2018 IEEE International Workshop on Metrology for

2018 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON

METROLOGY FOR A RCHAEOLOGY AND C ULTURAL H ERITAGE

CASSINO, ITALY -

OCTOBER 22-24, 2018

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IEEE Catalogue Number: CFP18O73-USB ISBN: 978-1-5386-5275-6

© 2018 IEEE 2018 IEEE International Workshop on Metrology for Archaeology and Cultural Heritage (MetroArchaeo 2018) Proceedings

© 2018. Personal use of this material is permitted. However, permission to reprint/republish this material for advertising or promotional purposes or for creating new collective works for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or to use any copyrighted component of this work in other works must be obtained from the IEEE. Copyright and Reprint Permission: Abstracting is permitted with credit to the source. Libraries are permitted to photocopy beyond the limit of U.S. copyright law, for private use of patrons, those articles in this volume that carry a code at the bottom of the first page, provided that the per-copy fee indicated in the code is paid through the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923. For reprint or repubblication permission, email to IEEE Copyrights Manager at [email protected]. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2018 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

IEEE Catalog Number: CFP18O73-USB ISBN: 978-1-5386-5275-6

Welcome Message from the Chairpersons

On behalf of the Organizing Committee, we wish to welcome you to the 2018 IEEE International Conference on Metrology for Archaeology and Cultural Heritage - MetroArchaeo2018. The combined use of numerical approaches and metrology in archaeology and, more generally, in the study of cultural heritage, is a firmly established reality in contemporary research, which is undergoing rapid evolution both in the scale, type and scope of applications. Metrology includes both theoretical and practical aspects with reference to measurements, whatever their uncertainties are, and in whatever fields of science or technology they occur. The characterization, valorisation and preservation of cultural heritage are therefore deeply related to metrological issues, for the collection, interpretation and validation of data, through the use of different analytical tools, physicalchemical and mechanical techniques, digital technologies, new ICT tools. The 2019 IEEE International Conference on Metrology for Archaeology and Cultural Heritage MetroArchaeo2018 aims to gather a wide range of scholars and heritage scientists working in universities and research centres, museums, galleries, libraries, archives, small and medium enterprises. MetroArchaeo2018 is conceived as an occasion to foster exchanges of ideas and information, to establish connections and collaborations, and to share innovative solutions in the field of measurements applied to cultural heritage, among material scientists, chemists, physicists, engineers, archaeologists, conservators, restorers. Following the positive experience of the first four editions held in Benevento (2015-2016), Turin (2017) and Lecce (2017), this year’s conference has been organized in Cassino, a town that houses the testimonies of a prestigious historical and cultural tradition, spanning from Roman antiquity to Middle Ages, up to modern times. Cassino’s origins lie in a Volscan settlement later passed under the control of the Samintes, and then of the Romans, who established a fortified colony there at the end of the 4th century BC. Traces of the Roman era survive in the archaeological area located at the foot of Montecassino, showing the remains of the ancient Casinum: a Roman amphitheatre, a theatre, the mausoleum of the Roman matron Ummidia Quadratilla, the so-called «nymphaeum Ponari» (belonging to the University of Cassino). Immediately above the archaeological area stands the Abbey of Montecassino, which is one of the most renowned Benedictine monasteries in the world. It was founded by St. Benedict in 529 on the remnants of a preexisting Roman fortification, and destroyed four times: by the Longobards around 577, by the Saracens in 883, by an earthquake in 1349 and the last time in 1944, when it was bombed by the Allies at the end of Word War II. The present-day Cathedral was

reconstructed after its most recent destruction according to the 17th-18th century design. The Abbey also hosts a museum and a library with a valuable collection of precious manuscripts and historical books. Cassino is also a reference point for contemporary art: CAMUSAC (Cassino Museum of Contemporary Art), a new structure created in 2013, houses a permanent private collection gathered over a period of more than twenty-five years, and the University itself also holds a significant collection of works by important contemporary artists. The activities aimed at the conservation, protection, enhancement and use of cultural heritage, through the development and application of innovative methods and technologies, have a consolidated academic, scientific and entrepreneurial tradition, recognized both at a national and international level, in the territory of southern Lazio. The University of Cassino stands out for its commitment in this sector, with a number of initiatives involving a wide range of skills, projects, collaborations in progress with other research institutions, and industries. Cassino is therefore a perfect frame for a conference designed to encourage discussion and networking among scientists coming from all over the world, and to promote new interactions and collaborations among established scholars and new researchers working in different areas and interested in the use of measurements in the study of cultural heritage. MetroArchaeo2018 hosts three plenary lectures and 25 oral, poster and demo sessions aiming to give a complete and multidisciplinary picture of the applications of measurements and data treatments to the characterization and safeguard of archaeological and historic heritage. With the aim of providing a common ground for researchers to share their findings about metrology applied to archaeology and cultural heritage, MetroArchaeo2018 includes a significant number of special sessions, intended to group the different applications of metrology to archaeology and cultural heritage into thematic strands, and to allow coherent and targeted discussions. The program includes three keynote lectures, which will be delivered by John Bintliff, from Leiden University (The Netherlands) and the University of Edinburgh (UK), Rodney Ast, from the University of Heidelberg (Germany), and Anna Maria Mercuri, from the University of Modena and Reggio Emilia (Italy). Awards will be assigned to a number of outstanding papers, posters and demos. The social programme includes a Welcome party, to be held at the University Rectorate, and a social dinner at “La Cocincina” restaurant. The organisation of the conference was a very complex task, due to the large interest in the wide range of topics listed in the call for papers. A generous and tireless scientific and organising committee was involved in drafting the technical program, arranging accommodation for the speakers, managing the administrative aspects, and setting up the social programme. We are very grateful to all of them for their outstanding work, as well as to

the reviewers who have contributed to guarantee the quality of the scientific program. We also wish to thank the public and private organizations which have kindly accepted to support the meeting in different ways. The 2018 IEEE International Conference on Metrology for Archaeology and Cultural Heritage is about to begin. We hope you will enjoy the company of colleagues and experts as well as the natural and artistic beauties of Cassino! Please, let us have your comments and remarks: we all, metrologists, archaeologists, geologists, heritage scientists, colleagues and friends, know that criticism is the best way to improve quality, and to achieve lasting excellences. On behalf of the Organizing Committee Pasquale Daponte Marilena Maniaci

MetroArchaeo 2018 Committee

GENERAL CHAIRS Pasquale Daponte, University of Sannio, Italy Marilena Maniaci, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy TECHNICAL PROGRAM CO-CHAIRS Francesco Fontanella, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy Marco Laracca, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy Cristina Corsi, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy Elena Garcea, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy PUBLICATION CHAIR Lucio Del Corso, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy SPECIAL SESSIONS CHAIRS Assunta Pelliccio, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy Eugenio Polito, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy AWARD CHAIR Maria Grazia D'Urso, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy TREASURY CHAIR Sergio Rapuano, University of Sannio, Italy INTERNATIONAL PROGRAM COMMITTEE Tiziana Tambosso, IEEE Italy Section, Italy Silvia Maria Pietralunga, National Research Council, Italy Leopoldo Angrisani, University of Naples Federico II, Italy Corrado Lo Storto, University of Naples Federico II, Italy Sara Foresti, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy Guido Chiaretti, STMicroelectronics, Italy LOCAL COMMITTEE Anna Mariani, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy Bruna Maria Andreoni, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy Marco Saccucci, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy

MetroArchaeo 2018 Keynote Speakers

Keynote Monday, October 22, 2018 Regional Surface Survey: From pictures via grab-samples to a quantified sub-discipline John Bintliff Leiden University, The Netherlands University of Edimburgh, UK ABSTRACT. Landscape Archaeology began in the imagination, grew from firsthand qualitative description, and matured into a continuously innovating field of ever increasingly detailed measurement of ancient surface artefacts and their spatial context. This paper will illustrate this evolution of regional surface survey techniques and discuss current challenges to further progress in rigorous analysis of past human presence as recorded on the present landscape.

John Bintliff (London, England, 1949) is Emeritus Professor of Classical and Mediterranean Archaeology at Leiden University, the Netherlands, and Emeritus Professor at the University of Edinburgh, UK. He studied Archaeology and Anthropology at Cambridge University, where he also completed his PhD in 1977 on the (pre)history of human settlement in Greece. He was Senior Lecturer in Archaeology at Bradford University, where he taught from 1977, then moved to Durham University as Reader in Archaeology in 1990, where he taught till moving to Leiden in 1999. In 1988 he was elected a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries. Since 1978 he has been co-directing (with Cambridge University) the Boeotia Project, an interdisciplinary programme investigating the evolution of settlement in Central Greece, widely-recognised as one of the most significant regional research programmes in the Mediterranean region. His interests include social theory and the application of neuroscience to the Humanities.

Keynote Tuesday, October 23, 2018 Advanced Technologies and the Written Heritage Rodney Ast University of Heidelberg, Germany ABSTRACT. Technology has improved the way we decipher, organize, and retrieve elements of historical written records. High resolution images as well as methods in multispectral (MSI) and reflectance transformation imaging (RTI) have made it easier to study inscribed historical artifacts without actually taking them in hand. Large datasets of textual transcriptions can be subjected to pattern recognition via search engines far more efficiently than in the past, when scholars relied primarily on printed texts and indices for organizing and analyzing their historical sources. Although, over the last several decades, efforts have tended to focus largely on the storage and retrieval of these datasets, recent attention has shifted to methods of processing image data, in the interest of advancing, for example, the study of paleography. The result has been increased interest in the application of neural networks and machine learning for image recognition processes. This talk surveys a variety of the technologies currently in use in ancient studies. It focuses, on a practical level, on their current limitations, while pointing, on the conceptual level, to the potential they have to transform scientific practice even further. How all these tools can make us better humanists should be at the heart of technological development, and this talk also serves as a reminder of ways in which they have and can continue doing this. Rodney Ast has a PhD in Classics from the University of Toronto. He is Senior Research and Teaching Associate in the Institute for Papyrologyat the University of Heidelberg. His main areas of interest are Greek and Latin documentary and literary papyrology and palaeography; the cultural and social history of Graeco-Roman Egypt; Egyptian archaeology; digital papyrology. Besides authoring works on Greek and Latin papyrological and inscriptional texts, he is involved in digital initiatives (papyri.info, Digital Corpus of Literary Papyri, pappal.info) and takes part in excavations at Amheida (Dakhla Oasis) and Berenike (Eastern Desert).

