3D finite element modelling of drilling process of

Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 30 (4) (2016) 1843~1850 www.springerlink.com/content/1738-494x(Print)/1976-3824(Online)

DOI 10.1007/s12206-016-0341-0

3D finite element modelling of drilling process of Al7075-T6 alloy and experimental validation† İrfan Ucun* Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey (Manuscript Received June 23, 2015; Revised January 2, 2016; Accepted January 6, 2016) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Abstract In this study, the performances of twist and 3-flute drills in the drilling process of Al7075-T6 aluminium alloy were investigated experimentally and numerically. In the experimental phase, the drilling processes were carried out with the twist and 3-flute drills at three different feed rates (0.05, 0.1, 0.2 mm/rev) and four different cutting speeds (60, 90, 120, 150 m/min). The thrust forces occurring during the drilling processes were measured with a Kistler 9257b dynamometer. In the numerical phase, a 3D finite element model of the drilling process was carried out with Deform 3D V6.1 software. During the finite element analyses of the drilling processes, the thrust forces were numerically obtained and compared with the experimental thrust forces. Also, the torque and tool stress occurring in the drilling process were determined numerically. At the end of the study, the results showed that there is a good agreement between the experimental and numerical results. Additionally, it is shown that the thrust force, torque and tool stress obtained with the twist drill were less than those of the 3-flute drill. Keywords: Al7075 alloy; Deform 3D; Drilling; Finite element modelling ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. Introduction The metal cutting process is a very important issue for the manufacturing sector, because almost all industrial products are exposed directly or indirectly to the metal cutting processes during production process. Metal cutting mainly includes the manufacturing processes such as turning, milling, drilling, grinding, tapping, etc. But, drilling (30%), turning (20%) and milling (16%) constitute the majority of these processes [1]. The drilling process is an indispensible process for many industries such as medicine and aerospace and is applied not only in the manufacturing sector, but also in the field of medical [2, 3] where the drilling process is mostly utilized to assemble a medical product with the connectors. Additionally, in the aerospace industry, thousands of holes are needed to mount the parts constituting the aircraft body [1]. The thrust force, torque, wear, surface roughness and burr formation occurring in the drilling process are the most important parameters affecting the yield of the drilling process and the drills life [4-7]. The choice of appropriate manufacturing conditions and strategies is required for an efficient drilling process. Therefore, significant studies have been carried out on issues such as coating material, cutting *

Corresponding author. Tel.: +90 2722281446/15155, Fax.: +90 2722281449 E-mail address: [email protected] † Recommended by Associate Editor Hyung Wook Park © KSME & Springer 2016

paratemeters, tool vibration, cooling processes and drill point and edge geometry [8-17]. The aims of these studies are to reduce the thrust force, torque, temperature and burr formation and to obtain a regular hole geometry [6, 8, 9, 12, 13, 18]. In a study focusing on these topics, Reddy and Yang [8] developed an electrostatic lubrication system to improve the performance of the drilling process. Nouari et al. [6] investigated the variation of wear mechanism which occurs depending on the cutting conditions and drill type in the drilling process of Al2024 aluminium alloy. At the end of the study, HSS drills were shown not to be efficient for the drilling process of Al2024 aluminium alloy under dry cutting conditions. In another study, Paul et al. [12] aimed to reduce the thrust force and torque by optimizing drill point geometry. At the end of the study, the thrust forces occurring in drilling with the optimized drills significantly decreased. Naisson et al. [4] developed a new analytical model based on a modified Merchant’s model to estimate the thrust force and torque in the drilling. Bagcı and Özçelik [13] investigated experimentally and numerically the variation of temperature occurring in the drilling of AISI 1040 and Al7075 materials. They reported a good agreement between the experimental and numerical results. However, the temperatures in the drilling of AISI 1040 were higher than those of Al7075. Murthy and Rajendran [14] investigated the performance of the minimum quantity lubri

