informants (KIs) in addition to on-site observation by the team members. The ..... peepal, kapak, drumstick, Cassia sp., jamun, palmyra, gulmohar and bamboo.
1
1. INTRODUCTION Indian agriculture is challenged with a number of problems which include overall low productivity, sustainability and natural resource degradation. As a consequence, rural sector of our country is going through an acute crisis. Every year, there is considerable migration from rural areas to urban areas causing an increased population pressure on basic amenities. To make rural sector comfortable, we must make agricultural productivity a profitable one. Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) is an important tool in this connection to find location specific problems and researchable issues to come up with possible solutions for short and long-term benefits. PRA is a good exposure for the trainee scientists to understand the problems of the farmers. It allows them to think individually in his/her area of interest for necessary intervention. PRA also provides an opportunity to the farmers to analyze their livelihood issues. PRA is an exercise that deals with temporal and spatial issues in agricultural activities. Spatial information supplies the database about soil type, water resources, land use, land pattern and topography of different life support system. Temporal data helps in seasonal analysis, adoption and awareness about the new technologies and human dimension helps in knowing the facts about participation, gender issues, disaggregation, cultural values and ethics of the people of that locality. This Field Experience Training (FET) report has been prepared by multidisciplinary team of six members from different disciplines namely Agricultural Entomology, Textile Chemistry, Agricultural Economics, Agricultural Statistics, Plant Breeding and Agronomy. The information collected under different PRA tools is presented in different sections of this report. 2. OBJECTIVES OF THE FIELD EXPERIENCE TRAINING (FET) The specific objectives of the FET are:
To provide an opportunity to the trainee scientists for interaction with the farming community and to get an insight into their ways of living, needs, resources, priorities, problems and prospects.
2
To enable the trainee scientists to understand the adoption profile of farming community.
To provide an opportunity to the trainee scientists to understand the technology adoption and diffusion process and the factors associated with adoption and related concepts.
To provide an opportunity to the trainee scientists to understand the extension system and transfer of technology (TOT) operating in the village.
To provide an opportunity to the trainee scientists to gain an insight and appreciation about indigenous technical knowledge (ITK) of farmers and to generate appropriate technologies if scientifically valid.
To enable the trainee scientists to discuss the problem and identify field related problems.
To inculcate the culture of teamwork and multi-disciplinary perspective among scientist-trainees.
To study socio-economic implications and consequences of technologies, products and processes.
To generate a detailed account of technology products and processes used by producers with respect to production scenario, problems, opportunities, and futuristic approaches.
To provide comprehensive insight into the role of private industry and other stakeholders in value chain.
3. PARTICIPATORY RURAL APPRAISAL (PRA) TOOLS Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) is a systematic, semi structured activity conducted on site, by a multidisciplinary team. It is basically a bottom to top approach of learning rural life forms with and by rural people. Due to active participation of community members as well as scientists, PRA has become a useful method to focus attention on people, their livelihood and relationship with social and economic factors. It is a good technique to help the community members make an appraisal of their livelihoods and issues related to it. Diverse information is collected during PRA using a number of techniques. This information is verified by triangulation among various key
3
informants (KIs) in addition to on-site observation by the team members. The various techniques used by the FET team to collect information are as follows:
Direct observation, collection and verification of primary data.
Collection of secondary data from panchayat members and officials of the State Dept. of Agriculture.
Semi structured interview by raising some general issues to motivate villagers' participation in different aspects of the village.
Collection of detailed views by approaching some representative key informants.
Use of snowball technique to know more about some specific issues.
Participatory mapping for rapport building, easy interaction and spontaneous involvement.
Seasonal analyses to understand different time bound farm activities, problems and opportunities throughout the year.
Problem identification and preference ranking to identify the top most problems and preparing solution plan accordingly.
4. FET METHODOLOGY The FET is a learning process. It is firmly anchored on the principle of 'seeing is believing' and 'learning by doing'. FET has three phases. In the first phase, the village for PRA work was selected in consultation with the FET coordinator, Dr. F.H.Rahman, Senior Scientist, KVK, Budbud, West Bengal. We selected the village Jagulipara in Burdwan district of West Bengal, located at a distance of 14 km from KVK, Budbud. KVK has introduced several technical interventions in this village thus making it easier for the team to collect information from the villagers. In Jagulipara, we identified one main Key Informant (KI), Mr. Sk. Nijamul Haque, a progressive farmer relevant to the PRA techniques. The team walked along with the main KI, interacted with other KIs and villagers, observed while walking and noted the information. For each PRA technique up to six KIs were selected. Interaction with KIs was initiated from the semi-structured questionnaires and then branched as per need. The given information by one KI was triangulated (verification) with other KIs and on the
4
spot analysis. The principle and methods of PRA was adhered for gathering information on 22 topics. PRA is a research technique developed in early 1980s as an alternative and complementary to conventional sample survey. PRA is a way of learning from and with farmers to investigate, analyze and evaluate constraints and opportunities and to formulate research plan to address the problems. The complexities of problem involved in agriculture can be understood through PRA and hence, it is a system approach for systematic and rapid collection of information. In the second phase of FET, we visited and interacted with various stakeholders like the farm input suppliers, farmers co-operative and veterinary officials. The interaction with stakeholders also helped to understand the agricultural problems and prospects in the village and to prioritize the research problems for action. We shared our experience with the villagers and also with the scientists of KVK, Budbud by organizing one seminar in village on 03.07.2010 and another seminar at KVK, Budbud on 07.07.2010. We obtained feedback from the farmers and the scientists, in light of which the action plan was modified and proposed. In the third phase, to understand the industrial scenario prevailing in the area, we visited Bhorosha Rice Mill Pvt Ltd, Paraj, Burdwan, a private rice mill company. We also visited vermicompost unit at Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute (CMERI), Durgapur, West Bengal. For Institutional visit we visited Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibres (CRIJAF), Barrackpore, West Bengal. 5. PRA TECHNIQUES USED IN THE VILLAGE 1. Basic Information 2. General Transect 3. Agro-ecological map 4. Social map 5. Resource map 6. Daily routine diagram (DRD) and Daily activity profile (DAP) 7. Seasonal calendar and analysis 8. Gender disaggregated activities
5
