5th INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON

City of HAMM AMET - TUNISIA

2018 8-10 October Diar Lemdina Hotel, Yasmin , City of Hammamet, Tunisia

Dr. Mithat Direk Dr. Halis Simsek Editors

‘‘Proceeding Book’’ ISBN 978-605-7557-39-1

5th INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE AND ENVIRONMENT (ICSAE-5)

PROCEEDINGS BOOK

Editors Dr. Mithat DIREK Dr. Halis SIMSEK

ISBN: 978-605-7557-39-1

Hammamet - TUNISIA – December 2018

5th INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE AND ENVIRONMENT © COPYRIGHT All right for the papers in this book are reserved to the individual authors. Papers are published here unedited, as submitted by their authors. The conference does not necessarily endorse their contents. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or other wish without the prior permission of the copying owners.

PROCEEDINGS BOOK Copyright Reserved by Organizing Committee of 5th International Conference On Sustainable Agriculture And Environment (ICSAE-5) Editors

Dr. Mithat DIREK Dr. Halis SIMSEK

ISBN: 978-605-7557-39-1

Rampalı İş Merkezi Kat:1 No: 121 Tel.&Fax: (0.332) 351 92 85 • Meram / KONYA e-mail: [email protected] Baskı ve Cilt: DİZGİ OFSET Matbaacılar Sit. 10451. Sk. No:4 Tel: 0332 342 00 05 - 342 07 42 T.C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı Yayıncı Sertifika No: 14824

Hammamet - TUNISIA – December 2018

PREFACE As the world population is drastically increasing, industrialization and urbanization are also increasing. Eventually, environmental pollution is increasing, and the amount of arable land is decreasing. Water scarcity is becoming a challenge throughout the world in that nearly half of the world population will experience water shortage. The rate of water utilization increases at twice the rate in the world as compared to the increases in the human population. This proves that water is no longer to be considered an infinite source. Sustainable use of agricultural and environmental sources will optimize the skills and use of technology to achieve long-term stability of agricultural enterprise, environmental protection, and consumer safety. Sustainable agriculture and environment could be achieved through management strategies which help the producer select hybrids and varieties, soil conserving cultural practices, soil fertility programs, crop rotation, weed, pest and disease management programs, strategic use of animal and green manures and use of natural or synthetic inputs in a way that poses no significant hazard to human beings, animals, or the environment. Sustainable agriculture and environment incorporates heathy environment and economic profitability along with providing food needs to the society. The Food and Agricultural Organization reported that more than half of the water sources were used for irrigation in the world. Industrial and municipal usage of water comes after irrigation. Therefore, water demand could further affect the amount of water utilization in agricultural sectors. This may cause water crisis in and among countries. To deal with this potential water crisis, new water management approaches and strategies are required for all sectors, in particular, the agricultural sector. Application of new technologies (precision agriculture) help to increase the sustainable usage of water sources in agriculture while enable higher crop production. Excess utilization of fertilizers and pesticides causes contamination of surface water and groundwater sources. Use of salt-rich irrigation waters increases the salinization. Water content and salinity level have a vital effect on both quality and quantity of agricultural crops. Therefore, necessary sustainable steps should be taken to handle all these issues. This conference brought together a large number of researchers, students and professionals from all over the world to discuss the technological developments and applications on sustainable agriculture and environment. The main topic areas that covered were social and economic aspects of environment, biology and agriculture, sustainable development, tropical agriculture, biodiversity, biotechnology, horticulture, plants, animal production, climate change, environment, local ecological knowledge, water management, soil conservation, agriculture social economics, integrated pest management, food security, and other related agricultural and environmental issues. All the abstracts and selected papers are now available in this “proceeding book”. The editors would like to thank all the attendees who brought their generous contributions to the organization of another successful conference. Lastly, we would like to thank the organizing committee members for their time and efforts dedicated to making 5th ICSAE a successful event. Dr. Mithat DIREK Dr. Halis SIMSEK Editors

Conference Topics The topics of the conference include, but not limited to, the areas listed below:

Research Field

Agriculture

Environment and Climate change

Topics General agriculture, agricultural education, biodiversity, plant and animal genetic resources, biotechnology, horticulture, plants, animal production, animal nutrition, rangeland management, crop-livestock farming, soil health, agriculture social economics, integrated pest management, and integrated agriculture management Environmental Sciences, local ecological knowledge, soil, water, and climate, climate change, structures and environment, ecosystem services and rangelands, agroecology, waste management, biosolids, water and wastewater treatment, maintenance and operation, surface and groundwater resources, and hydraulic structure

Nanotechnology and precision farming

Nanotechnology and agriculture, precision farming and variable rate technology, power and machinery in agriculture, GPS and GIS technology, mathematical modeling in agriculture, renewable energy & energy management

Food Sciences

Food sovereignty and food security, food quality

Other related agricultural and environmental issues Honorary Planning Committee (in alphabetical order) x Dr. Bambang Pujiasmanto, Dean, College of Agriculture, Sebelas Maret University, Indonesia x Dr. Elies Hamza, President, Institution of Agricultural Research and Higher Education (IRESA), Tunisia x Dr. Michael R. Kessler, Dean, College of Engineering, North Dakota State University, USA x Dr. Mustafa Şahin, President, Selcuk University, Turkey Organizing Committee Members (in alphabetical order) Conference Chairs x Dr. Mithat Direk, Agricultural Economy, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey x Dr. Slim Slim, Vegetable Production, School of Higher Education in Agriculture of Mateur (ESAM), Carthage University, Tunisia Conference Co-Chairs x Dr. Ahmad Yunus, Agronomy (Agroecotechnology), Sebelas Maret University, Indonesia x Dr. Halis Simsek, Agricultural & Biosystems Engineering, North Dakota State University, USA Technical Program Committee (in alphabetical order) x Dr. Ahmad Muhammed Ahmed, Agribusiness & Applied Economic, Tanta University, Egypt x Dr. Jammali Bayrem, School of Higher Education in Agriculture of Mateur, Tunisia x Dr. Louhaichi Mounir, International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Jordan x Dr. Mehmet Kobya, Environmental Engineering, Gebze Technical University, Turkey x Dr. Richard Horsley, Department Chair, Plant Science, North Dakota State University, USA x Dr. Serkan Ates, Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, USA

Conference Secretary (in alphabetical order) x Dr. Belarbi Manel, School of Higher Education in Agriculture, Tunisia x Dr. Meriem Aoun, Plant Science, North Dakota State University, USA Keynote Speakers (in alphabetical order) x Dr. Burton L. Johnson, Plant Science, North Dakota State University, USA x Dr. Eakalak Khan, Civil & Environmental Eng. and Construction Department, Las Vegas, USA x Dr. Hichem Ben Salem, Institution of Agricultural Research and Higher Education (IRESA), Tunisia x Dr. Pieter Swanopoel, Stellenbosch University, South Africa Scientific Committee Members (in alphabetical order) x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x

Dr. Aaron Lee M. Daigh, Soil Science, North Dakota State University, USA Dr. Ahmed Elbaltagy, Animal Production Research Institute, Egypt Dr. Bahri Ozsisli, Food Science, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University, Turkey Dr. Ben Gara Abderrahman, School of Higher Education in Agriculture, Tunisia Dr. Ben Jedı Fayçal, National Institute of Applied Science and Technology, Tunisia Dr. Bilal Cemek, Agricultural & Biosystems Engineering, Ondokuz Mayis University, Turkey Dr. Bouallagui Hassib, National Institute of Applied Science and Technology, Tunisia Dr. Bradley Nutt, Murdoch University, Australia Dr. Carlos Ochoa, Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, USA Dr. Dennis P. Wiesenborn, Agricultural & Biosystems Engineering, North Dakota State University, USA Dr. Dilek Erdirencelebi, Environmental Engineering, Selcuk University, Turkey Dr. Dridi Sami, University of Arkansas, USA Dr. Edi Purwanto, Agrotechnology, Sebelas Maret University, Indonesia Dr. Edward (Shawn) DeKeyser, Program Leader, Natural Resources Management, North Dakota State University, USA Dr. Ennouri Rym, Higher Institute of Fisheries and Aquaculture of Bizerte (ISPAB), Tunisia Dr. Fatma Beduk, Environmental Engineering, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey Dr. Hakan Arslan, Agricultural Structures & Irrigation, Ondokuz Mayis University, Turkey Dr. Hammamı Moncef, School of Higher Education in Agriculture, Tunisia Dr. Harlene Hatterman-Valenti, Plant Science, North Dakota State University, USA Dr. Haydar ÖZPINAR, Head of Institute of Health Science, İstanbul Gedik University, Turkey Dr. Hayley Norman, CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australia Dr. Hedi Hammami, Free University of Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Belgium Dr. Izzet Kadioglu, Plant Protection, Gaziosmanpasa University, Turkey Dr. Jauhari Syamsiah, Soil Science, Sebelas Maret University, Indonesia Dr. Jemmali Bayrem, School of Higher Education in Agriculture, Tunisia Dr. Karmous Chahine, School of Higher Education in Agriculture, Tunisia Dr. Latif Kalin, Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, USA Dr. M. Ovais Ömer, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary and Animal Science, Pakistan Dr. M’Hamdi Naceur, National Institute of Applied Science and Technology, Tunisia Dr. Milil Sami, Higher Institute of Fisheries and Aquaculture of Bizerte (ISPAB),Tunisia

x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x

Dr. Moujahed Nizar, National Agricultural Institute, Tunisia Dr. Muhammad Subhan Qureshi, Chief Patron Dairy Science Park, Agricultural University, Pakistan Dr.Nandariyah, Plant Breeding, Sebelas Maret University, Indonesia Dr. Noureddine Nasr, Food and Agriculture Organization, Bureau sous-régional pour l’Afrique du Nord, Tunisia Dr. Orhan T. Can, Environmental Engineering, Bursa Technical University, Turkey Dr. Rouissi Hamadi, School of Higher Education in Agriculture, Tunisia Dr. Samanhudi, Agrotechnology, Sebelas Maret University, Indonesia Dr. Sandeep Kumar, Agricultural & Agronomy, Horticulture & Plant Science, South Dakota State University, USA Dr. Sanjeev Kumar Prajapati, Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology, India Dr. Sanjib Kumar Panda, Biotechnology, Assam Uni., India Dr. Senar Aydin, Environmental Engineering, Necmettin Erbakan University, Turkey Dr. Senay Simsek, Plant Science, North Dakota State University, USA Dr. Sigit Prastowo, Animal Science, Sebelas Maret University, Indonesia Dr. Sigit Supargiyono, Agronomy, Jember University, Indonesia Dr. Sobir, Plant Breeding, Bogor Agrculture University, Indonesia Dr. Şenay Aydın, Soil Science, Celal Bayar University, Department of Agricultural Sciences, Turkey Dr. Thomas F. Scherer, Agricultural & Biosystems Engineering, North Dakota State University, USA Dr. Tofazzal Islam, Department of Biotechnology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Bangladesh Dr. Tibaoui Gouider, School of Higher Education in Agriculture, Tunisia Dr. Xuefeng (Michael) Chu, Civil & Environmental Engineering, North Dakota State University, USA Dr. Yuksel Ardali, Environmental Engineering, Ondokuz Mayis University, Turkey Dr. Zhulu Lin, Agricultural & Biosystems Engineering, North Dakota State University, USA Majid Wadood, Institute of Business Research, Tokyo, Japan Muhamed Sraïri, Department of Animal Production and Biotechnology, Hassan II Institute of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, Morocco Muhammad Dost, Regional Plant Production Officer, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Regional Office for the Near East, Egypt Sawsan Hassan, International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Amman, Jordan

CONTENTS INCREASING AGRICULTURAL SUSTAINABILITY WHILE PROVIDING FOOD FOR AN INCREASING WORLD POPULATION BURTON L. JOHNSON ..........................................................................................................................1 ADAPTATION OF LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION SYSTEMS TO WATER SCARCITY AND SALINIZATION UNDER THE CONTEXT OF CLIMATE CHANGE HICHEM BEN SALEM, RIDHA IBIDHI, WIEM MEHDI, IMTIEZ BOUZOURRAA, MOHAMED CHERIF ..............................................................................................................................2 EMERGING CONTAMINANTS IN THE SUSTAINABLE WORLD EAKALAK KHAN ..................................................................................................................................3 BENEFITS OF INTEGRATING LIVESTOCK IN CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE SYSTEMS IN MEDITERRANEAN ENVIRONMENTS PA SWANEPOEL, J LABUSCHAGNE, JA STRAUSS, C MACLAREN ............................................4 THE EFFECTS OF SOIL AND FOLIAR APPLICATIONS OF HUMIC ACID ON SOME QUALITY CRITERIA IN SULTANI SEEDLESS GRAPES (VITIS VINIFERA L.) Ş. AYDIN, E.D. YEĞENOĞLU ..............................................................................................................5 EVALUATION OF DROUGHT TOLERANCE INDICES FOR THE SELECTION OF BARLEY (HORDEUM VULGARE L) CULTIVARS WEJDEN BRAHMI, ANISSA SAHLI, YOSR ARBI AND ALI LTIFI ...............................................10 STUDY OF SPRAY RETENTION ON GLOBE ARTICHOKE AND SOIL OF FLUORESCENT TRACER BRILLIANT SULFOFLAVINE ON FILED CONDITION AND WIND TUNNEL IN TUNISIAN CONDITIONS ASMA ALLAGUI, HASSOUNA BAHROUNI, YOUSSEF M’SADAK, AYMENOUNI, MOHAMED ALI BEN ABDALLAH .........................................................................................................................11 QUALITY OF TOMATO IN DIFFERENT LEVELS OF ZINC AS FOLIAR APPLICATION SAKYA AT, SULANDJARI AND YEYEN AK ..................................................................................12 EFFECT OF A BIOFERTILIZER ON THE BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF A VARIETY OF INDUSTRIAL TOMATO (SOLANUM LYCOPERSICUM L.) LILA ABIDI, SID AHMED SNOUSSI2 ET MARIA STELA BRADEA ............................................13 GREEN MANURE BASED ON FODDER RADISH (RAPHANUS SATIVUS L.) RESIDUES AS AN ECO-FRIENDLY ALTERNATIVE FOR POTATO GROWTH ENHANCEMENT AND WILT SUPPRESSION HAYFA JABNOUN-KHIAREDDINE, RANIA AYDI BEN ABDALLAH, FAKHER AYED, MOUNA GUEDDES-CHAHED, AHMED HAJLAOUI, AND MEJDA DAAMI-REMADI..............................14 EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS OF SERRATIA SYMBIOTICA LIVING AS SYMBIONT OF APHIDS SABRINE ATTIA, HAJER SAHRAOUI, KAOUTHAR GRISSA LEBDI, THIERRY HANCE ........15 BIO-ACARICIDAL ACTIVITY OF HYDROSOLS OF THREE LAMIACEAE PLANT SPECIES AGAINST THE TWO SPOTTED SPIDER MITE TETRANYCHUS URTICAE (KOCH) SAHRAOUI HAJER, ATTIA SABRINE, OTHMAN HAFED, REZGUI TAREK, JRIDI MOURAD, LEBDI-GRISSA KAOUTHER ..............................................................................................................16

MORPHOLOGICAL AND PHYTOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF ONION NEW BREEDING LINES (ALLIUM CEPA L.) CHIKH-ROUHOU H, CHALBI A2 AND STA-BABA R ....................................................................17 INVESTIGATION ON THE TUNISIAN DONKEY GENETIC DIVERSITY WITH DNA MICROSATELLITES MOHAMED AROUA, BAYREM JEMMALI, HATEM OULED AHMED, SANA KHALDI, SAMIA BEN SAID, RANIA BACCOUCHE, MOKHTAR MAHOUACHI .......................................21 POTATO CYST NEMATODES IN AIN DEFLA REGION OF ALGERIA: OCCURRENCE, POPULATION DENSITIES IN SOIL AND SPECIES IDENTIFICATION TIRCHI NADIA1 AND MOKABLI AISSA .........................................................................................22 MOLECULAR ANALYSIS OF HARDNESS GENES IN BREAD WHEAT IN TUNISIA AYMEN EZZINE, SALMA BEN ABDALLAH, HNIA CHOGRANI, RHOUMA SAYARI, AND ISSAM SMAALI .....................................................................................23 INFLUENCE DES TRAITEMENTS POST POLLINISATION SUR LA PRODUCTION D’HAPLOÏDES DE BLÉ DUR PAR CROISEMENT BLÉ X MAÏS ANISSA SAHLI, WEJDEN BRAHMI ET ALI LTIFI ..........................................................................27 SOIL ARTHROPODS ASSOCIATED WITH OLIVE TREES IN SFAX REGION (TUNISIA) BOUTHEINA LAGNEB, INES KSENTINI, MOHIEDDINE KSANTINI ..........................................28 EFFECTS OF AGRICULTURAL BURNING PRACTICES ON SOIL STRUCTURE STABILITY: LABORATORY INVESTIGATION KHALED IBRAHIMI AND ABDELHAMID BELAID .......................................................................29 PERFORMANCE OF MENTIK WANGI RICE (ORYZA SATIVA L.) M3 GENERATION FROM GAMMA RAY IRRADIATION DESSYA PUTRI PRASETYO, AHMAD YUNUS, NANDARIYAH .................................................30 SELECTION OF SHORT STEM MENTIK SUSU RICE M3 FROM GAMMA RAY IRRADIATION DESSY RACHMAWATI, PARJANTO, NANDARIYAH, AHMAD YUNUS ...................................38 INDUCTION OF GAMMA RADIATION ON GROWTH AND FERUM CONTENT OF BLACKRICE AT M1 GENERATION EDI PURWANTO, AMALIA TETRANI, SHAFIRA KUMALAIKA .................................................39 VALORISATION DES RESSOURCES GÉNÉTIQUES OVINES PAR L’IDENTIFICATION DE GÈNES CANDIDATS DE PROLIFICITÉ JEMMALI B., BEDHIAF-ROMDHANI S.2 ET DJEMALI M. ...........................................................47 EFFECT OF GENETIC POLYMORPHISM AT THE FGF2 GENE ON FERTILITY TRAITS IN TUNISIAN HOLSTEIN DAIRY CATTLE SIHEM AMIRI, BAYREM JEMMALI, MOHAMED AMINE FERCHICHI1 AND ABDERRAHMANE BEN GARA .........................................................................................................48 SANYASIS AND STUDY THE THE PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF NANO ZNO DOPING WITH DIFFERENT PERCENTAGE OF IRON BY SOL-GEL METHOD WITH ABSENCE OF SURFACTANT. WAFAA A. KADHIM, MOHD HASBI BIN AB. RAHIM ..................................................................49

GROWTH OF CORN PLANT UNDER STRIP TILLAGE COMPARED TO FULL WIDTH TILLAGE IN MIDDLE ANATOLIA K.ÇARMAN; E.ÇITIL; T.MARAKOĞLU; K.GÜR .............................................................................50 DETERMINATION OF ACID DETERGENT FIBER (ADF) IN CORN GRAIN BY USING NIR TECHNOLOGY ÖMER GÜMÜŞTAŞ, İSMAIL BAYRAM ..........................................................................................51 DIRECT SEEDING APPLICATIONS IN SECOND CROP MAIZE PRODUCTION T. MARAKOĞLU, K. ÇARMAN .........................................................................................................57 EFFECT OF SEEDING RATE ON THE YIELD OF LEGUME-CEREAL BI-CROPS IN RAINFED PRODUCTION SYSTEMS OF AFGHANISTAN SERKAN ATES, MOUNIR LOUHAICHI SAWSAN HASSAN, HARUN CICEK, SHINAN KASSAM, SOOFIZADA QUDRATULLAH, ABDUL HAQ FARHANG, HAYATULLAH ESMATI.....................................................................................................................58 CAN WE TALK ABOUT THE SUSTAINABILITY OF THE DAIRY CATTLE FARMS IN THE MITIDJA PLAIN? LARIBI SABRIA, LAZERG MESSAOUD .........................................................................................59 IMPACT DE L’INOCULATION RHIZOBIALE SUR DES CULTURES FOURRAGÈRES CONDUITES À MINIMUM D’INTRANTS CHIMIQUES S. DHANE FITOURI, S. TOUNSI HAMMAMI, A. BEN ROMDHANE, F. BEN JEDDI .................60 SCLEROTIUM COLLAR ROT SUPPRESSION AND TOMATO GROWTH PROMOTION ACHIEVED USING DIFFERENT COMPOST TEAS FAKHER AYED1,2,3, HAYFA JABNOUN-KHIAREDDINE, RANIA AYDI BEN ABDALLAH1 AND MEJDA DAAMI-REMADI .........................................................................................................61 EFFECTIVENESS OF ARACHIS PINTOI KARP. & GREG. AS BIOMULCH TO REDUCE SOIL EROSION AND INCREASE SOIL FERTILITY ON MAIZE CULTIVATION ADE SUMIAHADI, M. A. CHOZIN, DWI GUNTORO ......................................................................62 CHARACTERIZATION OF SOME 'TRADITIONAL' LOCAL VARIETIES IN COMPARISON WITH IMPROVED VARIETIES OF DURUM WHEAT (TRITICUM DURUM), REGISTERED IN ALGERIA, UNDER SEMI-ARID CONDITIONS HADDAD LEÏLA, BACHIR ADEL, YKHELEF NASSIMA ..............................................................70 EFFET DES MILIEUX DE CULTURE SUR L’ANDROGENÈSE IN VITRO DE L’ORGE (HORDEUM VULGARE L.) YOSR ARBI, ANISSA SAHLI, WEJDEN BRAHMI, INSAF NEFZI ET ALI LTIFI .........................77 COMPOSÉS PHÉNOLIQUES ET ÉVALUATION D’ACTIVITÉ ANTIOXYDANT D’EXTRAIT DU LENTISQUE PISTACHIER DE DIFFÉRENTES RÉGIONS DU NORD DE LA TUNISIE. AZOUZI MAHJOUBA, SLIM SLIM, SELMI HOUCINE, CHAOUI ABDELILAH ..........................78 ADAPTATION OF LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION SYSTEMS TO WATER SCARCITY AND SALINIZATION UNDER THE CONTEXT OF CLIMATE CHANGE HICHEM BEN SALEM, RIDHA IBIDHI, WIEM MEHDI, IMTIEZ BOUZOURRAA, MOHAMED CHERIF ............................................................................................................................79

ANTIMICROBIAL STUDY OF SELECTED MEDICINAL PLANTS ON HEALTHCARE PRODUCTS AGAINST ORAL ISOLATES MUNA JALAL ALI, ESSAM A. MAKKY, MASHITAH M. YUSOFF .............................................80 ANTIMICROBIAL AND ENTOMOPATHOGENIC ACTIVITY OF ENDOPHYTIC BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM TUNISIAN OLIVE ORCHARDS GHARSALLAH H., KSENTINI I., ABDELHEDI N., NAAYMA S. , SCHUSTER C., HADJ TAIEB K., SAHNOUN M., TRIKI M.A., KSANTINI M., LECLERQUE A............................81 INVESTIGATION OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANT ENTEROBACTERIACEAE IN THE HUMAN FOOD HAYDAR ÖZPINAR, İSMAIL HAKKI TEKİNER .............................................................................82 A NEW BACTERIA CAN NODULATE THE ROOTS OF LEGUME PHASEOLUS COCCINEUS GROWN IN EASTERN OF ALGERIA MOUNA SAOUDI, ALI GARGOURI, F/ ZOHRA SEBIHI, SAMIA DEKKICHE YACINE BENHIZIA ............................................................................................................................88 FOOD SECURITY IN AGROECOSYSTEMS - RISKS FOR HUMAN HEALTH LYUDMYLA SYMOCHKO, OLENA DEMYANYUK .......................................................................89 IMPLICATION DES REJETS DE BALLAST DANS L’INTRODUCTION DE DINOFLAGELLES NUISIBLES DANS LA LAGUNE DE BIZERTE FERTOUNA BELLAKHAL MOUNA, BELLAKHAL MEHER, SOUAD TURKI, LOTFI ALEYA ......................................................................................................................................90 PREDICTION OF GRAIN QUALITY TRAITS IN DURUM WHEAT BREEDING POPULATION USING MARKER-ASSISTED-SELECTION RIFKA HAMMAMI, SRIPADA M UDUPA, SUSANNE DREISIGACKER, MOHAMED SALAH GHARBI ............................................................................................................91 EFFECT OF SOY PROTEIN ON SENSORY PROPERTIES AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTIC OF VEGAN ICE CREAM BEN MOUSSA OLFAA, OUERDA AMIRAA, OUERDA JOMAAC, HASSOUNA MNASSERA ..98 EFFET DE LA MÉTHODE ARTISANALE D’EXTRACTION SUR LES CARACTÉRISTIQUES CHIMIQUES DE L’HUILE VÉGÉTALE DE LENTISQUE PISTACHIER DU NORD DE LA TUNISIE (PISTACIA LENTISCUS L.) SLIM SLIM, FADWA MESSAOUDI, BALCEM DALI, CHAHINE KARMOUS, MAHJOUBA AZOUZI, MOUNIR LOUHAICHIC. ...........................................................................101 BIOMETRIC CHARACTERIZATION OF FRUITS AND KERNELS OF CRATAEGUS AZAROLUS L. REFKA ZOUAOUI; YOUSSEF AMMARI; MEJDA ABASSI; SANA JEBALI ..............................102 DETECTION AND EFFICIENCY OF NEW DEVELOP ANTIBIOTIC RESIDUES SCREENING TEST FOR MILK L. M. WARSAMA; N. E. M. MUSTAFA AND I.E.M. EL ZUBEIR .................................................103 PROXIMATE AND FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF CAKILE MARITIMA (BRASSICACEAE) COLLECTED ON TOW NORTHERN TUNISIAN COASTS MOHAMED EL GETARI, SAFA BEJAOUI......................................................................................104 FUTURE PREDICTION OF EDIBLE OILS CONSUMPTION IN EGYPT MAHMOUD ABDELSALAM AHMED.............................................................................................105

