2 Agribusiness Paesaggio & Ambiente

Direttore Responsabile: TING FA MARGHERITA CHANG Presidente: PIERO SUSMEL Comitato Scientifico - Scientific Board CORRADO BARBERIS Pres. Istituto Nazionale di Sociologia Rurale

CARLO BLASI Past Pres. Società Botanica Italiana

FRANCESCO BRAGA Board of Directors of IAMA Guelph -Canada

ERNESTO CHIACCHERINI Honorary Pres. Accademia Italiana di Scienze Merceologiche

PAUL DAVIES Past Board of Directors of IAMA Royal Agricultural College, UK

ALMO FARINA Past Pres. International Association of Landscape Ecology

MELANIE FRITZ FoodNetCenter Università di Bonn

JOSÉ M. GIL

LIVIO C. PICCININI

Dir. Centre de recerca en economia i desenvolupament agroalimentari Barcellona

Pres. IPSAPA/IPSALEM

FRANCESCO BRAGA Board of Directors of IAMA, Guelph Canada

VELTA LUBKINA Director of Personality Socialization Research Institute (PSRI) - Latvia

AUGUSTO MARINELLI

ROBERTO PINTON Pres. Centro Ricerca e Innovazione Tecnologica in Agricoltura (CRITA)

PLACIDO RAPISARDA Pres. Consorzio Regionale per la Ricerca Applicata e la Sperimentazione (CORERAS)

VINCENZO RUSSO Past Pres. Associazione Scientifica Produzione Animale

Past. Pres. Ce.S.E.T., Past Pres. SIDEA

ARTURO SEMERARI

C. FORD RUNGE

Past Pres. Istituto Studi Mercati Agricoli

Distinguished McKnight University

ZENO VARANINI

JERRY MILLER

Past Pres. Associazione Italiana Società Scientifiche Agrarie

Past Pres. International Sunflower Association

JOžE PERIC Dean Faculty of Tourism and Hospitaliy Management, University of Rijeka - Croatia

Comitato di redazione

Segreteria: Ipsapa/Ipsalem

CLAUDIO BELLIA ALESSANDRO CHIUMENTI FABIANA FORTE PIERO PEDROCCO SONIA PRESTAMBURGO FRANCO ROSA MARIO TAVERNA

c/o Dipartimento di Scienze Agro-alimentari, Ambientali e Animali - Università di Udine Via delle Scienze, 206 - 33100 Udine tel. 0432558301, fax 0432558302 e-mail: [email protected]

Agribusiness Landscape & Environment Management

Agribusiness Paesaggio & Ambiente Rivista internazionale interdisciplinare semestrale Print ISSN 1594-784X - Online ISSN 2038-3371

Registrazione Tribunale di Udine n. 5 del 4 aprile 1995 Direttore responsabile Margherita Chang Ting Fa Co-direttore Luca Iseppi Vol. XXI - n. 2, Dicembre 2018 Progettazione grafica/Editing Margherita Chang Ting Fa Luca Iseppi

Segreteria Livio Petriccione

Coordinamento editoriale IPSAPA/ISPALEM

Stampa Graphis - Fagagna (UD)

Con il contributo Ministero delle politiche agricole alimentari e forestali - MIPAAF

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DECIO ZYLBERSZTAJN Head of the Center of Studies of L aw, Economics and Organization at the University of São Paulo - Brazil

Condizioni generali per l’abbonamento ad Agribusiness, Paesaggio & Ambiente e per l’acquisto delle pubblicazioni della Collana per la valorizzazione delle risorse Abbonamento annuale: Privati (tariffa ridotta) 35,00 Euro (Italia), 80,00 Euro (Estero), Enti pubblici, Imprese, centri di documentazione e biblioteche 130,00 Euro (Italia), 150,00 Euro (estero). Le rimesse possono essere effettuate tramite versamento sul c/c postale n. 17299330 intestato a Libreria Tarantola, via Vittorio Veneto 20, 33100-Udine o tramite bonifico bancario sul c/c 2369239 ABI/CAB 3556/12300 presso Rolo di Udine (Sede centrale) sempre intestato a Libreria Tarantola. *N.B. Chi usufruisce di un abbonamento a tariffa ridotta è diffidato dal conferire lo stesso alla struttura di appartenenza per un uso collettivo del materiale inviato. Sede legale: Libreria Tarantola di Giovanni Tavoschi via Vittorio Veneto 20, 33100 Udine Tel. 0432502459 Fax. 0432503697 E-mail: [email protected]

Osservatorio dell’agribusiness

Controsservatorio ambiente e territorio

Paesaggio e risorse

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D ANIELA C INTI Paesaggi culturali nelparco agricolo della piana Firenze-Prato

L IVIO C. P ICCININI FILIPPO ANGELUCCI Horizons of Technological The Journey between Innovation between Health and Dream and Reality Quality for a New Harmony in Italy's Small Towns

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DAVIDE LONGATO, M.GAGLIO, D.MARAGNO, E. GISSI Renewable Energy Supply and Landscape Cultural Values: an Achievable Harmonization

GINA BUSCEMI, VALERIA SCAVONE La rinascita di un paesaggio

GIAN MARCO GIRGENTI, GIORGIO POLLARA L'anfiteatro romano di Termini Imerese

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MARIA VITTORIA SANTI, ANNA FRANGIPANE Gli spazi dell'industria come memoria di un "passato contemporaneo"

F RANCESCO BORTOT P IERO PEDROCCO Progettazione sperimentale di Il paradiso perduto dei grandi quartieri per la rigenera- molteplici distretti zione della città

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C ARLA MOTTOLA La rappresentazione del waterfront della città di Napoli: co-m'era e com'è la costa

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ASSUNTA CAMPI, LESTER LONARDO Medioevo riscoperto, medioevo dimenticato

Recensioni e informazioni 174 Associazione IPSAPA Il testo integrale delle norme per i collaboratori è diffusa via Internet ai seguenti indirizzi:https://sites.google.com/site/agribusinesspaesaggioambiente/ home/norme-per-i-collaboratori. Archivio riviste fino al 2009 http://www.ipsapa.it/archive.htm e dal 2010 https://sites.google.com/site/agribusinesspaesaggioambiente/home. La pubblicazione di uno scritto non implica necessariamente l’avallo delle tesi in esso sostenute da parte del Direttore della rivista, del Comitato Scientifico, del Comitato di Redazione e dell’Editore. Ogni autore è personalmente responsabile della forma e del contenuto di quanto pubblicato.

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175 Norme per i collaboratori

Osservatorio dell'agribusiness

DAVIDE LONGATO, MATTIAS GAGLIO, DENIS MARAGNO, ELENA GISSI

Agribusiness Paesaggio & Ambiente -- Vol. XXI - n. 2, Dicembre 2018

Renewable Energy Supply and Landscape Cultural Values: an Achievable Harmonization DAVIDE L ONGATO1, MATTIAS GAGLIO2, DENIS MARAGNO1, ELENA GISSI1

Renewable Energy Supply and Landscape Cultural Values: an Achievable Harmonization. Landscape plays a fundamental role under the cultural perspective for mankind and, from an ecological perspective, is made up of natural and managed ecosystems. Cultural Ecosystem Services (CES) are non-material benefits people obtain from these ecosystems. The development of renewable energy to reach EU targets of 20% of total energy production from renewable sources may affect the landscape. In particular, bioenergy production is known to induce conflict with food production and changes in landscape patterns. Furthermore, several studies suggest that wood (energy) crops have higher capacity to supply CES. This study, based on remote sensing data analysis, aims at identifying marginal agricultural lands be destined to bioenergy production in the Province of Rovigo. In this way, we would lead both to reduce the impacts on the food supply chain and to enhance the provision of CES. Results show that, with the cultivation of wood energy crops in marginal agricultural lands, the supply of CES in agricultural landscape may increase nearly 50%, thereby enhancing the landscape cultural values. Keywords: remote sensing, cultural ecosystem services, bioenergy, marginal agricultural lands, wood crops