9. Rural non-farm employment 10. Time line 11. Time trend 12. Technology map 13. Matrix ranking 14. Consequence diagram 15. Bio-resource flow 16. Wealth ranking 17. Livelihood analysis 18. Venn diagram 19. Mobility map 20. Indigenous technical knowledge 21. Problem identification technique 22. Problem and solution tree
6
6. FINDINGS Jagulipara village is situated under Galsi - I Block, Burdwan district, West Bengal. The distance of the village from KVK, Budbud is about 14 km. The name of the village was originated from Farsi word „Jagul‟, meaning rose, still villagers are maintaining germplasm of rose. Information was collected through multi disciplinary PRA method. The analyzed results of various PRA techniques applied in Jagulipara village are given below. 6.1 BASIC INFORMATION Key informants: Sk. Muzaulhaq (Pradhan), Sk. Abubakkar, Sk. Abedul Haque Name of the Village Village Panchayat Block District State
: : : : :
Jagulipara Paraj Galsi I Burdwan West Bengal
Neighbourhood North South East West
: Paraj : Raipur : Potna and Khuraj : Lowa- Santoshpur
Climatological Data Mean Annual Rainfall : Mean Annual Temperature: Relative Humidity :
1500 mm / year 270 C 80%
Geographical Coordinates Latitude Longitude Altitude
: : :
23°20’25.4”N 87°35’46.66”E 183 feet (55m)
Geographical Area Total Area : Cultivated Area (Net Sown Area) : Irrigated Area :
1000 Acres 932.40 Acres 856.46 Acres
7
Canal irrigated area Pond irrigated area Residential Area Fallow Land
: : : :
800 Acres 56.46 Acres 67.6 Acres Nil
Demographic Pattern (2001 census) Total no. of households Total population No of Males No of Females Percentage of nuclear family
: : : : :
630 2792 1403 1389 95%
Percentage of joint family
:
5%
Literacy in percentage
:
53%
Literate
Illiterate
Male
840
563
Percentage of literate 59.87%
Female
640
749
46%
Total
1480
1312
53.00%
Community Categorisation Percentage of Muslim Families
:
80%
Percentage of Hindu families
:
20%
Occupational Distribution of families Dependent fully on agriculture and livestock
:
75%
Agriculture and service
:
5%
Dependent on labour and livestock
:
20%
Labour includes agricultural labour and non-agricultural labour including driving, construction, pedalling rickshaw and shop-keeping. Agricultural Scenario A) Land Distribution Land Holding per House Hold Largest
:
20 Acres
Average
:
4 Acres
Smallest
:
0.2 Acres
8
B) Crop Husbandry Paddy
Kharif – MTU 7029 (Swarna), Govindbhog, BN 20 and 1001 Rabi- MTU 1010, IR 36, MTU 1081 and Satabdi minikit
Oilseed
Mustard- B-54 (Agarni)
Vegetable
Brinjal, Okra, Ridge gourd, Bottle gourd, Spinach, and Tomato
Fruit
Mango, Guava, Banana
Gross Cropped Area
: 1864.80 Acres
Cropping Intensity
: 200 %
C) Animal Husbandry Type of Animals:
Cow, Bull, Buffalo, Goat, Poultry, Duck and Fish
Animal
Types
Population
Cow
1000
Poultry
Desi, Jersy, Holstein Hiranpur, Murrah Black Bengal, Jamunapari Desi, RIR Leghorn
Duck
Khaki Campbell
Bulls Buffalo Goat
200
Economic yield Milk Other products (litre/day) (egg and meat) 2-2.5 (Desi) 5-6 (Jersy) Draught purposes, --natural insemination
50
2
Draught purposes
4000
---
6000
---
Meat purposes Meat and egg purposes (2-2.5 kg/bird)
4000
---
Egg purposes
Mortality Rate of Different Animals: Buffalo, cow and goat due to natural mortality mainly, disease mortality is rare. Poultry mortality due to disease is approximately 5%. Feed material availability: Paddy straw, Rice bran, Mustard oil cake and minerals D) Water Bodies Open well Bore well Pond Canal
: : : :
1 Nil 40 2 (DVC and DMC)
9
E) Others Soil Type Soil pH
: :
Clay loam soil 5-6.5
F) Agricultural implements Tractor Power tiller Cultivator Country plough Bullock cart Seed drill Knapsack Sprayer Power sprayer Thresher Oil engine Husking machine
: : : : : : : : : : :
24 4 24 100 150 Nil 600 (ASPEE) Nil Power thresher- 30; Paddle thresher- 450 150 2
Picture 1: Image of Jagulipara village located in Burdwan District of West Bengal
10
Picture 2: Rapport building with the villagers
Picture 3: Discussion with villagers about their agricultural livelihoods
Picture 4: Discussion with Agricultural Development Officer and panchayat officials about Jugulipara village
11
6.2 GENERAL TRANSECT Key informants: Molla Nur Haque, Sheikh Amiul Haque, Sheikh Nasiruddin, Molla Abdul Naim Transect is the walk through the village in a particular direction along with some key informants. The main objective of the transect is to understand and study the major land uses, topographical pattern, water resources, natural vegetation and different ecological zones by observing, interacting and discussing with the key informants, while walking in the decided direction. The items for discussion included topics such as land use pattern, land slope, soil type, soil fertility status, water recourses, agro-ecological zones, crops, weeds, trees and lives stocks (Table 1). The entire village of Jagulipara is divided into three zones, viz. residential, cropped area and pond area (Picture 5 and 6). The residential area is in the centre with agricultural fields lying on the outer areas. The soil of Jagulipara is clay loam. Rice is the main crop for the village however, some amount of mustard also grown in upland areas. Trees are found mostly near the residential areas, which include coconut, mango, guava, neem, peepal, kapak, drumstick, Cassia sp., jamun and gulmohar. The major weeds are Echinochloa sp, Cyperus sp, Argemone mexicana, Comelina bengalensis, Trianthema portulacastrum and Euphorbia hirta. Vegetables are grown in backyard houses and it includes tomato, brinjal, okra, spinach, bottle gourd and ridge gourd. The residential area of the village has many numbers of small ponds. These ponds have been used for fish culture namely Katla, rohu, silver carp, pangas and mrigal are cultured here. The water of the pond is also used for cleaning the cattle. Drainage from the village also flows into the pond. Trees like palmyra and bamboo are present around the pond. The major weed in the pond is Eichhornia crassipes. Farming is practised with all the modern equipments and implements like power tiller, tractor, disk plough, cultivator, puddler, thresher and sprayer. Farmers with less land (< 2 acres) use animal drawn implements for farming. The livestock population of the village consists of cows, bull, goats, buffaloes, poultry, and duck.
12
Jagulipara village has several institutions including one mosque, one temple, samabai samity, dispensary, self help groups, two schools and four anganwadis. The major problems observed in the village are non availability of healthcare facilities, higher education schools and non availability of inputs in time, marketing, monoculture, water logging during harvesting stage, insect pests and labour issues. Biogas plant, composting, vermiculture, crop diversification, IPM, crop rotation, cleaning of ponds, scientific fish cultivation and Integrated farming system (IFS) were identified as the major opportunities for the village.
Picture 5: Transect map of Jagulipara village depicting land uses, topographical pattern, water resources, natural vegetation of the village
13 Picture 6: Views of residential area, agricultural land and pond of Jagulipara village
Table 1: The general transect of Jagulipara village S. No. 1. 2. 3.
Particulars
Residential area
Farmed area
Pond
Soil type Topography Major crops Kharif Rabi
Clay loam Up land
Clay loam Low land
Clay loam Depression
---
Paddy Mustard
---
Tomato, brinjal, okra, cucurbits
---
---
---
Paddy – Paddy, Paddy- MustardPaddy
---
---
Fish – Katla, rohu, silver carp, pangas, mrigal
-
Bamboo and palmyra
Echinochloa sp., Cyprus irria, C. rottantus C. deformis Argemone mexicana
Eichhornia crassipes
Canals, ponds
Groundwater
4.
Vegetables
5.
Cropping pattern
6.
7.
Livestock/pou ltry/fish
Trees
Cow, bull, buffalo, goat, duck, poultry Coconut, mango, guava, drumstick, neem, jamun, babul, peepal Comelina bengalensis, Trianthema portulacastrum, Euphorbia hirta
8.
Weeds
9.
Water sources
Hand pumps
10.
Pests and diseases
Brinjal shoot and fruit borer, aphid
11.
Technology
Tissue culture of banana
12.
Problems
Healthcare, higher
Yellow stem borer, BPH, GLH, sheath blight System Rice Intensification, Thresher Monoculture, Insect
---
Shading and
14
13.
