features of the command language used to configure Cisco routers. ... These are
the traceroute command, which displays the route between two hosts on the ...
Università degli Studi Roma Tre. Dipartimento di Informatica e Automazione.
Computer Networks Research Group netkit lab static-routing an example of ...
Belmont, CA 94002 vyatta.com. 650 413 7200. 1 888 VYATTA 1 (US and Canada
). Basic Routing. REFERENCE GUIDE. Forwarding and Routing. Static Routes.
of the proposal to add static reflection to the C++ standard. During ..... To distiguish between various metaobject kinds11 a set of tag structs ... struct typedef_tag.
Feature History for Static Routing, page 13-7. Information About Static Routing.
Routers forward packets using either route information from route table entries ...
Aug 29, 2014 - classes of failures without invoking the network con- trol plane. ..... gies [12], Clos networks [1], and grids) and other well- known graphs (cliques ...
dibawah ini. Pada langkah ini kita menambhakan address list Address yang. terhubung dengan mikrotik kita. Page 3 of 8. S
Feature History for Static Routing, page 13-10. Information About Static Routing.
Routers forward packets using either route information from route table entries ...
Static-Routing-untuk-R1.pdf. Static-Routing-untuk-R1.pdf. Open. Extract. Open with. Sign In. Main menu. Displaying Stati
Sep 2, 2014 - The extreme anisotropic medium with ÂµÏ = 0 and µz = Ñ can be approximated using existing isotropic. arXiv:1304.6300v4 [cond-mat.supr-con] 2 ...
Nov 12, 2013 - Abstract: A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a collection of ... It uses a fuzzy procedure to transmit the sensed data or the buffered data ...
Sep 2, 2014 - netic dipole is placed at a distance d below its bottom end (inset in ... In all these calculations the radius of the FM cylinder is r = 0.8d and the ...
static routing algorithms, we present a black box transformation scheme applicable ... a throughput of 99% can be achieved on an Т-input butterfly network with ...
Jun 23, 2014 - improves the transfer of static magnetic fields with respect to conventional ... top surface Bz(z = 2d + L), normalized to the maximum field of.
Routing. □ Static route. ▫ specifically instructs router on which route to take to a
particular destination network. This will almost always override anything else ...
Because the requirement of off-line routing ... lined for maximum throughput with the longest delay path being a minimum number of simple logic ... If a bidirectional port of the CFSM is selected as a destination, the success of the write depends on
multicast advance reservation (MCAR) problem for all-optical wavelength-routed ..... domain, the set is said to be weakly correlated (Ï(â) is close to 0), while if ...
node is equipped with two types of PCMCIA radios: a Winstron Atheros-chipset 802.11a radio and a Senao Prism2-chipset 802.11b radio. Each type of radio ...
in an ad hoc meeting, several authors can establish a wireless ad hoc network using their laptops to access or modify the same document (e.g., powerpoint ...
Corresponding author, Juan Pablo Gailer e-mail: [email protected];. Center of Natural History, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz ...
Jun 23, 2014 - 4Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, D-85748 ... We show that a simplified version of the device, made by a.
This issue is particularly problematic in networks, such as Infiniband, that employ
static routing schemes because of the potential for mismatch between the static ...
In this lab, you will configure static routes between all three routers. This will
allow your routers to route packets so that all routers and all hosts will be able to
...
This paper presents, a 3-tier heterogeneous secure routing protocol based on LEACH. This protocol is free from all threats which are based on the identity crisis.
Static Routing. □ Linux provides two different tools to configure statically the
routes that define how IP packets are forwarded in the network. □ route. □
iproute2.
