and environmental advantages, such as pooling of large power generation .... stations and other renewable energy sources via bulk power transmission corridors or ... In liberalized market disadvantages and higher costs when transmitting.
For Synchronous Operation of the EastWest Interconnection in Europe
17. – 19. Sept. 2003 St. Petersburg
Russian National Committee
SOLUTIONS FOR LARGE POWER SYSTEM INTERCONNECTIONS V. Sitnikov
D. Povh, D. Retzmann E. Teltsch
Siemens, Russia
Siemens, Germany
0. Abstract A worldwide trend in the development of power systems is to build interconnections with the goal to achieve economical benefits. Such large interconnected systems can cover many countries or even wide continental areas. Interconnections of power systems may offer significant technical, economical and environmental advantages, such as pooling of large power generation stations, sharing of spinning reserve and use of most economic energy resources taking into account also ecological constraints: nuclear power stations at special locations, hydro energy from remote areas, solar energy from desert areas and connection of large off-shore wind farms. The liberalization in the power industry also supports more interconnections to enable the exchange of power among the regions or countries and to transport cheaper energy over long distances to the load centers. Examples for such interconnections are systems in Russia, North America, Europe and Asia. However, there are technical and economical limitations in the interconnections if the energy has to be transmitted over extremely long distances. In future, the situation can, however, change if ecological and political terms change or the present cost conditions alternate. The interconnections are mostly realized by synchronous links where such solutions are technically feasible and economically justified. On the other hand HVDC links often offer technically better and more economical solutions. A large number of examples worldwide shows, that HVDC is a quite suitable solution. However, in many situations, hybrid solutions for interconnection are more advantageous: a synchronous high voltage AC link, supported by an additional HVDC link. In cases where the synchronous interconnection is technically at the limit, HVDC can support the operation of the interconnected systems and thus makes the synchronous AC link more reliable. In the paper, examples of system interconnections throughout the world are shown. Benefits of asynchronous DC and synchronous Hybrid solutions including DC for system expansions are demonstrated and preferences are explained. Study and project examples are given.
Keywords: Development of Power Systems - Power System Interconnection - System Dynamics Transmission Efficiency - AC, DC and Synchronous Hybrid Transmission Technology 1. Introduction Global studies show that power consumption in the world follows closely the increase of population (Fig. 1). In the next 20 years, power consumption in developing and emerging countries is expected to increase for 220%, in industrialized countries, however, only for 37%. 1
8 billion people
+1.2%/a +1.6%/a
25,000 TWh power consumption
6.1 billion people +4.2%/a
World population
40%
4.4 billion people 15,400 TWh +6.6%/a 8,300 TWh 15%
29%
Annual increase in power consumption +1.6%/a
+2.2%/a
60%
71%
Developing and newly industrialized countries
Industrialized countries (OECD), CIS, Eastern Europe
85% 2000
1980
2020
Sources: IEA; UN; Siemens PG CS4 - 08/2002
Fig. 1: Development of World Population and Power Consumption, 1980 to 2020 B y R e g io n B illio n kW h
B y E n e rg y C a rrie r Billio n kW h 25000
25000
4%
M isc a llen e o u s R e g e n e ra tiv e s
17%
H yd ro P o w e r
15% 10%
15400
15400 33%
11900 W es te rn E u ro p e E a s te rn E u ro p e
21% 16%
A s ia /P ac ific
20%
A fric a /M id d le E a s t
6%
N o rth a n d S o u th A m e ric a
37%
1990
11900
13%
1% 18%
17%
17%
20%
7%
8%
15% 34%
11%
34%
2000
38%
2020
1990
N u c le a r P o w e r
2% 17%
19%
27%
11%
38%
9% 35%
2000
5% 25%
N a tu ra l G a s
O il
Coal
2020
S o u rc e : S ie m e n s P G C S 4 - 08 /2 00 2
Fig. 2: Worldwide Power Generation This means, that fast development of power systems can be expected in the areas of developing and emerging countries. This can also be seen in Fig. 2 where the worldwide installed generation capacity is shown by regions and by energy sources. The importance of gas as energy source will further increase, the relative importance of coal, oil and nuclear power will decrease. The regenerative energy sources excluding hydro are expected to increase fast, however, in total they will still be only in the range of about 4 %. The development of power systems takes into account locations of expected load demands on one hand and the suitable location of power stations on the other hand, to transport the energy from generation to consumers. Based on different studies on the development of power systems in different world regions, general trends can be expected [1]: ¾ Further extension of interconnected systems enables the increase of power exchange between the systems.