Opportunities
education schools, marketing Biogas plant, composting, vermiculture, cooperative market facility
pest, water logging, labour problem Crop diversification, IPM concept, Crop rotation
unclean water Cleaning pond, scientific fish cultivation, Integrated farming system
6.3 AGRO-ECOLOGICAL MAP Key informants: Syed Akbar Ali, Molla Mohammed Hosen, Tarak Chandra Maji Agro-ecological map indicates the macro and micro ecological features in a village. The meteorological parameters like rainfall, temperature, relative humidity, flora and fauna of the village and the basic land use pattern is depicted in the map. The village Jagulipara is located at 32 km towards East West from Burdwan on Burdwan -Durgapur road. It is situated at latitude 23°20‟25.4”N, longitude 87°35‟46.6”E and altitude of 183 feet (55 m) above mean sea level. The area is characterized by high summer and low winter. Majority of total annual rainfall is recorded in the period of June to September. The soil type is clay loam and pH is 5 - 6.5. In Kharif season paddy is the major crop; some popular varieties such as MTU 7029 (Swarna), CR 1017/18, Khus, BN 20 and BN 1001 are grown in the village. In Rabi season paddy is the main crop and the varieties grown are MTU 1010, IR 36, BN 20, MTU 1081 and Satabdi minikit. Mustard (B 9) is grown on a small scale. The major weeds seen were Echinochloa sp., Cyprus irria, C. rottantus C. deformis in rice; Argemone mexicana in mustard and C. bengalensis, T. portulacastrum in residential area. Major trees found in the village are coconut, mango, guava, neem, peepal, kapak, drumstick, Cassia sp., jamun, palmyra, gulmohar and bamboo. Vegetable crops such as tomato, brinjal, ridge gourd, bottle gourd, spinach and okra are grown on a very small scale mainly for self-consumption. The major sources of irrigation are canal. All cultivated areas are irrigated in Jagulipara. Major agro-ecological resources of Jagulipara village have shown in Picture 7 and 8.
15
Cattle dung is dried as cakes and used as fuel. The dung is used in the fields as organic manure after composting. Rice straw is used for roof making, fodder for livestock feeding and storage of paddy.
Picture 7: Agro-ecological map of Jagulipara village depicting the various agricultural and ecological resources of the village
Picture 8: Major agro-ecological resources of Jagulipara village
16
6.4 SOCIAL MAP: Key informants: Sk. Nizamul Haque, Molla Nur Haque, Mollah Hassem Ali The social map gives different socio-economic information of the Jagulipara village to understand and analyze the importance of social issues such as social structure, stratification, social institutions and availability of social facilities in the village. According to information, from the key informers and common villagers, social issues like bonded labour and social conflict are absent in the village. Jagulipara village is a quite large in size having a total population of 2792 (2001, census) which includes approximately, 630 households. The number of male and female in the village is 1403 and 1389 respectively. This represents approximately equal percentage of male and female population. The total area of the village is 1000 acres. The main occupation of the village is agriculture (paddy & mustard) and livestock (goat, hen and duck). The literacy percentage of the village is also quite good (53 %). Male literacy percentage (59.87 %) is slightly higher than the female literacy percentage (46 %). In addition to the above information, other important social information are discussed below. Table 2 shows different caste information of the village. I. Social structure and stratification: The predominant caste in the village is Muslim, which is about 80% and remaining 20% is Hindu (Table 2). The Ruidas category among Hindu is more developed than the others. Table 2: Different caste distribution of the Jagulipara village
Caste: Muslim (80%)
Caste: Hindu (20%)
General (80%)
O.B.C. (20%)
S.C. (90%)
Caste category
S.T. Caste
2. Hazam (10%)
Caste category 1. Ruidas
3. Middya (5%)
2. Khetropal
Majhi
4. Mallick (5%)
3. Barui
1. Ansari (80%)
S.T. and O.B.C. (10%)
category
17
Categorization of villagers according to gender and age Group Young generation (Age < 18 years)
Percentage of total population 40
Male (%)
Female (%)
38
42
Work force (Age 18-59 years)
40
44
36
Senior villagers (Age > 60 years)
20
18
22
Categorization of villagers according to their landholding capacity Category of land holding
Amount of land
Percentage of villagers
Large farmer
= > 60 Bigha
1%
Average farmer
10 Bigha
40%
Small farmer
< 10 Bigha
20%
Land less farmer
No land
39%
* 3 Bigha = 1 Acre
Picture 9: Social Map drawn by the villagers and scientist (P) using rangoli powder
18
Picture 10: Social map showing village & surrounding places and also agricultural land & residential area.
Picture 11: Village map showing different social institutions and facilities present in Jagulipara village
19
Picture 12: Social map showing caste & caste distribution and economic wealth of the Jagulipara village II. Housing pattern: Most of the houses in the village are kaccha houses i.e. made of mud. There are also some houses which are made of brick. The numbers of kaccha houses are more than the paccha houses. 80 % of the villagers have kaccha house and remaining 20 % villagers have paccha house. There are several indications of developments of kaccha houses. The indication showed that the villagers have used their traditional knowledge to make their houses more durable to protect from rain water. They have applied coal-tar in the wall of house to prevent termite attack and to improve water resistant power of the wall. This is very important because this village is situated in high rainfall area.. In addition to this, for the same purpose they also have used cementconcrete in the bottom of the wall. There are two paccka drains system in the village but, these till not have been completed; in the rest of the part of the village, drainage infrastructure is not up-to the mark. III. Local institution: The Jagulipara village has one mosque and one Pirbaba place for the Muslim and one temple for Hindu.
20
Picture 13: Pictures of mosque, pirbaba place and hindu temple IV. Educational institution: The village has four anganwadis kendras, two primary schools and one madrasa sikhsha kendra (M.S.K.) which is shown in Picture 14. Other institutions and Govt. facilities: There is a farmer‟s co-operative society naming “Jajulipara Gramin Somobay Samity”. One inter village library is also there. The library has a collection of 5077 books covering different areas such as, auto-biography, novel, story, religious, educational text book from nursery to graduation. The library has also collection on various agriculture related books. By keeping in mind the requirement of young generation, the library also subscribe leading weekly and monthly magazines such as, Competition Success, Carrier, Karmokshetra, Pesha Prabesh. Other magazines are related to health and general aspect of society. It also subscribe two leading news papers on daily basis. Unlike other library, it is quite unique in nature because, it is a kind of mobile or dynamic library i.e. librarian or his assistant roams around the village to issue and returning of books to the/by the villagers. Number of live
21
member of the library is 350. Approximately, 40 people regularly visit the library for various information. In the village one ration shop is available. There is also one medical dispensary, however, it is run by the doctor of other village.
Picture 14: Pictures of anganwadis kendra, primary school and madrasa sikhsha kendra (M.S.K.).
Picture 15: Pictures of the different social institution and Govt. Facilities
22
V. Communication facility and other infrastructure: The village is well connected to national highway (N.H. - 2) by tarred road. Tarred and moram roads present inside the village. Telephone/mobile and T.V. facilities: There is hardly any land phone (2) in the village, however, more or less each and every family has mobile i.e., around 600 mobiles are there. Mainly, they use Idea, Hutch, MTS, Tata connection for communication. The Tata connection is becoming more popular in the village. Among the 600 households, 350 houses have T.V. These are mainly colour T.V. except 5 which are black and white. News paper: Many of the villagers read news paper daily. For the 600 households of the village, 30 news papers come daily. These news papers are Anandabazar, Gonoshakti, Sambad Pratidin. Among these news papers Sambad Pritidin is now becoming popular due to its cost effectiveness. VI. Electricity – In some portion of the village electricity supply is there. But, power cut problem is also there in an average of 6 hours per day. Power cut problem is more in the day time compared to night. Construction work for electric facility is under process in the remaining part of the village. VII. Drinking water supply- There is no external drinking water supply in the village. For drinking, they depend on hand pump which is shown in Picture 16. In an average each and every family has one hand pump for drinking water. This is because water level is easily available within 50 feet under the ground.