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cation in the drilling of 6063-T6 aluminium. The minimum quantity lubrication was seen to improve the performance of the drilling process. In the drilling process, a less burr formation and a regular hole geometry is a significant issue for a high quality drilling process. In a study on this problem, Davim and Reis [15] suggested a statistical approach for determining suitable cutting conditions in the drilling without causing damage to carbon fibre reinforced plastics. Besides, Kılıckap, [9] used different methodologies to optimize the cutting parameters for decreasing burr formation and surface roughness. The results showed that the best results occurred at a low cutting speed and feed rate. Nowadays, 3D modelling of the metal cutting/forming procees is a more popular technigue [19, 20]. The modelling process is a method used analytical, numerical and emprical approaches to optimize process parameters. Although analytical approach is often used for 2D simulations, it is not common for 3D problems. According to this, the empirical metods need intensively experimental datas [21]. Due to this, it is not advantageous in terms of cost and time of process. 3D finite element analysis of metal cutting process is frequently prefered to gain knowledge about machining process. The main advantage of this technique is reduction in cost and time to predict parameters such as stress, cutting force, temperature, strain are strain rate which are very difficult to detect experimentally [20]. Especially, 3D finite element analysis show a significant advantage compared to other approaches to predict chip geometry during metal cutting process [21]. This study was carried out to emphasise the importance of 3D modelling of the metal cutting processes and to demostrate its advantages. Also, in the study, the drilling performances of the twist and 3flute drills were investigated. The performance of the drills was evaluated in terms of the thrust force, torque and stress on the drills.

Table 1. Some mechanical properties of the workpiece material [22]. Material

Al 7075-T6

Young’s modulus (GPa)

71.7

Poisson’s ratio

0.33

Yield strength (MPa)

503

Tensile strength (MPa)

572

Hardness (HB)

150

Fig. 1. The drills types and their CAD models used on the experimental and numerical studies.

2. Material and method 2.1 The experimental process

2.2 3D Finite element modelling

In the experimental phase of this study, the drilling tests of Al 7075-T6 aluminium alloy having dimensions of 100 x 100 x 25 mm and the mechanical properties in Table 1 were carried out at different cutting speeds (60, 90, 120 and 150 m/min) and feed rates (0.05, 0.1, 0.2 mm/rev). Twist and 3flute drills made from WC-Co with 8 mm diameter were used during the study. The drills and their CAD models used in the study are given in Fig. 1. The experimental tests were carried out on a Hartford VMC-1020 CNC vertical machining center. The thrust forces occurring during the drilling process were measured by a Kistler 9257b dynamometer. The thrust force measuring process was carried out along 15 mm the drilling process and a new drill was used for each test. The image of the experimental setup and its schematical picture are given in Fig. 2.

3-D thermo-viscoplastic cutting simulations of the drilling process were conducted using a commercial implicit finite element software Deform-3D V6.1. For the finite element analyses, the region in where the drilling process was to be applied on the workpiece was modelled according to the drill point angle. Therefore, the loss of time which would occur during penetration of the drill point to the workpiece was eliminated. During the simulations, when the thrust forces were at a steady state, the simulations were stopped. For the finite element modelling, the workpiece was modelled as rigid-plastic and 100000 triangle elements were used. In turn, the drills were modelled as rigid and 35000 triangle elements were used. By using the remeshing technique during the finite element analyses, the mesh on the regions to be subjected to high deformation was regenerated. On the other hand, the

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Table 2. Johnson-Cook model constants for Al 7075-T6 [23]. Material

A (MPa)

B (MPa)

n

C

m

Tm (ºC)

Al 7075-T6

546

678

0.71

0.024

1.56

635

Table 3. The mechanical properties of the workpiece and tool materials [24].

Fig. 2. The experimental set-up and the schematic representation of the experimental set-up.

Properties

Al 7075-T6

WC-Co

Density (gr/cm3)

2.81

15.7

Young’s modulus (GPa)

71.7

650

Poisson’s ratio

0.33

0.25

Thermal expansion (µm/m°C)

2.2x10-5

5x10-6

Thermal conductivity (W/mK)

130

59

In the numerical study, the Johnson-Cook material model was used as the workpiece material model. According to this model, the flow stress is defined as below (Eq. (1)). The Johnson-Cook material model includes the mechanical behaviour of the workpiece material under the high strain, strain rate and temperature. This analytical expression represents, the strain hardening properties of the material, the strain rate sensitivity, and the thermal softening properties. æ

s = ( A + Be n ) çç1 + C ln è

m

e& ö é æ T - Tr ö ù ÷ ê1 - ç ÷ ú. e&0 ÷ø ê çè Tm - Tr ÷ø ú ë

(1)

û

In this equation, A is the yield stress, B is the strain hardening factor, n is the strain hardening index, and C is the strain rate sensitivity parameter, T is the homologous temperature, and m is the thermal softening coefficient. Tr is the ambient temperature during the test and Tm represents the melting temperature of the workpiece material, , reference strain rate (s-1 ). The constants of the material model used in the numerical study are given in Table 2. Also, some of the mechanical properties of the workpiece and the drill materials in the numerical model are given in Table 3.