Static Routing
Linux provides two different tools to configure statically the routes that define how IP packets are forwarded in the network
route
iproute2
The command route permits to manipulate the main routing table used by the forwarding mechanism of the kernel to select the next hop
Lab configuration (file lab.conf) r1[0]=”A” → eth0 of r1 on collision domain A r1[1]=”B” → eth1 of r2 on collision domain B r2[0]=”A” → eth0 of r2 on collision domain A r2[1]=”C” → eth1 of r2 on collision domain C pc1[0] = ”B” → eth0 of pc1 on collision domain B pc2[0] = ”C” → eth0 of pc2 on collision domain C
Single Path Routing
To speed up the configuration of the lab, we define also the startup files (commands to be performed soon after the boot) pc1.startup ifconfig eth0 10.0.0.101 netmask 255.0.0.0 up route add default gw 10.0.1.2 dev eth0
pc2.startup ifconfig eth0 11.0.0.102 netmask 255.0.0.0 up route add default gw 11.0.2.2 dev eth0
Single Path Routing
r1.startup ifconfig eth0 172.20.1.1 netmask 255.255.0.0 up ifconfig eth1 10.0.1.2 netmask 255.0.0.0 up route add -net 11.0.0.0/8 gw 172.20.2.1 dev eth0
r2.startup ifconfig eth0 172.20.2.1 netmask 255.255.0.0 up ifconfig eth1 10.0.2.2 netmask 255.0.0.0 up route add -net 10.0.0.0/8 gw 172.20.1.1 dev eth0
Single Path Routing
By default, directly connected networks are automatically inserted into the routing table when the corresponding interface is brought up
this is a common behavior of all ip devices (even real-world routers!)
The default route provides the next hop router used to forward the packets, when no other entry matches the packet IP destination (either host or network)
Single Path Routing
Test the connectivity using ICMP messages
From pc1 console, perform a ping to pc2 ping 11.0.0.102
From r1 and r2 console capture the traffic tcpdump -i eth0 -n -e
Change the interface used to overhear the traffic (from eth0 and eth1) for looking at the arp message exchange
The arp command permit to modify the arp cache
Multi-Paths Routing
When more paths are available to reach the same destination network, it is better off configuring the router to exploit all network paths
Higher availability/reliability
Higher Performance (paths bonding)
Load balancing
One of the most widespread tools used to configure multi-path routing is iproute2
Brief Introduction to iproute2
Nowadays, the iproute2 has replaced tools like ifconfig, route, arp iproute2 is more powerful and flexible than its predecessors The routes can be defined considering
MAC address
Source IP address
Port, Type of Service
We can configure the router to exploit several paths towards a destination (multi-path routing)
Startup files containig the commands performed after the boot pc1.startup ifconfig eth0 10.0.0.101 netmask 255.0.0.0 up ifconfig eth0:1 10.0.0.100 netmask 255.0.0.0 up route add default gw 10.0.1.3 dev eth0
pc2.startup ifconfig eth0 11.0.0.102 netmask 255.0.0.0 up ifconfig eth0:1 11.0.0.103 netmask 255.0.0.0 up route add default gw 11.0.4.3 dev eth0
r1.startup ifconfig eth0 172.20.1.1 netmask 255.255.0.0 up ifconfig eth1 172.21.1.2 netmask 255.255.0.0 up ifconfig eth2 10.0.1.3 netmask 255.0.0.0 up sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter=0 sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.all.log_martians=1 ip route add table main default nexthop via 172.20.2.1 \\ weight 1 nexthop via 172.21.3.1 weight 1
Multi-Paths Routing
r4.startup ifconfig eth0 172.22.4.1 netmask 255.255.0.0 up ifconfig eth1 172.23.4.2 netmask 255.255.0.0 up ifconfig eth2 11.0.4.3 netmask 255.0.0.0 up sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter=0 sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.all.log_martians=1 ip route add table main default nexthop via 172.22.2.2 \\ weight 1 nexthop via 172.23.3.2 weight 1
Linux Forwarding Mechanism
Given a multipath route, data traffic matching the route entry could be distributed between the next hops
Per flow: the next hop is selected for each unique combination of source and destination IP addresses. Per connection: the next hop is selected every time a new connection is started. Per packet: the next hop is selected for each packet.
When there is no support for Multipath caching, Linux always distributes traffic between the different next hops of a Multipath route on a per-flow basis proportionally to the weights of the flows
Linux Forwarding Mechanism
When multipath caching is enabled, traffic is distributed differently depending on ”the place” where it originates:
Locally generated traffic: traffic is distributed on a per-connection basis. Ingress traffic that needs to be forwarded: traffic is distributed as if there was no support for multipath caching: the first matching cached route is always used.
Define an alias for the interfaces of both PCs to force the selection of the two available paths
Interface Alias
Use the command ifconfig to define an alias for a network interface ifconfig eth0:1 10.0.0.102 up
Virtual interface:
eth0:1 is the alias of the virtual interface 10.0.0.102 is the IP address assigned to this interface