Picture 16: Pictures of drinking water facility in the village
23
VIII. Village shop: The Jajulipara village has many shops for the essential items which are required in their day to day life such as sweet, stationary, grocery, vegetable shops etc. The village also has other important shops such as saloon, tailoring shop, electronics, jewellery etc. The village has good water facility for agriculture trough two main cannels, one sub-cannel and 40 ponds and a good number of shallow tube wells. No social conflict is there in the village though there are some small issues such as dowry, alcoholism and immigration of labour during peak season. There is good primary education facility in the village and all the children are getting education. However, for secondary and higher education villagers have to go outside the village. The 53% literacy of the village population indicates that the village is fairly educated. Though male literacy percentage is more compared to female, now days female are becoming more educated. Though 80% population of the villagers is Muslim, Hindus are well distributed throughout the village and there is no caste segregation. This indicates that there is a good co-operation and co-relation between the Muslim and Hindu. Mainly, male of village work in the agriculture field and women work in family. In addition to family work, female have built self help group (S.H.G.) and getting training on various handcraft items from KVK, Budbud. However, some of women from economically poor family work in the field. Drainage and electricity facility in the village is still not up to the mark and yet to be developed. The village has various shops for the daily required items. The village has a shortage of labour problem during the peak time of paddy cultivation and at that time they hire labour from neighbour districts such as, Baknura and Purilia. The young generation do service in different surrounding industries such as rice mill. In spite of all these issues, Jagulipara village is fairly technologically adopted and they are quite aware of new technological development in agriculture through KVK, Budbud and ready to take trail for the new verities/technology. They are keen to develop their village through progress in agriculture & agricultural entrepreneurship.
24
6.5 RESOURCE MAP Key informants: Md. Soheb, Sk. Nizamul Haque, Sk. Md. Hanif The resource map of the Jagulipara village shows the presence of various natural and man-made resources such as human resources, land available for agriculture, sources of water, type of soil, nature of vegetation, minerals, transport, various communication facilities and different supply & service organizations. During transect walk through the village and discussion with the villagers, various information related to resources were collected which have been discussed below. The resource map of the Jagulipara village is shown Picture 17.
Picture 17: Resource map of the Jagulipara village Land: Total land area of the village is 1000 acres, out of which 932.4 acres are used for cultivation. The residential area of the village is 67.6 acres. This indicates that there is no waste land in the village. Crops: Due to the ecological and geographical location of the village paddy is the most suitable crop for cultivation, hence, it has been practiced since long back. In between the paddy cultivation, mustard is cultivated in some upland areas. Villagers are also cultivating few vegetables such as Brinjal, Okra, Ridge
25
gourd, Bottle gourd, Spinach and Tomato in some portion of the residential place. Soil: Type of soil present in Jagulipara village is clay loam having a pH of around 5 – 6.5. Water: As mentioned in transect walk and basic information about the village in the earlier section, water is abundance in the village. Water is the third important resources for agriculture after the land and human resources. Therefore, the village has an extra advantage for irrigation. The agricultural land is irrigated by three means namely canals, ponds and shallow tube wells. One canal namely “D.M.C.” is flowing through the village and the other canal “D.V.C.” is flowing through neighbour Paraj village, but, Jagulipara get water from this cannel too. There are 40 ponds present in the village which including small and big. When the water is not available in the cannels as well as ponds particularly during summer season, shallow tube wells are used for irrigation practice. Picture 18 shows the water sources available in the village.
Picture 18: Picture of the different water sources available in the village Equipments: Villagers do use various traditional and latest advanced farm equipments and machineries for agriculture such as, power tiller (4), tractor (24), trolley, thresher (480) and sprayer (600) as shown in Picture 19.
26
Picture 19: Picture of the different machine and equipment used for agriculture Govt. organization: In the village four anganwadis kendras, two primary schools and one madrasa sikhsha kendra (M.S.K.) are present. The village has a local samity naming “Village Development Samity”. In addition, the village has one mobile library. Livestock: Cow, Buffalo, Goat, Poultry and Duck. Similar to cultivation of agricultural crops such as paddy and mustard, the villagers also rear different livestock as shown in Picture 20. In an average each and every family has two (2) cows. The cow and buffalo are directly used for agriculture for ploughing. Wastes of the livestocks are used in agriculture as a fertilizer. The village has approximately 4000 goats, 6000 poultry and 4000 duck. Majority of the families have poultry and duck. Some of the villagers are doing integrated farming surrounding the pond by adopting technology from K.V.K.-Burdwan. Mostly they culture various types of fishes in pond such as Rohu, Katla, Mrigal and silver carp and surrounding the pond they raised poultry and duck and also various types of vegetables. Livestock management in the form of vaccinations and artificial insemination is quite known in the village and they are practicing from last few years.
27
Picture 20: Picture of the livestock available in the Jagulipara village Storage facility: As the villagers mainly cultivate paddy and yield is also quite good, they have developed special indigenous technology to safely store the paddy for 5-6 months. The name of the storage structure is called “Morai”. Transport facility: Public transport: For public transport in the village, they are various types of vehicles such as bicycle, rickshaw, motor bike, power three wheelers, Maruti Omni etc. Bus is available from a distance of 1 km of the village Material transport: For the transportation of the agricultural crops, chemicals and fertilizers villagers use various types of transport facilities ranging from simple tricycle (van) to advanced one such as truck.
28
Picture 21: Material transport facilities in the village 6.6 DAILY ROUTINE DIAGRAM AND DAILY ACTIVITY PROFILE Key Informants: Sheikh Abdus Hakim, Sheikh Nasirruddin, Chowdhury Alamgir, Serina Begam, Rajani Ruidas Daily routine diagram (DRD) and Daily activity profile of the villagers depict the different activities of the village people in their day to day life and also the timing for each activity. This helps to know the ideal time to interact with the village people. During that period, they can devote some time from their busy schedule and scientists can interact with them. Jagulipara is a village which is dominated mainly by the Muslim community population wise. As per the key informants, rural men from the farmers‟ community mainly engage themselves with the agricultural activities. They perform different farm operations like land preparation, transplanting, fertilizer application, weeding, spraying of pesticides, irrigation, harvesting and threshing. For marketing of the vegetables, they usually go to the weekly market at evening. They also do the livestock activities. Noticeably, most of the village women abstain from livestock activities. They also do not engage themselves with farm activities. Only a few percentages of
29
the women who belong to SC community do the livestock and some farm activities. Women from the farmers‟ community are completely engrossed in household activities only. They also do some stitching, embroidering, doll making, bag making through self help groups (SHG). Whereas, both rural men and women who do not have land work as landless labourers from morning till evening. In the evening, village men spend their time in the tea shop and village Club or Samiti. Both rural men and women watch television generally in the evening. Table 3: Daily Routine Diagram of farmers in Jagulipara village
Time 5 am
Rural men Wake up
Rural women Wake up
5.30 am
Cleaning animal shed
Household activity, kitchen work
6 am
Feeding animal
6.30 am
Breakfast
Breakfast
7 am
Farm Work
Household activity, kitchen work
12 noon
-Do-
-do-
-do-
12.30 pm Bathing and feeding of animal
-do-
1.30 pm
Lunch
Lunch
2.30 pm
Farm work / Taking rest at lean season
Stitching, embroidering, doll making, bag making etc.
