizoplaca melanophthalma (DC.) Leuckert & Poelt
907.
Rinodina conradii Körb.
908.
Rinodina intrusa (Kremp.) Malme
97
Darjeeling
Name of species
Sikkim
Arunachal Pradeh
Endemic nature
Sl.No.
Habitat
Growth form
Cryptogam Biodiversity and Assessment
+ +
+ +
+ + E
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ + + +
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ +
+
E E
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ E
+ +
E
+ +
,,
S
Cr
+
Lecanoraceae
S/T
Fo
+ +
,,
S/T
Fo
Physciaceae
T
Cr
,,
C
Cr
+
+ +
Family
909.
Rinodina mackenziei Räsänen
,,
C
Cr
910.
Rinodina megaspora (D.D. Awasthi & M.R. Agarwal) D.D. Awasthi
,,
M
Cr
911.
Rinodina sophodes (Ach.) A. Massal.
,,
C
Cr
912.
Rufoplaca scotoplaca (Nyl.) Arup, Søchting & Frödén Teloschistaceae
S
Cr
913.
Sarcographa glyphiza (Nyl.) Kr.P. Singh & G.P. Sinha
Graphidaceae
C
Cr
+
914.
Sarcographa heteroclita (Mont.) Zahlbr.
,,
C
Cr
+
915.
Sarcographa labyrinthica (Ach.) Müll. Arg.
,,
C
Cr
+
916.
Sarcographa tricosa (Ach.) Müll. Arg.
917.
Sarcogyne sikkimensis Räsänen
918. 919. 920. 921. 922.
Sporopodium argillaceum (Müll. Arg.) Zahlbr.
923. 924. 925.
Sporopodium xantholeucum (Müll. Arg.) Zahlbr.
926.
Squamulea squamosa (B. de Lesd.) Arup, Søchting & Frödén
927.
Staurothele clopima (Wahlenb.) Th. Fr.
928.
Stereocaulon alpinum Laurer
929.
Stereocaulon coniophyllum I.M. Lamb
930.
+ E
+ +
+ +
,,
C
Cr
Acarosporaceae
S
Cr
E
Schistophoron indicum Kr.P.Singh & Swarnalatha
Graphidaceae
C
Cr
E
Sclerophora pallida (Pers.) Y.J. Yao & Spooner
Coniocybaceae
C
C
+
Solorina crocea (L.) Ach.
Peltigeraceae
T
Fo
+
Solorina simensis Hochst.
,,
T
Fo
+
Pilocarpaceae
F
Cr
Sporopodium awasthianum Kr.P.Singh & Pinokiyo
,,
F
Cr
Sporopodium phyllocharis (Mont.) A. Massal.
,,
F
Cr
,,
F
Cr
Teloschistaceae
C
Cr
Verrucariaceae
S
Cr
Stereocaulaceae
T
Fr
+
,,
S
Fr
+
Stereocaulon foliolosum Nyl. var. botryophorum (Müll. Arg.) I.M. Lamb
,,
S
Fr
+
Stereocaulon foliolosum Nyl. var. foliolosum
,,
S
Fr
Stereocaulon foliolosum Nyl. var. strictum (C. Bab.) I.M. Lamb
,,
T
Fr
+
931.
Stereocaulon glareosum (Savicz) H. Magn.
,,
T
Fr
+
932.
Stereocaulon himalayense D.D. Awasthi & I.M. Lamb
,,
S/T
Fr
+
+
933.
Stereocaulon macrocephalum Müll. Arg.
,,
S/T
Fr
+
+
934.
Stereocaulon massartianum Hue
,,
S/T
Fr
+
+
935.
Stereocaulon myriocarpum Th. Fr.
,,
T
Fr
+
+
936.
Stereocaulon paradoxum I. M. Lamb
,,
T/S
Fr
937.
Stereocaulon piluliferum Th. Fr.
,,
S/T
Fr
938.
Stereocaulon pomiferum P.A. Duvign.
,,
S/T
Fr
939.
Stereocaulon togashii I.M. Lamb
,,
S
Fr
98
Darjeeling
Name of species
Sikkim
Arunachal Pradeh
Endemic nature
Sl.No.
Habitat
Growth form
Singh et al.
+
E
+ +
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ +
+
+
+ +
+ +
+ + +
+
+
+
+
+
Sticta damaecornis (Sw.) Ach.
942.
Sticta henryana Müll. Arg.
943. 944.
Darjeeling
941.
Lobariaceae
Sikkim
Sticta cyphellulata (Müll. Arg.) Hue
Arunachal Pradeh
940.
Family
Endemic nature
Name of species
Growth form
Sl.No.
Habitat
Cryptogam Biodiversity and Assessment
C
Fo
,,
C
Fo
+
,,
C/T
Fo
+
Sticta indica D.D. Awasthi & Upreti
,,
C/T
Fo
Sticta limbata (Sm.) Ach.
,,
C
Fo
+
945.
Sticta nylanderiana Zahlbr.
,,
C
Fo
+
946.
Sticta orbicularis (R. Br.) Hue
,,
C/T
Fo
+
+
947.
Sticta platyphylloides Nyl.
,,
C/T
Fo
+
+
948.
Sticta praetextata (Räsänen) D.D. Awasthi
,,
C/T
Fo
+
+
949.
Sticta weigelii (Ach.) Vain.
,,
C/T
Fo
+
+
950.
Strigula antillarum (Fée) Müll. Arg.
Strigulaceae
F
Cr
+
+
951.
Strigula concreta (Fée) R. Sant.
,,
F
Cr
+
+
+
952.
Strigula janeirensis (Müll. Arg.) Lücking
,,
F
Cr
+
953.
Strigula maculata (Cook & Masse) R. Sant.
,,
F
Cr
+
+
+
954.
Strigula melanobapha (Kremp.) R. Sant.
,,
F
Cr
+
955.
Strigula multipunctata (G. Merr. ex R. Sant.) R.C. Harris
,,
F
Cr
+
956.