FOOD SECURITY IN THE NILE BASIN COUNTRIES NASHWAEL-TATATWY, SAHAR ELBAHAI ................................................................................109 L AGRICULTURE DURABLE EN PERMACULTURE: LE CAS TUNISIEN SAIDA HAMMAMI HABIBI .............................................................................................................116 THE OLIVE TREE FACING CLIMATE CHANGE IN ARID AREA OF TUNISIA: DEVELOPMENT, GROWTH AND YIELD OF “CHEMLALI SFAX” OLIVE ORCHARDS BECHIR BEN ROUINA ......................................................................................................................117 MEDIALISATION OF THE DIFFERENT ALTERATION FACTOR OF DURUM WHEAT STORED IN TUNISIA BOUSLAH FATIMA A, MOHAMED ELYES HAMZAB ................................................................118 BEHAVIOR OF THE INTRODUCED OLIVE, ARBEQUINA AND KORONEIKI, UNDER TUNISIAN CULTURE CONDITIONS DHOUHA SAIDANA, SAMIA BEN MANSOUR, ALI BEN DHIAB, MOHAMED BRAHAM ....119 ADOPTION OF CLIMATE SMART AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES AMONG SMALLHOLDER FARMERS IN FUJIAN CHINA RAO SABIR SATTAR, KHALID MAHMOOD, BABAR SHAHBAZ, MUHAMMAD NAVEED TAHIR, SONGLIANG WANG ................................................................120 HOUSEHOLD RESILIENCE TO FOOD INSECURITY IN THE NORTH-WEST OF TUNISIA: CASE STUDY IN TWO VILLAGES: ZOGHMAR AND SELTA DHRAIEF M.Z, DHEHIBI B, DALI-HASSEN H, OUESLATI M, KHATOUI C., JEBALI1 O. .....130 ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES RESULTS OF PRODUCTION OF POTATOES IN ELBASAN PROVINCE IN ALBANIA GENTIAN LAMI, MITHAT DIREK ..................................................................................................131 DYNAMIQUES DES SYSTÈMES DE PRODUCTION AU SEIN DES EXPLOITATIONS AGRICOLES FAMILIALES DANS LE GOUVERNORAT DE ZAGHOUAN ABED HANEN, FOUZAI AYOUB, HAMMAMI AYMEN, HAMMAMI MOHAMED .................132 THE EFFECT OF ECONOMIC OF CLIMATE CHANGES ON THE PRODUCTION OF THE MAIN CEREAL CROPS IN EGYPT MOUSTAFA MOHAMED EL-SAADANY, ALI RIZK MOUSTAFA, OLFAT ALI MOULOK AFAF ABD EL MENAM MOHAMED, HALA SHAWKY HARBY................................................133 THE COMPETITIVE ABILITY OF EGYPTIAN ORANGE EXPORTS IN THE GLOBAL MARKET THROUGH THE PERIOD (2000 – 2015) SHAHINAZ EID MOUSSA, MAGDA MOHAMED REDA .............................................................147 PRICE WAR, SELECTIVE ADVERTISING AND ACTIVE DECEPTION STARK CONTRAST ABOUT CONSUMER ETHICS RAZIA ANJUM, MITHAT DIREK, AISHA ANJUM ......................................................................158 ROLE OF SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES IN ALBANIAN ECONOMY FACTORS AFFECTING THEIR PROFITS IN THE REGION OF TIRANA AND DURRES ROZETA TUSHA, MITHAT DIREK .................................................................................................159 FINANCEMENT ET ENDETTEMENT DE L’AGRICULTURE TUNISIENNE : CAS DU GOUVERNORAT DE SILIANA FOUZAI AYOUB, ABED HANEN, BARAKAT NARJES, HAMMAMI MOHAMED ...................165

THE STRUCTURAL POSITION OF PLUM PRODUCTION IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF GRADACAC AND ITS DEVELOPMENT OPPORTUNITIES SUMEDINA SPAHIĆ, MITHAT DIREK ...........................................................................................166 THE APPLE CHAIN AND ITS IMPACT ON WATER AND SOIL RESOURCES CASE OF SBIBA REGION, TUNISIA ANISSA GARA, HSSAN ABDELHAFIDH, MOHAMED HAMMAMI, MARWA ALOUI ...........179 CHAINE DE VALEUR DE LA VIANDE OVINE DANS LA REGION DE ZAGHOUAN EN TUNISIE DAREJ CYRINE, HECHLEF HAIKEL, BDIRI MARIEM, M’HAMDI NACEUR, MOUJAHED NIZAR ..........................................................................................................................180 BREEDING FOR HOST RESISTANCE TO FIRE BLIGHT RESISTANCE IN APPLE: AN INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE AHMET DIREK...................................................................................................................................181 IS BIOCHAR AN EFFICIENT TOOL TO IMPROVE THE FOLIAR TRANSPIRATION AND THE ROOT GROWTH ON MAIZE UNDER DROUGHT AND CLIMATE CHANGE CONDITIONS? LEILA ROMDHANE, TEOFILO VAMERALI2 AND LEILA RADHOUANE ...............................182 ACTIVATION OF DEFENSE MECHANISM AGAINST ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE INFECTION TREATED WITH VERTICILLIUM CHLAMYDOSPORIUM LOBNA HAJJI-HEDFI, EMNA BEN KHALED, NOURA CHIHANI-HAMMAS, ASMA LARAYEDH, HAJER REGAIEG, NAJET HORRIGUE-RAOUANI ................................................183 STRUCTURATION GÉOGRAPHIQUE DES RHIZOBIUMS, NODULANT LE POIS CHICHE (CICER ARIETINUM L.), DANS L’EST ALGÉRIEN SAMIA DEKKICHE ............................................................................................................................184 L'UTILISATION DE LA CULTURE DE QUINOA "CHENOPODIUM QUINOA" POUR LE PHYTODESSALEMENT DES SOLS SALES BENBESSIS YAMINA, SALHINASRINE, HALILAT MED TAHER .............................................185 STUDY OF SOIL NEMATODE COMMUNITIES ASSOCIATED WITH APPLE IN CENTER OF TUNISIA AND THEIR DIVERSITY IN RELATION WITH ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS NOURA CHIHANI HAMMAS, ASMA LARAYEDH, LOBNA HAJJI HEDFI, HAJER REGAEIG, NAJET HORRIGUE RAOUANI .........................................................................................................186 DIAGNOSIS OF THE CURRENT SITUATION AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR FUTURE DEVELOPMENT OF MULLETS FISHERY IN TUNISIAN RESERVOIRS SAMI MILI, RYM ENNOURI, HOUCINE LAOUAR, N. ROMDHANE, HECHMI MISSAOUI ..........................................................................................................................187 RISK ASSESSMENT OF METALLIC TRACE ELEMENTS IN FRESHWATER FISHES FROM BEZIRKH DAM, TUNISIA R. ENNOURI, S. MILI, H. LAOUAR .................................................................................................188 ASSESSMENT OF PLATFORMS USED IN REMOTE SENSING IN PRECISION AGRICULTURE NURETTIN KAYAHAN, CEVAT AYDIN .......................................................................................189

PROXIMATE AND FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF CAKILE MARITIMA (BRASSICACEAE) COLLECTED ON TOW NORTHERN TUNISIAN COASTS MOHAMED EL GETARI, SAFA BEJAOUI......................................................................................193 CLEAN ENVIRONMENT THROUGH USING CHILD TO CHILD APPROACH (C2CA) IN RURAL COASTAL VILLAGES OF SINDH, PAKISTAN MUMTAZ ALI.....................................................................................................................................194 OPTIMIZATION OF COMBINED ELECTROCOAGULATION AND ELECTROOXIDATION PROCESS IN THE TREATMENT OF SUNFLOWER OIL REFINERY WASTEWATER SWATI SHARMA, HALIS SIMSEK ..................................................................................................195 TECHNICAL EFFICIENCY OF WATER USER ASSOCIATIONS IN COASTAL OASES OF GABÈS, SOUTH-EASTERN TUNISIA N. MAHDHI, A. ROMDHANE, F. SOUDI, N. KADRI .....................................................................204 MULTIOBJECTIVE MODELING APPROACH FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF IRRIGATION WATER DEMAND: COMPROMISES AND REGULATORY INSTRUMENTS HOUCINE JEDER, MOHAMED AMINE BEN ALAYA, LAMIA MOKADDEM ..........................218 IMPROVEMENT EFFORTS ON WATER AND IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY ONER CETIN, NESE UZEN ...............................................................................................................219 EFFECTS OF WATER STRESS AND SHADE LEVEL ON THE GROWTH OF TRIBULUS TERRESTRIS SAMANHUDI, AHMAD YUNUS, BAMBANG PUJIASMANTO, EDI PURWANTO, WAHDAH NUR SEPTYANINGSIH ..................................................................................................224 EFFET DE L’IRRIGATION AVEC LES EAUX SAUMATRES SUR LES PARAMETRES PHYSIOLOGIQUES DE DEUX ESPECES DE SULLA AMOR BOUGHDIRI,, GOUIDER TIBAOUI, SALSABIL BEN AHMED ......................................231 TRADITIONAL ANIMAL FARMING IN EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN REGION OF TURKEY NAZAN KOLUMAN, DILEK ARSOY, AHMET KOLUMAN.........................................................243 SICILO-SARDE BREEDING SYSTEM IN NORTHERN TUNISIA: PRODUCTION AND REPRODUCTION PERFORMANCES AMMAR, H., KHLASS, M., JEBNOUN, K., AMDOUNI, K., MANSOURI, M., MEZI, K. ............248 THE EFFECTS OF STRAW AND INORGANIC BEDDING MATERIAL ON COW BEHAVIOUR AND MILK PRODUCTION IN DIFFERENT HOUSING SYSTEM SERAP GÖNCÜ ..................................................................................................................................249 CONTRIBUTION A LA CONSERVATION DE LA RACE BOVINE LOCALE EN TUNISIE EL HENTATI HAIFA, THAMRI NAJIA, DEROUICH WISSAL1 SAADOUN LOTFI ..................256 DETERMINATION OF ANIMAL RESCUE CAPACITY OF KONYA FIRE AGENCY HALIL SELÇUK BIRICIK, SAFA GÜRCAN, GÜRBÜZ AKSOY, EYÜP EREN GÜLTEPE ........261 MORPHOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LOCAL GOAT POPULATION IN THE REGION OF OUM EL BOUAGHI IN ALGERIA BESMA ABDELTIF, SANA GUEDOUDJI, SAFIA TENNAH, FARIDA GHALMI .......................262

PARAMÈTRE DE DIVERSITÉ GÉNÉTIQUE DES ÉTALONS EN TUNISIE JLASS MARIEM, JEMMALI BAYREM, LASFER FATEN, OULED AHMED HATEM, BEN GARA ABDERAHMANE..........................................................................................................265 MEDICAL TREATMENT OF ABOMASAL DISPLACEMENTS OF CATTLE WITH ZEOLITE GÜRBÜZ AKSOY, HALIL SELÇUK BİRİCİK ................................................................................266 EFFECT OF ZEOLITE MINERAL ON RUMINAL MOTILITY OF CATTLE GÜRBÜZ AKSOY, MEHMET AVCI, HALIL SELÇUK BİRİCİK, OKTAY KAPLAN, MUĞDAT YERTÜRK.........................................................................................................................269 PRÉVALENCE D'ANTICORPS DIRIGÉS CONTRE NEOSPORA CANINUM CHEZ LA VACHE DE POPULATION LOCALE BESMA ABDELTIF, SAFIA TENNAH, FARIDA GHALMI ...........................................................272 A COMPARISON OF THE SERUM ANTIBODY LEVELS GENERATED AGAINST INFECTIOUS BRONCHITIS INFECTION IN COMMERCIAL LAYING HENS AND BROILERS IN SOME CENTRAL ANATOLIAN PROVINCES BY HEMAGGLUTINATION INHIBITION TEST (HI) AND ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY (ELISA) ESRA KOCABAY, BEYTULLAH KENAR ......................................................................................273 VIRGIN OLIVE OIL VOLATILE COMPOUNDS FROM LIPOXIGENASE AND CHARACTERIZATION OF MONOVARIETAL OLIVE OILS OBTAINED FROM DIFFERENT TUNISIAN MILLS HÉDIA MANAI–DJEBALI, IMEN OUESLATI, BECHIR BACCOURI, SALMA NAIT MOHAMED, MOKHTAR ZARROUK, MANUEL A. MARTÍNEZ-CAÑAS, JACINTO SÁNCHEZ-CASAS, GUIDO FLAMINI ...........................................................................279 BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY IN MELON (CUCUMIS MELO) SEED OIL LEILA REZIG, MONCEF CHOUAIBI, WIEM MEDDEB, KAMEL MSAADA, SALEM HAMDI ..................................................................................................................................284 EFFECT OF TRIACYLGLYCEROLS AND DERIVATIVES ON THE VARIATION OF THE VOLATILE PROFILES OF VIRGIN OLIVE OILS DURING MICROWAVES AND CONVENTIONAL HEATING IMEN OUESLATI, HÉDIA MANAÏ, MÓNICA MADRIGAL-MARTÍNEZ, MANUEL A. MARTÍNEZ-CAÑAS, JACINTO SÁNCHEZ-CASAS, GUIDO FLAMINIC ............290 EFFECTS OF HIGH TEMPERATURE STRESS ON BIOCHEMICAL BEHAVIOR AND YIELD OF OLIVE TREES UNDER DESERT CLIMATE OF RJIM MAÂTOUG OASIS YASMINE BEN ROUINA, MOHAMED BOUAZIZ, CL. FAIEZ BEN RJEB, BÉCHIR BEN ROUINA ......................................................................................................................291 MANIPULATION OF HISTROTROPHIC NUTRITION FOR QUALITY EMBYONIC GOWTH IN EWES M.A. KAKAR, MITHAT DIREK, S. MADDOCKS, S.K. WALKER ..............................................292 EFFET DE L'ADDITION D'HUILE ESSENTIELLE DE ROSMARINUS OFFICINALIS DANS L’EAU D’ABREUVEMENT SUR LES PARAMÈTRES ZOOTECHNIQUES ET LA QUALITÉ DES ŒUFS CHEZ LA POULE PONDEUSE BEN LARBI M., OMRI B., KADARDAR H., JEBBARI A., ARBI T., BEN GARA A. ...................293