Keynote Wednesday, October 24, 2018 Why, what and how can archaeobotany measure the past? Cultural landscapes of the Mediterranean and Saharan areas Anna Maria Mercuri University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy ABSTRACT: Today as in the past, plants are everywhere around us, they are different and have special needs to grow, are members of the ecosystems and have been included in our culture as natural resources since the beginning of human history on the world. For all these reasons plants are excellent bioindicators of environmental quality and human behaviour, and Archaeobotany is the science that has developed the ability to measure the related characters and processes based on plant records unearthed from archaeological sites. The talk introduces principles, methods and objects of the archaeobotanical research, with special focus on pollen analysis. The Mediterranean case studies are reported to demonstrate that Archaeobotany is able to reconstruct cultural landscapes: They are the Bronze Age Terramara’s culture, the Roman Peasants in southern Tuscany, the Roman to Medieval farmhouse of Piazza Armerina in Sicily. The Saharan case studies are described to show how the same data can give both palaeoenvironmental and ethnobotanical information on the transformations of this desert: They are the Sai Island in Sudan, the necropolis of Gobero in Niger, and the Wadi Teshuinat area in southern Libya. The talk concludes on the site of Takarkori from which an unexpected exploitation of wild cereals has opened a new perspective on the sustainable resources for the future. Anna Maria Mercuri, biologist and palynologist, Associate Professor of Systematic Botany at the Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Italy; teacher of ‘Applied Palynology and Botany’, coordinator of the Italian Working Group of Palynology and Palaeobotany for the Italian Botanical Society (GPPSBI, since 2012); she designed the archaeobotanical network BRAIN (https://brainplants.unimore.it), published > 200 research papers, and organised three international conferences on palynology and archaeobotany in Modena. Her scientific interests include aerobiology, the relationship between plant landscapes and human activities, and the human impact and vegetation history in the Mediterranean Basin and the Sahara.

CONFERENCE PROGRAM

Monday, October 22 Special Session on Non-invasive systems and techniques for "on site" monitoring and diagnosis - PART I Room: Aula Magna, Cassino University Campus Chairs: Emanuele Piuzzi, Sapienza, University of Rome, Italy Livio D’Alvia, Sapienza, University of Rome, Italy 1 Effect of Applied Pressure on Patch Resonator - Based Measurements of Moisture Level for Cultaral Heritage Materials Livio D’Alvia, Sapienza, University of Rome, Italy Erika Pittella, Sapienza, University of Rome, Italy Stefano Pisa, Sapienza, University of Rome, Italy Emanuele Piuzzi, Sapienza, University of Rome, Italy Zaccaria Del Prete, Sapienza, University of Rome, Italy 6 Multidisciplinary approach for the study of the Ptolemaic coffin of Ankhhapy from the egyptian collection of MANN in Naples Alessia Volino, Università degli Studi Suor Orsola Benincasa, Italy Maria Rosaria Barone Lumaga, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Italy Paola Cennamo, Università degli Studi Suor Orsola Benincasa, Italy Giancarlo Fatigati, Università degli Studi Suor Orsola Benincasa, Italy Giorgio Trojsi, Università degli Studi Suor Orsola Benincasa, Italy 12 Acoustic Characterization of Outcropping Stratigraphic Units Andrea Azelio Mencaglia, Institute of Applied Physics "Nello Carrara", Italy Ilaria Cacciari, Institute of Applied Physics "Nello Carrara", Italy Giorgio Franco Pocobelli, Cooperativa Archeologia, Italy Salvatore Siano, Institute of Applied Physics "Nello Carrara", Italy 17 Non-destructive Diagnostics of Architectonic Elements in San Giuseppe Calasanzio’s Church in Cagliari: a Test-case for Micro-geophysical Methods within the Framework of Holisti/integrated Protocols for Artefact Knowledge. Luca Piroddi, University of Cagliari, Italy Giulio Vignoli, University of Cagliari, Italy Antonio Trogu, University of Cagliari, Italy Gian Piero Deidda, University of Cagliari, Italy 22 Use of Ground Penetrating Radar for Assessing Interconnections between Root Systems of Different Matured Tree Species Livia Lantini, University of West London, UK Rich Holleworth, University of West London, UK Daniel Egyir, University of West London, UK Iraklis Giannakis, University of West London, UK Fabio Tosti, University of West London, UK Amir M. Alani, University of West London, UK

Special Session on Artificial intelligence for measurements in cultural heritage - PART I Room: B 2.07 Hall, Cassino University Campus Chairs: Francesco Colace, University of Salerno, Italy Mario Molinara, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy

27 Automatic Writer Identification in Medieval Books Claudio De Stefano, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy Francesco Fontanella, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy Marilena Maniaci, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy Claudio Marrocco, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy Mario Molinara, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy Alessandra Scotto di Freca, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy 33 Recognition of Oracle Bone Inscriptions Using Deep Learning based on Data Augmentation Lin Meng, Ritsumeikan University, Japan Naoki Kamitoku, Ritsumeikan University, Japan Katsuhiro Yamazaki, Ritsumeikan University, Japan 39 Encoding and Simulating the Past. A Machine Learning Approach to the Archaeological Information Marco Ramazzotti, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy Paolo Massimo Buscema, Semeion Research Centre of Sciences of Communication, Italy Giulia Massini, Semeion Research Centre of Sciences of Communication, Italy Francesca Della Torre, Semeion Research Centre of Sciences of Communication, Italy 45 Deep learning for object detection in fine-art paintings Stanislav Smirnov, University of Paderborn, Germany Alma Eguizabal, University of Paderborn, Germany 50 Cultural Heritage Buildings Degradation Simulation Francisco Serrano, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, Portugal João Serrano, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, Portugal Alexandrino Gonçalves, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, Portugal Carlos Grilo, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, Portugal Nuno Rodrigues, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, Portugal Virgílio Hipólito-Correia, Conimbriga Monographic Museum, Portugal

General Session PART I

Room: 1.09 Hall, Cassino University Campus Chairs: Maria Grazia D’Urso, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy Marco Laracca, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy 56 Sources Silvana Errico, FAI member, Italy 62 Archaeology and archaeozoology: the alpine settlement of Orgères (La Thuile-Aosta, ITALY) Chiara Maria Lebole, University of Torino, Italy Chiara Mascarello, University of Torino, Italy Giorgio Di Gangi, University of Torino, Italy 66 Developing automated digitization system for cultural heritage documentation - case study Maciej Karaszewski, University of Technology Warsaw, Poland Eryk Bunsch, Museum of King Jan III’s Palace at Wilanòw, Poland Krzysztof Lech, University of Technology Warsaw, Poland Robert Sitnik, University of Technology Warsaw, Poland 72 Digital models for archaeological documentation in urban context. 3D surveys in the new underground of Naples (Municipio station) Giovanni Caratelli, Institute for Technologies Applied to Cultural Heritage (ITABC) National Research Council (CNR), Italy Cecilia Giorgi, Institute for Technologies Applied to Cultural Heritage (ITABC) National Research Council (CNR), Italy 78 Problems in Three-Dimensional Measurement of Japanese Kenjutsu Using Existing Sensing Devices Risako Aoki, Meiji University, Japan Ryusuke Miyamoto, Meiji University, Japan

Tuesday, October 23 Special Session on Metrological approaches to the study of ancient and medieval written Heritage - PART I Room: Aula Magna, Cassino University Campus Chairs: Gianluca Del Mastro, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Italy

84 The secrets of Herculaneum papyri revealed by synchrotron based techniques: writing and ink composition Silvia Romano, Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems, Italy Ana Sofia Leal, Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems, Italy Emmanuel Brun, ESRF, France Daniel Delattre, CNRS-IRHT, France Vito Mocella, Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems, Italy 87 Document analysis at AGH University of Science and Technology Tomasz Łojewski, AGH University of Science and Technology, Poland 92 Scripta volant: measuring the purple spots biodeterioration of historical parchments by an interdisciplinary approach Nicoletta Perini, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy Maria Cristina Thaller, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy Alessandro Rubechini, Archivio Segreto Vaticano, Città del Vaticano Fulvio Mercuri, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy Silvia Orlanducci, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy Luciana Migliore, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy

Special Session on Integrated Digital Survey Methodologies for the Knowledge and Enhancement of Architectural and Urban - PART I Room: B 2.07 Hall, Cassino University Campus Chairs: Marco Giorgio Bevilacqua, University of Pisa, Italy

97 Parametric Thinking: Recognizing the "Architectural Formulas" in Cultural Built Heritage by Parametric Digital Modelling Roberta Spallone, Politecnico di Torino, Italy Marco Vitali, Politecnico di Torino, Italy 102 Spatial Data Analysis in Archaeology: A comparison of two available methods for site location Rafał Bie´nkowski, Polish Academy of Science, Poland Marta Lorenzon, The University of Helsinki, Finland Agnieszka Kaliszewska, Polish Academy of Science, Poland Krzysztof Le´sniewski, Polish Academy of Science, Poland 106 Assessment of workflows for creating 3D semantic libraries: a study on medieval bell towers in the central region of Sicily Cettina Santagati, University of Catania, Italy Raissa Garozzo, University of Catania, Italy Melissa Lengies, Carleton University, Ottawa Graziana D’Agostino, University of Catania, Italy Mariateresa Galizia, University of Catania, Italy 112 Geochemical and petrographic analysis on the stones and integrated digital survey of the Cathedral of Sant’Antioco di Bisarcio (Ozieri, Italy) Stefano Columbu, Università di Cagliari, Italy Marco Lezzerini, Università di Pisa, Italy Giorgio Verdiani, Università di Firenze, italy

Special Session on Artificial intelligence for measurements in cultural heritage - PART II Room: 1.09 Hall, Cassino University Campus

Chairs: Francesco Fontanella, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy Mario Molinara, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy 118 e-Tourism: A Context-Aware Framework for Services Dynamic Packaging Fabio Clarizia, University of Salerno, Italy Francesco Colace, University of Salerno, Italy Massimo De Santo, University of Salerno, Italy Marco Lombardi, University of Salerno, Italy Francesco Pascale, University of Salerno, Italy Domenico Santaniello, University of Salerno, Italy 122 Ancient Coin Classification Using Graph Transduction Games Sinem Aslan, ECLT - CCHT, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, Italy, Ege University, Turkey Sebastiano Vascon, ECLT - CCHT, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, Italy Marcello Pelillo, ECLT - CCHT - DAIS, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, Italy 127 Automatic Mosaic Digitalization: a Deep Learning approach to tessera segmentation Andrea Felicetti, (DII) Università Politecnica delle Marche, Italy Alessandra Albiero, CNR, Italy Roberto Gabrielli, CNR, Italy Roberto Pierdicca, (DICEA) Università Politecnica delle Marche, Italy Marina Paolanti, (DII) Università Politecnica delle Marche, Italy Primo Zingaretti, (DII) Università Politecnica delle Marche, Italy Eva Savina Malinverni, (DICEA) Università Politecnica delle Marche, Italy 132 A Double-layer Approach for Historical Documents Archiving Marco Lombardi, University of Salerno, Italy Francesco Pascale, University of Salerno, Italy Domenico Santaniello, University of Salerno, Italy

Special Session on Using multivariate analyses to interpret lithic variability: contributions and limitations Room: Aula Magna, Cassino University Campus Chairs: Alice Leplongeon, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, France Elena A.A. Garcea, University of Cassino and Southern Latium, Italy

136 Objectifying processes: The Multivariate analyses of the Acheulean Tools in the Western Europe Paula García-Medrano, British Museum, UK Elías Maldonado-Garrido, British Museum, UK Nick Ashton, British Museum, UK Andreu Ollé, (IPHES), Spain 140 Raw material exploitation and lithic variability at the MSA site of Gotera, Southern Ethiopia: technological and quantitative approaches combined Elena Carletti, "La Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy Marianna Fusco, "La Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy Andrea Zerboni, "La Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy Marina Gallinaro, "A. Desio" Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy Enza Elena Spinapolice, "La Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy

Special Session on Cultural Heritage: Measurement of Immeasurable Values - PART I Room: B 2.07 Hall, Cassino University Campus ˙ Chairs: Magdalena Zmudzi´ nska-Nowak, Silesian University of Technology, Poland