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¾ Transmission of large power blocks over long distances, mainly from hydro power stations and other renewable energy sources via bulk power transmission corridors or through the interconnected systems. ¾ Increasing part of the installed capacity will, however, be connected to the distribution levels (dispersed generation). 2. Solutions for Interconnections The advantages of power system interconnection are listed in Fig. 3. They are generally valid and do not depend on the kind of the interconnection. Fig. 4 shows schematically different alternatives of system interconnections. System A
Possibility to use larger and more economical Power Plants Reduction of the necessary Reserve Capacity in the System
System B
a)
AC Interconnection
b)
DC Interconnection
c)
Hybrid AC/DC Interconnection
Utilization of most favorable Energy Resources Flexibility of building new Power Plants at favorable Locations Increase of Reliability in the Systems Reduction of Losses by an optimized System Operation
Fig. 3: Advantages of Interconnected Power Systems
Fig. 4 a)-c): Alternatives of Power System Interconnections
In the past, the synchronous operation of power systems was the normal way to build up an interconnected system (Fig. 4 a). Best example is the development of the UCTE system in Western Europe, which has been expanded in steps to the today very complex configuration, with the expected further extension to Romania and Bulgaria.
Fig. 5: Technical Problems in AC Systems
Interconnected Systems
Long Distance Transmission Systems
o Load Flow Control
o Voltage Control
o Voltage Stability
o Reactive Power Control
o System Oscillations
o Steady-State Stability
o Inter-Area Oscillations
o Dynamic Stability
o Subsynchronous Oscillations
o Subsynchronous Oscillations
H ig h cos ts fo r s ystem a d justm en ts (freq u en c y co n tro ls, g en era tio n res erve)
N eed fo r clo se co o rdin ation o f jo in t s ystem o p eration
A C in terco n n ec tion s n o rm ally w e ak a t th e beg in n in g (ad d itio n al lin es n eed ed to p reven t d yn a m ic p ro b lem s)
B o ttlen ecks in th e s ystem b ecause o f u n co n trolled lo ad flow
S p in n in g re serve in th e s ys te m to be tran sm itted o ver lo n g d istan ces (ad ditio n al lo ad in g an d co st in creas e)
Fig. 6: Problems of large Synchronous System Interconnections
R ed u ction o f eco n om ic ad van tag es b ecau se o f larg e tran sm issio n d is tan ce s at relatively lo w tran sm issio n vo ltage (e.g . 400 - 500 kV )
In libe ralize d m ark et d isad van tag es an d h ig her co s ts w h en tran sm ittin g p ow er th ro ug h a n u m ber o f s ystem s an d in vo lvem en t o f a n um b er o f p artners
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However, with the increased size of the interconnected system over thousands of kilometers, most of the advantages offered by interconnections are reduced. Reasons for this are technical problems of large systems resulting from meshed structures on the one hand and problems of long distance transmission on the other hand. They are summarized in Fig. 5. To avoid these problems, additional improvements of the system are needed and operation of joint systems becomes very complex and less reliable [2, 3]. The technical limitations of very large interconnected systems have also impact on the cost benefits of the interconnection. The reasons for these limitations are listed in Fig. 6. An AC interconnection requires the coordination of a number of system parameters. An important one is the strength of the interconnection. If few lines connect two strong systems, the interconnection becomes unstable. Only if additional lines are built, which increase the strength of the link, the interconnected system achieves stability. In large interconnected systems, power which should be transmitted over long distances has to flow through the meshed systems thus causing additional losses and overloading of existing