1 A lecture handout prepared by

A lecture handout prepared by: Redmond Ramin Shamshiri, PhD https://florida.academia.edu/Redmond Hasfalina Che Man, Associate Professor Desa Ahmad, Professor. Ir. Fall semester, 2017 Contact Info

Outline  Introduction, Greenhouses in the Netherlands vs. Malaysia

 Some Definitions  History  Simple fact, yet ignored  Concept of Adaptive Solution applied to Greenhouse  Introduction to Greenhouse Automation and Control System Engineering

 Open-field vs. Closed-field  Vegetable production in the highlands and lowlands of Malaysia  Malaysian Strategy and Policy on Vegetable Production (2011-2020) © Redmond Ramin Shamshiri, https://florida.academia.edu/Redmond

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Greenhouses in the Netherlands vs. Malaysia Malaysia land area is 330,803 sq.km, almost 8 times larger than the Netherlands with 41,543 sq.km. However, tomato production in 2015 was 900,000 tons in the Netherlands, almost 5.4 times more than Malaysia with 165000 tons. (FAO Stat)

2015 Tomato production 890,000 tons

Malaysia

2015 Tomato production 165,177 tons

© Redmond Ramin Shamshiri, https://florida.academia.edu/Redmond

Greenhouses in the Netherlands


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Greenhouses in the Netherlands


Greenhouses in Malaysia


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Definitions  Greenhouse Dictionary definition: A building, room, or area, usually covered with glass, in which the temperature is maintained within a desired range, used for cultivating tender plants or growing plants out of season. More scientific definition: A closed-field plant production environment that may utilize automation and control system for providing optimum growing condition (Shamshiri, 2017) Controlled Environment Plant Production System (CEPPS), (Controlled Greenhouse) A greenhouse with some degree of automation and control system 

 Adaptive Greenhouse A greenhouse that benefits from at least one of the following: 1. Adjustable design : (Structure frame can be modified to form a new shape) 2. Adjustable covering: (Covering can be moved and/or replaced with different materials) 3. Adjustable orientation: (Applicable to small scales for Urban farming application)  Smart Greenhouse A greenhouse that can perform cost/benefit analysis and make proper decisions that maximize profit 1. Ability to predict yield 2. Ability to automatically adjust reference values (set-points) for the microclimate parameters 3. Ability to automatically control and monitor its environment

Therefore an Automated Controlled Greenhouse is NOT a SMART greenhouse © Redmond Ramin Shamshiri, https://florida.academia.edu/Redmond

Definitions Greenhouse

Controlled Env Plant Production

Source: Agri-cube


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History Began in 1998: Problems of high import of temperate agricultural products, including vegetables, fruits, seeds and plant materials which valued more than RM 1.2 billion.  Dr. Mahathir Mohammad visited The Netherlands and was impressed by the production of temperate flowers.  Early 2000s: High-Tech greenhouses were imported from The Netherlands and Australia, without proper modification. (Evaporative cooling)  It was first thought that growing temperate crop varieties in Malaysia is not possible except in the highland region. Large scale production was not also possible in the Highlands  Publications by Professor. Hawa Jafar highlighting this issue and suggesting shifting highlands greenhouses to the lowlands.

“It is possible to build greenhouses with relatively simple means in tropical lowlands regions in which crops can be protected against winds and pests, and can be grown at practically the same temperature as outside.” ~Dr. Erik Toussaint, Wageningen UR © Redmond Ramin Shamshiri, https://florida.academia.edu/Redmond

History MARDI Solution began in early 2000s: "Design and development of Controlled Environment Greenhouse system" that can provide optimum crop growth condition for all the year round production. The product was later called Smart Greenhouse

Evaporative cooling or Air Condition system? In Early 2000, Malaysia imported greenhouses from The Netherlands that operated based on Evaporative cooling  Failure in humid climate An alternative solution by MARDI: Air Conditioner

Problem with the So-called “Smart Greenhouse”, Designed by MARDI 1. Air temperature Control: Rely on four units of Air Conditioner Result in RM3000/month bill 2. Relative Humidity Control: Rely on Humidifier and ventilation  Additional cost and control effort

Cause of Problems: 1. MARDI Greenhouse is fully covered with polycarbonate panels and Polyethylene films 2. MARDI Greenhouse Control strategy is based on Single-Input, Single-Output. (T & RH)

3. No indication of vapor pressure deficit © Redmond Ramin Shamshiri, https://florida.academia.edu/Redmond

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Simple fact, yet ignored:

1.