SEASONAL EFFECT ON SOME MINERALS CONTENT OF CAMEL MILK UNDER TRADITIONAL AND INTENSIVE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS IN BUTANA AREA-SUDAN M. H. M. ELBASHIR, SIJOUD. F. ELHASSAN ................................................................................294 EFFECT OF LEMON JUICE ON PERFORMANCE, EGG QUALITY TRAIT, AND SOME BLOOD PARAMETERS IN LAYING HENS. ISMAIL BAYRAM, E. EREN GÜLTEPE, CANGIR UYARLAR, AAMIR IQBAL, ÜMIT ÖZÇINAR, I.SADI ÇETINGÜL ..............................................................................................299 MILK PRODUCTION CHARACTERISTICS OF MALTESE GOATS RAISED IN KONYA PROVINCE OF TURKEY BIROL DAĞ ........................................................................................................................................300 PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING, ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY AND IN VITRO FERMENTATION FROM SMILAX ASPERA, RHAMNUS ALATERNUS AND CALYCOTUM VILLOSA FROM EWES AND GOATS HOUCINE SELMI, OUMAIMA HAMMAMI, AMANI DHIFALLAH, SABER JEDIDI, SANA DALLALI, HAMADI ROUISSI ..............................................................................................304 PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND EVALUATION OF THE ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF ESSENTIAL OILS AND EXTRACTS OF PINUS HALPENSIS, PINUS PINEA AND PINUS PINASTER SPECIES ALOUI FOUED, SALHI OUMAIMA, BOUCHNAK RAHMA, JEDIDI SABER, BEN HSOUNA ANIS, KHEDHRI AYDA..........................................................................................310 A DRIFT MODEL VALIDATION IN THE TUNISIAN CEREAL CONTEXT HASSOUNA BAHROUNI, ASMA ALLAGUI, MOHAMED ALI BEN ABDALLAH, AYMEN OUNI ....................................................................................................................................311 EFFECT OF SOME RHIZOBIUM STRAINS ON CHICKPEA GROWTH AND BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF FUSARIUM REDOLENS. HEMISSI I., HAMMAMI R., HACHANA A., ARFAOUI H., SIFI B. ............................................312 PRELIMINARY RESULTS ON PROCAMBARUS CLARKII IN TUNISIA: GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION AND SPONTANEOUS ACTIVITY MOHAMED WAJIH BOUAOUD, MOHAMED EL GTARI, MOHAMED YOSRI TAYACHI, RAOUIA LARAFA, FAOUZIA CHARFI-CHEIKHROUHA ............................................................319 RECENT PROGRESS IN THE ENVIRONMENT-FRIENDLY SYNTHESIS OF SINGLE AND MULTILAYER GRAPHENE MAY ALI, MOHAMED ABDEL RAHMAN ABDEL GHANY, BAMIDELE AYODELE VICTOR ......................................................................................................320 BALANCE-SHEET EXAMINED TO IRRIGATION COOPERATIVES IN ÇUMRA DISTRICT IN KONYA, TURKEY MITHAT DIREK, HIKMET ERDEM .................................................................................................321 EFFECT OF DIFFERENT WATER TABLE LEVELS ON SOYBEAN WATER USE AND GROWTH PARAMETERS YAVUZ F. FIDANTEMIZ, XINHUA JIA, AARON L. DAIGH, H. HATTERMAN-VALENTI, DEAN D. STEELE, ALI R. NIAGHI, HALIS SIMSEK .................................................................................322

PRODUCTION AND COST FUNCTIONS FOR WHEAT CROP IN GRADUATES PATTERN IN AL-BEHEIRA GOVERNORATE AHMED MOHAMED AHMED, AHMED MAHER AL-GOHARY HANY KAMAL EL-SAYED MOHAMED ........................................................................................323 MORPHOLOGICAL AND PHYTOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF TUNISIAN MELON (CUCUMIS MELO L.) LANDRACES CHIKH-ROUHOU H., STA-BABA R. ...............................................................................................329 THE ASTRAGALUS SP. SPECIES WITHIN AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS RAMAZAN ACAR, NUR KOÇ, MITHAT DIREK ...........................................................................333 GEOGRAPHICAL STRUCTURE OF RHIZOBIA NODULATING CHICKPEA (CICER ARIETINUM L.), IN EASTERN ALGERIA SAMIA DEKKICHE, KAOUTAR TAHA, SAOUDI MOUNA, GILLES BÉNA .............................336 COST EFFECTIVE ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY AND SUSTAINABLE MODEL MALIK SAFDAR HUSSAIN ..............................................................................................................346 DISSOLVED ORGANIC CARBON (DOC) IN THE SURFACE WATERS IN THE AGRICULTURAL AREA (LONJA FIELD, CROATIA) PALMA ORLOVİĆ-LEKO, ŠİMUNİĆ IVAN, JELENA DAUTOVİĆ, IRENA CİGLENEČKİ ......350 MONITORING OF MINERALS AND BIOCHEMICAL COMPOUNDS CONTENT IN OLIVE LEAVES UNDER VARIOUS WEATHER CONDITIONS SAMIA BEN MANSOUR–GUEDDES, DHOUHA SAIDANA-NAIJA, MOHAMED BRAHAM ..351 SUIVI DES ESPÈCES PHYTOPLANCTONIQUES À PROXIMITÉ DES FERMES CONCHYLICOLES DE LA LAGUNE DE BIZERTE BELLAKHAL MEHER, FARTOUNA BELLAKHAL MOUNA ......................................................352 MONITORING OF PHYTOPLANKTON SPECIES NEAR SHELLFISH FARMS IN BIZERTE LAGOON BELLAKHAL MEHER, FARTOUNA BELLAKHAL MOUNA ......................................................353 EFFET DU STRESS HYDRIQUE INDUIT PAR LE PEG SUR LA GERMINATION DE LA GESSE FOURRAGÈRE (LATHYRUS SATIVUS) SALMA SAI KACHOUT, SALAH BENYOUSSEF, AZIZA ZOGHLAMI, BOUTHEINA NAFFAI, MOHAMED CHAKROUN .........................................................................354 PHYTOCHEMICAL DIVERSITY AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF BOTH MAIN TUNISIAN OLIVE CULTIVARS UNDER DIFFERENT CLIMATIC CONDITIONS DHOUHA SAIDANA, SAMIA BEN MANSOUR, MOHAMED BRAHAM ...................................355 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND OIL PROPERTIES OF PUMPKIN (CUCURBITA PEPO) SEED OIL LEILA REZIG, MONCEF CHOUAIBI, WIEM MEDDEB, KAMEL MSAADA, SALEM HAMDI356 CONTIBUTION A L’ETUDE DES INTERACTIONS: PLANTES, PUCERONS ET HYMENOPTERES PARASITOIDES EN MILIEUX NATUREL ET CULTIVE DANS LA REGION DE BATNA HASNA SEGHIR, MALIK LAAMARI ..............................................................................................361

OASIS DE OUARGLA- ALGÉRIE UNE AGRICULTURE PÉRIURBAINE: DÉFIS ET OPPORTUNITÉS BENBESSISSE YAMINA, NGAIS HAMZA, BOUAAMAR BOUALEM .......................................362 UPDATE OF THE LIST OF FRESHWATER GAMMARIDS SPECIES IN TUNISIA WITH THE DESCRIPTION OF TWO NEW SPECIES FOR SCIENCE AND A NEW SPECIES FOR TUNISIA KHAOULA AYATI, SONIA DHAOUADI, PISCART CHRISTOPHE, EZZEDDINE MAHMOUDI ................................................................................................................363 EFFECT OF SALT STRESS (SODIUM CHLORIDE) ON PLANT GROWTH OF MYRTUS COMMUNIS L. MALEK BEN KHELIL, AHLEM ABIDI, LAMIA HAMROUNI .....................................................364 EFFET DU STRESS HYDRIQUE SUR LES PARAMETRES PHYSIOLOGIQUES DE DEUX VARIETES D’AVOINE AMOR BOUGHDIRI, GOUIDER TIBAOUI, HIBA BOUBAKER ..................................................365 IMPACTS OF AGRICULTURAL REUSE OF TREATED WASTWATER ON THE MICROBIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF GROUNDWATER IN OUARGLA BASSIN (NORTHERN SAHARA, ALGERIA) BOUHANNA A., DADDI BOUHOUN M., DJIDEL M., ABIA H., DEBKA S. ...............................376 USE OF BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATES AS BIOINDICATORS OF THE STATE OF THREE LIMNIC BIOTOPES OF TUNISIA SONIA DHAOUADI EP HASSEN, SALSABIL REJEB. ..................................................................377 HOW LIMPETS COUNTERACT OCEAN ACIDIFICATION AND WARMING: SHELL CHARACTERISTICS AND MICROSTRUCTURE IN PATELLA CAERULEA COLLECTED FROM A SITE SUBJECTED TO ACID DISCHARGES (GABÈS, SOUTHERN TUNISIA) TASNIME SLAMA, YOUSSEF LAHBIB, JULIUS NOUET, NAJOUA TRIGUI EL MENIF ........386 THE GENOTOXICITY POTENTIAL OF SOILS SUBJECTED TO LONG-TERM IRRIGATION WITH TREATED WASTEWATER: A CASE STUDY OF THE CEBALA-BORJ TOUIL IRRIGATION PERIMETER DALILA SOUGUIR, GEORG HÖRMANN, MOHAMED HACHICHA, HALIS SIMSEK .............387 THE WORLD AND TURKEY WASTE MINIMISATION AND ZERO WASTE APPLYING PROJECT SUKRU DURSUN, UMMUGULSUM GUNAY, EMRE DALKILIC ...............................................388 INDUCTION OF GAMMA RADIATION ON FE CONTENT IN LOCAL BLACK RICE EDI PURWANTO, AMALIA T. SAKYA, SHAFIRA K....................................................................396 IN VIVO EFFECTS OF PROBIOTIC LACTOBACILLUS FERMENTUM ON THE FECAL MICROFLORA OF RABBITS BEN MOUSSA OLFA, BOUKRIBA SAIDA, MAHMOUDI IMEN, BOULARES MOUNA, HASSOUNA MNASSER ....................................................................................................................397 PREVALENCE AND SENSITIVITY TO ANTIBIOTICS OF ESCHERICHIA COLI ISOLATED FROM FISH OF THE BIZERTE LAGOON (NORTH OF TUNISIA) I. BOUKEF-BEN OMRANE, A. AMIRI, M. EL BOUR MONIA .....................................................401

THE DECLINE OF CAMEL PRODUCTION SYSTEMS IN ALGERIAN NORTHERN SAHARA: CASE STUDY OF THE BASIN OF OUARGLA, M’ZAB AND ZIBAN HAFSIA BEDDA .................................................................................................................................402 SPECIES COMPOSITION AND POPULATION DYNAMICS OF THRIPS (THYSANOPTERA) IN APPLE ORCHARDS OF THE SOUTH-EAST OF TUNISIA SABRINE ATTIA, GHOUILI EMNA, ESSIA LIMEM, HAJER SAHRAOUI, NERMINE BEN FREDJ, KAOUTHAR GRISSA LEBDI ..................................................................403 VALORIZATION OF VERMICOMPOST: EFFECTS ON MORPHO-PHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF ORGANIC TOMATO PLANTLETS (LYCOPERSICUM ESCULENTUM L.) AKEF BZIOUECH S., GHARSALLAH S., DHEN N., TALIK J.,AL MOHANDES DRIDI B. .......404 EFFECT OF RENEWABLE ENERGY, NONRENEWABLE ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND AGRICULTURE AND ON CO2 EMISSIONS IN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA COUNTRIES KAIS SAIDI, HASSEN TOUMI .........................................................................................................405 CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF THE UNDERGROUND IRRIGATION IN OLIVE PLANTS WITH SALINE WATER: EFFECTS ON THE SOIL AND THE PLANT ZOUARI MOHAMED, BEN ABDALLAH FERJANI, BEN ROUINA BECHIR .............................414 EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT IRRIGATION REGIMES ON FRUIT QUALITY AND EXPORTABILITY OF ‘WASHINGTON’ NAVEL ORANGE FRUIT (CITRUS SINENSIS L.) ALAA EL-DIN K. OMAR, MOHAMED S. ABO EL-ENIN .............................................................415 A NEW STRAIN CAN NODULATE THE ROOTS OF LEGUME PHASEOLUS COCCINEUS GROWN IN EASTERN OF ALGERIA MOUNA SAOUDI, ALI GARGOURI, F/ZOHRA SEBIHI, SAMIA DEKKICHE, YACINE BENHIZIA ..........................................................................................................................425 PASTORAL IMPROVEMENT USING HEDYSARUM CORONARIUM L. UNDER SEMI-ARID ENVIRONMENT CONDITIONS OF TUNISIA MOUNIR LOUHAICHI, OUMEIMA BEN RHOMDHANE, SLIM SLIM, JAMEL KLAINE, MOULDI GAMOUN, ATES SERKAN ..............................................................................................426 PHYTOPATHOGENIC FUNGI ASSOCIATED WITH CHAETOPTELIUS VESTITUS (COLEOPTERA, CURCULIONIDAE) INFESTING PISTACHIO (PISTACIA VERA) IN TUNISIA KARAMA HADJ TAIEB, HOUDA GHARSALLAH, INES KSENTINI, CHRISTINA SCHUSTER, ANDREAS LECLERQUE, MOHAMED ALI TRIKI, MOHIEDDINE KSANTINI ...............................427 EFFECTIVENESS OF TY-2 GENE RESISTANCE AS EXPRESSED IN HOMOZYGOUS AND HETEROZYGOUS TOMATO GENOTYPES MOUNIRA ELBAZ, MONAAM TIMOUMI, PETER HANSON ...........................................................428 THE OPTIMAL ECONOMIC DISTRIBUTION OF EGYPT'S EXPORTS OF GRAPES IN THE WORLD MARKET WALAA MAHMOUD MOHAMED, AL SHAIMAA MOHAMED FANGARY .....................................429 STATE OF THE ART ON FOOD SECURITY AND CLIMATE CHANGE RESEARCH: A BIBLIOMETRIC STUDY FROM TO 2000 TO 2017 AMAL BARKOUTI ..............................................................................................................................437