Strigula nemathora Mont. f. hypothelia (Nyl.) Lücking
,,
F
Cr
+
957.
Strigula nemathora Mont. f. nemathora Mont.
,,
F
Cr
+
958.
Strigula nitidula Mont.
,,
F
Cr
+
+
959.
Strigula orbicularis Fr.
,,
F
Cr
+
+
960.
Strigula phyllogena (Müll. Arg.) R.C. Harris
,,
F
Cr
+
+
+
961.
Strigula smaragdula Fr.
,,
F
Cr
+
+
+
962.
Strigula subelegans Vain.
,,
F
Cr
+
+
+
963.
Strigula subtilissima (Fée) Müll. Arg.
,,
F
Cr
+
964.
Sulcaria sulcata (Lév.) Bystrek ex Brodo & D. Hawksw.
Parmeliaceae
C
Fr
+
+
965.
Sulcaria virens (Taylor) Bystrek ex Brodo & D. Hawksw.
,,
C
Fr
+
+
966.
Synarthonia sikkimensis S. Joseph &G. P. Sinha
Incerte sedes
C
Cr
967.
Tapellaria bilimbioides R. Sant.
Pilocarpaceae
F
Cr
+
968.
Tapellaria epiphylla (Müll. Arg.) R. Sant.
,,
F
Cr
+
969.
Tapellaria molleri (Henriq.) R. Sant.
,,
F
Cr
+
970.
Tapellaria nana (Fée) R. Sant.
,,
F
Cr
+
971.
Tapellaria nigrata (Müll. Arg.) R. Sant.
,,
F
Cr
+
972.
Tapellaria saxicola Vìzda & Poelt
,,
F
Cr
973.
Teloschistes flavicans (Sw.) Norm.
Teloschistaceae
C
Fr
974.
Tephromela khatiensis (Räsänen) Lumbsch
Tephromelataceae
S
Cr
975.
Thamnolia vermicularis (Sw.) Ach. ex Schaer.
Icmadophilaceae
T
Fr
99
+
E
+
E
+ +
+ +
+
+ +
+ + E
+
+ +
+
Thecaria quassiicola Fée
978.
Thelenella indica Pinokiyo & Kr .P . Singh
979.
Trapelia subconcolor (Anzi) Hertel
980.
Tricharia santessonii D. Hawksw.
981.
Tricharia vainioi R. Sant.
982.
Trichothelium epiphyllum Müll. Arg.
983.
Trypethelium dichroum Makhija & Patw.
984.
Trypethelium eluteriae Spreng.
985.
Trypethelium inaequale Fée.
986.
Tuckermannopsis chlorophylla (Willd.) Hale
987.
Tuckermannopsis sepincola (Ehrh.) Hale
988.
Tuckneraria laureri (Kremp.) Randlane & A. Thell
989.
Tuckneraria sikkimensis Divakar & Upreti
990.
C
Cr
E
+
,,
C
Cr
Thelenellaceae
F
Cr
Trapeliaceae
S
Cr
Gomphillaceae
F
Cr
+
,,
F
Cr
+
+
Porinaceae
F
Cr
+
+
Trypetheliaceae
C
Cr
,,
C
Cr
+ E
Darjeeling
977.
Graphidaceae
Family
Sikkim
Thecaria austroindica (D.D. Awasthi & Upreti) Kr.P. Singh & G.P. Sinha
Arunachal Pradeh
976.
Endemic nature
Name of species
Habitat
Sl.No.
Growth form
Singh et al.
+ + +
E
+ +
+
,,
C
Cr
Parmeliaceae
C
Fo
+
,,
C
Fo
+
Parmeliaceae
C
Fo
,,
C
Fo
Tylophoron moderatum Nyl.
Arthoniaceae
C
Cr
991.
Tylophoron protrudens Nyl.
,,
C
Cr
992.
Typlophoron nidulans Strit.
,,
C
Cr
993.
Umbilicaria badia Frey
Umbilicariaceae
S
Fo
+
994.
Umbilicaria cylindrical (L.) Delise ex Duby
,,
S
Fo
+
995.
Umbilicaria decussata (Vill.) Zahlbr.
,,
S/T
Fo
+
996.
Umbilicaria indica Frey
,,
S
Fo
997.
Umbilicaria leiocarpa DC.
,,
T
Fo
+
998.
Umbilicaria nanella Frey & Poelt
,,
S
Fo
+
999.
Umbilicaria thamnodes Hue
,,
S
Fo
+
1000.
Umbilicaria vellea (L.) Ach.
,,
S/T
Fo
+
1001.
Umbilicaria virginis Schaer.
,,
S
Fo
1002.
Umbilicaria yunnana (Nyl.) Hue
,,
S
Fo
+
+
1003.
Usnea aciculifera Vain.
Parmeliceae
C
Fr
+
+
+
1004.
Usnea bismolliuscula Zahlbr.
,,
C
Fr
+
+
+
1005.
Usnea bornmuelleri J. Steiner
,,
C
Fr
+
+
+
1006.
Usnea cineraria Motyka
,,
C
Fr
+
+
+
1007.
Usnea compressa Taylor
,,
C
Fr
+
+
1008.
Usnea dendritica Stirt.
,,
C
Fr
+
+
+
1009.
Usnea eumitrioides Motyka
,,
C
Fr
+
+
+
1010.
Usnea fragilis Stirt.
,,
C
Fr
+
+
+
1011.
Usnea galbinifera Asahina
,,
C
Fr
+
+
1012.
Usnea himalayana Bab.
,,
C
Fr
+
+
100
E
+
+ +
+ E
+ +
+ +
+
+
+
+
+
+
E
Darjeeling
Arunachal Pradeh
Endemic nature
Name of species
Family
1013.
Usnea himantodes Stirt.
,,
C
Fr
1014.
Usnea leucospilodea Nyl.
,,
C
Fr
1015.
Usnea longissima Ach.
,,
C/T
Fr
+
1016.
Usnea lucea Mont.
,,
C
Fr
+
1017.
Usnea luridorufa Stirt.
,,
C
Fr
+
1018.
Usnea montisfuji Motyka
,,
C
Fr
+
1019.
Usnea nepalensis D.D. Awasthi
,,
C
Fr
+
1020.
Usnea nipparensis Asahina
,,
C
Fr
+
1021.
Usnea norkettii G. Awasthi
,,
C
Fr
+
1022.
Usnea ogatai Asahina
,,
C
Fr
1023.
Usnea orientalis Motyka
,,
C
Fr
+
+
+
1024.
Usnea pangiana Stirt.
,,
C
Fr
+
+
+
1025.
Usnea pseudomontis-fuji Asahina
,,
C
Fr
1026.
Usnea pseudosinensis Asahina
,,
C
Fr
+
+
1027.
Usnea robusta Stirt.
,,
C
Fr
+
+
1028.
Usnea roseola Vain.
,,
C
Fr
+
+
1029.
Usnea rubicunda Stirt.
,,
C
Fr
+
+
1030.
Usnea sinensis Motyka
,,
C
Fr
+
1031.
Usnea sordida Motyka
,,
C
Fr
+
+
1032.
Usnea spinosula Stirt.
,,
C
Fr
1033.
Usnea splendens Stirt.
,,
C
Fr
+
+
1034.
Usnea subfloridana Stirt.
,,
C
Fr
+
1035.
Usnea thomsonii Stirt.
,,
C
Fr
+
+
1036.
Usnea undulata Stirt.
,,
C
Fr
+
+
1037.
Verrucaria aethiobola Wahlb.
Verrucariaceae
S
Cr
+
1038.
Verrucaria coerulea (Ramond) DC.
,,
S
Cr
+
1039.
Verrucaria transiliens Arnold
,,
S
Cr
+
1040.
Violella wangii T. Sprib. & Goffinet
Tephromelataceae
C
Cr
+
1041.
Viridothelium virens (Tuck.ex Michener) Lücking et al.
Trypetheliaceae
C
Cr
+
1042.
Vulpicida pinastri (Scop.) Mattson & M.J. Lai
Parmeliaceae
C
Fo
+
1043.
Xanthoparmelia antleriformis (Elix) Elix & J. Johnst.
Parmeliaceae
S
Fo
+
1044.
Xanthoparmelia mexicana (Gyeln.) Hale
,,
T
Fo
+
1045.
Xanthoparmelia stenophylla (Ach.) Ahti & D. Hawksw. Parmeliaceae
S/T
Fo
+
1046.
Xanthoria elegans (Link) Th. Fr.
Teloschistaceae
S
Fo
+
1047.
Xanthoria sorediata (Vain.) Poelt
,,
S
Fo
+
Sikkim
Sl.No.
Habitat
Growth form
Cryptogam Biodiversity and Assessment
+ + +
+
+ +
+
+
+
+
+
+
Abbreviations: C=corticolous, S=saxicolous, T=terricolous, M=muscicolous, Cr= crustose, Fo= foliose, Fr= fruticose, Sq= squmulose and E= endemic
101
Singh et al.
Fig. 1. Map of Indian Eastern Himalaya.
Lichen collections and their investigations
Botanical Survey of India, at Shillong, Sikkim and Allahabad, together with collections of Central National Herbarium, Howrah (CAL), the studies on lichens of this region enhanced considerably. The planned extensive collections made from Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim and Darjeeling district, West Bengal under the Flora of India project and All India Co-ordinated Project on Taxonomy (AICOPTAX) funded by Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) were investigated. These studies revealed very fruitful results and enriched the lichen herbaria through the collections made from remote areas. In a series of publications Roychowdhury 1972; K.P. Singh and Nongkhynrih 1984; K.P. Singh and Uperti 1986; K.P. Singh et al. 1989; Sinha and K.P. Singh 1990, 2005; Sinha et al. 1994; Yoshimura et al. 1997; Ahti et al. 2002; K.P. Singh and Pinokiyo 2003, 2004, 2008; Pinokiyo and K.P. Singh 2006; K.P. Singh et al. 2004, 2005, 2009; Dubey et al. 2007, 2010; Upreti et al. 2011; Jagadeesh and Sinha 2011a, b; K.P. Singh and Swarnlatha 2011a, b, c; Pinokiyo et al. 2004; K.P. Singh and Chandra 2007; K.P. Singh and P. Singh 2012a, b; P. Singh et al. 2013, 2015; P. Singh and K.P. Singh 2012, 2014, 2015a,b, 2016, 2017; Rana et al. 2015; Sinha and P. Gupta, 2017 etc. have published some new taxa, new records for
The knowledge of lichens of this region is known through the publications of several workers starting from the 19th century onwards. Earlier collections were sporadic and investigated mostly by European workers. One of the earlier publications on the lichens from this region was by William Nylander (1860, 1863) who reported 80 species based on the collections made by Sir J.D. Hooker and T. Thomson from the higher ridges of Eastern Himalaya and parts of Nepal. Interestingly, it yielded 40 new species. Müller Argoviensis (1895) also enumerated 12 taxa of lichens based on a small collection made by Stevens from the Sikkim region (Darjeeling, earlier part of Sikkim). Lichens collected from North East India including Darjeeling by G. Watt were described by Stirton (1876, 1879). In another important publication Chopra (1934) recorded 75 lichen taxa from Eastern Himalaya. Apart from these, few important contributions made by other 20th century workers were by Awasthi (1961), Kurokawa (1966), Awasthi and Agarwal (1968 a and b, 1969, 1970) etc. With the initiation of lichen studies and establishment of lichen herbaria from 1981 onwards by the scientists of
102
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strictum Roxb., Crateva unilocularis Buch.-Ham., Duabanga grandiflora (DC.) Walp., Dysoxylum excelsum Blume, Mangifera sylvatica Roxb., Magnolia oblonga (Wall. ex Hook.f. and Thomson) Figlar, Persea odoratissima (Nees) Kosterm., Phoebe hainsiana Merr., Pterospermum acerifolium (L.) Willd., Shorea robusta Gaertn., Sterculia villosa Roxb., Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels and Terminalia myriocarapa Van Heurck and Müll. Arg. The second storey of vegetation comprises small trees and shrubs like Bauhinia purpurea L., Clerodendrum spp., Cyathea spp. Gynocardia odorata R. Br., Kydia glabrescens Mast., Magnolia hodgsonii (Hook.f. and Thomson) H. Keng, M. rabaniana (Hook.f. and Thomson) D.C.S. Raju and M.P. Nayar, Mesua ferrea L., Rhus chinensis Mill., Pandanus nepalensis H.St. John and Saurauia punduana Wall. The foot hills below the altitude of 500 m usually have fewer lichens except in moist and shady places. The lichen vegetation changes as the altitude increases.
India, general accounts of some genera from this vast region. In a major contribution Sinha and K.P. Singh (2005) have published an illustrated account of 320 species under 72 genera of Macrolichens from the state of Sikkim. In another recent important contribution K.P. Singh and Pinokiyo (2014) recorded 98, 37 and 43 species of foliicolous lichens from Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim and Darjeeling district of West Bengal respectively. The lichen diversity of this hotspot region is discussed below based on these informations and own observations made in the field. Lichen vegetation: Eastern Himalaya is mostly a hilly terrain and major land area is forested. The landscape and forests vary with varying altitudes. The geography, location, climate and varying topography have contributed to the characteristic, rich, unique and diverse lichen vegetation of the region. The lichen vegetation of the Eastern Himalaya can broadly be categorized into following 4 major types based on the altitude and species composition observed in the area.
Evergreen moist forests have more luxuriant growth of lichens as compared to dry deciduous forests. The trunks of above mentioned trees show the growth of crustose lichens such as Anthracothelium macrosporum, A. prasinum, A. recedens, Bacidia laurocerasi, B. heterochroa, Caloplaca bassie, Chrysothrix candelaris, Cryptothecia scripta, C. punctulata, Diorygma junghuhnii, Erythrodecton malacum (figure 6B), Graphis duplicata, Graphis longispora (figure 6C), Lepraria lobificans, Malmidea granifera, Letrouitia transgressa, Lithothelium hyalosporum, Megalospora tuberosculosa, Ocellularia subgranulosum, Porina tijucana, Pseduopyrenula diluta, P. subnudata, Pyrgillus tibellii (figure 6E), Trypethelium eluteriae, T. tropicum, Diorygma spp., Graphis spp., Phaeographis spp., Pyrenula spp., Thecaria spp. etc. This vegetation is also characterized by the abundance of foliicolous lichens (figure 5) which are encountered on the phorophytes like pteridophytes (Nephrolipes, Pteris, Nephrodium, etc), monocotyledons (Calamus, Caryota, Cheilocostus, Livistona, Pandanus, Rhaphidophora etc) and dicotyledons (Actinodaphni, Agapetes, Mangifera, Schima, Piper sp., etc). A leaf of phorophytes may contain single to many species growing together. The species of Mazosia, Strigula, Porina, Echinoplaca, Tapellaria, Cryptothecia, Byssoloma, Arthonia, Astherothyreium, Fellhanera etc. are common on the live leaves. The Porina, Strigula and Mazosia are the dominant genera among the foliicolous forms. The common foliose forms are represented by Dirinaria applanata, D. consimilis, Bulbothrix isidiza, Parmotrema cristiferum, P. praesorediosum, P. tinctorum, Pyxine cocoes, Physcia spp., Heterodermia spp. etc. These
Tropical lichen vegetation: This type of lichen vegetation is found up to an elevation of 900 m in the foothills. It usually occurs in the vicinities of Tipi, Kalaktang, Seppa, Bana in East Kameng district; Itanagar, Ganga-lake in Papumpare district; Kimin, Along, Basar, Lekabali, Yazali, Garu, Kaying, Bulle in West Siang district; Pangin, Yingkiyong in Upper Siang district, Shimong, Dambuck in East Siang district; Taliha, Daporizo, Dumporizo in Upper Subansiri district; Miao, Deban in Changlang district; Khosna and neighboring places in Tirap district etc. in the state of Arunachal Pradesh. Adhari, Ahao, Assam-Lingzey, Aritar, Dikchu, Rangpo, Rhenok, Rongli, Rorathang, Simiklingey-Patukchandy, Singtam in East Sikkim district; Sanklang in North Sikkim district; Manpur, Majhitar, Jorethang in South Sikkim district and Nayabazar in West Sikkim district etc. in the Sikkim state and Oodlabari, Tista Valley and Siliguri, Sukna, Chunabhati, Tindharia in the Darjeeling district of West Bengal. The tropical vegetation consists of semi-evergreen and evergreen and deciduous forests and possesses moist climatic conditions, favourable for luxuriant growth of lichens. At some places Pine forest are also found along with Sal forests. Some of the dominant arboreal elements of this zone are Ailanthus integrifolia Lam., Bischofia javanica Blume, Bombax ceiba L., Schima wallichi Choisy, Cinnmomum glaucescens Hand. -Mazz., Castanopsis indica (Roxb. ex Lindl.) A. DC., Canarium
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Beilschmiedia roxburghiana Nees, Callicarpa arborea Roxb., Ficus gasparriniana Miq.., Magnolia pterocarpa Roxb., Michelia oblonga Wall. ex Hook.f. & Thomson, Schima wallichii Choisy, Quercus acutissima Carruth., Q. griffithii Hook.f. & Thomson ex Miq., Q. lanata Sm., Sterculia hamiltonii (Kuntze) Adelb. etc. in association with numerous foliose forms like Bulbothrix, setschwanesis, B. meizospora, Coccocarpia erythroxyli, Collema fufuraceum, Hetrodermia diademata, H. firmula, Hypotrachyna cirrhata (figure 7A), H. koyaensais, H. nepalensis, H. osseoalba, H. vexans, Myelochroa subaurulenta (figure 8F), Nephroma helveticum, Leptogium azureum, L. moluccanum, Parmelaria thomsonii, Parmelinella wallichiana, Myelochroa xantholepis, Parmotrema sancti-angelii,, Pyxine sorediata, Pseudocyphellaria aurata and P. crocata. In some moist places Collema furfuraceum, Leptogium trichophorum, Peltigera dolichorhriza, Lobaria retigera are more common. Many fruticose species like Cladonia singhii (figure 8B), Usnea rubicunda U. aciculifera, U. bismollicuscula, U. pectinata, Ramalina subcomplanata etc grow on the tree trunks while Porina tijucana, Strerocaulon piluliferum, Cladonia pityrea, C. scabriuscula are found on ground and soft rocks.
grow usually in moist places in association with crustose species of Lecanora, Porina, Graphis, Glyphis, Phaeographis etc. In more moist places foliose forms like Leptogium cyanensis, Coccocarpia palmicola, Collema spp. etc. grow on the ground, stones, and trunks of trees. In dense forests, lichens are confined to the fringes of forest or upper portion of trees where enough light and wind currents are available. Inside forests the lichens are few or absent due to non availability of sufficient light and wind current though foliicolous forms are common on phorophytes. The roadside trees and exposed road cuttings also possess many species of crustose and foliose forms. The fruticose forms are very few except few cosmopolitan species like Usnea baileyi and Ramalina pacifica which occur on upper portions of trees or on exposed rocks. Cosmopolitan species of fruticose Cladonia spp. grow here and there on the ground in shady places. Sub-tropical vegetation: This type of lichen vegetation is found between 900 and 1800 m altitudes in the vicinities of Sessa, Rupa, Nechiphu, Shergaon, Thungrai in West Kameng district; Myodia, Hunli, Riyali, Sero basti in Lower Debang Valley district; Ziro, Pange, Hapoli in Lower Subansiri district; Barpu, Chipru, Mailiang, Chaglagam, Wahlong, Kibithoo, Dichu in Anjaw district; Bulli, Yapik, Lungte, Karo, Gapo, Monigong, Mechuka in West Siang district etc in the state of Arunachal Pradesh; Bhusuk, Chongey, lower ridges of Gangtok, Namthang, Pakyong, Ranipul, Regu, Rumtek, Sang, Saramsa, Setipul, Singtam, Tumin in East Sikkim district; Geyzing, Kacheopalri, Sombaria, Soreng, Tashiding and Yoksum in West Sikkim district; Bey, Mangan, Namprik, Pentong, Sakyong, Upper Dzongu in North Sikkim district and Sumbuk-Kartikey , Ravangla, Tarku in South Sikkim district in the state of Sikkim. Kurseong (1500 m), Mahanadi area, Ranjit river valley, Lebong, Kalimpong, Munsong in Darjeeling district of West Bengal. These areas have rich diversity of crustose and foliose lichens. Among the crustose species, Anisomeridium biforme, Arthonia cinnabarina, Bapalmuia palmularis, Coenogonium luteum, Diorygma macgregorii, Diploschistes cinereorcaesius, Herpothallon sticticum, Laurera megasperma (figure 6D), Laurera meristospora, Myriotrema microporum, Hemithecium nagalandicum, Pallidogramme bengalense, Phaeographis divaricoides, Platygramme caesiopruinosa, P. aggregata, P. complanata, P. papillifera, Pyrgillus cubanus, Tylophoron moderatum etc. are abundant on the trunks of Acer oblongum Wall ex DC., Alnus nepalensis D. Don, Castanopsis indica (Roxb. ex Lindl.) A. DC., Actinodaphne obovata (Nees) Blume,
The old pine forests of Pinus merkusii Jungh. & de Vriese, P. roxburghii Sarg and P. wallichiana A.B. Jacks, which occur in pure strands at many places of this region, are suitable habitats for the luxuriant growth of lichens on their trunks. These grow in association with Alnus nepalensis D.Don, Betula alnoides Buch.-Ham ex D.Don, Lyonia ovalifolia (Wall.) Drude, Tsuga dumosa (D. Don) Eichler, Quercus spp. etc, which also show good lichen growth. The common lichen species which grow on their trunks are Bulbothrix isidiza, Parmotrema tinctorum, P. cristiferum, Pseudoparmelia ecaperata, Hypotrachyna nepalensis, H. vexans, Cetrariopsis wallichiana, Usnea baileyi, U. misamisensis, U. pectinata, Ramaliina celastri, Hypogymnia spp. etc. The foliicolous forms are almost same as found in tropical vegetation with dominance of Porina and Mazosia spp. Temperate lichen vegetation: The temperate lichens occur between altitudes 1,800 and 2,800 m in the vicinities of Bomdila, Dirang, Rupa, Shergoan, Shera basti in West Kameng district; the forest beyond Anini in Upper Dibang valley district; forests of Tawang and Bomdir in Tawang district, upper ridges in Mechuka in West Siang district; Simbi and Hot Spring in Anjaw district etc. in the state of Arunachal Pradesh. Similarly, Gangtok, Karponang, Kyangnosla, Meimenchu,
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Subalpine and Alpine lichen vegetation:
Penengla, Pangolakha, Pangthang-Rokshe, Phadamchen, Rechala in East Sikkim district; Bakhim, Barshey, Labdang, Karchi, Kongri, Pelling, Pemayangtse in West Sikkim district; Chhaten, Jakthang, Lachen, Lachung, Phuni, Thangu, Tholung, Yakche, Yumthang, Zema in North Sikkim district ; Damthang, Namchi, Rabangla, Samdruptse, Tendong in South Sikkim district in the Sikkim state and Tiger hills, Kalimpong division, and Neora Valley National Park in Darjeeling district of West Bengal come under this category of lichen vegetation.
The subalpine lichen vegetation is found between 2800 and 3600 m altitudes and alpine lichen vegetation above 3600 m where the tree line ends in the areas like Sela pass, Pange teng Sho, Bumla and higher ridges in Tawang district, higher ridges of Dichu and Dalai valleys, Jachup and Taluk pass in Anjaw district in Arunachal Pradesh; Chhangu, Jelepla, Kupup, Nathula, Sherathang, Thegu, Yakla in East Sikkim district; Dzongri, Phedang, Samiti, Thangsing, Zemathang in West Sikkim district and Donkia La, Kissong La, Lashar, Llonak valley, Sebu La, Thangu, Theu La, Yomesamdong in North Sikkim district in the state of Sikkim. The subalpine and alpine areas exhibit poor lichen diversity than the areas at lower altitudes. The majority of lichens are dimorphic (Cladonia awasthiana (figure 8a) and other Cladonia spp.) or crustose forms which mainly grow on rocks or soil. However, the dwarf bushes of Rhododendron spp., Salix spp., Cotoneaster spp., Berberis spp., some coniferous tress like, Abies spectabilis (D. Don) Mirb., Cupressus torulosa D. Don, Juniperus recurva Buch.-Ham ex D. Don, Pinus wallichiana A.B. Jacks, Tsuga dumosa (D. Don) Eichler etc. are found with macrolichens genera like Usnea, Hetrodermia, Hypogymnia alpina, physodes, H. sikkimensis, H. vittata (figure 8D), Teloschistes and Alectoria etc. on their trunks and twigs. Corticolous lichens such as Calicium indicum, Cyphelium inquinans, Mycoblastus affinis, Synarthonia sikkimensis, Usnea nepalensis etc. are characteristic lichens representing the subalpine lichen vegetation. Saxicolous microlichen species such as yellow patches of Rhizocarpon geographicum (figure 6F), R. sikkimense and greyish green patches with red apothecia of Ophioparma ventosa and foliose Rhizoplaca chrysoleuca and Xanthoria spp. are of common occurrence. Besides, on exposed rocks fruticose species like Acroscyphus sphaerophoroides, Allocetraria flavonigrescens, A. globulans, Cladia aggregata, Cladonia rangiferina, Lethariella cladonioides, Stereocaulon coniophyllum, S. macrocephalum and foliose Flavocetrariella melaloma, Lobaria pseudopulmonaria, Cetraria islandica, Nephroma nakaoi, Umbilicaria spp., Physcia spp. etc are seen on ground.
The dominant trees species in this zone such as Alnus nepalensis D.Don, Betula alnoides Buch.-Ham ex D.Don, Magnolia campbellii Hook.f. & Thomson, Exbucklandia populnea (R..Br. ex Griff.) R.W.Br., Castenopsis indica (Roxb. ex Lindl.) A. DC, Cryptomeria japonica (Thunb. ex L.f.) D.Don, Ilex dipyrena Wall., Prunus bracteopadus Koehne, Symplocos racemosa Roxb., Rhododendron spp., Acer spp., Cornus spp., Quercus spp. etc. provide suitable habitat for the growth of foliose lichen species like Parmotrema nilgherrense, Nephromopsis ornata, N. pallescens, N. stracheyi, Cetrelia braunsiana, C. pseudolivetorum, Hypogymina wattiana, Heterodermia incana, Hypotrachyna cirrhata (figure 7A), Hypotrachyna vexans (figure 8C), Lasallia pustulata, Solorina simensis (figure 7C), Sticta cyphellulata, Menegazzia terebrata (figure 8E) etc. Crustose forms are usually few in number and occur on rocks, boulders and on bark of trees and on ground. The species like Aderkomyces albostrigosus, Coccotrema cucurbitula (figure 6A), Caloplaca flavorubescens, Caloplaca ferruginea, Haematomma wattii, Mycomicrothelia conothelena, Ochrolechia subpallescens, Pertusaria multipuncta etc. grow abundantly on the trunk of trees. Similarly, Aspicillia calcarea, Buellia aethalea, Buellia posthabita, Caloplaca handelii, Diploschistes caesioplumbeus, Mycobilimbia hunana, M. philippiana, Verrucaria coerulea, V. transiliens etc. grow on exposed rocks in moist shady places. The fruticose forms like Bryoria confusa, B. himalayana, Sulcaria sulcata, S. virens, Ramalina sinensis, Ramalina hossei, Usnea dendritica (figure 7A), Usnea himalayana (figure 7D), U. thomsonii hangs on trees, while Stereocaulon pomiferum, Cladonia coccifera and Cladia aggregata (figure 7B), grow abundantly on the ground as well as on exposed rocks in moist shady places. Peltigera praetextata, Sticta platyphylloides, Lobaria pseudopulmonaria, L. kurokawae are well distributed in this zone and grow on ground and on stones in association with mosses usually along the streams and rivulets.
Lichen diversity The lichen diversity of Eastern Himalaya is quite rich and studied earlier by few workers. K.P. Singh and Sinha (1997) presented the lichen diversity of the area dealing with 730 species, distributed in 144 genera on the basis of records available at that time and included two botanical
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regions i.e. Eastern Himalaya and Eastern India (Jain, 1983) together for the discussion. In another important publication K.P. Singh (1999) recorded 843 species under 150 genera from Eastern Himalayan region including other north-eastern states like Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Manipur, Nagaland and Tripura for the discussion. Later, Sinha and Jagadeesh Ram (2011) discussed the lichen diversity of Sikkim state dealing with 506 species under 128 genera, based on own investigations on the collected material. Further, studies in recent past have added more number of taxa and increased the number of species in the region.
An analysis of species diversity in Eastern Himalaya leads to the following 10 categories (Table. 2). It is interesting to note here that majority of genera belong to 1, 2, 3 and 610 species categories while maximum species diversity occurs in the genera belonging to 8-10 species categories.