4.30 pm
Marketing for household
Household activity
6 pm
Spending time at village tea shop
Watching TV
7 pm
Spending time at village club or Samiti
8 pm
Feeding animal
Kitchen work
9 pm
Dinner
Dinner
10 pm
Sleep
Sleep
- do -
30
Table 4: Daily Routine Diagram of agricultural labourers in Jagulipara village Time
Rural men
Rural women
5 am
Wake up
Wake up
5.30 am
Cleaning animal shed, feeding animal
Household activity
6 am
Daily labour
Daily labour
12 noon
-do-
-do-
12.30 pm
Bathing and feeding of animal
Kitchen work
1.30 pm
Lunch
Lunch
2 pm
Daily labour
Daily labour
4.30 pm
Marketing for household
Taking rest
6 pm
Spending time at village tea shop
Watching TV
7 pm
Spending time at village club or Samiti
Household activity
8 pm
Feeding animal
Kitchen work
9 pm
Dinner
Dinner
10 pm
Sleep
Sleep
Table 5: Daily Activity profile for rural men in Jagulipara village
31
Table 6: Daily Activity profile for rural women in Jagulipara village
6.7 SEASONAL CALENDAR AND ANALYSIS Key informants: Nijamul Haque, Rafikul Ahmad Seasonal analysis is also called as seasonal calendar. This is a calendar, which indicates month wise activities, specialities, threats, problems, abundance and shortage with regard to agriculture in a diagrammatic way. The items to be included in seasonal analysis must be of those items, which really affect the agriculture. This explores seasonal constraints and opportunities by making diagram of changes, month by month throughout the year. The main activities, problems and opportunities of Jagulipara village were identified by using seasonal calendar. It depicts time-to-time crop related operations being carried out in the existing farm situation. The common crop seasons in the village are Kharif and Rabi with rice and mustard as the main crops. Seasonal analysis helps in identifying the periods which are critical with respect to labour demand, pest and disease problems and availability of fodder. The most important problem is repeat breeding in livestock, presence of weed
32
Echinochloa crusgali in rice and aphids in mustard. Livestock diseases are common here because high humidity in the village. Farmers are well aware of improved crop varieties and are adopting latest technologies. Labour availability is inadequate throughout the year. During labour intensive seasons, migrant labourers from Jharkhand and Bihar are employed by the farmers of the village. The most remunerable activities in the village are selling of rice and milk. Farmers get part of their agricultural inputs through their cooperative society and market (from input dealer). Farmers sell their produce (mainly rice) both to the government and private agencies. Table 7: Seasonal calendar of major crops and their problems in Jagulipara village (Note: N = Nursery, LP = Land preparation, TP = Transplanting, FA = Fertilizer Application, PA = Pesticide Application, H = Harvest, S = Sowing, Ir = Irrigation, W = Weeding) Crop
Jun Jul
Aug Sep Oct
Nov
Dec Jan
Feb Mar A M
Practices Aman rice
N
TP, FA, Ir
Ir, W, PA
H
Boro rice Mustard
N LP, S,FA
Ir, FA
TP,FA ,Ir
PA, H
Winter vegetables Tomato Bhindi
TP, Ir, FA,PA Ir, FA, LP,S PA N
H1
H2
H1
H2
Ir, W, PA
H
33
Table 8: Seasonal calendar of major crops and their problems in Jagulipara village (Note: SB-Stem borer, SBl- Sheath Blight, GB- Gundhi bug, SFB-Shoot and fruit borer, MA- Mustard aphid, FB- Fruit borer) Crop
Jun J Aug Sep Oct Nov
D
J
F
M A
M
Practices Aman rice Boro rice
SB
SBI
GB SBI
SB
GB
MA
Mustard Winter vegetables
SFB
Tomato Bhindi
FB
Table 9: Seasonal calendar of livestock health management practices and problems (FMD = Foot and mouth disease, HS = Haemorrhagic septicaemia) Months Particulars
J u n
Jul
A
S
O
N
D
Buffalo
V
G
V
Cow
V
G
V
Goat Poultry Problems FMD (cow/ Buffalo) HS (cow/ Buffalo) Goat Pox Ranikhet
G
J
F
M
A M
34
6.8 GENDER DISAGGREGATED ACTIVITIES Key informants: Sk Majnarul Hossain, Ikbal Mondal, Serina Begam According to information revealed by the key informants, women in Jagulipara contributed mainly to home management. Some women mainly from SC community are engaged in feeding the livestock, milking the animals in the morning, taking the animals to the fallow land, cleaning them at noon, milking them again in the evening and cutting fodder for their animals. Landless women and those whose husbands had little land also work as agricultural labourers either within the village or in nearby towns. Men are mainly involved in field activities and also take the livestock for feeding, vaccinations, artificial insemination and grazing (goat) as well as selling milk. Table 10: Gender disaggregation seasonal calendar of Jagulipara village (Note: F= Female, Fr= Fertilizer application, H= Harvesting, IA= Insecticide application Ir= Irrigation, LP= Land preparation, M=Male, Mr = Marketing, NR= Nursery raising, Pi= Picking S= Sowing, T= Threshing, TP= Transplanting, W= Weeding)
Crop
Ju
J
A
S
O
N
D
J F
M
A
M
W(M+F) Ir(M) Fr(M)
Ir (M)
H (M+F)
Practices Aman rice Boro rice Mustard
NR (M)
TP (M+F)
W(M+F) Ir(M) Fr(M)
Ir (M)
H (M+F) NR (M) LP(M) S(M+F)
Ir(M) Fr (M)
H (M+F)
Winter vegetables Tomato Bhindi
NR(M)
LP(M) S(M+F)
S(M+F) Ir(M) Fr(M) W(M+F) Ir(M) IA(M)
H (M+F) Pi (M+F) Mr (M)
TP (M+F)
35
6.9 RURAL NON-FARM EMPLOYMENT Key informants: Sk Saddam Hossain, Abdul Anas Some people of this village have chosen non agricultural activities as their source of livelihood. The various non-agricultural activities are working in rice mill, construction activity outside the village, working as middlemen and running small business. In most of the cases they are underemployed because they are not trained for skill development. Table 11: Seasonal calendar of Non-farm activities Particulars
J u n
Jul
Aug
S
O
N
D
J
F M A
M
Non-Farm Activities Involved in rice mill Construction work outside the village Small Business
Lobourer (worker) Lobourer (worker)
6.10 TIME LINE Key informants: Nijamul Haque, Md. Raffiq, Abdulla Hussain Time line is a tool of PRA technique used to know the history of major remembered events in community and their significance. It indicates the causal link between past and present. The purpose of this tool is to obtain historical account of changes in demography, socio-economic condition, communication, social relationship and interaction, technology diffusion and adoption etc. Information regarding the important events like development in agriculture, animal husbandry are collected from the key informants, preferably elderly people of the village and presented in the table12 and 13. From the time line of agriculture in Jagulipara village, it is evident that the village had tried crop diversity after the green revolution. The farmers grew a number of crops including legumes, local wheat variety, fruits and vegetables but rice is the major crop. With the advent of DVC canal that assured constant irrigation and with Minimum Support Price (MSP) of the government the farmers always inclined to the rice-rice cropping system. Though initially this has helped farmers
36
financially but now it has started some adverse effects in the area as Zinc and Boron deficiency. Table 12: Time line of major events in Jagulipara village Year Approx. 200 yrs ago 1940 1950 1970 1970 1972 1975 1978 1978 1980 1980 1980 1980 1980 1980 1981 1983 1983 1984 1988 1990 1990 1990 1990 1993 1995 1996 2000 2004 2005 2007 2007 2007 2008 2008 2008 2008 2009
Historical profile Name of the village DVC Radio Hand pump IR 8 (Rice Var.) Knapsack Sprayer Public Distribution System (PDS) Tractor Flood Small Paddle thresher Motorcycle Husking Mill DAP fertilizer Telephone Crossing (Cock) Village Development Samiti Television (Black and White) Pacca House Moram Road Electricity Big Paddle thresher Biogas Introduction of cross-breed (Jersy cow) Artificial Insemination Television (Color) Integrated Child Development Scheme (ICDS) Swarna (Rice Var.) Power Tiller Cable TV Line Mobile Phone Mushroom Cultivation Self Help Group (APL) Village adoption by KVK Application of Zinc Sulphate/Boron Computer MGNREGA Swarna Jayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojana (SGSY) Agricultural Technology Management Agency (ATMA)
37
Table 13: Agriculturally important time line Sl. No. Event
Year
1.