146 CULTURAL HERITAGE: Values, Approaches, Interpretation ˙ Magdalena Zmudzi´ nska-Nowak, Faculty of Architecture Silesian University of Technology, Poland 152 Using modern techniques of digitalization in popularization of the Upper Silesia Heritage Krzysztof Herner, The Coal Mining Museum in Zabrze, Poland 157 Enforced oblivion. The heritage site and it’s intangible heritage tangled with the political narrative and social memory of the nations Beata Piecha-van Schagen, Coal Mining Museum, Poland

163 Tools versus Ideas// Methods versus Imagination Antonio Castelbranco, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal Oksana Turchanina, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal

Special Session on Geomatic Techniques for Integrated 3D Data Acquisition, Metric Validation and Management - PART I Room: 1.09 Hall, Cassino University Campus Chairs: Gabriele Bitelli, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Italy Maria Grazia D’Urso, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy 168 Crop marks detection through optical and multispectral imagery acquired by UAV Vittorio Casella, University of Pavia, Italy Marica Franzini, University of Pavia, Italy Maria Elena Gorrini, University of Pavia, Italy 173 High resolution orthophotos and a digital surface model of the Roman city of Pollentia (Mallorca, Spain) using RPAS imagery, aerial images, and open data archives Eduard Angelats, (CTTC/CERCA), Spain Miguel Ángel Cau Ontiveros, (ICREA) (ERAAUB), Spain Catalina Mas Florit, (ERAAUB), Spain 178 High-resolution 3D survey and visualization of Mesopotamian artefacts bearing cuneiform inscriptions Chiara Francolini, (DICAM) University of Bologna, Italy Gianni Marchesi, (DiSCi) University of Bologna, Italy Gabriele Bitelli, (DICAM) University of Bologna, Italy 183 3D information management system for the conservation of an old deserted military site EVA S. MALINVERNI, (DICEA) Università Politecnica delle Marche, Italy ANDREA A. GIULIANO, (DICEA) Università Politecnica delle Marche, Italy FABIO MARIANO, (DICEA) Università Politecnica delle Marche, Italy 188 CLOSE-RANGE IMAGERY FOR RECONSTRUCTING ARCHAEOLOGICAL FINDINGS Maria Grazia D’Urso, (DICeM) University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy Constantino Luis Marino, International Surveyance Company, Italy Andrea Rotondi, (DICeM) University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy

Special Session on Integrated Digital Survey Methodologies for the Knowledge and Enhancement of Architectural and Urban - PART II Room: Aula Magna, Cassino University Campus Chairs: Marco Giorgio Bevilacqua, University of Pisa, Italy 194 Computational Design for As-Built Modeling of Architectural Heritage in HBIM processes Stefano Brusaporci, University of L’Aquila, Italy Pamela Maiezza, University of L’Aquila, Italy Alessandra Tata, University of L’Aquila, Italy 199 The Building Information Modelling for the documentation of an archaeological site Ilaria Trizio, Construction Technologies Institute, Italy Francesca Savini, University of L’Aquila, Italy Alessandro Giannangeli, Construction Technologies Institute, Italy 206 Deepening the knowledge of military architecture in an urban context through digital representations integrated with geophysical surveys. The city walls of Cagliari (Italy). Andrea Pirinu, DICAAR University of Cagliari, Italy Roberto Balia, DICAAR University of Cagliari, Italy Luca Piroddi, DICAAR University of Cagliari, Italy Antonio Trogu, DICAAR University of Cagliari, Italy Marco Utzeri, DICAAR University of Cagliari, Italy Giulio Vignoli, DICAAR University of Cagliari, Italy

211 Documentation systems for a urban renewal proposal in developing territories: the digitalization project of Bethlehem Historical Center Sandro Parrinello, DICAr University of Pavia, Italy Francesca Picchio, DICAr University of Pavia, Italy Raffaella De Marco, DICAr University of Pavia, Italy 217 Integrated BIM-GIS system for the enhancement of urban heritage Marco Saccucci, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy Assunta Pelliccio, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy

Special Session on Pondera Online: An international network for ancient and byzantine metrology Room: B 2.07 Hall, Cassino University Campus Chairs: Charles Doyen, FNRS / UCLouvain, Belgium Maria Letizia Caldelli, Sapienza - Università di Roma, Italy 222 The Pondera Online Database Doyen Charles, INCAL / CEMA, Belgium

Special Session on Full Coverage Geophysical Prospection on Protohistoric and Roman Central Settlements in Italy Room: 1.09 Hall, Cassino University Campus Chairs: Frank Vermeulen, Ghent University, Belgium 228 Mapping Adriatic Landscapes project: geophysics and other prospecting methods in the discovery and re-discovery of pre-Roman settlements in northern Marche. Federica Boschi, University of Bologna, Italy 233 Non-invasive Survey Approaches to Pre-Roman Settlement Centres in Central Adriatic Italy Wieke de Neef, Department of Archaeology Ghent University, Belgium Frank Vermeulen, Department of Archaeology Ghent University, Belgium 239 Urban survey on abandoned Roman sites: integrating archaeological geophysics and other topographic approaches in central-Adriatic Italy Frank Vermeulen, Department of Archaeology Ghent University, Belgium 244 Integrated Geophysical Survey to Reconstruct Historical Landscape in Undug Areas of the Roman Ancient Town of Nora, Cagliari, Italy Luca Piroddi, (DICAAR) University of Cagliari, Italy Francesco Loddo, (DICAAR) University of Cagliari, Italy Sergio Vincenzo Calcina, (DICAAR) University of Cagliari, Italy Antonio Trogu, (DICAAR) University of Cagliari, Italy Martina Cogoni, (DICAAR) University of Cagliari, Italy Gaetano Ranieri, (DICAAR) University of Cagliari, Italy 249 The Impact of High Resolution Ground-Penetrating Radar Survey on Understanding Roman Towns: case studies from Falerii Novi and Interamna Lirenas (Lazio, Italy) Lieven Verdonck, Department of Archaeology Ghent University, Belgium Frank Vermeulen, Department of Archaeology Ghent University, Belgium Martin Millett, Faculty of Classics University of Cambridge, UK Alessandro Launaro, Faculty of Classics University of Cambridge, UK

Special Session on Geomatic Techniques for Integrated 3D Data Acquisition, Metric Validation and Management - PART II Room: Aula Magna, Cassino University Campus Chairs: Gabriele Bitelli, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Italy Maria Grazia D’Urso, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy 255 Public Archaeology and Open Data: a New Deal for Supporting and Interpreting Excavations Giorgio Di Gangi, University of Torino, Italy Enrico Borgogno Mondino, University of Torino, Italy Chiara Maria Lebole, University of Torino, Italy

260 EVALUATING A SLAM-BASED MOBILE MAPPING SYSTEM: A METHODOLOGICAL COMPARISON FOR 3D HERITAGE SCENE REAL-TIME RECONSTRUCTION Eva Savina Malinverni, (DICEA) Università Politecnica delle Marche, Italy Roberto Pierdicca, (DICEA) Università Politecnica delle Marche, Italy Carlo Alberto Bozzi, (DICEA) Università Politecnica delle Marche, Italy Daniele Bartolucci, Geomax s.r.l, Italy 266 3D survey and modelling of the main portico of the Cathedral of Monreale Mauro Lo Brutto, University of Palermo, Italy Donatella Ebolese, University of Palermo, Italy Leonarda Fazio, University of Palermo, Italy Gino Dardanelli, University of Palermo, Italy 272 Geomatic techniques for surveying and mapping an archaeological site Andrea Gennaro, (DISUM) University of Catania, Italy Michele Mangiameli, (DICAR) University of Catania, Italy Giovanni Muscato, (DIEEI) University of Catania, Italy Giuseppe Mussumeci, (DICAR) University of Catania, Italy Mariarita Sgarlata, (DISUM) University of Catania, Italy 277 Pre-Bonifica maps of the Agro Pontino: an assessment Valerio Baiocchi, DICEA Sapienza University, Italy Luca Alessandri, GIA University of Groningen, The Netherlands Francesca Giannone, Engineering Faculty Cusano University, Italy Jan Sevink, IBED University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands Wouter van Gorp, GIA University of Groningen, The Netherlands Martijn van Leusen, GIA University of Groningen, The Netherlands

Special Session on Cultural Heritage: Measurement of Immeasurable Values - PART II Room: B 2.07 Hall, Cassino University Campus ˙ Chairs: Magdalena Zmudzi´ nska-Nowak, Silesian University of Technology, Poland 282 The Museo dell’Arte della Lana in Stia: Culture and tradition of wool-making Andrea Gori, Museo Galileo, Italy Emma Angelini, Politecnico di Torino, Italy 288 “The loop of history and art – how reinterpretation creates relations?” Jerzy Wojewódka, Silesian University of Technology Faculty of Architecture, Poland Julia Gi˙zewska, Silesian University of Technology Faculty of Architecture, Poland 293 Industrial heritage between identity and conflicts: analysis and possibilities for the industrial village of Rosignano Solvay in Tuscany Marco Giorgio Bevilacqua, DESTeC Università di Pisa, Italy Stefania Landi, DESTeC Università di Pisa, Italy Sonia Paone, Dipartimento di Scienze Politiche Università di Pisa, Italy Giulia Zanaboni, Italy 298 Emptiness as a testimony of an orphaned heritage. Karolina Chodura, Silesian University of Technology, Poland 303 Vernacular immeasurable heritage - searching for uniqueness in the old way of building El˙zbieta Rdzawska-Augustin, Silesian University of Technology, Poland

Special Session on Non-invasive systems and techniques for "on site" monitoring and diagnosis - PART II Room: 1.09 Hall, Cassino University Campus Chairs: Emanuele Piuzzi, Sapienza, University of Rome, Italy Livio D’Alvia, Sapienza, University of Rome, Italy

308 Photogrammetric survey to support Non Destructive Tests at St. Alexander Catacombs in Rome Marialuisa Mongelli, Department of Energy technologies ICT DIVISION ENEA, Italy Irene Bellagamba, Department of Energy technologies ICT DIVISION ENEA, Italy Antonio Perozziello, Department of Energy technologies ICT DIVISION ENEA, Italy Samuele Pierattini, Department of Energy technologies ICT DIVISION ENEA, Italy Silvio Migliori, Department of Energy technologies ICT DIVISION ENEA, Italy Andrea Quintiliani, Department of Energy technologies ICT DIVISION ENEA, Italy Giovanni Bracco, Department of Energy technologies ICT DIVISION ENEA, Italy Angelo Tatì, Department of Energy technologies USER DIVISION ENEA, Italy Paola Calicchia, Institute of Marine Engineering CNR-INM, Italy 314 Frequency Domain Analysis of the Minerva Medica Temple by means of the Motion Magnification Methodology Vincenzo Antonio Fioriti, ENEA, Italy Ivan Roselli, ENEA, Italy Gerardo De Canio, ENEA, Italy 319 Non-Destructive Survey Systems on Masonry: The Case of the Walls in the Archaeological Site of Canne della Battaglia Eduardo Caliano, Istemi s.a.s, Italy Carmine Napoli, Istemi s.a.s, Italy Nicolino Messuti, Istemi s.a.s, Italy Rosangela Faieta, Istemi s.a.s, Italy 325 Structural Health Monitoring System for Masonry Historical Construction Francesco Lamonaca, University of Sannio, Italy Renato S. Olivito, University of Calabria, Italy Saverio Porzio, University of Calabria, Italy Domenico Luca Carnì, University of Calabria, Italy Carmelo Scuro, University of Calabria, Italy 331 Low density archaeometry with low energy using X-ray radiography and microtomography Ricardo Tadeu Lopes, PEN/COPPE/UFRJ, Brazil Soraia Rodrigues Azeredo, PEN/COPPE/UFRJ, Brazil Roberto Cesareo, University di Sassari, Italy Regulo F. Jordan, Museo Señora de Cao and Fundacion Wiese, Peru Arabel Fernandez, Museo Señora de Cao and Fundacion Wiese, Peru Angel Bustamante, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Peru