Air temperature and Relative humidity in Tropical Lowlands of Malaysia are in the comfort range for most greenhouse crops (About 70% time, that is 16 hour out of 24 hour)

2.

In tropical lowlands of Malaysia, if you cover a greenhouse structure with plastic, glass or similar materials, air temperature can rise to 77°C in the absence of climate control system (While outside air temperature is around 32°C)

Therefore: 1. Having a conventional greenhouse in this region and trying to cool it down is like having a person wearing many clothes in a hot sauna and then try to cool him (So we DO NOT NEED a greenhouse) 2. Crop should be protected against heavy rains and disease, direct sun, wind, extreme outside temperature, etc..etc… (So we NEED a greenhouse)

Solution: We need a Greenhouse that can make smart decisions and adapt itself to different scenarios like heavy rains, hot hours, winds, etc © Redmond Ramin Shamshiri, https://florida.academia.edu/Redmond

Concept of Adaptive Solution applied to Greenhouse: It is not the strongest of the species that survives, nor the fastest, ~ Charles Darwin Life is all about Making Decisions that enable us to Adapt with the Environment 1 Objective: Reduce Energy cost >> More Profit

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Learn the Problem and Deliver Right amount & Right shape of solution to it.

Problem: Malaysia ranks 74th between 122 countries Question: Why Malaysia is not in the top 10? 2

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Traditional Hard work pays off You get more if you pay more Modern

work pays off  You get more if you pay

Problem shaping

Adaptive Greenhouse Assess Problem Adjust

Design

Evaluate

Implement

Monitor


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Quick Introduction to Greenhouse Control System Engineering and Control Theory

Definition: Control systems engineering is the engineering discipline that applies control theory to design systems with desired behaviors. Definition: Control theory is an interdisciplinary branch of engineering and mathematics that deals with the behavior of dynamical systems with inputs. © Redmond Ramin Shamshiri, https://florida.academia.edu/Redmond

Quick Introduction to Greenhouse Control Engineering

Control Theory

1- Classical Limited to Single-Input and Single-Output (SISO) Example: PID, Lead or Lag filter

2- Modern Multi-Input and Multi-Output (MIMO)

System Classifications

Linear Non-linear (Lyapunov based, Adaptive) Logic or sequential controls

Control System

Linear Feedback

Non-linear Fuzzy-Logic


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Logic or sequential controls

Control System

Linear Feedback


Logic or sequential controls: Uses Controlled Relays or PLCs. Logic controllers may respond to switches, timers, light sensors, pressure switches, etc., and can cause the machinery to start and stop various operations. Examples includes washing machines, elevators, water heater. On–off Control also known as bang–bang controller: switches abruptly between two states




Control System

Linear Feedback


Linear Control: The output into the controlled process may be in the form of a directly variable signal, such as a valve that may be 0 or 100% open or anywhere in between. A linear control system may repeatedly switch an actuator, such as a pump, motor or heater, fully on and then fully off again, regulating the duty cycle using pulse-width modulation.


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Control System

Linear Feedback


Non-Linear Control: is the area of control engineering specifically involved with systems that are nonlinear, time-variant, or both. • It studies how to apply existing linear methods to these more general control systems. • It provides novel control methods that cannot be analyzed using LTI system theory. • Examples techniques: Lyapunov based, Adaptive © Redmond Ramin Shamshiri, https://florida.academia.edu/Redmond



Control System

Linear Feedback


Fuzzy Logic: Began with the 1965 proposal of fuzzy set theory by Lotfi A. Zadeh at the University of California, Berkeley. Fuzzy logic has been applied to many fields, from control theory to artificial intelligence. • Fuzzy logic allows for approximate values and inferences as well as incomplete or ambiguous data (fuzzy data) as opposed to only relying on crisp data (binary yes/no choices).