bottlenecks. Using the HVDC solution, it is, however, possible to install the link directly between the locations which require power exchange, without negative effects on the systems. Hence, the easiest way to interconnect systems is to use HVDC (Fig. 4 b). This interconnection can be either long distance transmission or a back to back link. In such cases, there are no special needs to coordinate the dynamic behavior of both systems or to provide strong interconnection to establish a dynamically stable interconnection. The advantages of the interconnection can fully be utilized without coordinating the frequency characteristics of both systems. Furthermore, HVDC can be built in stages, following closely the demands of the interconnection, thus saving investment costs. € cents/ kwh Cents/kWh
Loss costs
HVAC
AC System
Loss Costs
AC System
costs Investment Costs
1,5 1,5
AC System
HVAC 2XX735 765 kV kV HVAC2 XkV 735 HVAC2
AC System
0,5
HVAC3 HVAC X 3X 500 550 kV kV HVAC3 XkV500
HVDC
HVDC +kV 650 kV HVDC 500 kV HVDC + ±500
1,0 1,0
3 lines: for redundancy
Transmission Distance 900 km Transmission Power 2000 MW
Source: Siemens PTD SE NC - 2002
Fig. 7: Costs of High-Voltage Transmission Fig. 7 shows both alternatives of long distance transmission, HVAC and HVDC. For HVDC, a +/- 500 kV bipolar line and for AC three 500 kV, alternatively two 765 kV lines have been assumed. These transmission configurations are nearly equivalent with respect to the reliability. Costs in Euro-Cents/kWh, including cumulated loss costs have been evaluated for 2000 MW transmission power over a distance of 900 km. It can be seen that the DC alternative is much more economical. Results of other, similar studies show, that in general the HVDC interconnection is the cheapest solution at transmission distances over about 800 km. This is also valid if the energy is transmitted through a large interconnected AC system 4
on a distance of 800 km. This means, the integration of an HVDC long distance transmission into the interconnected system could be more economical than the power transmission through the AC system itself. The third possibility is a hybrid interconnection, consisting of an HVDC transmission and a parallel AC interconnection, ref. to Fig 4 c). The interconnection could start with HVDC and then later be extended by additional AC links. A major benefit of such a solution is, that the HVDC can support the operation of the AC interconnection at faults in the system and can also control the load flow. An example of stability improvement is given in Fig. 8 b) for a system according to Fig. 8 a). AC double-link 1 System A
1200 MW
System B
Ac double-link 2
200 GW Grid A
200 GW Grid B
AC Link 1
DC Link 1
AC Link 2
AC Link 2
DC-link 1 System A
a)
1200 MW AC double-link 2
System B
Hybrid AC/DC - System remains stable
Only AC - System instable after Fault
b)
Fig. 8: Comparison of System Stability for synchronous AC and synchronous Hybrid Interconnection. a) Set-up of the Systems b) Dynamic Results The hybrid interconnection could therefore offer the best possibility for large system interconnections in the case of continental interconnected networks, consisting of a number of small systems. A configuration according to Fig. 9 could be technically and economically the best solution. System A
System B
System C
System D
System E
System F
Large LargeHybrid HybridInterconnections Interconnectionswith withHVDC HVDCand andFACTS: FACTS: HVDC - Long Distance DC Transmission DC Interconnection (B2B) High Voltage AC Transmission / FACTS
Fig. 9: Large Power System Interconnections
Both AC and DC (B2B) links between the neighboring areas of the interconnected systems enable power exchange among these areas. Transmission of larger power blocks over long distances is however utilized by HVDC point to point transmissions directly to the locations of power demand. HVDC at the same time can strengthen the interconnections to avoid possible dynamic problems, which exist in such huge interconnections.