Wednesday, October 24 General Session - PART II

Room: Aula Magna, Cassino University Campus Chairs: Marilena Maniaci, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy Eugenio Polito, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy 335 In situ corrosion monitoring campaign of a weathering steel urban building Elisabetta Di Francia, Politecnico di Torino, Italy Andrea Bussetto, Politecnico di Torino, Italy Tilde De Caro, CNR, Italy Marco Parvis, Politecnico di Torino, Italy Emma Angelini, Politecnico di Torino, Italy Sabrina Grassini, Politecnico di Torino, Italy 340 Looking for the full scan: S. Zenone chapel Marco Carpiceci, Sapienza University Rome, Italy Andrea Angelini, Institute for the Technologies Applied to Cultural Heritage National Research Council of Italy, Italy

346 I-MEDIA-CITIES: Automatic Metadata Enrichment of Historic Media Content Alexander Loos, Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Media Technology Metadata Department, Germany Christian Weigel, Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Media Technology Metadata Department, Germany 352 Corrosion products of Cu-based coins from the River Tiber (Rome) analysed by micro-Raman spectroscopy Tilde de Caro, CNR-ISMN, Italy 357 Dating of three kilns from Catalonia, general considerations on archaeomagnetic dating Albert Egea, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain Lluís Casas, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain Anna Anglisano, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain Carlota Auguet, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain Marc Prat, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain Josep Burch, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain

Special Session on Metrological approaches to the study of ancient and medieval written Heritage - PART II Room: 1.09 Hall, Cassino University Campus Chairs: Lucio Del Corso, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy 362 Parchment disinfection treatment by ionizing radiation Monia Vadrucci, ENEA, Italy Cristina Cicero, Tor Vergata University, Italy Fabio Borgognoni, ENEA, Italy Gabriele Ceres, Tor Vergata University, Italy Nicoletta Perini, Tor Vergata University, Italy Luciana Migliore, Tor Vergata University, Italy Fulvio Mercuri, Tor Vergata University, Italy Noemi Orazi, Tor Vergata University, Italy Stefano Paoloni, Tor Vergata University, Italy Alessandro Rubechini, Archivio Segreto Vaticano, Vatican City 368 A signature of Pomponio Leto in the Oratory of SS. Annunziata in Cori (Latina)? The contribution of high-definition laser scanner in the study of scratched inscriptions (graffiti) Giovanni Caratelli, (ITABC) (CNR), Italy 374 Study of ancient egyptian artefacts by nondestructive laser based techniques Luisa Caneve, FSN-TECFIS-Diagnostic and Metrology Laboratory ENEA, Italy Valeria Spizzichino, FSN-TECFIS-Diagnostic and Metrology Laboratory ENEA, Italy Emiliano Antonelli, Consorzio Croma, Italy

POSTER SESSION

Room: B 2.11 Hall, Cassino University Campus Chairs: Marco Laracca, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy Cristina Corsi, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy 379 Hypothesis of virtual reconstruction for the Sphinxes Frieze at the Trajan’s Forum in Rome Samuele Pierattini, ICT DIVISION ENEA, Italy Marialuisa Mongelli, ICT DIVISION ENEA, Italy Irene Bellagamba, ICT DIVISION ENEA, Italy Beatrice Calosso, ICT DIVISION ENEA, Italy Luciano De Martino, ICT DIVISION ENEA, Italy Antonio Perozziello, ICT DIVISION ENEA, Italy Daniele Visparelli, ICT DIVISION ENEA, Italy Giovanni Bracco, ICT DIVISION ENEA, Italy Andrea Quintiliani, ICT DIVISION ENEA, Italy Silvio Migliori, ICT DIVISION ENEA, Italy Marina Milella, Mercati di Traiano, Museo dei Fori Imperiali, Italy Lucrezia Ungaro, Mercati di Traiano, Museo dei Fori Imperiali, Italy

385 Use of the transmissibility function H for ambient vibration measurements of an archeological building Ivan Roselli, Department for Sustainability ENEA, Italy Vincenzo Fioriti, Department for Sustainability ENEA, Italy Gerardo De Canio, Department for Sustainability ENEA, Italy 391 Compensating for Density Effect in Permittivity-Based Moisture Content Measurements on Historic Masonry Materials Emanuele Piuzzi, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy Erika Pittella, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy Stefano Pisa, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy Andrea Cataldo, University of Salento, Italy Egidio De Benedetto, University of Salento, Italy Giuseppe Cannazza, University of Salento, Italy Paolo D’Atanasio, ENEA, Italy Alessandro Zambotti, ENEA, Italy Livio D’Alvia, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy Zaccaria Del Prete, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy 396 WENDY: a Wireless Environmental Monitoring Device Prototype Livio D’Alvia, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy Zaccaria Del Prete, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy 401 Comparison between Routing Protocols for Wide Archeological Site F. Leccese, Science Department of Università degli Studi “Roma Tre”, Italy M. Cagnetti, Science Department of Università degli Studi “Roma Tre”, Italy S. Giarnetti, Science Department of Università degli Studi “Roma Tre”, Italy E. Petritoli, Science Department of Università degli Studi “Roma Tre”, Italy I. Luisetto, Science Department of Università degli Studi “Roma Tre”, Italy S. Tuti, Science Department of Università degli Studi “Roma Tre”, Italy M. Leccisi, Science Department of Università degli Studi “Roma Tre”, Italy R. Ðurovi´c-Pejˇcev, Institute of Pesticides and Environmental Protection, Serbiay T. Ðordevi´ ¯ c, Institute of Pesticides and Environmental Protection, Serbiay A. Tomaševi´c, Institute of Pesticides and Environmental Protection, Serbiay V. Bursi´c, Institute of Pesticides and Environmental Protection, Serbiay V. Arenella, Fonderie Digitali s.r.l, Italy P. Gabriele, Fonderie Digitali s.r.l, Italy A. Pecora, Istituto per la microelettronica e microsistemi (IMM) of Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Italy L. Maiolo, Istituto per la microelettronica e microsistemi (IMM) of Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Italy E. De Francesco, SeTeL s.r.l, Italy G. Schirripa Spagnolo, Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica of Università degli Studi “Roma Tre”, Italy R. Quadarella, RoTechnology s.r.l, Italy L. Bozzi, RoTechnology s.r.l, Italy C. Formisano, Systemdesign s.r.l, Italy 406 The ArchaeoTrack Project: Use of Ground-Penetrating Radar for Preventive Conservation of Buried Archaeology Towards the Development of a Virtual Museum Luca Bianchini Ciampoli, Dept. of Engineering Roma Tre University, Italy Andrea Benedetto, Dept. of Engineering Roma Tre University, Italy Fabio Tosti, University of West London, UK 411 A 3D topographic network for the study and maintenance of the Insula III of Herculaneum Andrea D’Andrea, Università degli Studi di Napoli “L’Orientale”, Italy Antonella Coralini, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Italy Angela Bosco, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Italy Andrea Fiorini, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Italy Rosario Valentini, Università degli Studi di Napoli “L’Orientale”, Italy

417 Integrated geomatic survey and virtual reality navigation engines for the historical-architectural analysis. The paradigmatic case of a "Modern Age" fortification: the Fortezza Vecchia in Livorno. Andrea Piemonte, University of Pisa, Italy Denise Ulivieri, University of Pisa, Italy Federico Capriuoli, University of Pisa, Italy Gabriella Caroti, University of Pisa, Italy Stefano Bennati, University of Pisa, Italy 422 Stone artefacts from Roman age in the Southern Latium Gianluca De Rosa, University of Cassino and Southern Latium, Italy Eugenio Polito, University of Cassino and Southern Latium, Italy 426 TLS and photogrammetry for 3D modelling of a low relief: case study of ancient archive, Palazzo Bo, Padua Andrea Masiero, University of Padova, Italy Alberto Guarnieri, University of Padova, Italy Francesca Fissore, University of Padova, Italy Marco Piragnolo, University of Padova, Italy Francesco Pirotti, University of Padova, Italy Antonio Vettore, University of Padova, Italy 432 Mapping of archaeological evidences and 3D models for the historical reconstruction of archaeological sites Maria Grazia D’Urso, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy Ester Corsi, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy Cristina Corsi, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy 438 Metrological aspects in the Nubian pottery from the collection of the University of Cassino and Southern Latium Bruna Maria Andreoni, University of Cassino and Southern Latium, Italy 444 Comparison and deformation analysis of five 3D models of the Paleolithic wooden point from the Ljubljanica River Enej Gucek Puhar, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia Miran Eric, Institute for the Protection of Cultural Heritage of Slovenia, Slovenia Katja Kavkler, Institute for the Protection of Cultural Heritage of Slovenia, Slovenia Anja Cramer, Romisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum Archaeological Research Institute, Germany Kristijan Celec, INTRI d.o.o., Slovenia Lidija Korat, Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute, Slovenia Ales Jakli, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia Franc Solina, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia 450 Deep Transfer Learning for writer identification in medieval books Alessandro Bria, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy Nicole Dalia Cilia, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy Claudio De Stefano, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy Francesco Fontanella, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy Claudio Marrocco, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy Mario Molinara, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy Alessandra Scotto di Freca, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy Francesco Tortorella, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy 456 Spatial analysis of the Khartoum Variant Site 8-B- 10C (8th-6th mill. BC) at Sai Island (Sudan): Preliminary results Elena A.A. Garcea, University of Cassino and Southern Latium, Italy Vincenzo Spagnolo, University of Siena, Italy

461 ARCA 2.0: Automatic Recognition of Color for Archaeology through a Web-Application Filippo Luigi Maria Milotta, University of Catania, Italy Camillo Quattrocchi, University of Catania, Italy Filippo Stanco, University of Catania, Italy Davide Tanasi, University of South Florida, Florida Stefania Pasquale, INFN CHNet Catania, Italy Anna Maria Gueli, University of Catania, Italy

Special Session on Non-Destructive Analytical Approaches applied to the Study of Ancient Stone Materials Room: Aula Magna, Cassino University Campus Chairs: Giulio Lucarini, University of Cambridge, UK Andrea Manzo, University of Naples L’Orientale, Italy 466 Between the sea and the river: Geochemical characterization of the obsidian artefacts from Mahal Teglinos (Kassala, Sudan), 4th - 2nd millennia BC Giulio Lucarini, University of Cambridge, UK Donatella Barca, University of Calabria, Italy Andrea Manzo, University of Naples L’Orientale, Italy 469 Characterization and wheathering of archaeological glasses from late antique Sicily Anna M. Gueli, University of Catania & INFN CHNet CT, Italy Quentin Lemasson, Centre de Recherche et de Restauration des Musèes de France, France Giuseppe Stella, University of Catania, Italy Stefania Pasquale, INFN CHNet CT, Italy Brice Moignard, Centre de Recherche et de Restauration des Musèes de France, France Giuseppe Politi, University of Catania & INFN CT, Italy Davide Tanasi, University of South Florida, United State of America Claire Pacheco, Centre de Recherche et de Restauration des Musèes de France, France Stephan Hassam, University of South Florida, United State of America Laurent Pichon, Centre de Recherche et de Restauration des Musèes de France, France