3. Results and discussion 3.1 The comparison of the experimental and numerical thrust force Fig. 3. The boundary conditions (Triangle indicates constrained boundary condition) used in the drilling simulations.

workpiece was fixed and the cutting speed and feed rate were applied at the drill. The finite element model is given in Fig. 3. In the cutting simulations, the tool-chip friction conditions were modelled using a hybrid model. The hybrid model is composed of a constant shear friction (m = 0.7) in the sticking region and a constant coulomb friction (µ = 0.6) in the sliding region.

The variations of the thrust force obtained at the end of the experimental and numerical studies are given in Fig. 4. It is found that there is a good agreement between the experimental and numerical results. The Max. deviation between the experimental and numerical results is obtained from the drilling processes under drilling conditions Vc = 120 m/min and fz = 0.1 mm/rev with the 3-flute drill and under drilling conditions Vc = 60 m/min and fz = 0.1 mm/rev with the twist drill. Despite these deviations, there is up to 80% agreement between the thrust force values in the drilling processes under these drilling conditions. On the other hand, the best agree-

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(a)

(b) Fig. 4. Comparision of the thrust forces obtained from the experimental and numerical studies: (a) With cutting speed; (b) with feed rate.

ment between the experimental and numerical results occurs at about 90% for Vc = 60 m/min and fz = 0.1 mm/rev with the 3-flute drill. When all the results in Fig. 4 are evaluated, there is an agreement of about 85%. Another result obtained from Fig. 4 is the variation of the thrust force depending on the drill type. The thrust forces obtained with the twist drill are seen to be about 5-10% less than those of the 3-flute drill. There is an important effect of the chisel edge of the drills on the thrust force occurring in the drilling processes [25-28]. This effect is found to be about 50% [25]. The first zone that begins to deform the workpiece on the drill bit during the drilling process is the chisel edge. Regular chip formation does not generally take place in this zone. Therefore, the chisel edge exposes the workpiece to a deformation such as ploughing or rolling rather than a cutting process [25, 29]. Based on these findings, the chisel edge distances of the twist and 3-flute drills are said to make a significant contribution to the difference between the thrust force values obtained with the twist and 3 flute drills. When the images of the drills are investigated in Fig. 1, the chisel edge length of the twist drill is 2.8 mm. By contrast, this length for the 3-flute drill is 4.8 mm. Besides, there is a variable rake angle regime along the cutting edge of the used drills. The rake angle is 0° along the chisel edge but, it reaches to 30° along the cutting lip which begins the helical angle. The chisel edge having the 0° rake angle causes an increased thrust force during the drilling process. When the chisel edge length of the 3-flute drill is taken into account as being two times more than the twist drill, the difference between thrust force values obtained with each the drill can be better understood. In the literature studies, similar results have already attracted attention. The chisel edge length is regarded as having an important effect on the thrust force [26-28]. The variation of the thrust force depending on the cutting speed and feed rate is another result obtained during the study

Fig. 5. Comparison of the chip formation obtained from the experimental and numerical studies with twist drill.

(Fig. 4). When Fig. 4(a) is investigated, the thrust forces are seen to reduce with increasing the cutting speed in the drilling processes using both the twist and 3-flute drills. Min. thrust forces are obtained at the cutting speed of 60 m/min for each drill. For both twist drill and 3-flute drill, when the cutting speed is increased twice as much (for 120 m/min), the thrust forces are seen to approximately reduce 5 and 7%, respectively. In the metal cutting processes, the cutting temperature increases with increasing cutting speed [30, 31]. The high temperature occurring in the primary and secondary shear zones results in thermal softening of the workpiece, which reduces its resistance to cut. Thus, smaller cutting forces occur with increasing the cutting speed [31]. However, there is an important contribution of the increasing feed rate to the thrust forces. For both twist and 3-flute drill, min. thrust forces occur on the feed rate of 0.05 mm/rev. With increasing the feed rate twice as much, the thrust forces increase about 60% for twist drill. This ratio is about 80% for 3-flute drill. The thrust forces can be said to be more affected by the feed rate than the cutting speed. The undeformed chip thickness increases with increasing feed rate. Therefore, more cutting force is needed to remove the increasing chip volume. Another evaluation between the experimental and numerical results concerns the chip formations. The chip formations obtained from both the experimental and numerical studies is presented in Figs. 5 and 6. The obtained chips were evaluted in terms of their curl diameter and deformed chip thickness. It is seen in Fig. 5 that there is 93% agreement between the experimental and numerical chip curl diameters in the drilling with the twist drill. Also there is 93% agreement between the experimental and numerical deformed chip thickness. The results of the drilling process with the 3 flute drill are seen to be close to those using the twist drill (Fig. 6). While there is 85% agreement between the chips curl diameter in the drilling with the 3-flute drill, the agreement of about 90% between their deformed chips thickness is noteworthy. The results ob-