Embankment of Damodar canal
1940
2.
Chemical fertilizer
1972
3.
Shallow tube well
1975
4.
High yielding variety of paddy
5.
Tractor
1978
6.
Electricity
1988
7.
Double cropping (Paddy - Paddy)
1990
8.
Thresher introduced
1990
9.
Cross bred animal (Jersy cow)
1990
10.
Artificial Insemination
1990
11.
IPM technique demonstration
2005
12.
Epidemic of ear cutting caterpiller
2006
1976-77
6.11 TIME TREND Key informants: Sk. Obedul Haque, Sheikh Nijamul Haque, Syed Akbar Ali Time trend is a simple PRA technique, usually depicted in the form of graph (bar/line) to show the trend of crop/animal production, commodity prices, human/cattle population etc. The specific objectives of this tool are to identify the changes/fluctuations that have occurred over a period of time in the variables influencing village life. For the purpose of the present PRA study, the data were collected for crop productivity of rice and prices of rice and milk over the last 5 years and are presented graphically below. A. Time trend for Paddy productivity: The trend analysis of rice productivity shows a decreasing trend from 2006 to 2010.The consistent decrease in productivity is the result of reduction of the fertility status of the soil.
38
Productivity of paddy ( Qt/ha) 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Figure 1: Productivity trend of Paddy in Jagulipara village Paddy can be sold at the weekly market for government procurement otherwise to the rice millers. B.
Time trend for paddy price: The price of Aman and Boro paddy also shows an increasing trend from Rs 300-320 /mon (2006) to Rs 500520/mon (2010). Aman paddy price (Rs/Qt) 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Figure 2: Price trend of Aman Paddy in Jagulipara village
39
Boro paddy price (Rs/ Qt) 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Figure 3: Price trend of Boro Paddy in Jagulipara village C. Trend in Fertilizer Application: The natural fertility status of the soil in Jagulipara village is decreasing day by day, the application of inorganic fertilizer is on the rise. While the application was 15 Kg per bigha in 2006 now it has increased to 25 Kg/ bigha in 2010. Fertilizer Application in paddy (kg/ha) 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Figure 4: Trend of fertilizer application in Paddy in Jagulipara village
40
6.12 TECHNOLOGY MAP Key informants: Sk. Nijamul Haque, Sk. Md. Hanif, Mulla Noor Nabi, Chowdhury Md. Yeasin, Molla Nur Haque and Chowdhury Amirul Haque Technology map is a PRA technique which is used to know different types of behavioural patterns towards technology adoption. Different types of technology behaviour may be of adoption type, discontinuance, rejection and over adoption type etc. Technology map comprises type and frequency of adoption of latest technology through various agencies related to agricultural research and development. It helps scientists and extension workers to identify the problem of the farmers through the feedback mechanisms. Technology
Diffusion
Methods:
Technologies
developed
by
various
organizations are diffused to farmers‟ fields through the simplest methods, and as far as possible in the farmer's language. The following diffusion methods in general are adopted for diffusion of any technology
Training camps Field demonstrations Farmers meeting Kisan Mela On-farm training Distribution of bulletin and leaflets Radio Television The different crops and technologies which are adopted, discontinued
and rejected are depicted in Table 14 and Table 15. Most of the cultivated land of Jagulipara village is lowland area and rice is the major crop for this village. Earlier farmers were cultivating wheat, barley and lentil in rabi season but now they are cultivating boro rice as it provides them more benefit than other rabi crops. The farmers of this village have adopted a number of varieties of rice and modern farming implements. The main rice varieties in kharif season (Aman) are Swarna (MTU 7029, 80%), 1001 (10%), BN-20 (fine rice, 5%) and Govindbhog (scented, 5%). Swarna variety has largest area of cultivation due to its more productivity, quality and suitability for making moori (a local product). In rabi season (Boro) the main varieties are MTU 1010 (70%), IR 36 (20%), MTU 1081
41
(5%) and Shatabdi Minikit (5%). Due to less incidence of disease problems, MTU 1010 is the most popular variety in this village. Recently CRRI, Cuttak has introduced a submergence tolerance rice variety called Swarna-sub1 in the village through the KVK, Budbud. This variety was developed through marker assisted selection and it is improved version of Swarna. Two new rice varieties Samba Mahsury sub1 and CR 10 has been recently introduced in the village by KVK, Budbud. The KVK, Budbud has introduced concept of Integrated Farming System (IFS) in this village. IFS promote integration of field crops, vegetable crops, fruit crops, livestock, poultry and fishery for profit maximization and sustainable agriculture. Under IFS, farmers of this village are doing following practices:
Growing rice and mustard in low land area
Growing banana and different vegetable crops like brinjal (Muktakeshi), okra (Arka Anamika), tomato (Pusa ruby, Arka Vikash) radish, ridge gourd, bottle gourd, spinach, broad bean etc. in upland area (near residential area).