Special Session on Archaeopalynology for the reconstruction of environmental and cultural landscapes Room: B 2.07 Hall, Cassino University Campus Chairs: Assunta Florenzano, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy Sebastián Pérez-Díaz, Spanish National Research Council, CSIC, Spain 474 Palynology narrates climate, environment and society changes in the human history Alessia Masi, Sapienza University Rome, Italy, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History Jena, Germany 479 Reconstruction of mosaic landscapes in the Balearic Islands, Western Mediterranean Gabriel Servera-Vives, Universitat de les Illes Balears Palma, Spain Llorenç Picornell-Gelabert, Universitat de les Illes Balears Palma, Spain 484 The “Vasca Inferiore di Noceto”: palynological data for the reconstruction of the Po Plain landscape in the Bronze Age Eleonora Clò, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Italy Marta Mazzanti, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Italy Paola Torri, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Italy Rossella Rinaldi, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Italy Maria Chiara Montecchi, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Italy Anna Maria Mercuri, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Italy Mauro Cremaschi, Università Statale di Milano, Italy

489 Archeobotanical investigations in the ancient city of Gonfienti, Italy (Bronze Age, Iron Age) Francesco Ciani, University of Florence, Italy Davide Attolini, University of Florence, Italy Cristina Bellini, University of Florence, Italy Miria Mori Secci, University of Florence, Italy Tiziana Gonnelli, University of Florence, Italy Pasquino Pallecchi, Soprintendenza Archeologia, Belle Arti e Paesaggio per la città metropolitana di Firenze e le province di Pistoia e Prato, Italy Marta Mariotti Lippi, University of Florence, Italy 494 Woodland-use in Tyrrhenian southern Tuscany during the Middle Ages (mid-7th-13th century AD) Mauro Paolo Buonincontri, University of Siena, Italy Pierluigi Pieruccini, University of Turin, Italy Carmine Lubritto, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Italy Marta Rossi, University of Siena, Italy Davide Susini, University of Siena, Italy Paola Ricci, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Italy Giovanna Bianchi, University of Siena, Italy Gaetano Di Pasquale, University of Naples “Federico II”, Italy 500 Palynological approach to reconstruct cultural landscape evolution: case studies from South Italy Assunta Florenzano, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Italy

General Session - PART III Room: 1.09 Hall, Cassino University Campus Chairs: Assunta Pelliccio, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy Lucio Del Corso, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy 505 On the Suppression of Mixed Gaussian and Impulsive Noise in Color Images Damian Kusnik, Silesian University of Technology Insitute of Informatics, Poland Bogdan Smolka, Silesian University of Technology Institute of Automatic Control, Poland 511 The Environmental Monitoring Campaign of the Museum of the Faculty of Archaeology of the Sohag University (Egypt) Ahmed Elsayed, Politecnico di Torino, Italy Luca Lombardo, Politecnico di Torino, Italy Marco Parvis, Politecnico di Torino, Italy Emma Angelini, Politecnico di Torino, Italy Sabrina Grassini, Politecnico di Torino, Italy 517 Measuring and leveling roman aqueducts to estimate their flows Claudio Alimonti, Sapienza University Rome, Italy Valerio Baiocchi, Sapienza University Rome, Italy Giorgia Bonanotte, Sapienza University Rome, Italy Gabor Molnar, MTA-ELTE Geological, Geophysical and Spcace Science Research Group, Hungary 522 Analysis of items recommendations methods for heritage sites Wael Jradi, Cesi and University of Rouen, France Mourad Messaadia, Cesi, France Anne Louis, Cesi, France Laurent Heutte, University of Rouen, France 527 Indoor geolocation based on earth magnetic field Salim Alioua, CESI, France Mourad Messaadia, CESI, France Mohamed-Amin Benatia, CESI, France Souleymen SAHNOUN, SITU8ED, France Andi Smart, University of Exeter, UK

Special Session on Dating and Provenance of Ancient Artifacts: Methods, Applications and Future Perspectives Room: Aula Magna, Cassino University Campus Chairs: Enzo Ferrara, Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, Italy Lluís Casas, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain 532 Provenance of marbles from Baths of Nero (Pisa, Italy) Marco Lezzerini, Università di Pisa, Italy Germana Sorrentino, Università di Pisa, Italy Stefano Columbu, Università di Pisa, Italy Claudia Rizzitelli, Belle Arti e Paesaggio per le province di Pisa e Livorno, Italy Maria Letizia Gualandi, Università di Pisa, Italy 538 Archaeomagnetic dating of two baked clay structures excavated at Libarna, Northern Italy Evdokia Tema, Università degli Studi di Torino, Italy Enzo Ferrara, INRiM, Italy Alessandro Quercia, Soprintendenza Archeologia belle arti e paesaggio per la città metropolitana di Torino, Italy Barbara Strano, Cooperativa Archeologia, Italy Simone Giovanni Lerma, Soprintendenza Archeologia belle arti e paesaggio per le province di Alessandria, Asti e Cuneo, Italy

Special Session on Measuring in the past: ancient instruments

Room: B 2.07 Hall, Cassino University Campus Chairs: Margherita Bongiovanni, Politecnico di Torino, Italy Emma Angelini, Politecnico di Torino, Italy 544 Rings, Armillae and Other Spherical Instruments. The representation of the Sky in three dimensions Giancarlo Truffa, Independent Scholar, Italy 549 The Jacquard loom between Science and Technology Emma Angelini, Politecnico di Torino, Italy Andrea Gori, Museo Galileo, Italy 554 Curioni and the experimental measurements on the strength of materials in the Scuola di applicazione per gli ingegneri of Turin Federica Stella, Politecnico di Torino, Italy Margherita Bongiovanni, Politecnico di Torino, Italy Mauro Borri-Brunetto, Politecnico di Torino, Italy

Special Session on Technological information and learning patterns in pottery production

Room: 1.09 Hall, Cassino University Campus Chairs: Elena A.A. Garcea, University of Cassino and Southern Latium, Italy Giulia D’Ercole, Ludwig Maximilians-University Munich, Germany 560 The Emergence of Pottery in the Middle Nile Valley: Technology and Function of Early Holocene Complexes from Sudan Giulia D’Ercole, Institute of Egyptology and Coptology Ludwig-Maximilians University, Germany Elena A.A. Garcea, Institute of Egyptology and Coptology Ludwig-Maximilians University, Germany

565

Index of Authors

Comparison and deformation analysis of five 3D models of the Paleolithic wooden point from the Ljubljanica River 1st Enej Guˇcek Puhar

2nd Miran Eriˇc

3rd Katja Kavkler

Faculty of Comput. & Inform. Science University of Ljubljana Ljubljana, Slovenia [email protected]

Institute for the Protection of Cultural Heritage of Slovenia Ljubljana, Slovenia [email protected]

Institute for the Protection of Cultural Heritage of Slovenia Ljubljana, Slovenia [email protected]

5th Anja Cramer

4th Kristijan Celec

R¨omisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum Archaeological Research Institute Mainz, Germany [email protected]

INTRI d.o.o. Kurilniˇska 10 A Ljubljana, Slovenia [email protected]

6th Lidija Korat Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute Ljubljana, Slovenia [email protected]

7th Aleˇs Jakliˇc

8th Franc Solina

Faculty of Comput. & Inform. Science University of Ljubljana Ljubljana, Slovenia [email protected]

Faculty of Comput. & Inform. Science University of Ljubljana Ljubljana, Slovenia [email protected]

Abstract—The article describes the comparison and analysis of five 3D models of the hunting tool from the Ljubljanica River found near Sinja Gorica. The 40,000 years old Palaeolithic point, discovered by underwater archaeologists during a preventive archeological survey, was made out of yew wood. Five 3D models of the point were taken over the period of ten years, two before and three after the conservation process. The comparison of the 3D models serves two purposes. The primary goal is to evaluate the changes of the artifact that occurred during this period and, specifically, to compare its shape before and after the treatment. Conservation of waterlogged wood is still a delicate and somewhat uncertain process in regards to the long term survivability of such artifacts. The second goal is to asses which software tools are currently available for such comparison, what are technical problems that need to be addressed, and how to effectively present or visualize the sometimes small but critical changes of shape. Index Terms—3D models, 3D model analysis, CloudCompare, deformation monitoring, deformation analysis, palaeolithic wooden point, Ljubljanica River

I. I NTRODUCTION In 2008 underwater archaeologists discovered a pointed object made of Yew wood (Taxus sp.) in the Ljubljanica river near Sinja Gorica in Slovenia. Its shape is reminiscent of Palaeolithic leaf-shaped stone and bone points. Two wood samples were dated using the AMS 14 C method. Te first gave an age estimate of >43,970 years (Beta-252943), while a repeat measurement gave 38,490±330 BP (OxA-19866). At the same time, dendrological examinations were conducted

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and Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) was performed to determine which chemical elements were on the point. After analyzing the wooden point from different points of view it became clear that the point was carved by Homo Neanderthalensis or Homo Sapiens [1]. This wooden point is so far just one of only eight known wooden paleolithic artifacts found in Europe: Clacton-on-Sea, GB 1911 (424-374ka date secondary [2]; Lehringen, Germany 1948 (115-125ka by stratigraphy) [3]; Abric Romani, Spain 1992 (45-49ka secondary) [4]; Sch¨oningen, Germany 1995 (337-300ka secondary) [5]; Mannheim, Germany 2004 (∼18ka BP AMS) [6]; Sinja Gorica, Slovenia 2008 (∼40ka BP AMS) [1]; Poggetti Vecchi, Italy 2012 (∼171ka secondary by UDM) [7]; Aranbaltza [8], Spain 2014 (∼90ka secondary by OSL) [9]. After this lucky find and after the artifact’s true importance was finally determined, it’s preservation was necessary. It is well known that the conservation of waterlogged wooden artifacts is very challenging. The conservation process of waterlogged wood can induce substantial changes to the shape and size of the artifacts [10]. However, it was decided to conserve the paleolithic wooden point using conventional methods by treat the artifact with melamine and was sent to the R¨omisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseum in Mainz where the preservation procedure was performed. Protection of the world’s archaeological cultural heritage

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Geometric & Volumetric & Deformation analysis

Transform models back to orig. coordinate system

Fig. 1. Flowchart of the key steps used in model deformation analysis of 3D models

(CH) has become a special responsibility of scientific and state institutions in the 21.st Century. Artifacts made from organic materials (e.g. wood, leather, textiles etc.) are especially prone to degradation and are therefore rare archeological finds. CH artifacts are constantly exposed to natural and humanmade influences that can compromise their cultural value. Archaeologists and other CH professionals are faced with the problem of protecting and analyzing these artifacts as well as preserving them for future generations. In order to do so, they need reliable data on their state of preservation. Based on our extensive experience in underwater archaeology and with waterlogged wood [11] we knew that such artifacts, when they are excluded from its natural environment and deposits, can even under expertly performed conservation processes undergo unwanted changes (i.e. bending and other shape deformations, changes of cross-section, size, volume, color, texture etc.). Having at our disposal 3D models of the studied artifact we could quantify these changes. Our hypothesis was, therefore, that we will be able to measure and control the changes that the 40,000 years old paleolithic wooden point has undergone since its discovery and exclusion from its natural environment and deposits in the Ljubljanica River and to highlight in this way the danger of unwanted changes in artifacts of terrestrial and underwater CH after being extracted from their original environment and after the conservation processes. Since the essential element in this study are the 3D models of the artifact [12], this article serves also as an illustration and case study of how computer technology, computer tools and methodologies are used in the interdisciplinary context of CH [13]. II. DATA , TOOLS AND METHODS Five 3D models of the paleolithic wooden point are available to us. The first 3D model was made in 2009 (PP-2009), a year after the artifact’s discovery. The point was scanned again in 2013 (PP-2013) before undergoing a conservation treatment by melamine. Until the conservation process was started, the wooden point was stored in distilled water in a cool and dark environment. After the conservation process the artifact is stored in requested museum climate conditions and was scanned again in 2015 (PP-2015), 2017 (PP-2017), and finally using a Micro-CT scanner in 2018 (PP-2018). The 3D models PP-2013 (scanner ATOS III), PP-2015 (scanner ATOS III) and PP-2017 (scanner ATOS TRIPPLE SCAN) were stored in .ply format by the Kompetenzbereich Wissenschafliche IT des Romisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums in collaboration

with i3mainz, the Institut for Raumbezogenen Informationsund Messtechnik der Hochschule Mainz, University of Applied Science (Germany) (PP-2015 and PP-2017). The models PP-2009 (ZScanner 800) by Intri d.o.o. (Slovenia) and PP2018 (Micro XCT 400) by the Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute Ljubljana, were stored in .stl format. Our particular goal is to compare and analyze vertices and polygons of five 3D models in .ply and .stl formats to compute the differences in dimensions, volumes and cross-sections of the models (Fig. 1). The comparative analysis of the data and parameters of all 3D models was performed with CloudCompare version 2.9.1. (see: http:// www.danielgm.net/ cc/ ), an open source graphical computer program (Fig. 2). CloudCompare (CC) can process 3D point clouds and triangular meshes. It was originally designed to perform comparisons between two dense 3D point clouds (such as the ones acquired with a laser scanner) or between a point cloud and a triangular mesh. It relies on a specific octree data structure dedicated to this task. Later, it was extended to a more generic point cloud (C2M and M3C2) processing software, including many advanced algorithms (i.e. registration, resampling, color/normal/scalar fields handling, statistics computation, sensor management, interactive or automatic segmentation, display enhancement, etc.), (see: https:// en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/ CloudCompare). To date, this software tool has been used primarily in mechanical engineering, in the automobile industry, geology, medicine and by design and construction companies, especially for quality control of products or materials and in determining differences and errors between 3D models. While the attention of 3D model research in archeology has been focused so far on visualization and reconstruction, systematic comparisons of different 3D models, for deformation analysis and deformation monitoring of artifacts, have not been very common so far. The five 3D models of the point were imported into CC and subjected to geometric comparisons and volumetric measurements. Many different algorithms can be used to compare 3D models including the popular ICP [14]. CC provides a set of basic tools for manually editing and rendering of 3D point clouds and triangular meshes. It also offers various advanced processing algorithms [15]. A dynamic color rendering system helps the user to visualize the per-point scalar fields in an efficient way. The .ply and .stl formats are the most appropriate for further comparison and processing of 3D cloud points in CC since they can be compared without any compromises and differences. However, we prefer the .ply format since a larger

445

INPUT DATA

INITIAL ALIGNMENT

DEFORMATION

Model 1

OUTPUT

Source

Target

ICP

Model 2

VOLUMETRIC INFORMATION

Fig. 2. The process of comparing 3D models (CloudCompare). Source: volumetric tetrahedral mesh. Target: volumetric shape defined by voxels. ICP: Iterative Closest Point Algorithm

set of comparisons is available in CC. Since the model PP2018 was initially stored in two separate 3D clouds—due to the limited size of the work space of the scanner—we had to combine and integrate both files into a single one. We first performed the registration of input data. The basis for determining the transformation parameters of the photogrammetric 3D model was the 3D point cloud consisting of scanned points. This was followed by the calculation of the distance between the cloud points and the planes of the 3D model (Fig. 1). Measurements expressed in µm, µm2 and µm3 of models of the point using CC and statistical comparisons of data were performed. The comparisons were made between models PP-2009 and PP-2013 (before preservation), between PP-2013 and PP-2015 (end of preservation), between PP-2013 and PP-2017, between PP-2015 and PP-2018, between PP2017 and PP-2018 and between PP-2009 and PP-2018. III. R ESULTS The most striking comparison is between models PP-2013 and PP-2015, this is just before and after the conservation process of the wooden point was finished (Fig. 3 and Table I). The pronounced change of the point occurred during the treatment. A larger deviation in dimensions in the PP-2013 model is due to the above-mentioned circumstances (irrigation, swelling, adding consolidation, etc.). All volumetric measurements indicate that the selected preservation method has a strong (decisive) effect on the tip deformation process. Two years after the conservation was concluded (2017), the process of deviation due to the conservation process has stabilized and apparently subsided. Changes in dimensions in the PP-2015, PP-2017 and PP-2018 models show a certain moderation, not stabilization. This may also be due to the final stage of preservation (intensive heat and then controlled natural drying) and the use of selected consolidating agents

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(eg. melamine resin). CT scanning of the artifact (PP-2018) warned that the internal structure of the point was severely degraded and that certain parts were not evenly preserved. We can conclude that the uncontrolled operation of internal peak forces with a different degree of dynamics and response in the longitudinal, radial and tangential direction of archaeological wood is still underway. Two years after the end of preservation, the point is thinner by 1.14% (0.2 mm), shorter by 0.62% (0.9 mm) and narrower by 0.5% (0.3 mm). Archaeologists were confronted with similar problems also with the Clacton Spear Point (England) and the Neanderthal wooden tools from Aranbaltza (Spain) [8]. The deformation monitoring of the point was carried out with the C2M (cloud-mesh) algorithm. The results of the comparison of all five models (Table I) show that during the entire ten year monitoring period the artifacts length was reduced by 3.3% (5.171 mm), width by 3.31% (1.655 mm) and thickness by 11.3% (2.890 mm), while the volume of the point decreased by 9.60% or 6.781 mm3 . Due to intensive irrigation (preparation for canning) of the point, the second model (PP2013) indicates swelling of the wood and the dimension of the point increased (length + 3.44%, width + 1.41% and thickness 12.53%). Since the end of the conservation in 2015, the process of deformation and change of dimension has slowed down and the artifact is now mostly stable. Still, shrinkage of the point continued and between 2015 and 2018 the length of the point decreased by 1.49%, the width by 4.42% and the thickness by 4.89%. There was also some bending and deformation, both at the base and at the tip of the point. Since wood is a natural organic material, some oscillations in dimensions are normal and expected. This is a sign that the consolidant does not fix the wood into an unnatural shape, but instead lets it ”breathe”. Although the first signs of deformation of the point were

Length: Width: Thickness: Volume:

PP-2013 160,958 52,274 28,810 80,404

µm µm µm µm3

Length: Width: Depth: Volume:

PP-2015 152,709 50,594 23,956 66,383

µm µm µm µm3

∆ (PP-2015 − PP-2013) / PP-2013 -5.12% -3.21% -17.20% -17.44%

Fig. 3. Comparison between models PP-2013 and PP-2015. On top from left to right: PP-2013, PP-2015 and difference between the two models.

TABLE I VOLUMETRIC COMPARISON OF THREE 3D MODELS OF THE PALEOLITHIC WOODEN POINT FROM THE L JUBLJANICA RIVER

Length Width Thickness Length+-% (l)

PP-R2008 0 µm 160000 51000 48000 25000 24000 +-µm / %

Width+-% (b)

Thickness+-%

µm3 Volume Volume +-%

+-µm3 / %

PP-2009 1 µm 155606 50014

PP-2013 2 µm 160958 52274

PP-2015 3 µm 152709 50594

PP-2017 4 µm 151768 50348

PP-2018 5 µm 150435 48359

25579

28810

23856

23585

22689

+-µm / % α

+-µm / % +5352 +3,44% α

+-µm / % -897 -1,86% -8249 -5,12% α

+-µm / % -3838 -2,47% -9190 -5,74% -941 -0,62% α

α

+2260 +1,41% α

+580 +1,2% -1680 -3,21% α

+334 +0,68% -1926 -3,68% -246 -0,49% α

α

+3230 +12,63% α

-1724 -6,74% -4954 -17,2% α

-1995 -7,8% -5225 -18,34% -217 -1,14% α

µm3 70653,6 +-µm3 / % α

µm3 80404,1 +-µm3 / % +9751 +13,80% α

µm3 66382,8 +-µm3 / % -4271 -6,05% -14022 -17,44% α

µm3 65238,9 +-µm3 / % -5414 -7,66% -15166 -18,86% -1145 -1,72% α

+-µm / % -5171 -3,3% -10523 -6,54% -2274 -1,49% -1333 -0,88% -1655 -3,31% -3915 -7,49% -2235 -4,42% -1989 -3,95% -2890 -11,3% -6121 -21,3% -1167 -4,89% -896 -3,80% µm3 63871,9 +-µm3 / % -6781 -9,60% -16532 -20,56% -2511 -3,78% -1367 -2,1%

partially indicated in the PP-2015 model, the deformation process of the point at the tip and at the base can be clearly identified in the PP-2018 model. The measurements show that two shape deformation processes (Fig. 4) are taking place: bending and shrinkage of the point. The bending of the point is more prominent, indicated by the shift of the cross section contours at the tip and at the base (Fig. 5). The C2M algorithm found in the PP-2018 model some

bending at the tip of the point, which was not observed until then. 3D CT scans additionally highlighted the possibility that the deviation at the tip of the point is the result of two opposing internal processes in the upper and middle part of the artifact. The first is shrinkage, the second is bending. These two processes were intensified as indicated by PP-2018. Color comparison of the middle part of the point (Fig. 4) additionally indicates that the wood is unevenly shrinking which causes bending of the upper part of the point. In addition, the coloring of PP-2018 manifests that the base of the point is bending out of the point’s central axis. IV. D ISCUSSION Comparison of five 3D models confirms our initial hypothesis that the paleolithic point underwent changes after its discovery and exclusion from its natural environment in the deposits of the Ljubljanica River. After ten years, the length, width and thickness of the point, as well as its volume, were reduced. The largest changes occurred during the process of conservation. These dimensional changes may well be within the expected changes during the prevailing methods of conservation of waterlogged wood. But since the dimensional changes were not completely uniform, this resulted also in changes of shape. We believe that periodic monitoring of the paleolithic point is necessary since advancing changes of shape may lead to breakage of the artifact, as unfortunately exemplified by the Clacton wooden paleolithic point [2]. The changes that we identified using the CloudCompare software tool highlight the need for careful, thoughtful, responsible and planned conservation and protection of CH objects. Especially for those rare high CH valuable artifacts which due to the special features of their composition (such as organic materials) are more exposed to the risk of deformation. We presented the changes between the 3D models using tables with numerical data (Tab. I), color coded 2D images from several orthogonal viewpoints (Fig. 4), and with 2D

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cross-sections (Fig. 5), which often requires tedious close observation and comparison. Innate property of the human visual system, however, is to detect differences through motion. Having at our disposal 3D models of the artifact from different time periods, one could present the changes as variations on a common shape, using blend animation to show the change smoothly into another by interpolation. This case study illustrated the need for a closer interdisciplinary cooperation between archeology and computer science on a technological and methodological level. An important shift in the relationship between archeology and computer science as well as their co-responsibility for CH at the national and international level are two documents, namely The London Charter (2009) (see: http:// www.londoncharter.org/ ) for the computer-based visualization of CH and the Seville Principles of Virtual Archeology (2011) (see: http:// smartheritage.com/ seville-principles/ seville-principles). Among the eight fundamental principles of the Seville document, the principle of interdisciplinarity is laid down, which requires modern archeology to include the use of new technologies related to computer visualization of the remains of archaeological heritage in all archaeological research. A. Recommendations

Fig. 4. The deformation process of the Paleolithic point after 2009. The colors show by how much the given models (PP-2013, PP-2015, PP-2017, PP-2018) differ from PP-2009 in millimeters, as indicated by the color chart. Colors at the base of the point of the top three models indicate extension on one side and compression on the opposite side, reflecting that the base part is bending off the center axis.