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3.3 The determination of the stresses occurring on the twist and 3-flute drills

Fig. 6. Comparison of the chip formation obtained from the experimental and numerical studies with 3-flute drill.

Fig. 7. Comparison of the torque values obtained from the numerical studies.

tained show that there is good agreement between the experimental and numerical studies. 3.2 The determination of the numerical torque The variation of the torque occurring in the numerical drilling process is given in Fig. 7. A noteworty point in Fig. 7 is that the torque is greater in the drilling process with the 3-flute drill. The torque values obtained with the twist drill are about 10-15% less than with the 3- flute drill. The max. torque value in the drilling processes is obtained as 8.49 Nm at the Vc = 60 m/min and fz = 0.2 mm/rev with the 3-flute drill. The min. torque value is 2.87 Nm at the Vc = 60 m/min and fz = 0.05 mm/rev with the twist drill. While the 3-flute drill has three cutting edges in the drilling processes, the twist drill has two cutting edges. This causes a bigger friction area between the workpiece and drill when drilling with the 3 flute drill. The increasing friction area causes the friction to increase and an additional load to occur. Thus, both the thrust force and the torque values are seen to increase somewhat. Also, there may be a small effect of the chisel length on the torque value. Because, the chisel edge was stated to little effect the torque in the literature studies [26, 32]. But, this effect was expressed to be negligible [26].

The variations of the stresses occurring on the twist and 3flute drills are given in Fig. 8. The maximum principal stresses were taken as reference in the assessment of the stresses occurring on the cutting tools, because these are made from tungsten carbide, which is a brittle material. Therefore, for damage situations occurring in brittle materials, the maximum normal stress theory (Rankine) is taken into consideration [33, 34]. The first point of interest from Fig. 7 is the difference between the stress values occurring in the twist and 3 flute drills. The maximum principal stresses for each drills occur on the chisel edge, but the stresses on the chisel edge of the 3flute drill are seen to be a little greater. On the other hand, the stress values in the twist drill are bigger than the 3-flute drill toward the distal cutting edge. At the same feed rate, the feed per flute value for each drill is different from each other, this is because the twist drill has two cutting flutes and the 3-flute drill has three cutting flutes. This means that the undeformed chip thickness in a cycle of drills is divided into two equal parts for the twist drill and three equal parts for the 3 flute drill. Namely, the undeformed chip thickness per flute on the twist drill is more than the 3 flute drill. This may be because each flute on the twist drill is exposed to a slightly higher load than on the 3 flute drill. Therefore, the stress value on the distal cutting edge of the twist drill is thought to be higher. Another result obtained from Fig. 8 is that the maximum stress values occur at the low cutting speed. The stress intensity is seen to reduce with increasing the cutting speed. The cutting temperature is known to rise with increasing cutting speed. The resistance against deformation of the material, thermally softened with increasing temperature decreases. Therefore, the cutting tool removes the chip with less force. This can reduce the stress occurring on the drill. Additionally, the maximum stress develops on the chisel edge for the each drill. The stress then trends to decrease along the cutting edge. The first region deforming the workpiece during the drilling process is the chisel edge of the drills. Uniform chip formation is not generally seen in this region. Instead, the chisel edge exposes the workpiece to deformation such as ploughing or rolling [25, 29]. The chips which are exposed to deformation on the chisel edge has a regular form along the cutting edge. This chip formation process can define the character of the stress curves in Fig. 8, when the graphs in Fig. 8 are investigated, while the stress is maximum on the chisel edge, it then appears stable on the cutting edge to be seen a regular chip formation. A similar result can be seen in a study of the Ref. [35]. On the other hand, the rake angle of the drills shows a changing regime along the cutting edge. As seen in Fig. 1, the rake angle is 0° on the chisel edge and 30° from the region which begins the helical flute to the end of the cutting edge. This case can cause a variable chip formation mechanism to be seen along all the cutting edge. As is known, the chips easily forms with increas-