The landscape is considered a common cultural commodity, since it refers to our perceivable environment (Antrop, 1999) and can be seen as a container of phyDAVIDE LONGATO sical as well as human mind processes (Farina and Belgrano, 2004). From an ecological perspective, the landscape is made up of natural and managed ecosystems, which provide a broad set of Ecosystem Services (ESs), including aesthetic as well as spiritual, religious and cultural

values, resulting from the interplay and feedback loops between biophysical structures and societal needs, values, and perceptions within specific social-ecological systems (Gissi et Garramone, 2018). The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) defined Cultural Ecosystem Services (CES) as “the non-material benefits people obtain from ecosystems through spiritual enrichment, cognitive development, reflection, recreation, and aesthetic experiences” (MA, 2005). Renewable Energy Source (RES) development to reach EU target of 20% of total energy production from RES (EU Directive 2009/28/ EC) affects the landscape and ecosystems. A sector of RES exploitation affecting the landscape is represented by Biomass-Based

Dpt.of Design and Planning in Complex Environments, University IUAV of Venice, Italy, E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]; 2 Dpt. of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Italy, E-mail: [email protected] 1

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Energy Sources (BBES), since BBES production is known to induce changes in landscape patterns (Gissi et al. 2016, 2018). Its exploitation is limited by uncertainties connected to biomass feedstock availability and effects on ESs, including CES, and landscape aesthetics. In this framework, and considering that energy crops will still probably be grown on land in competition with food and fibre production (Sims et al., 2010), using marginal lands for BBES exploitation can lead to reduce the impacts on landscape and ESs (BlancoCanqui, 2016). This study proposes a methodology, based on remote sensing data, i.e. satellite images, for the identification of marginal agricultural lands to be dedicated to BBES exploitation. Marginal agricultural lands are defined as croplands that are potentially not currently involved or poorly involved in food production, and productive croplands affected by potentially lower productivity. The aim of the study is to optimize a BBES supply chain in order to avoid negative effects on landscape and other ESs, with a focus on food production and CES. Since our purpose was to avoid the conflict between food-feed and bioenergy production, we focused on second generation (2G) dedicated feedstocks which, instead of first generation feedstocks, deals with the cultivation of non-food biomass, e.g. purposegrown vegetative grasses, short rotation forests and other energy crops. Among them, 2G dedicated feedstocks from wood crops have the potential to complement intensive agriculture and ameliorate its environmental impacts (Bartle et al., 2010).

1. Impacts of Wood Energy Crops on Agricultural Landscape Cultural Values Several authors investigated the impacts of wood energy crops in rural areas, focusing on aesthetic, visual and recreational values (Skarback and Becht 2005, Lupp et al., 2015) which are considered CES (MA, 2005). Burkhard et al. (2012) assessed the capacity

of different land cover classes to supply ESs through expert’s valuation, resulting that agroforestry and other wood crops have the capacity to supply more CES, i.e. recreational and aesthetic value, than arable lands. Porter et al. (2009) estimated the economic aesthetic value of landscape on arable farms by using a contingent valuation method, resulting to be higher in wooded arable lands than in pastures or cereal cultivations. The observed positive impacts of wood crops on agricultural landscape cultural values refer to their capacity to provide natural beauty for aesthetical enjoyment, possibilities for outdoor recreation and improvement of the visual character through the enhancement of heterogeneity within arable lands.

2. Identification of Marginal Agricultural Lands for Bioenergy to Reduce Impacts on Landscape: a Case Study A case study in the Province of Rovigo is presented, where most of the land is destined for agricultural use (74%), while forested and semi-natural areas are very limited. Main of agricultural sreas are cultivated with annual arable crops, both winter and summer crops. For the identification of marginal agricultural lands, a Landsat 8 satellite images time series was acquired in 21 different dates, for the years 2014, 2015 and 2016. The Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI) was chosen for the analysis of vegetation phenology, identifying the presence or the absence of plant biomass within a crop growing season. In fact, vegetation indices are one of the most robust proxy variable for biomass provision service, driven by the biophysical process of productivity in a crop growing season (De Araujo Barbosa et al., 2015). The analyses on croplands capacity to produce food, linked to their capacity to provide plant biomass, were performed on the annual arable crops identified from a reference Land Use Land Cover (LULC) map, which had been crossed with cadastral parcels.

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Areas showing null or lower capacity to provide plant biomass were considered marginal agricultural lands to be destined to bioenergy production from wood crops. Thus, while minimising the conflict with food production and increasing the bioenergy supply chain, the landscape cultural values would increase due to the positive impact related to non-material benefits wood crops can provide for people within an agricultural landscape.