In the present state of knowledge, Indian Eastern Himalaya as dealt here comprises 1049 species (Table 1) 1sub species and 4 varieties, out of c. 2540 species known so far, from India and distributed within 212 genera and 63 families. This constitutes about 41.29 % of the total Indian lichen flora. However, these data of lichen diversity may change in future, if higher hill ranges in alpine areas are explored thoroughly that may add many interesting new additions to this region. A general statistics of the diversity from this region shows that Sikkim is richest in terms of number of species and represented by 638 (25.1% of 2540 spp.) species, followed by Arunachal Pradesh with 617 (24.29%) species and Darjeeling district of West Bengal with 367 (14.44%) species (Table 1). Parmeliaceae with 207 species shows the maximum diversity, followed by Graphidaceae with 156 species, Physciaceae with 55 species, Cladoniaceae with 50 species etc. (Table 3).
Table 3.
At generic level, Graphis is maximum speciose and comprises 76 species, followed by Cladonia with 47 spp., Lecanora with 42 spp., Pyrenula with 40 spp., Porina 36 spp, Heterodermia 34 spp. etc. (Table 4).
India
Table 2.
The available account also shows that Eastern Himalaya has some characteristic lichen genera e.g. Acroscyphus, Erythrodecton, Oropogon, Ophioparma, Mycoblastus, Plastismatia which are hitherto unknown from other parts of India.
India
Number of species
Number of genera
1.
1
74
2.
2
42
3.
3
28
4.
4
15
5.
5
06
6.
6-10
27
7.
11-20
11
8.
21-30
02
9.
31-40
04
10.
41-80
03
Eastern Himalaya
Percentage in EH
Parmeliaceae (357 spp.) Parmeliaceae (207 spp.)
57.9%
Graphidaceae (472 spp.) Graphidaceae (156 spp.) Physciaceae (97 spp.) Physciaceae (55 spp.)
33.05% 56.7%
Cladoniaceae (61 spp.)
Cladoniaceae (50 spp.)
40.6%
Pyrenulaceae (87 spp.)
Pyenulaceae (49 spp.)
56%
Lecanoraceae (106 spp.) Lecanoraceae (48 spp.)
45.28%
Arthoniaceae (129 spp.) Arthoniaceae (42 spp.)
32.5%
Porinaceae (64 spp.)
57.8%
Table 4.
Porinaceae (37 spp.)
Eight dominant genera of lichens in Eastern Himalaya and India
Percentage in EH Graphis (138 spp.) Graphis (76 spp.) 55.5% Lecanora (91 spp.) Lecanora (42 spp.) 45% Pyrenula (74 spp.) Pyrenula (40 spp.) 57.9% Pertusaria (59 spp.) Pertusaria (22 spp.) 37.2% Porina (61 spp.) Porina (36 spp.) 59% Usnea (57 spp.) Usnea (34 spp.) 59.6% Cladonia (58 spp.) Cladonia (47 spp.) 78% Heterodermia (45 spp.) Heterodermia (34 spp.) 75.5%
Analysis of species diversity in Eastern Himalaya
No. of Category
Eight dominant families of lichens in Eastern Himalaya (EH) and India
Eastern Himalaya
Endemism and speciation Eastern Himalaya is an active centre of speciation as evidenced by the occurrence of large number of endemic species. Endemism study in India as a whole has not received much attention as compared to flowering plants. It may be probably due to small nature of these organisms which are difficult to grow in natural conditions in other suitable places, thereby very little attention is paid for their conservation though lichens play a significant role in ecosystem functioning, produce useful unique secondary
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microlichens. With the increase of lichen studies in the country, K.P. Singh et al. (2004) again estimated 25.26% endemism. For Eastern Himalayan region K.P. Singh and Sinha (1997) estimated 20.5% endemic species. New explorations in unexplored regions and revisionary studies of many genera at world and regional level changed this scenario and in the present state of knowledge Indian Eastern Himalaya comprises 107 species (19.7 % of 541 endemic species from India) and thus, shows the high degree of endemism. The occurrence of some endemic species confined only to this region are Aderkomyces sikkimensis, Caloplaca indica, Caloplaca gyrophorica, Coenogonium himalayense, Cryptothecia farinosa, Cryptothecia verruculifera, Hemithecium isidiatum, Herpothallon himalayanum, Herpothallon sticticum, Hypogymnia sikkimensis, H. thomsoniana, Hypotrachyna neosingularis, Laurera sikkimensis, Leiorreuma subpatellulum, Nephroma sikkimensis, Phlyctis monosperma, Phyllobathelium indicum, Pyrenula darjeelingensis, Rhabdodiscus indicus, Rhizocarpon sikkimense, Schistophoron indicum, Sarcogyna sikkimensis, Thelenella indica, Tuckneraria sikkimensis etc, and thus indicates the unique lichens diversity of Eastern Himalaya. The number of species may increase as other localities get explored. Out of 107 endemic species known from this area Graphidaceae now becomes dominant family and comprises 27 endemic species, followed by Arthoniaceae with 16 species, Physiaceae and Parmeliaceae with 11 species each etc. The high degree of endemism in crustose genera is probably because of simple nature of their thalli. Graphis shows maximum endemism with 6 species, followed by Hemithecium,Herpothallon and Porina with 5 species each, Diorygma, Phlyctis and Pyrenula with 3 species each etc.
Fig. 2. Different lichen growth forms in Eastern Himalaya.
Fig. 3. Habit-wise lichen occurence in Eastern Himalaya.