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Fig. 8. Comparison of the stress values obtained depending on cutting speed along the chisel edge and the cutting edge.

ing rake angle and results in a smaller cutting force [36, 37]. Therefore, the rake angle of the chisel edge is said to make an important contribution to the high stress on the chisel edge. Another result obtained from the numerical study is the variations in the stresses which occurs depending on the feed rate (Fig. 9). The stresses on the drills increase with increasing feed rate. Besides, the increasing feed rate can be said to cause an increase the stresses on the end of the cutting edge. The undeformed chip thickness in the drilling cycle increases with the increasing feed rate. Thus, the cutting edges are exposed to a bigger chip load. Therefore, in Fig. 8, the highest stresses can be seen to occur at the end of the cutting edges at the feed rate of 0.2 mm/rev. The most critical regions on the cutting edge are the regions having a thin section. The highest stress concentration occurs in these regions [38]. Therefore, it is here that failures generally develop [38, 39]. Based on this explanation, the highest stress concentrations can seen on the ends of the cutting edge at the feed rate of 0.2 mm/rev. In addition, the simulation images of the drilling processes with the twist and 3 flute drills depending on the feed rate are given in Fig. 10. According to these images, the stress along the cutting edge extends to a larger area with increasing the feed rate. At the low feed rates, the chips having a thinner section can easily deform as an effect of the cutting temperature and the cutting edge can be exposed to a lower load. Thus, the lowest stress is seen at the low feed rates.

4. Conclusion In this study, the 3D finite element modelling of the drilling

Fig. 9. Comparison of the stress values obtained depending on feed rate along the chisel edge and the cutting edge.

Fig. 10. Simulation images of the stresses occuring on the twist and 3 flute drills.

process of Al7075-T6 aluminimum alloy with the twist and 3flute drills was carried out, and the performances of the twist and 3 flute drills was evaluated in terms of the thrust force, torque and stress. At the end of the study, generally, the twist drill can be said to exhibit a better performance than the 3flute drill. The other results obtained from the study are as follows; At the end of the study, there is good agreement between

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the experimental and numerical thrust forces. The agreement is about 80-90%. Besides, the experimental and numerical chip geometries are very similar to each other. The measurements performed on the chip geometries indicate agreement of about 83-93% between their geometries. The chips curl diameter in the drilling with the twist drill are bigger than that by 3-flute. This result is due to the fact that the deformed chip thicknesses obtained with the twist drill are thicker. When the thrust force results are evaluated, generally, the twist drill exhibits a better performance in both the experimental and numerical studies. The chisel edge is an effective parameter on thrust force. The twist drill has a shorter the chisel edge length than 3-flute drill. The difference between thrust forces obtained by both the twist and 3-flute drills is greatly due to this situation. In addition, the thrust force is seen to reduce with increasing the cutting speed in the drilling processes with each drill. In the torque results obtained numerically, the torque values in the drilling with the twist drill are less than the drilling with the 3-flute drill. The number of the cutting edge of 3-flute drill is much than the twist drill. This means an additional friction surface and harder friction condition. The reason of the higher torque for the 3-flute drill may be due to this. Besides, the torque is seen to reduce with increasing the cutting speed and to increase with increasing the feed rate. As another result obtained from the numerical study, the maximum stress occurs on the distal cutting edge of the twist drill. For 3-flute drill, it appears on the chisel edges. Besides, the stresses on the chisel edge of the 3-flute drill are greater than those of the twist drill. But, the stresses occurring towards the end of the cutting edge are greater in the twist drill. In addition, at the high feed rate (0.2 mm/rev), the stress affects a more wide area on drills.

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İrfan Ucun received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanical engineering from Süleyman Demirel University, in 2013. His general research interests include modelling of cutting processes, micro-manufacturing processes, plastic deformation of metals.