3. Results To marginal agricultural lands identified through remote sensing data, additional few hectares of abandoned or not used agricultural lands directly derived from LULC data were identified, for a total of more than 2,200 ha of marginal agricultural lands suitable for the cultivation of wood energy crops. This area corresponds to 1.7% of the total agricultural area in the Province of Rovigo (135,785 ha), where current wood (energy and non-energy) crops cover an area of 4,848 ha. Hypothesizing to destine all the marginal agricultural lands identified to the cultivation of wood crops for

energy purposes, there would be a potential notable increase (up to 47%) of wooded areas with a high capacity to supply CES (i.e. recreational, aesthetic and visual landscape value) in agricultural landscape.

4. Discussion and Conclusion Our study highlights that using marginal agricultural lands to cultivate wood energy crops not only helps to avoid the conflict with food production, but also leads to general positive impacts on landscape cultural values through the enhancement of several CES. In fact, landscape cultural values are directly connected to non-material benefits (capabilities and experiences) ecosystems can supply (Schaich et al., 2010). CES as aesthetic value, related to the elements forming the landscape and to its visual perception, and recreational value, e.g. outdoor activities such as walking and possibility of relaxation (Grilli et al., 2016), can provide this positive impact on the landscape. However, the capacity of wood energy crops to enhance some CES depends on characters and elements forming the

Fig. 1 Spatial distribution of current wood crops and marginal agricultural lands identified

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Renewable Energy Supply and Landscape Cultural Values: an Achievable Harmonization

landscape pattern. For example, as reported by Skarback and Becht (2005), homogeneity and complexity are important characteristics to take into account in the analysis of the landscape aesthetic value, since attractiveness increases with the level of complexity (only to a certain extent). By including some wooded features within an agricultural landscape mainly cultivated with arable lands, as the case of the Province of Rovigo, the resulting landscape may benefit of a higher level of attractiveness due to the increase of its complexity. On the contrary, by including some wooded features within a mainly wooded landscape, the resulting landscape may not benefit of a higher level of attractiveness. To this regard, special care should be taken when analysing the capacity of wood energy crops to enhance CES and landscape cultural values. Finally, the exploitation of bioenergy from wood crops in marginal areas characterized by previous lower level of productivity can lead to significant ameliorations of ecological functions and enhancement of other types of ESs, e.g. regulating services (Blanco-Canqui, 2016). It can thus be said that the cultivation of wood energy crops in marginal agricultural lands in the context of an intensive agricultural landscape can be seen as a win-win process, positively impacting on the environment and landscape cultural values, while preventing consistent negative impacts on food production and increasing the bioenergy supply chain. G Sommario Il paesaggio ricopre un ruolo fondamentale all’interno della prospettiva culturale umana. Da un punto di vista ecologico, il paesaggio è composto da un insieme di ecosistemi naturali e artificiali, capaci di fornire alle persone una serie di benefici immateriali, denominati Servizi Ecosistemici Culturali. Il recente svilup po delle energie rinn ovabili per il raggiungimento del target del 20% di energia proveniente da fonti rinnovabili fissato dall’UE crea notevoli ripercussioni sul paesaggio. In particolare, è noto che la produzione di bioenergia implica un conflitto con la produzione di cibo e modifiche significative alla struttura del paesaggio. Numerosi studi suggeriscono che le coltivazioni agro-forestali per la produzione di bioenergia hanno una maggiore capacità di

fornire Servizi Ecosistemici Culturali. Questo studio, basato sull’analisi di dati satellitari, si pone come obiettivo l’identificazione di aree agricole marginali da destinare alla produzione di bioenergia all’interno della Provincia di Rovigo. In questo modo, si punta sia a ridurre l’ impa tto ch e la filiera bioenergetica ha sulla produzione di cibo sia ad incrementare la fornitura di Servizi Ecosistemici Culturali. I risultati mostrano come, destinando le aree marginali individuate alla produzione di bioenergia proveniente da coltivazioni agro-forestali, la fornitura di questi servizi all’interno del paesaggio agrario potrebbe incrementare di quasi il 50%, aumentando così il valore culturale che esso ricopre per le persone.

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