Fig. 5. Changes of the point at five different cross-sections (2009-2018). The cross sections are not shown at the same scale to better see the details.

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Open-source 3D graphical software tools (e.g. CloudCompare, Meshlab, Blender, etc. [9]) and technologies for recording of 3D data (e.g. structured light scanners, multi-image photogrammetry) have brought in recent decades radical changes to the field of archeology. Archaeologists now have a greater degree of authority in evaluating, reconstructing, reading, describing and documenting artifacts. 3D models, replicas and virtual models of artifacts allow us to study, compare and analyze them while keeping the original intact. The software (CC – CloudCompare) and the applied algorithms confirmed their suitability and usefulness in analytical shape monitoring. They also confirmed to be an appropriate basis for further archaeological analyses and interpretations of 3D models of CH artifacts. Expectations for greater precision of artifact measurements and also for reconstruction and preparation of models for later visualization were also fulfilled. Open source tools, such as CC, can provide archaeologists with the necessary reliable data for further analysis and interpretation at a low cost. It also provides them with more reliable and accurate information (up to µm) by measuring x, y, and z points of artifacts. CC could be an important standard for future archaeological treatment of artifacts and analysis of degradation. The collected findings and lessons highlighted by the comparison of 3D models of the Paleolithic wooden point from the Ljubljanica River indicate that a careful and responsible approach is required by archaeologists as well as by computer scientists which should be reflected also by forming guidelines that should be set by national state institutions. Only in this way credible preservation and presentation of artifacts, such as the 40,000 year old wooden point, one of only eight known wooden paleolithic artifacts found in Europe, can be

preserved for the future. Efficient use of 3D graphic software tools [16] presents both the archaeological and computer science professions with a number of new challenges. Our research has highlighted the following challenges [13]: • inclusion of 3D scanning, modeling and measurement techniques already during initial archaeological field research, • standardization of 3D models in .ply or .bin formats, • establishment of national and transnational digital collections of 3D artifact models (digital glyptothek), • using CloudCompare etc. and similar open source software in analytical and preventive archaeology, • permanent monitoring of dimensional changes and deformation processes of artifacts using 3D models, • definition of standard procedures for 3D deformations analysis in the treatment and protection of worldwide archaeological CH. Our case study fully confirmed the appropriateness of the computer and information technologies and tools in modern archeology. In accordance with the London Charter and the Seville Principles, it would be appropriate to include the suggested approach for the analytical treatment of 3D models with open-source computer graphic tools in national guidelines that define and regulate methods, procedures and techniques for finding archaeological remains and the use of technical means in it. Based on the presented case study, we found that CC is an appropriate tool for: • accurately determining the dimensions of artifact, its volume and the texture characteristics; • volumetric measurements and their basic statistical treatment; • graphic processing and comparison of a point cloud or a triangulation network of 3D model artifact points; • comparing two or more 3D models to perform deformation monitoring in archeology. CC can provide for different types of 3D data (LiDAR, TLS and GIS) means of processing and analysis that can not be achieved reliably with analogue tools. But CC is inadequate for all 3D data formats. The most suitable formats are PLY and BIN. Since CC is on top of it an open source program we recommend its use in archeology. For periodical monitoring of 3D shape of a particular artifact we advise the persistent use of the same device. For deformation (volumetric) analysis, 3D recorders ATOS III and ATOS TRIPPLE SCAN are advisable. For small artifacts (up to 15 cm) Mini XCT 400 are ideal for deformation and degradation analysis. It is advisable that for each artifact a specially made clamp or cradle is constructed so that the artifact can be consistently locked in the same position during 3D scanning. B. Conclusions It is obvious that in the future the protection of underwater cultural heritage will be impossible to imagine without digitized collections of 3D models, the visualization of artifacts,

virtual museums, new analytic methods, deformation analysis, deformation monitoring etc. In that way, artifacts will be safely stored but will live globally. ACKNOWLEDGMENT Research in this article was partially supported by the Slovenian Research Agency under Research Program Computer vision (P20214).

R EFERENCES [1] Andrej Gaspari, Miran Eriˇc, and Boˇstjan Odar. A Paleolithic Wooden Point from Ljubljansko barje (Slovenia). In Jonathan Benjamin, Clive Bonsall, Catriona Pickard, and Anders Fischer, editors, Submerged Prehistory, pages 186–192. Oxbow Books, Oxford UK, 2011. [2] Lu Allington-Jones. The Clacton spear: The last one hundred years. Archaeological Journal, 172(2):273–296, 2015. [3] Hartmut Thieme. Lower Palaeolithic hunting spears from Germany. Nature, 385(6619):807, 1997. [4] Eudald Carbonell and Zaida Castro-Curel. Palaeolithic wooden artefacts from the Abric Romani (Capellades, Barcelona, Spain). Journal of Archaeological Science, 19(6):707–719, 1992. [5] Werner H Schoch, Gerlinde Bigga, Utz B¨ohner, Pascale Richter, and Thomas Terberger. New insights on the wooden weapons from the Paleolithic site of Sch¨oningen. Journal of human evolution, 89:214– 225, 2015. [6] Gaelle Rosendahl, Karl-Wilhelm Beinhauer, Manfred Loescher, Kurt Kreipl, Rudolf Walter, and Wilfried Rosendahl. The oldest bow in the world? An interesting piece from Mannheim, Germany. Anthropologie, 110(3):371–382, 2006. [7] Biancamaria Aranguren, Anna Revedin, Nicola Amico, Fabio Cavulli, Gianna Giachi, Stefano Grimaldi, Nicola Macchioni, and Fabio Santaniello. Wooden tools and fire technology in the early Neanderthal site of Poggetti Vecchi (Italy). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, page 201716068, 2018. [8] Joseba Rios-Garaizar, Oriol L´opez-Bult´o, Eneko Iriarte, Carlos P´erezGarrido, Raquel Piqu´e, Arantza Aranburu, Mara Jos´e Iriarte-Chiapusso, Illuminada Ortega-Cordellat, Laurence Bourguignon, Diego Garate, and I˜naki Libano. A Middle Palaeolithic wooden digging stick from Aranbaltza III, Spain. PLOS ONE, 13(3):1–15, 03 2018. [9] Insight3D. Open-Source Image Based 3D Modeling Software. Online: http://insight3d.sourceforge.net/. [Accessed 24-April-2018]. [10] Miran Eriˇc, David Stopar, Franc Solina, and Katja Kavkler. Reconceptualization of the contemporary maritime museum. do we really need the original waterlogged wooden artefacts and objects? Skyllis, 2018. Submitted. [11] Andrej Gaspari and Miran Eriˇc, editors. Potopljena preteklost– Arheologija vodnih okolij in raziskovanje podvodne kulturne dediˇscˇ ine v Sloveniji, Zbornik ob 128-letnici Deˇzmanovih raziskav Ljubljanice na Vrhniki (1884-2012). Didacta, Radovljica, 2012. [12] S F El-Hakim, J A Beraldin, M Picard, and G Godin. Detailed 3D reconstruction of large-scale heritage sites with integrated techniques. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, 24(3):21–29, May 2004. [13] J A Benavides L´opez, G Aranda Jim´enez, M S´anchez Romero, E Alarc´on Garc´ıa, S Fern´andez Mart´ın, A Lozano Medina, and J A Esquivel Guerrero. 3D modelling in archaeology: The application of Structure from Motion methods to the study of the megalithic necropolis of Panoria (Granada, Spain). Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 10:495–506, 2016. [14] Paul J. Besl and Neil D. McKay. A method for registration of 3-D shapes. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 14(2):239–256, Feb 1992. [15] Chung-Hung Hsieh and Jiann-Der Lee. Markerless augmented reality via stereo video see-through head-mounted display device. Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2015:1–13, 2015. Article ID 329415. ˇ [16] Miran Eriˇc, Rok Kovaˇciˇc, Gregor Berginc, Mitja Pugelj, Ziga Stopinˇsek, and Franc Solina. The impact of the latest 3D technologies on the documentation of underwater heritage sites. In Proceedings of the 2013 Digital Heritage International Congress, Marseille, France, pages 281– 288. IEEE, 2013.

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Index of Authors Alani, Amir M., 22 Albiero, Alessandra, 127 Alessandri, Luca, 277 Alimonti, Claudio, 517 Alioua, Salim, 527 Andreoni, Bruna Maria, 438 Angelats, Eduard, 173 Angelini, Andrea, 340 Angelini, Emma, 282, 335, 511, 549 Anglisano, Anna, 357 Antonelli, Emiliano, 374 Aoki, Risako, 78 Arenella, V., 401 Ashton, Nick, 136 Aslan, Sinem, 122 Attolini, Davide, 489 Auguet, Carlota, 357 Azeredo, Soraia Rodrigues, 331 Baiocchi, Valerio, 277, 517 Balia, Roberto, 206 Barca, Donatella, 466 Barone Lumaga, Maria Rosaria, 6 Bartolucci, Daniele, 260 Bellagamba, Irene, 308, 379 Bellini, Cristina, 489 Benatia, Mohamed-Amin, 527 Benedetto, Andrea, 406 Bennati, Stefano, 417 Bevilacqua, Marco Giorgio, 293 Bianchi, Giovanna, 494 Bianchini, Luca, 406 Bie´nkowski, Rafał, 102 Bitelli, Gabriele, 178 Bonanotte, Giorgia, 517 Bongiovanni, Margherita, 554 Borgognoni, Fabio, 362 Borri-Brunetto, Mauro, 554 Boschi, Federica, 228 Bosco, Angela, 411 Bozzi, Carlo Alberto, 260 Bozzi, L., 401 Bracco, Giovanni, 308, 379 Bria, Alessandro, 450 Brun, Emmanuel, 84 Brusaporci, Stefano, 194 Bunsch, Eryk, 66 Buonincontri, Mauro Paolo, 494 Burch, Josep, 357 Bursi´c, V., 401 Buscema, Paolo Massimo, 39 Bussetto, Andrea, 335 Bustamante, Angel, 331

Cacciari, Ilaria, 12 Cagnetti, M., 401 Calcina, Sergio Vincenzo, 244 Caliano, Eduardo, 319 Calicchia, Paola, 308 Calosso, Beatrice, 379 Caneve, Luisa, 374 Cannazza, Giuseppe, 391 Capriuoli, Federico, 417 Caratelli, Giovanni, 72, 368 Carletti, Elena, 140 Carnì, Domenico Luca, 325 Caroti, Gabriella, 417 Carpiceci, Marco, 340 Casas, Lluís, 357 Casella, Vittorio, 168 Castelbranco, Antonio, 163 Cataldo, Andrea, 391 Celec, Kristijan, 444 Cennamo, Paola, 6 Ceres, Gabriele, 362 Cesareo, Roberto, 331 Chodura, Karolina, 298 Ciani, Francesco, 489 Cicero, Cristina, 362 Cilia, Nicole Delia, 450 Clarizia, Fabio, 118 Clò, Eleonora, 484 Cogoni, Martina, 244 Colace, Francesco, 118 Columbu, Stefano, 112, 532 Coralini, Antonella, 411 Corsi, Cristina, 432 Corsi, Ester, 432 Cramer, Anja, 444 Cremaschi, Mauro, 484 D’Agostino, Graziana, 106 D’Alvia, Livio, 1, 222, 391, 396 D’Andrea, Andrea, 411 D’Atanasio, Paolo, 391 D’Ercole, Giulia, 560 D’Urso, Maria Grazia, 188, 432 Dardanelli, Gino, 266 De Benedetto, Egidio, 391 De Canio, Gerardo, 314, 385 de Caro, Tilde, 335, 352 De Francesco, E., 401 De Marco, Raffaella, 211 De Martino, Luciano, 379 de Neef, Wieke, 233 De Rosa, Gianluca, 422 De Santo, Massimo, 118

De Stefano, Claudio, 27, 450 Deidda, Gian Piero, 17 Del Prete, Zaccaria, 1, 391, 396 Delattre, Daniel, 84 Della Torre, Francesca, 39 Di Francia, Elisabetta, 335 Di Gangi, Giorgio, 62, 255 Di Pasquale, Gaetano, 494 Ebolese, Donatella, 266 Egea, Albert, 357 Eguizabal, Alma, 45 Egyir, Daniel, 22 Elsayed, Ahmed, 511 Eric, Miran, 444 Errico, Silvana, 56 Faieta, Rosangela, 319 Fatigati, Giancarlo, 6 Fazio, Leonarda, 266 Felicetti, Andrea, 127 Fernandez, Arabel, 331 Ferrara, Enzo, 538 Fiorini, Andrea, 411 Fioriti, Vincenzo, 314, 385 Fissore, Francesca, 426 Florenzano, Assunta, 500 Fontanella, Francesco, 27, 450 Formisano, C., 401 Franzini, Marica, 168 Fusco, Marianna, 140 Gabriele, P., 401 Gabrielli, Roberto, 127 Galizia, Mariateresa, 106 Gallinaro, Marina, 140 Garcea, Elena A.A., 456, 560 García-Medrano, Paula, 136 Gennaro, Andrea, 272 Giannakis, Iraklis, 22 Giannangeli, Alessandro, 199 Giannone, Francesca, 277 Giarnetti, S., 401 Giorgi, Cecilia, 72 Giuliano, Andrea A., 183 Giz˙ ewska, Julia, 288 Gonnelli, Tiziana, 489 Gonçalves, Alexandrino, 50 Gori, Andrea, 282, 549 Gorrini, Maria Elena, 168 Grassini, Sabrina, 335, 511 Grilo, Carlos, 50 Gualandi, Maria Letizia, 532 Guarnieri, Alberto, 426 Gueli, Anna Maria, 461, 469 Hassam, Stephan, 469 Herner, Krzysztof, 152

Heutte, Laurent, 522 Hipólito-Correia, Virgílio, 50 Holleworth, Rich, 22 Jakli, Ales, 444 Jordan, Regulo F., 331 Jradi, Wael, 522 Kaliszewska, Agnieszka, 102 Kamitoku, Naoki, 33 Karaszewski, Maciej, 66 Kavkler, Katja, 444 Korat, Lidija, 444 Kusnik, Damian, 505 Lamonaca, Francesco, 325 Landi, Stefania, 293 Lantini, Livia, 22 Launaro, Alessandro, 249 Leal, Ana Sofia, 84 Lebole, Chiara Maria, 62, 255 Leccese, F., 401 Leccisi, M., 401 Lech, Krzysztof, 66 Lemasson, Quentin, 469 Lengies, Melissa, 106 Lerma, Simone Giovanni, 538 Lezzerini, Marco, 112, 532 Le´sniewski, Krzysztof, 102 Lippi, Marta Mariotti, 489 Lo Brutto, Mauro, 266 Loddo, Francesco, 244 Lombardi, Marco, 118, 132 Lombardo, Luca, 511 Loos, Alexander, 346 Lopes, Ricardo Tadeu, 331 Lorenzon, Marta, 102 Louis, Anne, 522 Lubritto, Carmine, 494 Lucarini, Giulio, 466 Luisetto, I., 401 Maiezza, Pamela, 194 Maiolo, L., 401 Maldonado-Garrido, Elías, 136 Malinverni, Eva Savina, 127, 183, 260 Mangiameli, Michele, 272 Maniaci, Marilena, 27 Manzo, Andrea, 466 Marchesi, Gianni, 178 Mariano, Fabio, 183 Marino, Constantino Luis, 188 Marrocco, Claudio, 27, 450 Martijn, van Leusen, 277 Mas Florit, Catalina, 173 Mascarello, Chiara, 62 Masi, Alessia, 474 Masiero, Andrea, 426

Massini, Giulia, 39 Mazzanti, Marta, 484 Mencaglia, Andrea Azelio, 12 Meng, Lin, 33 Mercuri, Anna Maria, 484 Mercuri, Fulvio, 92, 362 Messaadia, Mourad, 522, 527 Messuti, Nicolino, 319 Migliore, Luciana, 92, 362 Migliori, Silvio, 308, 379 Milella, Marina, 379 Millett, Martin, 249 Milotta, Filippo Luigi Maria, 461 Miyamoto, Ryusuke, 78 Mocella, Vito, 84 Moignard, Brice, 469 Molinara, Mario, 27, 450 Molnar, Gabor, 517 Mondino, Enrico Borgogno, 255 Mongelli, Marialuisa, 308, 379 Montecchi, Maria Chiara, 484 Muscato, Giovanni, 272 Mussumeci, Giuseppe, 272 Napoli, Carmine, 319 Olivito, Renato S., 325 Ollé, Andreu, 136 Ontiveros, Miguel Ángel Cau, 173 Orazi, Noemi, 362 Orlanducci, Silvia, 92 Pacheco, Claire, 469 Pallecchi, Pasquino, 489 Paolanti, Marina, 127 Paoloni, Stefano, 362 Paone, Sonia, 293 Parrinello, Sandro, 211 Parvis, Marco, 335, 511 Pascale, Francesco, 118, 132 Pasquale, Stefania, 461, 469 Pecora, A., 401 Pelillo, Marcello, 122 Pelliccio, Assunta, 217 Perini, Nicoletta, 92, 362 Perozziello, Antonio, 308, 379 Petritoli, E., 401 Picchio, Francesca, 211 Pichon, Laurent, 469 Picornell-Gelabert, Llorenç, 479 Piemonte, Andrea, 417 Pierattini, Samuele, 308, 379 Pierdicca, Roberto, 127, 260 Pieruccini, Pierluigi, 494 Piragnolo, Marco, 426 Pirinu, Andrea, 206 Piroddi, Luca, 17, 206, 244 Pirotti, Francesco, 426

Pisa, Stefano, 1, 391 Pittella, Erika, 1, 391 Piuzzi, Emanuele, 1, 391 Pocobelli, Giorgio Franco, 12 Politi, Giuseppe, 469 Polito, Eugenio, 422 Porzio, Saverio, 325 Prat, Marc, 357 Puhar, Enej Gucek, 444 Quadarella, R., 401 Quattrocchi, Camillo, 461 Quercia, Alessandro, 538 Quintiliani, Andrea, 308, 379 Ramazzotti, Marco, 39 Ranieri, Gaetano, 244 Rdzawska-Augustin, Elz˙ bieta, 303 Ricci, Paola, 494 Rinaldi, Rossella, 484 Rizzitelli, Claudia, 532 Rodrigues, Nuno, 50 Romano, Silvia, 84 Roselli, Ivan, 314, 385 Rossi, Marta, 494 Rotondi, Andrea, 188 Rubechini, Alessandro, 92, 362 Saccucci, Marco, 217 SAHNOUN, Souleymen, 527 Santagati, Cettina, 106 Santaniello, Domenico, 118, 132 Savini, Francesca, 199 Schagen, Beata Piecha-van, 157 Scotto di Freca, Alessandra, 27, 450 Scuro, Carmelo, 325 Secci, Miria Mori, 489 Serrano, Francisco, 50 Serrano, João, 50 Servera-Vives, Gabriel, 479 Sevink, Jan, 277 Sgarlata, Mariarita, 272 Siano, Salvatore, 12 Sitnik, Robert, 66 Smart, Andi, 527 Smirnov, Stanislav, 45 Smolka, Bogdan, 505 Solina, Franc, 444 Sorrentino, Germana, 532 Spagnolo, G. Schirripa, 401 Spagnolo, Vincenzo, 456 Spallone, Roberta, 97 Spinapolice, Enza Elena, 140 Spizzichino, Valeria, 374 Stanco, Filippo, 461 Stella, Federica, 554 Stella, Giuseppe, 469 Strano, Barbara, 538

Susini, Davide, 494 Tanasi, Davide, 461, 469 Tata, Alessandra, 194 Tatì, Angelo, 308 Tema, Evdokia, 538 Thaller, Maria Cristina, 92 Tomaševi´c, A., 401 Torri, Paola, 484 Tortorella, Francesco, 450 Tosti, Fabio, 22, 406 Trizio, Ilaria, 199 Trogu, Antonio, 17, 206, 244 Trojsi, Giorgio, 6 Truffa, Giancarlo, 544 Turchanina, Oksana, 163 Tuti, S., 401 Ulivieri, Denise, 417 Ungaro, Lucrezia, 379 Utzeri, Marco, 206 Vadrucci, Monia, 362 Valentini, Rosario, 411 Vascon, Sebastiano, 122

Verdiani, Giorgio, 112 Verdonck, Lieven, 249 Vermeulen, Frank, 233, 239, 249 Vettore, Antonio, 426 Vignoli, Giulio, 17, 206 Visparelli, Daniele, 379 Vitali, Marco, 97 Volino, Alessia, 6 Weigel, Christian, 346 Wojewódka, Jerzy, 288 Wouter, van Gorp, 277 Yamazaki, Katsuhiro, 33 Zambotti, Alessandro, 391 Zanaboni, Giulia, 293 Zerboni, Andrea, 140 Zingaretti, Primo, 127 Ðordevi´ ¯ c, T., 401 Ðurovi´c-Pejˇcev, R., 401 Łojewski, Tomasz, 87 ˙ Zmudzi´ nska-Nowak, Magdalena, 146