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Open-Field vs. Closed-Field

 Open field, also known as conventional farming  Crop grow in natural environment, always exposed to adverse weather conditions, high solar radiation, heavy rain, flood, weed and insects, pest and disease  Successful returns depends on land size, fertile soil, high maintenance, fertilizer, pesticide, etc

 Labor intensive, involve machinery, require land infrastructure and drainage

 Low return (yield & quality) with respect to the land size and other inputs  Environment pollution issues and hazard, i.e., soil erosion, chemical spreading, etc


Open-Field vs. Closed-Field  Closed-field cultivation is useful when

Large Scale Greenhouse for High-quality production in Holland

 Land is scare, farm inputs are limited  Yield intensification is required  Production is challenging or impossible under external weather conditions, weed, pest and diseases.  High-tech greenhouse and Controlled Environment is a new field in Malaysia tropical lowlands agriculture, (No Center of Excellency)  Greenhouse automation and control requires multidisciplinary knowledge: Structure and Building environment, Climatology (thermo-environment), Thermodynamics, Heat and mass transfer, Engineering properties of materials, Natural ventilation, Mathematical modeling, Controlled system and automation, Electronics and ICT, Plant physiology, etc… © Redmond Ramin Shamshiri, https://florida.academia.edu/Redmond

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Open-Field vs. Closed-Field

 Characterized by small farm sizes, scattered and operates open field.  Disorganized farming system especially in lowland areas.  Cultivated area in Peninsular Malaysia ± 15,000 ha.  Produced vegetables ± 761,000 tons/year (± 87% SSL).  Contribute ± RM 600 million to the GDP.  Export vegetable ± 172,360 tons valued RM 102 million.  Import vegetables ± 330,000 tons valued RM 304 million.  Per capita consumption of vegetable in Malaysia is 50 kg.


Vegetable production in the Highlands of Malaysia  Characterized by mild temperate weather (15-28°C)  Intense rainfalls and well adapted to temperate crops  Conventional practices - terraces/rain shelters, slope small sizes, scattered farms  Limited area - mainly in Cameron Highlands (1800 ha)  High market produce but insufficient production  Logistic – long distance between production and market centers  Production does not satisfy country huge market demand

 Improper packaging: Vegetables are transported traditionally in bulk  Problem with storage for maintaining fresh quality


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Vegetable production in Tropical lowlands of Malaysia Average yield for greenhouse tomato in lowlands of Malaysia: 80 tons/ha (According to Food and Agriculture Organization, Good commercial yield for Greenhouse tomato should be 400 to 700 tons/ha) Closed-field

Open-field

Problem with high temperature

Problem with heavy rainfalls

Percentage of world production (%)

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Percentage of Total 18 15

Malaysia ranks 74th between 122 countries Indonesia ranks 22nd

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Malaysia: 0.083% of total world production (135,010 tons in 2014)

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Malaysian Strategy and Policy on Vegetable Production (2011-2020)

Government Policy on Vegetable Production The NAFP (2011-2020) has proposed the transformation of the agricultural sector into a modernized, commercialized and sustainable. Growth and development momentum will be marketdriven.

The main and specific policies are:    

Production for local market and export. Diversification of production on a commercial scale. Emphasis on quality produce for health requirement. Production of high-value vegetables utilizing cost- effective methods.

Malaysia plan for Vegetable Production (2015 - 2020)         

The production targeted to increase to 2.7 million tons/yr. Self-sufficiency level is targeted to increase (87%) to 125%. Per capita consumption is to increase from 50 kg to 77 kg. The farms are characterized by well-planned infrastructures. The concept of farm production factory; Integrated production with harvesting, PH handling and packaging. Fully mechanized or partially automated operations. Marketing through an auction market where prices will be determined by quality standards. Environment-friendly technology, clean and safe vegetables.


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Homepage and contact:

Slides can be downloaded from https://florida.academia.edu/Redmond

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Web: www.AdaptiveAgroTech.com Emails: [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] © Redmond Ramin Shamshiri, https://florida.academia.edu/Redmond

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1 A lecture handout prepared by

1 A lecture handout prepared by

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