Conservation Lichens are very sensitive organisms and disappear even if a little disturbance occurs in environment and ecosystem. These environmental changes affect lichen diversity, abundance, growth, morphology, physiology, accumulation of pollutants etc. Lichen conservation in India has not received substantial attention even after the five decades of systematic lichenological research. Time has come now that taxonomical, ecological and conservation studies should go hand in hand for the betterment of degrading ecosystem. K.P. Singh and Sinha (1997a,b) earlier discussed the vulnerability and major threats for Indian lichens and suggested few means for lichen conservation. Upreti and Nayaka (2008) advocated the need for creation of lichen gardens and sanctuaries in India to conserve them in their natural habitats. Recently, Das et al. (2012)
Fig. 4. A comparision of lichen diversity in the states of Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim and Darjeeeling district of West Bengal with India.
metabolites many not known in other group of plants, pollution monitoring and climate change studies. K.P. Singh and Sinha (1997) for the first time estimated about 23% endemism in Indian lichens and majority of these belong to
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Fig. 5. Habitus of some foliicolous (on live leaves) lichens: A. Aderkomyces sikkimensis Pinokiyo & al., B. Lasioloma archnoideum (Krep.) R. Sant, C. Porina tetramera (Malme) R. Sant., D. Mazosia lueckingii Kr.P. Singh & Pinokiyo, E. Trichothelium epiphyllum Müll. Arg., F. Sporopodium awasthianum Kr.P.Singh & Pinokiyo.
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Fig. 6. Habitus of some crustose lichens: A. Coccotrema cucurbitula (Mont.) Müll. Arg., B. Erythrodecton malacum (Kremp.) G. Thor, C. Graphis longispora D.D. Awasthi & S.R. Singh, D. Laurera megasperma (Mont.) Riddle, E. Pyrgillus tibellii Kr. P. Singh & Pushpi Singh, F. Rhizocarpon geographicum (L.) DC.
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Fig. 7. Habitus of some foliose and fruticose lichens: A-D. A. Hypotrachyna cirrhata (Fr.) Divakar, A. Crespo, Sipman, Elix & Lumbsch; Ramalina hossei Vain. var. hossei and Usnea dendritica Stirt., occurring on a small twig; B. Cladia aggregata (Sw.) Nyl.; C. Solorina simensis Hochst.; D. Usnea himalayana Bab., on small woody shrub (Photos by Dr. T.A.M. Jagadeesh Ram)
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Fig. 8. Habitus of some foliose and fruticose lichens: A. Cladonia awasthiana Ahti & Upreti, B. Cladonia singhii Ahti & P.K. Dixit, C. Hypotrachyna vexans (Zahlbr. ex W.L. Culb. & C.F. Culb.) Divakar, A. Crespo, Sipman, Elix & Lumbsch, D. Hypogymnia vittata (Ach.) Parrique, E. Menegazzia terebrata (Hoffm.) A. Massal., F. Myelochroa subaurulenta (Nyl.) Elix & Hale (Photos by Dr. T.A.M. Jagadeesh Ram)
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considered home gardens (agro-ecosystems located close to the area with permanent or temporary residence) as potential sites for lichen conservation. These home gardens in Eastern Himalaya seem to be helping in conserving wild species of lichens in the face of wanton destruction of forests. But how long these home gardens will be kept intact is doubtful. In Eastern Himalaya at many places lichen rich sites are facing threats because of various anthropogenic activities like construction of new roads, expansion of towns and highways, construction of new buildings on the hills, old agricultural practices, mineral extraction, hydroelectric projects, etc. However, lichens can be conserved in two well established ways- “in situ” and “ex situ” methods. “In situ” conservation of lichens is more viable and easy in comparison to “ex situ”conservation which is uneconomical and difficult. In situ conservation can be effected by establishing selected lichen rich habitats in the form ‘lichen sites’ or ‘lichen reserves’ or ‘Sanctuaries’ at different elevations in the region. These sanctuaries or sites must include good number of species including rare, endangered, threatened and endemic species. Further, protected areas (biosphere reserve, National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries and Tiger reserves) can be further demarcated for establishing lichen rich areas as ‘lichen sites’ or ‘lichen gardens’ by the concerned authorities. Similarly, existing botanical gardens with lichens can be further demarcated for establishing lichen rich areas as ‘lichen garden’ for lichen conservation in their natural habitats. Apart from conservation, these ‘lichen gardens’ or ‘lichen’ sites’ or ‘sanctuaries’ would serve also as educational and recreational materials
corticolous (on bark), followed by 105 foliicolous (on live leaves), 102 terricolous (on soil or ground), 68 saxicolous (on rocks) and single muscicolous (over mosses) species (Fig. 3). Around 131 species grow on more than one substratum as mentioned in the enumerated list of species. It is interesting to note (Fig. 4) that although geographically Sikkim has small area, but exhibits maximum 25.1% lichen diversity, followed by Arunachal Pradesh which has very large geographical area with 24.29% lichen diversity. The Darjeeling district of West Bengal harbors 14.44% lichens of Eastern Himalaya. This indicates somewhere that Arunachal Pradesh requires more exploration. The lichen flora of this region shows close affinities with the SinoJapanese lichen flora and several species are common with South-East Asian countries. Several endemic elements of the region need to be conserved through population study and inventories of lichens from protected areas are required to be prepared. The unexplored higher ridges of the regions require exploration for documentation of interesting findings and higher altitude taxa need to be screened from bioprospection point of view for the welfare of human beings. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Authors are thankful to Director, Botanical Survey of India, Kolkata for providing facilities. Two of the authors (KPS and PS) are thankful to the authorities of National Academy of Sciences, India (NASI) under NASI Senior Scientist Platinum Jubilee Fellowship and Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB) New Delhi under N-PDF (PDF/2016/002035), for financial assistance respectively. Thanks are also due to Dr. A. Pinokiyo, D.M. college Imphal, Manipur for providing the map of Indian Eastern Himalaya.
Reserving land, population study, listing of rare and threatened species of lichens and identifying critical habitats for target species are main components of lichen conservation strategy that are usually lacking except few in Indian context. For lichen conservation priorities for future research include exploration of lichen rich sites, identifying critical habitats, preparation of inventories from protected areas and taxonomic work, surveying data-deficient taxa and sampling poorly studied habitats along with creating awareness and educating community about the significance of lichens.
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