INSECTICIDAL ACTIVITY OF SOME LOCAL SPONTANEOUS PLANTS AGAINST TRIBOLIUM CASTANEUM (HERBST) (TENEBRIONIDAE: COLEOPTERA), POSTHARVEST WHEAT PEST KARAHACANE TAHAR, MOKABLI AISSA ........................................................................................438 BEHAVIOR OF OLIVE TREE UNDER PLUVIAL AND IRRIGARED MODE IN DIFFERENT PHENOLOGICAL STAGES SAMIA BEN MANSOUR–GUEDDES, DHOUHA SAIDANA-NAIJA, ALI BEN DHIAB AND MOHAMED BRAHAM ........................................................................................................................439

5th International Conference on Sustainable Agriculture and Environment (5th ICSAE) October 08-10, 2018, Hammamet, Tunusia

INCREASING AGRICULTURAL SUSTAINABILITY WHILE PROVIDING FOOD FOR AN INCREASING WORLD POPULATION BURTON L. JOHNSON Keynote Speaker

Plant Science, North Dakota State University, USA

ABSTRACT World population projections of 9.6 billion people in 2050 challenge crop production systems to sustainably provide food, feed, fiber, and bioenergy for the current and additional 2.6 billion people within the next three decades. Advances in technology enable higher crop production in developed countries to help keep pace with feeding world population increases and the associated 50 to 70% surge in food demands. Food security and hunger are known concerns even in developed countries and particularly in developing countries where the poor often lack technology, resources, and infrastructure for food self-sufficiency. Higher population projections for developing countries and their greater resource limitations associated with impending soil loss and limitations in crop available water further compound the complexity of self-sufficient food production in these regions. Loss of topsoil, primarily from erosion for developed and developing countries, are 10 and 40 times greater, respectively, than soil formation and are concerning regarding present and future crop and pastoral production worldwide. Tillage and cropping systems are important tools for protecting and promoting healthy soils that are vital for sustaining food production for an increasing world’s population. Erosion is substantially reduced in crop production systems with conservation tillage, which maintains surface crop residues effective against wind and water erosion. Double cropping, intercropping, and cover crops protect the soil with vegetation beyond the temporal period of sole crops and sequester atmospheric carbon dioxide into plant organic matter that is important to the biodiversity of the soil food web and organic matter content of the soil. Preserving the natural resource base of non-renewable resources, in developing and developed countries, is critical for the crop and animal components of agricultural sustainability in providing an increasing world’s food supply.

1


ADAPTATION OF LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION SYSTEMS TO WATER SCARCITY AND SALINIZATION UNDER THE CONTEXT OF CLIMATE CHANGE Keynote Speaker: HICHEM BEN SALEM1,2, RIDHA IBIDHI2, WIEM MEHDI2, IMTIEZ BOUZOURRAA2, MOHAMED CHERIF2 1

Institution Of Agricultural Research And Higher Education (Iresa), Tunisia National Insitute Of Agronomic Research Of Tunisia (Inrat), University Of Carthage, 2049 Ariana, Tunisia 2

ABSTRACT Tunisia is facing a serious water shortage that is affecting the population livelihood. The situation is exacerbated by the increasing impact of climate change on natural resources. Nowadays, the farmer is challenged to produce more while using less water. Livestock production is an income driving sector for most of farmers. The high crop and animal production gap coupled with climate change are threatening the sustainability of livestock-based production systems. Cost-effective and environment friendly options should be identified to improve water productivity of crops, livestock products and in general of production systems. From water perspective, drought and or salinity tolerant plants and animal species and breeds would play an important role for facing climate change. Our research program on this topic had demonstrated that the local fat-tailed sheep, i.e. Barbarine breed, can tolerate up to 50% of water restriction and up to 10 g/Liter of NaCl without detrimental effects on digestive, metabolic, and productive performance of this breed along the different physiological stages. The other breeds, i.e. Queue Fine de l’Ouest and Noire de Thibar breeds, seem to be more sensitive to water restriction and water salinity than the Barbarine breed. However, the local goat had responded to water stress differently than sheep in terms of feeding behaviour and digestive and metabolic utilization. A salt level of 3 g/Liter was enough to significantly affect these parameters in grazing goats. Options to improve water productivity of meat, milk and in general of livestock production systems will be presented. Keywords: Water scarcity, water salinity, climate change, production systems

2


EMERGING CONTAMINANTS IN THE SUSTAINABLE WORLD EAKALAK KHAN Keynote Speaker Professor and Director of Water Resources Research Program, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Construction, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA

ABSTRACT Environmental contaminants traditionally encompass chemicals and pathogenic organisms. As the world evolves, expectations for better lifestyles are constantly increasing and are leading to new classes of contaminants known as emerging contaminants. Examples of emerging contaminants are such as nanomaterials/nanoparticles, antibiotic resistant genes, and pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs). Some of these contaminants are potent at extremely low levels, part-per-trillion or lower. Knowledge on these contaminants is limited compared to traditional chemical and biological contaminants. This presentation will go over the transitions from traditional to emerging contaminants. Sources particularly agriculture, and actual and potential impacts of emerging contaminants on the environment and organisms will be discussed. For example, livestock productions are known sources of estrogen hormones and antibiotic resistant genes in the environment. The current state of knowledge of some of the emerging contaminants including impact minimization and remediation will be covered. The presentation will conclude with future outlook of emerging contaminants and their roles in sustainability.

3


BENEFITS OF INTEGRATING LIVESTOCK IN CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE SYSTEMS IN MEDITERRANEAN ENVIRONMENTS Keynote Speaker: PA SWANEPOEL, J LABUSCHAGNE, JA STRAUSS,

C MACLAREN Department of Agronomy, Stellenbosch University, South Africa

Mediterranean-type climates present difficulties for agricultural production due to the rainless summer. In South Africa’s Mediterranean climate region, arable systems have evolved from monoculture wheat production in the early 1900s to current crop rotation systems on large-scale mechanized farms. This evolution of production systems has been driven by high climate variability, low soil quality and variable landscapes. Conservation Agriculture (CA) is currently preferred by most farmers as this system has been shown to increase agricultural productivity through increasing soil quality, improving nutrient management, increasing water use efficiency, and reducing pest and disease pressure. Unfortunately there are issues emerging with CA systems, one of which is herbicide-resistant weeds, particularly ryegrass (Lolium spp.), which can no longer be effectively managed through chemical control only. However, long-term trials indicate that the regionally widespread practice of integrating livestock into crop rotations improves weed management whilst sustaining high cash crop yields and reducing input use. Livestock integration with either perennial lucerne (Medicago sativa) or self-regenerating annual Medicago spp. as forages also further reduce soil disturbance compared to crop-only systems. Furthermore, diversified production systems allow management flexibility which is important for mitigating risks and reducing adverse effects of climate and market variability. Agronomic innovations such as livestock integration can thus overcome emerging constraints to make the most of CA’s beneficial effects on soil quality, crop productivity and risk mitigation. A number of further innovations in are currently being investigated to optimise both yields and sustainability in these systems.

4


THE EFFECTS OF SOIL AND FOLIAR APPLICATIONS OF HUMIC ACID ON SOME QUALITY CRITERIA IN SULTANI SEEDLESS GRAPES (VITIS VINIFERA L.) Ş. AYDIN1, E.D. YEĞENOĞLU1 1

Manisa Celal Bayar University Alasehir Vocational School, Alaşehir Manisa, Turkey

ABSTRACT The humic acid (HA) has several positive effects on the physical, chemical and biological properties of soil, for example increasing the cation exchange capacity, improving soil fertility or increasing uptakability of macro and micro elements. Thus, it is widespreadly used in plant production. The present study was aimed to detect the effects of both foliar and soil humic acid applications on some quality criteria in Sultani seedless grapes (Vitis vinifera L.). The experiment was carried out in a farmer vineyard in Alasehir District, Manisa, Turkey, designing as completely randomized blocks. Four different doses (0 ml/vine as control, 100 ml/vine, 200 ml/vine, 300 ml/vine) of HA were applied to the groups for soil applications, as well as four different doses of HA (0 ml/100 lt as control, 100 ml/100 lt, 200 ml/100 lt and 300 ml/100 lt) were used for foliar applications. After the harvest; pH, titratable acidity, total soluble solids of fresh fruits were evaluated. Some significant effects were found for the applications. The study has also shown the improving effects of HA applications on some quality criteria in Sultani seedless which are important cultivar in table and dried grape production. Keywords: Humic Acid, foliar and soil applications, titrable acidity, pH, Sultani Seedless, Vitis vinifera L. INTRODUCTION Today, as a result of excessive and unconscious use of inorganic fertilizer; natural resources, soil and water resources are polluted and health problems are observed. These problems are including the shortage of organic matter and the deterioration of the physico-mechanical structure of the soil. It has been known that organic matter positively affects the physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil (Shirani et al., 2002). Trying to keeping organic matter in the soil at high levels is not practical and it is also expensive. Organic fertilizers could be used for improving the soil organic matter since those fertilizers play an important role for increasing soil fertility and sustainability. Humic acid, leonardite, zeolite, seaweed, agricultural lime, aluminum silicate, liquid fulvic acid, amino acid mixtures are among the important organic fertilizers and they are known as organic soil regulators (conditioners) (MacCarthy, 2001; Akıncı, 2011). Humic acids are the most widely used soil regulators in agriculture in recent years. Humic acids especially have a positive effect on the physical, chemical and biological properties of soils (MacCarthy, 2001; Stevenson, 1994). Humic acids provide a buffer properties in broad pH range. Because of their negative charges, humic acids can easily be uptaken by plant roots by binding cations. Humic acids increase the availability of nutritional elements in the soil by forming complex compounds with nutritional elements or forming chelates with metallic cations (Varanini and Pinton, 1995; Akıncı, 2011). About 85% of the agricultural soils in Turkey are shown alkaline reaction, as 94% of those soils are poor in organic matter and 58% of them are calcareous (Ay, 2015). Therefore, there are structural defects, inadequate water storage, erosion as well as inadequate amount of P, K, Fe and Zn to plants has resulted in the decrease of the yield and quality in plant production. In this respect, the use of various organic soil conditioners in plant production has important effects on Turkey’s agricultural soils. Nutrients and pigments are taken by the plants in sufficient quantities to ensure that the plants are healthier, stronger and more resistant to environmental effects, the fruits are larger in size, more showy, vivid colored and matured (Nardi et al., 2002). There are many research findings about the effect of humic acids in many cultivated plants (such as grapes, strawberries, sunflowers, corn, cress, cotton, potato) in the World related to increasing plant growth, nutrition, yield or quality (Akın and Alagöz, 2016 ; Akın, 2011; Ferrara and Brunetti, 2010; Yaşar, 2005; Defline et al., 2005; Akıncı, 2011; Salman et al., 2002; Korkmaz et al., 2016). Viticulture has an important place in Turkey due to favorable ecological conditions and soil properties. Those vineyards are classified as 51.9% table grapes, 37.5% dried, 10.6% wine grape varieties in 467.093 ha vineyard area (TUIK, 2014). 52.3% of the grape production is carried out in the Aegean region of Turkey. Manisa province in the Aegean region has the most vineyard areas while table grape production and dried grapes rank first in the production. Alaşehir district, which is an important viticulture center in the province of Manisa in the Aegean region, meeting 25% of the production of seedless raisins. In addition, the most 5