17.04.2016

Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology (Editorial Board)

Engineering ­ Mechanical Engineering | Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology (Editorial Board)

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Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology Editor­in­Chief: Maenghyo Cho ISSN: 1738­494X (print version) ISSN: 1976­3824 (electronic version) Journal no. 12206

RECOMMEND TO LIBRARIAN

2015 JMST CONTRIBUTION AWARD

ABOUT THIS JOURNAL

EDITORIAL BOARD

NEW CATEGORY

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Editor­in­Chief Prof. Maenghyo Cho  Smart Structures & Design Laboratory School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Seoul National University,   1 Gwanak­ro, Gwanak­gu, 151­742 Seoul, Korea Phone: +82­2­880­1693 Fax : +82­2­886­1693 Email: [email protected] Senior Editor                                                    Prof. Park, Jong Hyeon, Hanyang University, Korea Subject Editors Prof. Cho, Chongdu (Engineering Materials and Technology), Inha Univ., Korea Prof. Hwang, Jungho (Micro/Nano Engineering and Technology), Yonsei Univ., Korea  Prof. Jeong, Haedo (Production Engineering and Fusion Technology), Pusan National Univ., Korea Prof. Kang, Yeon June (Dynamics, Vibration and Sound), Seoul National Univ., Korea  Prof. Kang, Yong Tae (Thermal and Power Engineering), Korea Univ., Korea  Prof. Min, Seungjae (Solid Mechanics and Design Engineering), Hanyang Univ., Korea  Prof. Na, Yang (Fluids Engineering), Konkuk Univ., Korea Prof. Shin, Se Hyun (BioEngineering), Korea Univ., Korea  Prof. Wang, Long (Robotics and Control), Peking University, China  Prof. Zhou, Min (Engineering Materials and Technology), Georgia Inst. of Tech., USA http://www.springer.com/engineering/mechanical+engineering/journal/12206?detailsPage=editorialBoard&token=prtst0416p

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17.04.2016

Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology

Engineering ­ Mechanical Engineering | Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology

Mechanical Engineering SUBDISCIPLINES

JOURNALS

BOOKS

Home  >  Engineering  >  Mechanical Engineering SERIES

TEXTBOOKS

REFERENCE WORKS

Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology Editor­in­Chief: Maenghyo Cho ISSN: 1738­494X (print version) ISSN: 1976­3824 (electronic version) Journal no. 12206

RECOMMEND TO LIBRARIAN

2015 JMST CONTRIBUTION AWARD

ABOUT THIS JOURNAL

EDITORIAL BOARD

NEW CATEGORY

SOCIETY

Eigenfactor® Score: 0.00587 The aim of the Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology is to provide an international forum for the publication and dissemination of original work that contributes to the understanding of the main and related disciplines of mechanical engineering, either empirical or theoretical. The Journal covers the whole spectrum of mechanical engineering, which includes, but is not limited to, Materials and Design Engineering, Production Engineering and Fusion Technology, Dynamics, Vibration and Control, Thermal Engineering and Fluids Engineering.    Manuscripts may fall into several categories including full articles, solicited reviews or commentary, and unsolicited reviews or commentary related to the core of mechanical engineering. It is also proposed to maintain an international diary of forthcoming events. Prospective guest editors for publishing the special issue should contact the Editor­in­Chief of the Journal.    Related subjects » Mechanical Engineering ­ Mechanics ­ Production & Process Engineering IMPACT FACTOR: 0.838 (2014) *

Journal Citation Reports®, Thomson Reuters ABSTRACTED/INDEXED IN

Science Citation Index Expanded (SciSearch), Journal Citation Reports/Science Edition, SCOPUS, INSPEC, Google Scholar, EBSCO, CSA, Academic OneFile, Current Contents/Engineering, Computing and Technology, Earthquake Engineering Abstracts, EI­ Compendex, Expanded Academic, INIS Atomindex, OCLC, SCImago, Summon by ProQuest COPUBLISHER/ DISTRIBUTION RIGHTS

Co­publication with The Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers. Springer has the exclusive distribution rights for print version outside Korea, for electronic http://www.springer.com/engineering/mechanical+engineering/journal/12206?detailsPage=aboutThis&token=prtst0416p

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17.04.2016

Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology, Volume 30, Issue 4 ­ Springer

Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology All Volumes & Issues ISSN: 1738­494X (Print) 1976­3824 (Online)

In this issue (48 articles) 1.  OriginalPaper

Destabilization of the shear layer in the post chamber of a hybrid rocket Doyeong Kim, Changjin Lee Pages 1671­1679 2.  OriginalPaper

Support

A comparative study of reinitialization approaches of the level set method for simulating free­surface flows Muhammad Sufyan, Long Cu Ngo… Pages 1681­1689 3.  OriginalPaper

Variation of wake patterns and force coefficients of the flow past square bodies aligned inline Raheela Manzoor, Shams­ul­Islam… Pages 1691­1704 4.  OriginalPaper

Design of a LCD display stand for maximum turnover safety Chang­Hee Cho, Young­Gwan Kim, Soo­Won Chae… Pages 1705­1712

http://link.springer.com/journal/12206/30/4/page/2

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17.04.2016

Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology, Volume 30, Issue 4 ­ Springer

5.  OriginalPaper

Development of a gearbox test rig with non­ torque loading capacity Ju Seok Nam, Young Jun Park, Seung Je Jo… Pages 1713­1722 6.  OriginalPaper

Metamodel­based design optimization of injection molding process variables and gates of an automotive glove box for enhancing its quality Gyung­Ju Kang, Chang­Hyun Park… Pages 1723­1732 7.  OriginalPaper

Numerical and experimental research on the rock­breaking process of tunnel boring machine normal disc cutters Geng Qi, Wei Zhengying, Meng Hao, Chen Qiao Pages 1733­1745 8.  OriginalPaper

Numerical investigation on life improvement of low­cycle fatigue for an ultra­supercritical steam turbine rotor Nai­long Zhao, Wei­zhe Wang, Jun­hui Zhang… Pages 1747­1754 9.  OriginalPaper

Designing and optimizing of composite and hybrid drive shafts based on the bees algorithm

http://link.springer.com/journal/12206/30/4/page/2

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17.04.2016

Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology, Volume 30, Issue 4 ­ Springer

Saeed Karimi, Alireza Salamat… Pages 1755­1761 10.  OriginalPaper

Optimization of geometrical parameters in a specific composite lattice structure using neural networks and ABC algorithm M. Sadegh Yazdi, S. A. Latifi Rostami… Pages 1763­1771 11.  OriginalPaper

Welding residual stress analysis of 347H austenitic stainless steel boiler tubes using experimental and numerical approaches Wanjae Kim, Kwang Soo Kim, Hansang Lee… Pages 1773­1779 12.  ReviewPaper

Reviews: Torsional spring mechanism resonant scanner’s technology Loke Kean Koay, Nur Azirah Abdul Rahim Pages 1781­1798 13.  OriginalPaper

The effect of small scale and intermolecular forces on the pull­in instability and free vibration of functionally graded nano­switches Hosein Ataei, Yaghoub Tadi Beni… Pages 1799­1816 14.  OriginalPaper

High­shock silicon accelerometer with an over­ range stopper

http://link.springer.com/journal/12206/30/4/page/2

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17.04.2016

Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology, Volume 30, Issue 4 ­ Springer

Jae Min Lee, Chang Uk Jang, Chang Jun Choi… Pages 1817­1824 15.  OriginalPaper

The effect of sliding wear parameters on carburized AISI1040 steel A. Arulbrittoraj, P. Padmanabhan… Pages 1825­1833 16.  OriginalPaper

Multiresponse optimization of cryogenic drilling on Ti­6Al­4V alloy using topsis method L. Shakeel Ahmed, M. Pradeep Kumar Pages 1835­1841 17.  OriginalPaper

3D finite element modelling of drilling process of Al7075­T6 alloy and experimental validation İrfan Ucun Pages 1843­1850 18.  OriginalPaper

Investigating the effect of variable gutter technique as a novel method on vertical flow of material in closed die forging processes M. Pourbashiri, M. Sedighi Pages 1851­1857 19.  OriginalPaper

Preparation of Ti­6Al­4V feedstock for titanium powder injection molding Dongguo Lin, Sung Taek Chung, Young Sam Kwon… Pages 1859­ 1864

http://link.springer.com/journal/12206/30/4/page/2

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17.04.2016

Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology, Volume 30, Issue 4 ­ Springer

20.  OriginalPaper

Convex diamond patterns by grinding with a wheel which is dressed by a rounded tool Md. Mofizul Islam, Hochan Kim, Do Sup Han… Pages 1865­1873 Support

http://link.springer.com/journal/12206/30/4/page/2

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