62nd Annual Meeting of the Southeastern San Juan, Porto Rico, USA, March 20 – 21 2013
Ketty Balthazard-Accou*, Patrice Agnamey, Elmyre Clervil, Evens Emmanuel Laboratoire de Qualité de l’Eau et de l’Environnement Université Quisqueya 218, Avenue Jean Paul II, Haut de Tugeau, Port-au-Prince, Haiti Email:
[email protected]
Cryptosporidium in Haiti Cryptosporidiosis is responsible for 17.5% of acute diarrhea in children less than 2 years-old 30% of chronic diarrhoeas in patients infected by HIV In Port-au-Prince, Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in surface water and in public water supplies
Global view on sanitation in Haiti
Feco-oral
Research considerations Port-au-Prince groundwater are exposed to latrine effluents, septic tanks and urban wastewater Since limestone is the main geological factor of Haiti, and all the cities have the same urban characteristics: groundwater of Les Cayes, and Cap-Haitian are also contaminated by Cryptosporidium
Purpose of this work Analyze the different risk factors associated with transfers of Cryptosporidium oocysts in groundwater from three important cities of Haiti: Port-au-Prince, Cap-Haitian and les Cayes
Framework of health risk assessment (NRC, 1983)
Risks factors A risk factor is an element belonging to an individual or originating from an environment liable to cause an illness, trauma or another negative impact on the development of the human organism (Fougeyrollas et al, 1998).
Conceptual model Management of urban sanitation services
Target
Transfer
(wastewater, human excreta and animal)
Soil Groundwater Tap water
Effects
C.h. C.h. : Human consumers (cryptosporidiosis: acute diarrhea and chronic abdominal pain, fever and myalgia; …)
Materials and methods Studies sites
Les Cayes,South County’s chief city
Map of the hydrological south west region of Haiti
Port-au-Prince, the national capital of the Republic of Haiti
Map of the hydrological center south region of Haiti
Map of Cap-Haïtian water cathment North County’s chief city
Sampling points The water samples were collected from the 21 sites in the conditions defined by standard AFNOR-NFT 90-455 of July 2001. Water samples were taken in December 2009, October 2010 and January 2011. The sampling points were chosen according to the water supply points of the population (reservoir, drilling, spring, surface and groundwater).
Filtration of the samples
In the field Water filtration using Envirochek® cartridges At the laboratory immunomagnetic separation (IMS) immunofluorescence essay (FA).
Table 1: Results of Cryptosporidium oocysts detection
Conclusion and Perspectives • The contamination of untreated public water supplies
used for human consumption in the cities of Port-auPrince, Cap-Haitian and Les Cayes by Cryptosporidium is a significant environmental and public health concerns. • Since
groundwater is contaminated by Cryptosporidium, it seems interesting to study the hydrodynamic and transfer mechanisms governing the presence of these protozoan in saturated zone.
• In order to develop appropriate treatments, it should
be necessary to study the efficiency of some materials (activated carbon, zeolite, and quartz) in oocysts adsorption.
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION