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3. Power System in China China is one of the countries with the fastest increase of power demand. The installed generation capacity in the last 10 years, from 1990 to 2000, grew from 135 GW to 319 GW; this is more than 230 %. Main energy resources in the country are hydro in the central and southern areas and coal in the north [4]. In addition, some nuclear power stations are built close to the load centers. Because of large distances in the country, in the early system development, smaller isolated regional systems have been built up and developed to seven large independent regional systems, in addition to some small local systems in less populated areas of Tibet and Xinjiang (Fig. 10).
Power network in China
Northeast
Existing
Russian Power Grid
Xinjiang
Thermal Plant Hydro Plant
North Tibet
New
500kV 500kV 330kV 330 kV 220kV 220 kV
North west East Sichuan
Central
South
Nuclear Plant
Power network coverage 96.4%
Gezhouba-Shanghai TianGuang 3G-ECPG I GuiGuang 3G-Guangdong NWCPG-CCPG B2B NCPG-CCPG B2B NWCPG-CSPG SPPG-ECPG B2B 3G-ECPG II Xiaowan-Guangdong Jinghong-Thailand NWCPG-NCPG HPPG-SCPG and 4 more ...
Wangqu Plant NWCPG
Yangcheng Plant SPPG North Power Grid
CCPG Three Gorges
CSPG
ECPG
Center Power Grid Jinshajiang River SCPG Lanchangjiang River
HPPG South Power Grid
... until 2020 Tailand Power Grid
Source: SP China, ICPS - 09/2001
Fig. 10: Regional Power Systems in China
NECPG NCPG
Source: SP China, ICPS - 09/2001
Fig. 11: China goes hybrid: AC plus 18 HVDC Interconnections
Main AC transmission voltage levels in China are 330 kV and 500 kV. Large power blocks, produced by hydro power stations, e.g. at Three Gorges, have to be transmitted to the load centers over distances of 1000 km and more. For this task mainly HVDC transmission is used. However, for the transmission inside of the regional systems also 500 kV AC is utilized. Coal fired power stations can be partly built closer to the load; however they are more concentrated in the north of the country. Power Exchange among the regional systems is still relatively low in relation to the installed capacity of the systems. Therefore, only few AC lines would be sufficient for such interconnections to cover needs for power exchange. However, due to dynamic problems and the needed high additional expenditures for adjustment of the systems to enable synchronous operation, mainly HVDC transmission is used for the interconnections. In the future, the today existing seven independent regional systems will emerge into three large interconnected systems (North, Center and South Power Grid). The interconnection among these grids will be done mainly by HVDC as shown in Fig. 11. In addition to the existing five HVDCs, further 13 HVDC transmission links are planned. Only for some smaller and remote local networks, the connection to the larger regional grids should be realized by AC, and, due to the long distances, probably using 765 kV. Possible interconnections to neighboring countries should also be realized by HVDC. 4. Power System in India India is the second largest country, a subcontinent with a population of over 1 billion people and in the last decades with a very rapidly growing economy. In the 1960’s with, at that time, 6
still low demands for energy, the Indian power industry consisted of individual isolated grids within each state, with local state power plants. In the 1970’s some of these state grids were interconnected to form regional grids. With the increasing power demand, the step was envisaged in the 1980's to build a national grid by the interconnection of the regional networks to gain the advantages of power exchange, sharing generation resources, to increase the reliability and to reduce the power outages in some areas. At present, the installed generation capacity is 110 GW, 71% produced in coal fired plants, 25% in hydro plants and 4% in nuclear plants and others, in which the wind generation is the most important one [5]. Large hydro energy resources in India are available in the north and north-east of the country, near the Himalayan Mountains. 25 GW hydro potential is already used, 19 GW in implementation and further 66 GW are still available. Huge coal reserves are available in the West and East areas of the country. Power produced in hydro stations and coal fired plants has to be transmitted to the loads over large distances of 1000 km and more. Interconnections between the regional grids started by the realization of HVDC back to back stations and the HVDC long distance transmission Rihand-Delhi. The interconnections in the Year 2002 (Phase I) are shown in Fig.12, an additional HVDC long distance transmission is in operation now (East-South Interconnector II, 2000 MW). D E VELO PM EN T O F N ATIO N AL G R ID
DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONAL GRID
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U RI
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C HIT TOOR
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H VD C BIPOLE
MANGALORE BAN GALORE
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H OSU R
KS P
EE
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Fig. 12: India Power Grid 2002
T RIVANDR UM
PUGALU R KARAIKU DI K AYATHAR
AN AN D AN DA M R NICO BA
LA
COCHIN KAYAMKULAM
SOU TH CHEN NAI SINGARPET CU DDALORE
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G AND HAR / AMRE LI KAWAS CH EGAON VAPI BH AN DAR A
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M'BAD AGR A AL LAH ABAD /UNN AO
M
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T EESTA
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BHIW AD I
Fig. 13: India Power Grid in the Future
The main reason for the decision towards HVDC was that the costs to improve the regional systems to enable them for synchronous operation would be very high and would need long time to build up sufficient generation reserve. The second reason was that HVDC offers also technical advantages supporting the operation of the AC systems. At present, the cumulative interconnection capacity is about 5 GW, about 6% of total peak power. Also in the next development step towards a national grid, the interconnections between the regional systems will be realized mainly by HVDC. In the phase II of building the national grid, however, also the AC interconnections at a voltage level of 400 kV will be extended and the higher voltage level of 765 kV will be introduced to build high power “transmission highways”. The capacity of the interconnections in this phase (year 2006-07) should reach 23 GW. 7
The interconnection capacity will further be increased to 30 GW in the years of 2011-12. In this phase III, a strong AC interconnection will be established on 765 kV level, synchronizing Northern, Western and Eastern regions. However, also in this stage further HVDC links will be built up to strengthen the interconnections to the Southern region (Fig. 13). 5. Summary System interconnections offer technical and economical advantages. However, when using only AC interconnection, the advantages decrease with an increasing size of the systems to be interconnected and the expenditures and costs to adjust the system parameters for synchronous operation rise. An HVDC interconnection doesn’t need such system adjustments and provides therefore a more economic solution. In addition, when power has to be transmitted through the system over longer distances, the HVDC transmission is technically and economically the superior solution. On long term, however, a synchronous hybrid solution, consisting of both HVDC and AC links, is the most promising solution for large national and continental interconnections. The paper demonstrates the technical features and discusses the pros and cons - and limits - of synchronous interconnections and shows possibilities how to use the HVDC interconnection as an "Energy Bridge" in combination with existing AC lines or as a point to point longdistance DC transmission, both with the goal of extension to a larger hybrid interconnection. The presented examples in the development of Chinese and Indian national grids show in a very clear way that hybrid interconnections offer best possibilities to build a large interconnected system using a pragmatic solution: At the beginning the asynchronous interconnections with HVDC, and then, step-by step, depending on the requirements, to apply also the synchronous AC interconnection in a hybrid way. There are no technical limits to build continental and even intercontinental interconnections by such synchronous hybrid solutions. However, the exchange of electric power over distances of over 3000 km seems not to be economically feasible at the today’s cost relations. 6. Acknowledgments The Authors would like to thank the State Power Company of China and the Power Grid Corporation of India for the permission to use the presented figures of their power system development. 7. References [1] Povh, D., Ehmcke, B.: Möglichkeiten und Grenzen beim Stromtransport VDI Berichte Nr. 1129, 1994 [2] Economic Assessment of HVDC Links CIGRE Brochure Nr.186 (Final Report of WG 14-20) [3] Brumshagen, H. et al.: Limits of Interconnection-Criteria for and Examples of Reasonable Extension; CIGRE Report 37-203, Session 1990 [4] Lu Yanchang: China Power Industry Entering to the 21st Century; ICPS, Wuhan 2001 [5] Wheeler, J. D. a. al.: Building India's Grid: an Examination
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