Fish production in pond
Poultry production
Khaki Campbell production for egg
Raising goat
Raising cow In fishery, farmers are raising katla, rohu, silver carp, mrigal and pangas
breed. Pangas (Pangasius sutchi) was introduced by KVK, Budbud. This breed has high production potential and it is less susceptible to various diseases. The Khaki Campbell raising become very popular in this area as it is less risky than poultry. The litter of Khaki Campbell in pond serve as a source of food for fishes. The majority of goats found in this village are of Black Bengal breed and others are of Jamunapari breed. Buffalo is mostly kept for drought purpose and all are of Hiranpur breed. Desi breed cattle constitute majority of cattle population in this village, however, cross breed cattle (Holstein Frisian and Jersy) population is increasing gradually. Banana cultivation is new for this village and it was
42
found profitable as compared to other crops, but it will not be adopted by majority of farmers due to unavailability of sufficient upland area. Table 14: The various crops adopted/rejected/discontinued at Jagulipara village Crop
Variety
Adopted (A)/ Discontinued(D)/ Rejected (R)
Reasons
Rice (Aman)
IR 8
D
Bold Rice, Low sale price
Jaya
D
Long duration, More water requirement
Pankaj
D
Low yield
Sita
D
High amylopectin
PAC- 835 (Hybrid)
D
Long Duration (Pest problem)
Swarna (MTU -7029)
A
High yielding
Govindbhog
A
Scented
BN -20
A
Fine rice
Swarna Sub- 1
A
Resistance for water logging, HYV
MTU- 1010
A
Heat tolerant
MTU- 1081
A
Less disease
IR 36
A
Good quality
Shatabdi Minikit
A
High quality
WBBN 1
D
B-54 (Agarni)
A
Gai moong
---
A
Multiple cut leguminous fodder
Banana
GRAND-9
A
Increased income
Sugarcane
---
D
Wheat
Sonalika
D
Lentil
---
D
-do-
Barley
---
D
-do-
Jute
---
D
Market facility not available
Maize (fodder)
---
D
Not adjusted in cropping system
Rice (Boro)
Mustard
Resistant to club root disease, Bold seeded, high oil percentage but production is low 90 days variety, more production, Resistant to club root disease
More time so no scope for Boro rice, Flooding problem Introduction of Boro Rice, Low profit than Boro rice
43
Table 15: The various technology adopted/rejected/discontinued at Jagulipara village Adopted (A)/ Discontinued(D)/ Rejected (R)
Reasons
Tractor (Mahindra 265DI, B-275DI, 475DI; Massey Furguson 241DI)
A
Indispensable in mechanized rice based cropping system
Cultivator
A
Labour saving, aeration to puddled soil, ease of sowing
Country Plough
A
Suitable for low farm holding
Shallow bore well
A
Easy and quick irrigation
Paddy Thresher
A
Convenient to use, helps to enhance the work efficiency of the farmers, labour saving
Power Tiller (KAMCO, VST-SHAKTI)
A
Better for low farm holding
Paddle driven thresher
A
Low cost
A
Used in irrigation and threshing
D
Easy and efficient new technology came
Debla Sprayer
D
Manufacturing unit Banned
Knapsack Sprayer
A
Low cost, Continuous spraying
Foot Sprayer
D
Not Safe
Conoweeder
A
Mechanical weeding, weed mix with soil and become organic manure
Winnowing Fan
A
Easy and efficient winnowing
Combine Harvester
R
Low farm holding, Straw not available
Morai (for storage)
A
Low cost, pest infection is very low
A
Use in country plough
A
Milk yield and draught purposes
A
Egg production, increase diversification, litter can be used by fish as feed
Items Farm Implements
Motor (Fieldmarshal 5HP) Dungi (Local Irrigation Implement)
Livestock Buffalo (Hiranpur, Murrah) Cattle (Jersy, HF, Desi) Khaki Campbell
44
Poultry (Desi, RIR Leghorn)
A
Broiler varieties, additional income Alternative source of income, less input requirement, less fodder requirement, easily digestible milk Protection from viral (FMD) and bacterial disease (BQ)
Goat Rearing (Black Bengal, Jamunapari)
A
Vaccination
A
Artificial Insemination
A
Genetic improvement
Katla
A
High quality and market demand
Rohu
A
-do-
Silver carp
A
High production due to fast growth
Mrigal
A
High quality, less disease problem
Pangasius sutchi
A
High growth rate, less production cost
Compost
A
For fertilizer
Local made motor Van
A
Farm transport
Mushroom cultivation
R
Market not available
Vermicompost production
R
Difficult to do due to high rainfall
Fishery
Others
6.13 MATRIX RANKING Key informants: Sk. Md. Hanif, Mulla Noor Nabi, Chowdhury Md. Yeasin, Molla Nur Haque and Chowdhury Amirul Haque Matrix ranking was done in the village to know the technology decision behaviour of adoption, rejection and discontinuance. The villagers of Jagulipara village have adopted and discontinued several varieties of rice over the years. The farmers‟ usage of four varieties of aman rice (Table 16) and four varieties of boro rice (Table 17) were compared to know what drives their technology adoption behaviour. It was found that the varieties that were adopted and are being used mainly, had the highest yields. Hence the most decisive factor for a farmer regarding crop adoption is its yield. Matrix ranking is also done for five different fish breeds and it was found that farmers choice for fish breed depend upon market demand (Table 18).
45
Table 16: Technology adoption for Kharif rice (Aman) varieties (Matrix Ranking of Rice Varieties) Parameters Crop yield
KI
MTU 7029
Rank
Value
Rank
Value
Rank
Value
1
I
4
II
3
IV
1
III
2
2
I
4
III
2
IV
1
II
3
3
I
4
II
3
IV
1
III
2
4
I
4
III
2
IV
1
II
3
16 II
3
I
4
IV
1
2
III
2
II
3
I
4
IV
1
3
III
2
II
3
I
4
IV
1
4
III
2
II
3
I
4
IV
1
8
16
4
I
4
II
3
IV
1
III
2
2
I
4
II
3
IV
1
III
2
3
I
4
II
3
IV
1
III
2
4
I
4
II
3
IV
1
III
2
16
12
4
8
1
II
3
IV
1
I
4
III
2
2
III
2
IV
1
I
4
II
3
3
III
2
IV
1
I
4
II
3
4
II
3
IV
1
I
4
III
2
10
4
16
10
1
IV
1
III
4
II
3
I
4
2
IV
1
I
4
III
1
II
3
3
II
3
I
4
IV
1
III
2
4
IV
1
II
3
III
2
I
4
6
15
7
13
1
IV
1
III
2
I
4
III
2
2
IV
1
II
3
I
4
III
2
3
IV
1
I
4
II
3
III
2
4
IV
1
I
4
II
3
III
2
4
13
14
8
1
I
4
III
2
II
3
IV
1
2
I
4
III
2
II
3
IV
1
3
I
4
III
2
IV
1
II
3
4
I
4
III
2
IV
1
II
3
Tot. Grand total
12
1
Tot. Fodder quality
10
2
Tot. Cost of production
4
III
Tot. Pest problem
10
1
Tot. Rice quality
BN-20
Value
Tot. Plant height
Govindbhog
Rank
Tot. Crop duration
1001
16
8
8
8
76
74
69
61
46
Table 17: Technology adoption for Rabi rice (Boro) varieties (Matrix Ranking of Rice Varieties) Parameters
KI
Crop yield
MTU 1010 Value
Rank
Value
1
I
4
III
2
II
3
I
3
III
2
4
II
3
Tot. Grand total
2
II
3
IV
1
4
III
2
IV
1
II
3
I
4
IV
1
IV
1
I
4
III
2
10
13
5
IV
1
III
2
I
4
2
II
3
IV
2
III
2
I
4
3
II
3
IV
1
III
2
I
4
4
II
3
IV
1
III
2
I
12
5
8
4 16
1
I
4
II
3
III
2
IV
1
2
I
4
II
3
III
2