cultivated and table/dried grapes are the Sultani seedless grape variety (Vitis vinifera L.) (Kutlu Kuşaksız and Yener, 2014). The effects of TKI-HUMAS (The General Directorate of Turkish Coal Enterprises, Konya) from soil and foliar applications on some quality criteria (pH, total soluble solids, titratable acidity, maturity indice) of fresh grape fruit in Sultani grape cultivar in Manisa-Alaşehir region were investigated in this study. MATERIAL AND METHOD The experiment was carried out with Sultani seedless grape variety (Vitis vinifera L.) in a farmer vineyard in Manisa-Alaşehir. The vineyard was 20 years old, V system with interrows of 2.0 meters and intrarows of 3.0 m. The physical and chemical analyzes of the soil sample of the experimental vineyard are given in Table-1. The physical and chemical analyses of the soil samples used in the experiment were performed according to the most widely used international methods and by using the ICP-AES device (Walkley and Black, 1934; Çağlar, 1949; Bremner, 1965; Olsen et al., 1954 Jackson, 1962; Stevenson, 1994; Kacar, 2009; Kaçar and Inal, 2008). In accordance with the randomized block design, the TKI-Humas (liquid form) applications from the soil and leaves were carried out with 4-levels (one of them was control) and 3 replications . Each of three vine accepted as a replication. TKI-Humas is produced from low grade lignite and leonardite is a natural organic soil conditioner containing 12% humic and fulvic acids in liquid form by the General Directorate of Turkish Coal Enterprises (TKI, Konya-Ilgın). Table-1. Physical and chemical properties of the soil of the experimental area (0-30 cm in soil depth) Analysis Method Results Moisture (%) Saturation 36.3 Loamy pH Saturation 7.12 Neutral Total Salinity (%) Saturation 0.05 Non-Saline CaCo3 (%) Calsimeter 0.97 Low lime Organic Matter (%) Walkley-Black 0.29 Very Low Total N (%) Kjeldahl 0.04 Very Low P2O5 (kg/da) Olsen 179.9 Very High K2O (kg/da) ICP 52.46 Enough Ca (mg/kg) ICP 849.5 Low Mg (mg/kg) ICP 127.3 Moderate Fe (mg/kg) ICP 12.33 Enough Zn (mg/kg) ICP 2.04 Enough Mn (mg/kg) ICP 4.55 Low Cu (mg/kg) ICP 13.31 Enough After the harvest, the analyses of pH, total soluble solids (Brix), titratable acidity (as tartaric acid) of fresh grape berries were carried out by pH meter, refractometer and titration method, respectively (Ferrara and et al., 2007; Akın and Alagöz, 2016). Maturity Indice was calculated by dividing the Brix (Total soluble solids) value by titratable acidity (Akın and Alagöz, 2016). Before the application of humic acid, Colkart and Mikrolex EC fertilizer 10-5-5 + (3.5 MgO) + TE application was applied by the farmer into the soil the experimental vineyard. ANOVA values were obtained by using XLSTAT –Base Trial Version and the means were compared with Tukey HSD (XLSTAT, 2017). RESULTS and DISCUSSION The effect of different levels of humic acid from soil and foliar applications on some quality criteria (pH, total soluble solids, titratable acidity % and maturity indice) in fresh grape berries is shown in the Table 2.

6


Table 2. The effects of Humic Acid applications from soil and foliar on some quality criteria (pH, total soluble solids, titratable acidity %, maturity Indice) in fresh grape berries TKI-HUMAS applications pH Total soluble solids Titratable Acidity Maturity Indice into soil (%) (%) HA0 4.40 b* 20.80 c 0.380 b 54.93 b a c c HA1 4.42 21.00 0.340 61.56 a HA2 4.40 b 21.25 b 0.340 c 62.29 a a a a HA3 4.42 22.00 0.420 52.38 c Means 4.41 21.26 0.370 57.79 TKI-HUMAS applications pH Total water soluble Titratable Acidity Maturity Indice on leaves solids (%) (%) HA0 4.44 b 22.00 b 0.450 c 48.89 b a a d HA1 4.49 23.00 0.420 54.76 a HA2 4.45 b 21.00 c 0.480 b 43.42 c c d a HA3 4.33 20.00 0.540 37.30 d Means 4.43 21.50 0.473 46.09 * Different letters in the same column show the significant difference between means (P< 0.05) The results obtained from some quality criteria generally increased comparing to the control. For soil applications, pH values increased comparing to the control, there are no significant differences between first and third levels of humic acid applications. Hence, the first level of humic acid application (100 ml vine-1) can be suggested for pH. The titratable acidity and total soluble solids contents were increased regularly comparing to the control by soil application. The maturity indice value can also be recommended at first level of soil humic acid applications (100 ml vine-1). For foliar applications, the pH contents generally increased against the control. This increase was found highest at the first level of foliar humic acid application, the first level of humic acid applications can be suggested for pH (100 ml/100 l). As same as the pH values, total soluble solids and maturity indice values reached the highest value at the first level of humic acid application (100 ml vine1 ). The second and third humic acid doses decreased against the control level. The foliar humic acid applications increased the titratable acidity value like the other quality criteria. The highest value were seen at the third level (300 ml/100 l) of foliar application. Ferrara et al. (2007) found that the foliar applications in grape (Vitis vinifera L.) has a positive effect on the amount and quality of the product compared to the control groups. The application of humic acid in the Italian grape variety resulted with significant increasing on the size, diameter and weight of the berries and the maturity indice. In their study, Akın and Alagöz (2016) found that the cluster reduction and foliar applications of humic acid in Kabarcık grape variety were increased grape yield and maturity indice. The applications did not have significant effects on cluster weight, weight of 100 berries, and on the color values of L, a and b. The previous studies have been found the positive effect of the applications of humic acid from soil and leaves on the growth, mineral content and some quality parameters (pH, brix, titratable acidity, maturity indice, sugar, vitamin-C) in some cultivated plants (grape, tomato, spinach, cherry, strawberry, water melon) similar to our study (Korkmaz et al., 2016; Akın, 2011; Akın and Alagöz, 2016; Yaşar, 2005; Nardi et al., 2002; Gerçekçioğlu et al., 2009; Salman et al., 2002; Ferrara et al., 2007; Padem et al., 1999; Varanini and Pinton , 1995; Defline et al., 2005; Khaled and Fawy, 2011). The most important quality parameters of the fruit in grapes are the total soluble solids inducing the majority of the sugars, and also to some extent the titratable acidity and maturity indice. The values obtained from our research are similar to those of other researchers (Ferrara et al., 2007; Akın and Alagöz, 2016; Salman et al., 2002; Gerçekçioğlu et al., 2009; Kuşaksız and Yener, 2014). . It is seen that the humic acid applications from leaves increase the pH, total soluble solids (Brix) and titratable values of the fruit except for the maturity indice comparing to the applications made from the soil (Table-2). CONCLUSION The results show that some quality parameters were increased comparing to the control by the humic acid applications. For the increasing levels of humic acid applications into soil, first application (100 ml vine1 ) can be suggested in terms of pH and maturity indice. For foliar humic acid applications, first level of humic acid application (100 ml / 100 lt) can also be suggested in terms of pH, total soluble solids and maturity indice.

7


It was concluded that first levels of soil and foliar humic acid applications (100 ml vine-1; 100 ml / 100 lt) may be appropriate for both the pH and maturity indice parameters. Both soil and foliar applications of humic acid increased the titratable acidity. Soil and foliar humic acid applications on same and/or different grape cultivars should also be studied in the second year again. The use of alternative natural and organic soil regulators such as humic acid in the light of scientific data should be experimented in agricultural areas widespreadly. This is highly important in terms of maintaining the sustainable yield and quality in agricultural production. REFERENCES Akın, A., Alagöz, Ö. 2016. Kabarcık üzüm çeşidinde salkım ucu kesme ve yapraktan humik asit uygulamalarının üzüm verimi ve kalitesine etkileri. 3. Uluslararası Katılımlı Ulusal Humik Madde Kongresi. 3-5 Kasım. 239-249. Konya. (In Turkish). Akın, A. 2011. Effects of cluster reduction, herbagreen and humic acid applications on grape yield and quality of Horoz Karasi and Gök üzüm grape cultivars. African Journal of Biotechnology. 10(29): 5593-5600. Akıncı, Ş. 2011. Humik asitler, bitki büyümesi ve besleyici alımı. Marmara Fen Bilimleri Dergisi. 23(1) 4656. Marmara Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Turkey. (In Turkish). Ay, F. 2015. Humik asit ve humik asit kaynaklarının jeolojik ve ekonomik önemi. Cumhuriyet Universitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi (CFD). 36 (1): 28-51. Sivas-Turkey. (In Turkish). Bremner, J.. 1965. Methods of soil analysis, part 2. Chemical and microbiological properties, Ed. C.A. Black, Amer. Soc. of Agron. Inc. Pub. Agron. Madison. Çağlar, K.Ö. 1949. Toprak bilgisi. Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları (Ankara University Agriculture Faculty Publishing). No:10. Ankara, Turkey. (In Turkish). Defline, S., Tognetti, R., Desiderio, E., Alvino, A., 2005. Effect of foliar application of N and humic acids on growth and yield of durum Wheat. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 25:183-191. Ferrara, G, Pacifigo, A, Simeone, P., Ferrara, E., 2007. Preliminary-study on the effects of foliar applications of humic acids on Italia Table Grape. XXXth World Congress of vine and Wine, Bucharest, Romania, June, 2007. Gerçekçioğlu, R, Çakıbey, B, Atasever, Ö.Ö, Yılmaz, A., 2009. Farklı organik gübre uygulamalarının Maraline çilek çeşidinde bitki ve meyve özellikleri üzerine etkisi. III. Ulusal Üzümsü Meyveler Sempozyumu. 10-12 Haziran, Kahramanmaraş. Proceedings. 65-72. Jackson, 1962. Soil Chemical analysis, Prentice Hall-Inc. Englewood Cliffs N.J. USA Kacar, B., İnal, A. 2008. Bitki Analizleri. Nobel Publishing NO:1241. Ankara. (In Turkish). Kacar, B, 2009. Toprak Analizleri. Nobel Publishing, Second Editionp:467. Ankara, Turkey. (In Turkish) Khaled, H., Fawy, H.A. 2011. Effect of different levels of humic acids on the nutrient content, plant growth and soil properties under conditions of salinity. Soil and Water Res. 6 (1):21-29. Korkmaz, A, Akınoğlu, G, Karagöl, A, Çoka, İ, Yılmaz, Y. 2016. NaCl stres şartlarında humik asidin domates gelişmesi, verim, yaprakta K, Na, Ca/Na oranlarına ve meyvede bazı kalite özelliklerine faydalı etkileri. 3. Uluslararası Katılımlı Ulusal Humik Madde Kongresi. 3-5 Kasım. 250-259. Konya. (In Turkish). Kutlu, Kuşaksız, E., Yener, H., 2014. Sultani Çekirdeksiz üzüm çeşidinde (Vitis vinifera L.) kalsiyum uygulamasının meyve kalitesi üzerine etkisi. C.B.Ü. Soma Meslek Yüksek Okulu. Teknik Bilimler Dergisi. Sayı:19. 1-6. (In Turkish) MacCarthy, P, 2001. The principles of humic substances. Soil Science. 166: 738. Nardi, S, Pizzeghello, D, Muscolo, A., Vianello, A.. 2002. Physiological effects of humic substances on higher plants. Soil Biol. and Bioc. 34:1527-1536. Olsen, S, Cole, C, Watanabe F, Dean L. (1954) Estimation of available phosphorus in soils by extraction with sodium bicarbonate. USDA Circular Nr 939, US Gov. Print. Office, Washington, D.C.Padem, H. Öcal, A., Alan, R. 1999. Effect of humic acid added to foliar fertilizer on quality and nutrient content of egg plant and pepper seedlings. Acta Horticulturae. 491:241-245. Salman, S.R, Abou-Hussein, S.D, Abdel-Mawgoud, A.M.R., El-Nemr, M.A. 2005. Fruit yield and quality of watermelon as affected by hybrids and humic acid application. Journal of Applied Sciences Research, 1: 51 Shirani, H, Hojobbasi, M.A, Afyuni, M., Hemmat, A. 2002. Effects of farmyard manure and tillage systems on soil physical properties and corn yield in central Iran. Soil and Tillage Research. 68: 101-108. Stevenson, F.J. 1994. Humy Chemistry: Genesis, composition reactions, 2nd. Edition, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York. p. 285.

8


TUIK (2014). TUIK Plant Production 2014Statistical Data. www. http://tuik.gov.tr/Start.do. Varanini, Z., Pinton, R., 1995. Humic substances and plant nutrition In: Lut Hge, U., (Ed.) Progress in Botany. 56: 97-117. Walkley, A.,Black, A. 1934. An examination of Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Sci. 37:39-37. XLSTAT, 2017. Data Analysis and statistical solutions for Microsoft Excel. Addinsoft, Paris, France. Yaşar, H., 2005. Erçiş üzüm (V. vinifera L.) çeşidinde humic-ectra uygulamalarının verim, meyve özellikleri ve besin maddesi alımı üzerine etkisi. Yüzüncü Yıl Üni. Fen Bilimleri Ens. Bahçe Bitkileri Anabilim Dalı. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. 22. Van. (Van Yuzuncu Yıl University, Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, M. Sc. Thesis). (In Turkish).

9


EVALUATION OF DROUGHT TOLERANCE INDICES FOR THE SELECTION OF BARLEY (HORDEUM VULGARE L.) CULTIVARS WEJDEN BRAHMI, ANISSA SAHLI, YOSR ARBI AND ALI LTIFI Laboratory of biotechnology applied to agriculture, National Institute of Agronomic Research of Tunisia (INRAT), Hedi Karray Street, 2049 Ariana, Tunisia

SUMMARY Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is considered relatively adapted to drought conditions in the Mediterranean basin although the unpredictable environment may lead to dramatic decreases in yield in this area.A state of knowledge concerning the response of plants to drought is an important step in any selection program. In this context this research investigated the effect of water deficit on ten barley cultivars and twelve doubled haploid lines. A full randomized test was conducted in PVC tubes; a water deficit regime (30%) was used with a 100% control of the soil field capacity. Drought stress treatments reduced grain yield by reducing the number of tillers, spikes and grains per plan, which the cultivar Roho and the doubled haploid lines Roho*Ardahoui, Momtez*Tej,Ardhaoui *Roho are the most performant with successive values 70, 69,58 grams.The examination of the root system revealed the importance and decisive effect of the length of the longest root in genotype resistance to drought. The analysis of different evaluated parameters shows diversity between lines, although often very close at the level of certain characters. By considering the descriptive parameters as a whole, it appears that the cultivar Roho and the doubled haploid lines Roho*Ardhaoui was performing on several levels. Keywords: barley, drought, doubled haploid, anther culture, selection.