IV
1
3
I
4
II
3
III
2
IV
1
4
I
4
II
3
III
2
IV
1
1
IV
16 1
II
12 3
III
8 2
I
4 4
2
IV
1
II
3
III
2
I
4
3
III
2
II
3
IV
1
I
4
4
IV
1
II
3
III
2
I
4
5
12
7
16
1
I
4
IV
1
II
3
III
2
2
II
3
I
4
II
3
III
2
3
I
4
II
3
III
2
IV
1
4
I
4
IV
1
II
3
III
2
15
9
11
7
1
IV
1
III
2
II
3
I
4
2
IV
1
II
3
III
2
I
4
3
IV
1
III
2
II
3
I
4
4
III
2
IV
1
I
4
II
3
Tot. Fodder quality
Value
3
Tot. Cost of production
Rank
II
Tot. Pest problem
Value
1
Tot. Rice quality
Shatabdi Minikit
Rank
12
Tot. Seed availability
MTU 1081
Rank
Tot. Crop duration
IR 36
5
8
12
15
1
IV
1
II
3
III
2
I
4
2
III
2
I
4
IV
1
II
3
3
I
4
II
1
III
2
III
2
4
IV
1
I
4
III
2
II
3
8
12
7
12
73
68
66
75
47
Table 18: Technology adoption for Fish breed (Matrix Ranking of fish breeds) Parameters
KI
Quality
Katla Rank
Value
1
III
2
I
3 4
Value
Rank
Value
3
I
5
V
5
II
4
V
II
4
I
5
II
4
I
5
16
Tot. Grand total
Rank
Value
1
II
4
IV
2
1
III
3
IV
2
V
1
III
3
IV
2
IV
2
III
3
V
1
19
5
13
7
5
V
1
II
4
IV
2
2
I
5
II
4
V
1
III
3
IV
2
3
II
4
I
5
V
1
III
3
IV
2
4
I
5
II
4
IV
2
III
3
V
1
17
18
5
13
7
1
III
3
II
4
IV
2
V
2
I
5
2
II
4
IV
2
III
3
V
2
I
5
3
III
3
IV
2
II
4
V
2
I
5
4
V
5
III
3
I
5
IV
2
II
4
15
11
14
8
19
1
V
1
IV
2
II
4
III
4
I
5
2
V
1
IV
2
III
3
II
4
I
5
3
V
1
IV
2
III
3
II
4
I
5
4
V
1
II
4
III
3
IV
4
I
5
4
10
13
16
20
1
III
3
IV
2
II
4
V
3
I
5
2
III
3
IV
2
I
5
V
2
II
4
3
III
3
IV
2
II
4
V
1
I
5
4
II
4
III
3
I
5
V
2
IV
2
1
IV
2
II
4
I
5
III
4
V
1
2
IV
2
I
5
II
4
III
4
V
1
3
III
3
II
4
I
5
IV
4
V
1
4
III
3
II
4
I
5
V
3
IV
2
13
Tot. Growth rate
Value
I
Tot. Fingerling availability
Rank
3
Tot. Production level
Pangas
III
Tot. Disease
Mrigal
1
Tot. Cost of production
Silver carp
Rank
Tot. Demand
Rohu
9
10
18
17
8
19
16
15
5
1
III
3
IV
2
II
4
V
4
I
5
2
II
4
IV
2
III
1
V
3
I
5
3
III
3
IV
2
II
4
V
2
I
5
4
III
3
IV
2
II
4
V
3
I
5
13
8
13
12
20
88
92
87
85
94
48
6.14 CONSEQUENCE DIAGRAM Key informants: Sk. Nijamul Haque, Sk. Md. Hanif, Kabi Md. Ffissa, Chowdhury Md. Yeasin, Molla Nur Haque and Chowdhury Amirul Haque The consequence diagram indicates the impact of adoption of technology. It includes the positive and negative consequences of an adopted technology. It is helpful in finding the technology gap and also in structuring the future research project. A consequence diagram was found out for canal irrigation in the village (Figure 5). Canal is very useful for irrigation purpose but excess amount of canal water submerged the lowland farm areas. The rice variety MTU-7029, also known as Swarna, is an example of over-adoption of a technology in this village and a consequence diagram was found out for this variety (Figure 6). Consequence diagram is also found out for system of rice intensification and cross breed cow (Holstein Frisian and Jersy) which is presented in Figure 7 and Figure 8 respectively.
Figure 5: Consequence diagram for Canal Irrigation adoption
49
Figure 6: Consequence diagram for Swarna (MTU-7029) adoption
Figure 7: Consequence diagram for System of Rice Intensification (SRI) adoption
50
Figure 8: Consequence diagram for cross-breed cow (Holstein Frisian and Jersy) adoption 6.15 BIO-RESOURCES FLOW Key informants: Md. Soheb, Chowdhury Nurul Haque, Sk. Sahajahan Bio-resource flow diagram shows the flow of various inputs & output products and by-products by the various agricultural system (paddy, mustard) and animal husbandry. It also shows that output of one process can easily be used as an input of other process. It shows the interrelationship between different farm enterprises and helps to develop organic green farming practice which will be ecologically and economically friendly. It also shows that a product can be used in different other applications rather than its conventional use. As the process works in a cyclic manner and one product depends on other product, optimization of each and every input/output can be done by minimizing the wastages of any item. The best utilization/application of bio-resource flow could be done in integrated farming system. Two villagers in Jagulipara have developed integrated farming system by utilizing many of the bio-resource available in the village.
51
The existing practice of bio-resource flow is shown in black colour (Picture 22). The promising new other alternative use of bio-resource for the development of village is shown in green colour.
Picture 22: Existing and proposed bio-resource flow in Jagulipara village
6.16 WEALTH RANKING Key Informants: Sheikh Mohd. Hanif, Gopal Maji, Syed Akbar Ali, Choudhury Maniruddin Wealth ranking shows the percentage distribution of village population into different wealth classes. The key informants from different wealth classes were interviewed for this technique. The key informants were asked to categorize the 126 sample households of the village into different wealth classes. They were also asked to make the number of wealth class categories based on their perception. The key informants determined certain criteria for classification of wealth categories. All key informants categorized village farmers as large, medium, small and marginal.
52
Table 19: Wealth ranking of families of Jagulipara village as per Key informants S. No.
Household name
KI-1(4)
KI-2(4)
KI-3(4)
KI-4(4)
Avg.
1
Choudhury Alamgir
25
25
25
25
25
2
Sheikh Yasin
25
25
25
50
31.25
3
Sheikh Ayat Nabi
50
25
25
50
37.5
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
100
100
100
100
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
50
50
50
43.75
84
126
Shashodhar Ruidas
Kazi Abdul Azim
100
25
Number of sample household = 126 Wealth categories = Average of all KIs = (4 + 4 + 4 + 4) / 4 =4 Correction factor = (Max. – Min. Score) / Wealth Categories = (100 – 25) / 4 = 18.75 Category
Range
Marginal
25.00 to 43.75 ( 25.00 + 18.75)
Small
43.75 to 62.50 (43.75 + 18.75)
Medium
62.50 to 81.25 (62.50 + 18.75)
Large
81.25 to 100.00 (81.25 + 18.75)
53
Table 20: Criteria for wealth ranking as per key informants Category
Criteria >10 acre of agricultural land, Tractor – 1, Pump – 1, Sprayer – 2,
1. Large
Cattle – 5-6, Buffalo – 2-3, Motorcycle (80% of the farmers having), Service, Pucca House 3-10 acre of agricultural land, Tractor -1 (10% of the farmers having), Pump – 1 (15% of the farmers having), Sprayer – 1 (70%
2. Medium
of the farmers having), Cattle – 2-5, Buffalo – 1-2 , Pucca House (15% of the farmers having), Motorcycle (30% of the farmers having) 1-3 acre of agricultural land, no tractor, no pump, no sprayer,
3. Small
Cattle – 2-3 (50% of the farmers having), no buffalo, no motorcycle, kaccha house