10


STUDY OF SPRAY RETENTION ON GLOBE ARTICHOKE AND SOIL OF FLUORESCENT TRACER BRILLIANT SULFOFLAVINE ON FILED CONDITION AND WIND TUNNEL IN TUNISIAN CONDITIONS ASMA ALLAGUI1,2, HASSOUNA BAHROUNI1, YOUSSEF M’SADAK2, AYMENOUNI3, MOHAMED ALI BEN ABDALLAH1 1

National Institute of Research in Rural Engineering, Water and Forestry (INRGREF),P.O. Box 10, Street Hédi Karray- PC 2080 Ariana - University of Carthage, Tunisia. 2 Higher Institute of Agronomic Sciences in Chott Mariem, P.O. Box 47-PC 4042 Chott Mariem, Sousse – University of Sousse, Tunisia. 3 Technical Center of Potato and Globe Artichoke, Road of Jedeida PC 2031, Essaïda Mannouba, Tunisia. (CTPTA), CP 711, Tunisia. * Corresponding Author. E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT During globe artichoke spraying, large quantities of pesticides are lost in the atmosphere, with negative effects on human health, field ecosystem and farmers income. To estimate the potential environmental pollution, it is necessary to know the amount of pesticide not reaching the intended target. Literature shows that plant retention, ground deposition and drift may widely vary with sprayer configuration and meteorological parameters. This paper discusses the effect of the nozzle, the pressure and the wind speed on artichoke pesticides retention, ground deposits and drift, with the aim of reducing the amount of losses. Spray experiments were carried out to measure retention and soil deposition in a field and a wind tunnel conditions, with two types of flat-fan nozzles of two sizes and two pressures. In the wind tunnel, temperature and relative humidity values corresponded to the averages measured in the field, while the wind speed was tested for three different situations. A fluorescent dye tracer, the Brillant SulfoFlavine (BSF), was used to mimic the pesticide behavior. Results show that nozzle type, nozzle size and pressure have a significant impact on retention, ground deposits and drift for the three tested wind speeds. The best retention rate, the lowest amount of soil deposits and the minimum drift are associated with low-drift nozzle of size 02 and 3 bar pressure. The choice of a propersprayer configuration is crucial for the fate of the sprayed pesticide. It effects both the level of the environment pollution and the efficiency rate sought by the farmer. Keywords: Pesticide, globe artichoke, retention, ground deposits, sprayer configuration, wind speed.

11


QUALITY OF TOMATO IN DIFFERENT LEVELS OF ZINC AS FOLIAR APPLICATION SAKYA AT 1, SULANDJARI AND YEYEN AK1 1

Department of Agrotechnology, Sebelas Maret University, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36 A, Kentingan, Surakarta, 57126, Indonesia [email protected]

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to investigate the quality (sugar content, vitamin C, carotene, antioxidant and Zn content) of tomato cv ‘Permata F1’. There were five concentrations of Zn (0, 20, 40, 60 and 80 ppm) given in the form of ZnSO4 and ZnCl2. Zn application was given at 30 days after transplanting. The experiment was conducted at the Greenhouse of Agriculture Faculty UNS, Solo, Indonesia. The results showed that Zn application with concentration 40 ppm in the form of ZnSO 4 and ZnCl2 significantly increased total carotene and Zn content. The sugar content and antioxidant varies depending on the concentration and type of Zn. The high sugar content and antioxidant was in ZnSO4 60 ppm and ZnCl2 80 ppm application, respectively. There was no significant difference of Vitamin C between ZnSO 4 and ZnCl2 at various concentrations. Keywords: antioxidant, carotene, Vitamin C, Zn content, Zn foliar.

12


EFFECT OF A BIOFERTILIZER ON THE BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF A VARIETY OF INDUSTRIAL TOMATO (SOLANUM LYCOPERSICUM L.) LILA ABIDI 1,2, SID AHMED SNOUSSI2 ET MARIA STELA BRADEA2. 1

Khemis Miliana University. Department of Agronomy. Algeria. 2University of Blida1, Department of Biotechnology, Research laboratory of plants productions, B.P. 270 09000, Algeria. [email protected] ; [email protected] ; [email protected]; (*corresponding author)

ABSTRACT Biofertilizers influence positively the quality of fruits by acting on their biochemical characteristics. The main purpose of this study is to estimate the effect of various treatments of a brown seaweeds extracts biofertilizer, on the technological and nutritional qualities parameters of a variety of industrial tomato (RioGrande). For that purpose, four doses of a liquid fertilizer (25 %, 50 %, 75 %, 100%), were applied and compared with a witness at various stages of the development of tomatoes. A very highly significant difference and highly significant were observed for the following parameters: Brix, proteins, pH and chlorides. The best results were obtained in the doses of 50 %, 75 % and 100 %. Consequently, these natural fertilizers can improve the quality of the food and contribute to the cleanup of the ground. Keywords : Industrial tomato, variety, biofertilizer, brown algae, biochemical constituents

13


GREEN MANURE BASED ON FODDER RADISH (RAPHANUS SATIVUS L.) RESIDUES AS AN ECO-FRIENDLY ALTERNATIVE FOR POTATO GROWTH ENHANCEMENT AND WILT SUPPRESSION HAYFA JABNOUN-KHIAREDDINE1*, RANIA AYDI BEN ABDALLAH1, FAKHER AYED1,2, MOUNA GUEDDES-CHAHED1, AHMED HAJLAOUI1, AND MEJDA DAAMI-REMADI1 1

UR13AGR09-Integrated Horticultural Production in the Tunisian Centre-East, Regional Research Centre on Horticulture and Organic Agriculture, University of Sousse, 4042, Chott-Mariem, Tunisia. 2 Technical Center of Organic Agriculture, 4042, Chott-Mariem, Tunisia. * Corresponding author: H. Jabnoun-Khiareddine E-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT In Tunisia, several wilt and root rot fungal diseases are continuously threatening potato crop by inducing serious plant losses. Soil manuring using fodder radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is a promising alternative for the management of these diseases. In this study, two fodder radish cultivars (cvs. Boss and Defender) used as green manures, preceding a potato crop, were evaluated for their ability to suppress wilt incidence and severity ant to promote potato growth and yield as compared to the control animal manure. The essay was carried out in a completely randomized design with three types of organic amendments and two potato cultivars (cvs. Spunta and Royal). Incidence of potato wilting, noted 100 days post planting (DPP) was high, exceeding 70%, for all soil amendments tested. The extent of vascular discoloration varied depending on amendments used where cv. Defender behaved as control amendment while the highest extent was recorded on potato plants grown in cv. Boss amended plots. As compared to animal manure, the application of cvs. Boss and Defender increased by 48.43 and 41.28% the incidence of vascular discoloration on cv. Spunta plants, respectively, while on cv. Royal, only cv. Defender reduced this parameter by 16.32%. Fungal isolations performed from roots and stems revealed the involvement of several soilborne pathogens in the recorded plant wilting. Soil amendment using cvs. Boss and Defender FR resulted in significant increment in the aerial part fresh weight by 34.62 and 27.03%, respectively, as compared to animal manure. At 100 DPP, potato root fresh weight increase by 8.7 and 33.49% was noted on cv. Spunta compared to 30.34 and 23.48% recorded on cv. Royal. Potato tuber yield was improved by 38.28 and 10.7% and by 28.44 and 27.62% in cvs. Spunta and Royal, respectively, relative to animal manure. The use of fodder radish as green manure may be implemented in the integrated management of soilborne diseases and for the improvement of potato yield. Keywords: Growth, organic amendment, soilborne fungi, Solanum tuberosum L., tuber yield, wilt severity.

14


EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS OF SERRATIA SYMBIOTICA LIVING AS SYMBIONT OF APHIDS SABRINE ATTIA1,*, HAJER SAHRAOUI2, KAOUTHAR GRISSA LEBDI1, THIERRY HANCE3 1

Laboratoire d’Entomologie-Acarologie, Institut National Agronomique de Tunisie, 1082 Cité Mahrajène,Tunis, Tunisie 2 Centre Technique des Agrumes, Beni Khalled, Tunisie. 3 Earth and Life Institute, Biodiversity Research Centre, Université Catholique de Louvain, 4-5, Place Croix du sud, B1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium. * [email protected]

ABSTRACT Species respond in different ways to climate change. Variation in the distribution, phenology, and abundance of species will lead to inevitable changes in species interactions and communities structuring. These changes impose a high threat to population viability. Few studies addressing the impacts of climate change on crop yield have incorporated the effects of endosymbionts of crop pests. However, mutualisms with facultative, non-essential heritable microorganisms influence the biology of many insect species and among them, aphids, which are huge pests in cereal fields, harbour facultative bacterial endosymbionts which affect important characteristics such as insecticide resistance, natural enemy resistance, thermal resistance, reproduction and development. The relationship between aphids and secondary endosymbionts and their variations in function of climate characteristics remains unclear. Until present there is no information about their general effect on thermal and predator resistance. Serratia symbiotica is a species of bacteria, that lives as a endosymbiont of aphids. Our study showed that the secondary symbiont provides strong protection against predators, suggesting that the ability to protect their host against natural enemies may evolve readily in multiple species of endosymbiotic bacteria. Keywords: Serratia symbiotica, secondary symbiont, natural enemies, aphids, resistance

15


BIO-ACARICIDAL ACTIVITY OF HYDROSOLS OF THREE LAMIACEAE PLANT SPECIES AGAINST THE TWO SPOTTED SPIDER MITE TETRANYCHUS URTICAE (KOCH) SAHRAOUI HAJER1, ATTIA SABRINE2, OTHMAN HAFED3, REZGUI TAREK3, JRIDI MOURAD3, LEBDI-GRISSA KAOUTHER2 1

Centre Technique des Agrumes, Beni Khalled, Tunisie. Laboratoire de Recherche: Bio-agresseurs et lutte intégrée en agriculture (LR14AGR02), Institut National Agronomique de Tunisie, Université de Carthage). 3 Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Béja Email: [email protected] 2

ABSTRACT In the effort to develop alternatives to synthetic pesticides, research efforts have focused on natural products with pest suppressing properties. The potential of essential oils to control mites and insects has long been investigated with encouraging results. However, the possible use of hydrosols in pest control has been very little known. Hydrosols are produced as by-products derived during the extraction of essential oils. The objective of this work is to evaluate the acaricidal effect of hydrosols extracted from three Lamiaceae species; Rosmarinus officinalis, Salvia officinalis and Marrubium vulgare. The effects of the three hydrosols on the survival of Tetranychus urticae adult females was investigated both in the laboratory with 5 doses and in citrus nursery under greenhouse. In the laboratory, the three hydrosols were toxic toward T. urticae females, with better efficiency of Rosmarinus hydrosol at the lowest tested dose (5%). In its raw state, the three hydrosols caused 100% mortality. The effect of the three hydrosols was tested without dilution on young citrus plants under glass house to control T. urticae. The results obtained confirmed those of laboratory tests. The three hydrosols significantly reduced the mite population. Three days after the treatment, the two hydrosols (Marrubium and Rosmarinus) gave a significant reduction (59% and 64%) of the mite population compared to the control treated with distilled water. Seven days after the treatment, the three hydrosols significantly reduced the spider mites population (Marrubium: 75%, Rosmarinus: 80% and Salvia: 65%). The results of this study showed a promising potential of hydrosols in pest control that should be subject of further studies. Keywords: Bio-acaricidal, hydrosols, Rosmarinus officinalis, Salvia officinalis, Marrubium vulgare, Tetranychus urticae

16


MORPHOLOGICAL AND PHYTOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF ONION NEW BREEDING LINES (ALLIUM CEPA L.) CHIKH-ROUHOU H1, CHALBI A2 AND STA-BABA R1 1 Centre Régional des Recherches en Horticulture et Agriculture Biologique (CRRHAB/IRESA). Chott-Mariem 4042 Sousse. Tunisia 2 Faculté des Sciences de Gabès, 6072 Zrig-Gabès.Tunisia

ABSTRACT Onion is one of the most important commercial vegetable crops and is widely grown in almost all the countries of the world. It has been identified as a food of great interest given its nutritional and bioactive components and its high consumption rate all year round. The increasing demand for onions both for consumption and medicinal purposes has increased the need for breeding new cultivars with a high yield and quality. Morphological and Phytochemical traits evaluation of 6 new breeding lines (white, yellow and red onions) were provided in this study compared to commercial cultivars. The results evidenced a great variability among the new breeding lines for all the evaluated traits. The breeding line BL2 presented higher values, of TPC and TFC. BL3 and BL4 showed highest values of quercetin, than previously reported researches. Keywords: Allium cepa L. polyphénols, flavonoids, quercetin, breeding lines. INTRODUCTION Onion (Allium cepa L., 2n = 16) which belongs to the Alliaceae family is one of the most important commercial vegetable crops and is widely grown in almost all the countries of the world. Allium vegetables have been cultivated for centuries for not only their characteristic, pungent flavors but also for their medicinal properties associated with its sulphur-containing components, it contains carbohydrates, proteins, vitamin A, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin and ascorbic acid. One hundred grams of onion contains 1.2 g proteins, 11.0 g fat, 11.0 g carbohydrates enriched in Vitamins B and C (Lanzotti et al. 2006; Marotti et al. 2002). Since antiquity the onion has been traditionally used in folk medicine for its therapeutic activity as a diuretic, antinflammatory, and to alleviate cough and other respiratory disorders. Recent research confirmed these medicinal properties, showing also further important biological activities (Biswas et al. 2010). Pungency and solid soluble content (TSS) are two important traits of onion bulbs in terms of processing and storage. TSS, consisting mostly of fiber, starch and sugars (Lin et al. 1995) contributes to the flavor, texture and storability of onions. Pungency in onions is derived from a number of volatile sulphur compounds released after cell disruption. This parameter can be determined indirectly using a colorimetric test for pyruvic acid concentration, which is formed in the reaction that produces the volatile compounds (Wall and Corigan, 1992). Over the last years, there is an increasing consumer preference for less pungent onion varieties (“sweet onions”), which has generated a large differentiated market (Phaff, 2007). The increasing demand for onions both for consumption and medicinal purposes has increased the need for breeding new cultivars with a high yield and quality for specific production areas (Block, 2005; Omidiji et al., 1990). Consumption of phytochemical-rich vegetable cultivars may provide health benefits (Biswas et al. 2010). In recent years the onion has been receiving more attention by consumers, who have shown an increased interest toward the nutraceuticals (functional compounds) that provide health benefits including prevention of diseases. Foods with high flavonoid content, in addition to their nutritive value, can have a protective effect on human health. Quercetin is the dominant flavonoid in onion bulbs. This flavonoid represents more than 95% of the total flavonoids (Leighton et al. 1992). The selection of food plants with a high content of nutraceuticals is one of the research fields directed to disease prevention rather than cure (Hertog et al. 1992, Pérez-Gregorio et al. 2010). The aim of our study was to characterize onion new breeding lines and to quantify phytochemicals in these lines for identification of promising genotypes rich in phytochemicals and to evidence those more suitable to be proposed as functional food. MATERIAL AND METHODS Plant material and experimental site Seeds of 6 onion new breeding lines (BL) that have been selected by Dr. Sta-Baba in the Regional Research Centre on Horticulture and Organic Agriculture (CRRHAB) were used in this study, compared to commercial cultivars. 17


The seeds were sown in October under greenhouse conditions at the Experimental Station of Sahline (CRRHAB) during 2015/2016 and 2016/2017 seasons. The seedlings were transplanted 6-8weeks later to the field and the harvest took place during May to July. The experimental design was a complete randomized block design with three replications. The soil was watered to field capacity before sowing. A light irrigation was applied after sowing. Irrigation was done on a daily basis, to prevent soil from forming a crust that would delay emergence. All the genotypes were harvested at their maturity (70 to 80% top down) Morphological and quality features After collection, samples from each onion were divided in three batch samples for further analyses. Prior to chemical composition analyses a description of morphological and quality features of bulbs for each breeding line was conducted. The recorded features were bulb shape and diameter, fresh and dry weight, number of scales, color of tunic and flesh, thickness of tunic and total soluble solids (°Brix) of edible flesh. Bulb shape was recorded according to International Plant Genetic Resources Institute descriptors for Allium spp. Each bulb was bisected equatorially and the number of scales and tunic thickness were measured. TSS content was measured with hand-held refractometer on juice taken from the edible scales. Bulb firmness was recorded with a flat bottom probe (d = 9 mm and 9 mm width) using digital fruit firmness tester and applied to the equatorial axis at three different points. Titratable acidity was calculated as g malic acid/100 mL of juice, after titration with 0.1 N NaOH to an endpoint of pH 8.2. Pungency of the bulbs was evaluated by quantifying the pyruvic acid produced after cell disruption and the results were expressed as μmol /g FW. Three samples per genotype were analyzed and their mean value was used for statistical analysis. Phytochemical composition For phytochemical composition analysis, onion bulbs were bisected equatorially and after removing the outer skin the flesh was cut in small pieces. Samples were dried, total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid (TFC) from different dried onion bulbs were determined using spectrophotometric methods. TPC was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method, results were expressed as mg gallic acid equivalent per g of onion dry weight sample (mg GAE/g DW). TFC was determined by a colorimetric assay using aluminium trichloride. Rutin was used as a standard and the results were expressed as mg rutin equivalent per g of dry weight sample (mg RE /g DW). Quercetin was determined according to Patil et al. (1995) and the results were expressed as mg per 100g of dry weight sample (mg / 100g DW). Statistical analysis Differences between treatments means were compared at P < 0.05 with ANOVA in order to find the statistically significant differences test (SPSS for Windows, Version 20).For chemical composition, three samples were analyzed for each one of the onion genotypes, whereas all of the assays were carried out in triplicate. The results were expressed as mean values and standard deviation (SD). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Onion is a food of great interest given its nutritional and bioactive components and its high consumption rate all year round. The increasing demand for onions both for consumption and medicinal purposes has increased the need for breeding new cultivars with a high yield and quality. In this study, we evaluated 6 new breeding lines selected during 10 years in CRRHAB by Dr. Sta-Baba R. The evaluation of morphological traits for the 6 breeding lines is given in Table 1.ANOVA showed significant differences between the breeding lines for all the evaluated traits (Table 1). BL3, yellow genotype presented the smallest bulbs, with mean weight of 185g. BL4, BL1 and BL2 genotypes had the biggest bulbs, with mean values of 337g, 316g and 300g respectively. The dry matter content ranged from 9.95% in BL1 to 11.70% in BL5. The highest values were obtained in red onions (Table 1). From a statistical point of view, the color of onion genotype had a significant influence on the content of all the traits examined. Estimation of pungency in bulbs has become necessary as the popularity of low pungency onion has increased (Dhumal et al., 2007). In our study, pungency was low except for red onions BL3 and BL4 (Table 1). Highly pungent onions are used for cooking and for manufacturing sauces, canned soups, extracts, and dehydrated products (Galmarini et al., 2001). In contrast, less pungent onion varieties have become preferred for fresh consumption, especially in the USA, Japan and many countries of Europe (Mallor et al., 2011). Low pungency or mild onions have a pyruvate concentration of < 5 μmol g–1 FW and command a price premium (Abayomi and Terry, 2009). Other guideline, used by the sweet onion industry, classifies onions on the basis

18


of pungency as low pungency/sweet (0-3 μmol g-1 FW), medium pungency (3-7 μmol g-1 FW), and high pungency (above 7 μmol g-1 FW) (Dhumal et al., 2007). The phytochemical results evidenced a great variability among onion breeding lines (Table 2). Total phenolic content values ranged between 4.70 and 12.516 mg GAE /gDW for BL6 and BL2 respectively. Total flavonoid content values ranged between 13.45 and 48.27 mg RE / g DW for BL6 and BL2 respectively (Table 2). Flavonoids, one group of polyphenolic compounds, are secondary metabolites and important constituents of the human diet (Kim et al. 2003; Lanzotti, 2006). Plants of the Allium family are an important source of dietary flavonols. Foods with high flavonoid content, in addition to their nutritive value, can have a protective effect on human health (Pérez-Gregorio et al. 2010). The new breeding line BL2 presented higher values, of TPC and TFC, than some previously reported values (Kim et al. 2003). Yellow onions (BL3 and BL4) showed the highest values of quercetin which exceeded 500 mg/100g DW. This compound depends on the skin color, red and yellow bulbs contain more quercetin than white onions bulb (Patil et al. 1995). Quercetin has been shown to reduce the carcinogenic activity of several cooked food mutagens, inhibit activities associated with several types of tumor cells, enhance the antiproliferative activity of the anticancer agents, and inhibit the growth of transformed tumorigenic cells (Kim et al. 2010; Leighton et al. 1992). Further biochemical studies and more antioxidant activities analysis are needed in these genotypes to evidence those more suitable to be proposed as functional food. Table 1. Morphological and quality features of the onion bulbs Fresh Dry matter Diameter Color (%) weight (g) (cm) BL1 BL2 BL3 BL4 BL5 BL6

Number of scales

TSS (°Brix)

Pyruvic acid (μmol g-1 FW) White 316.33a 09.95c 7.83a 10.00b 8.85b 3.3c White 300.33a 10.15b 8.47a 08.35c 7.27c 4.0c Yellow 185.00c 10.75b 6.45c 11.33a 8.95b 5.6b Yellow 337.00a 10.30b 8.90a 13.10a 8.50b 5.1b Red 235.00b 11.70a 7.20b 08.5c 10.5a 6.0b Red 281.66b 11.10a 8.53a 10.1b 09.7a 7.1a Different letters in means of the same column indicate significant differences at P < 0.05.

Table 2. Phytochemical values of the onion bulbs of the studied Breeding lines. TPC TFC Quercetin Breeding lines Color (mg GAE/ g DW) (mg RE/ g DW) (mg/ 100g DW) BL1 White 08.32a 31.55a 73.50c BL2 White 12.51a 48.28a 161.80c BL3 Yellow 05.25b 23.49b 687.20a BL4 Yellow 06.01b 28.44b 501.40a BL5 Red 04.82c 20.81b 259.60b BL6 Red 04.70c 13.45c 237.48b Different letters in means of the same column indicate significant differences at P < 0.05. REFERENCES Biswas SK., Khair A, Sarkar PK. and Alom MS (2010) Yield and storability of onion (A. cepa L.) as affected by varying levels of irrigation. Bangladesh J Agric Res 35: 247-255. Block E (2005) Biological activity of allium compounds. Recent results. Acta Horticulturae 688: 41-57 Dhumal D., Datir S. and Pandey R (2007) Assessment of bulb pungency level in different Indian cultivars of onion (Allium cepa L.). Food Chem 100: 1328-1330. Galmarini C.R., Goldman I.L. and Havey M.Jn (2001) Genetic analyses of correlated solids, flavour, and healthenh6ancing traits in onion (Allium cepa L.). Mol Genet Genomics 265: 543-551. Hertog, MGL, Hollman PP and Venema DP (1992) Optimiztion of a quantitative HPLC determination of potentially anticarcinogenic flavonoids in vegetables and fruits. J Agric Food Chem 40: 1591- 1593. Kim DO, Jeong SW, and Lee CY (2003). Antioxidant capacity of phenolic phytochemicals from various cultivars of plums. Food Chem 51: 321–326 Lanzotti V (2006). The analysis of onion and garlic. J Chromatog A 1112(1): 3–22.

19


Leighton,T, Ginther C, Fluss L, Harter WK., Cansado J and Notario V (1992) Molecular characterization of quercetin and quercetin-glucosides in Allium vegetables. In phenolic Compounds in food and their effect on health; Huang M.T., Ho CT, LEE CY. (eds.). American chemical Society Symposium Series 507; Washington, DC, pp220-238. Mallor C., Balcells M., Mallor F. and Sales E (2011) Genetic variation for bulb size, soluble solids content and pungency in the Spanish sweet onion variety Fuentes de Ebro. Response to selection for low pungency. Plant Breeding 130 : 55-59. Marotti M and Piccaglia R (2002) Characterization of Flavonoids in Different Cultivars of Onion (Allium cepa L.). J Food Sci 67(3): 1229-1232. Omidiji O and Ehimidu.E (1990) Changes in the content of antibacterial isorhamnetin 3- glucoside and quercetin3-glucoside following inculation of onion (Allium cepa L cv. Red Creole with pseudomonas cepacia. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 37: 281-292. Patil BS, Pike LM, Yoo KS. 1995. Variation in the quercetin content in different colored onions (Allium cepa L.). J Am Society of Hortic Sci 120: 909e13. Pérez-Gregorio RM, García-Falcón MS, Símal-Gándara J, and Almeida Domingos PF (2010) Identification and quantification of flavonoids in traditional cultivars of red and white onions at harvest. J Food Compos Anal 23(6):592-598.

20


INVESTIGATION ON THE TUNISIAN DONKEY GENETIC DIVERSITY WITH DNA MICROSATELLITES MOHAMED AROUA 1, BAYREM JEMMALI 2, HATEM OULED AHMED 3, SANA KHALDI4, SAMIA BEN SAID5, RANIA BACCOUCHE 1, MOKHTAR MAHOUACHI 5. 1 Institut National Agronomique de Tunis, Tunisia 2 Ecole Supérieure d’Agriculture de Mateur, Université de Carthage, Carthage, Tunisia, 3 Laboratoire d’Analyse Génétique Animale, Institut de la Recherche Vétérinaire de Tunisie, Tunis, Tunisia, 4 Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Mannouba, Tunisia, 5 Ecole Supérieure d’Agriculture du Kef, Université de Jendouba, Tunisia. [email protected]

ABSTRACT This study allowed the isolation of a total of 214 alleles, with an average of 14.27 alleles per locus. The number of effective alleles per locus (Ne) indicates a rich genetic polymorphism for the used markers. The number of alleles per locus (Na) is higher than Ne, confirming the high genetic diversity in the investigated population. Observed heterozygosis (Ho) for all the studied loci in the entire population equals 0.744. The FIS index is significantly different from zero (p 0,01). Munksgaard et al. (2005) reported that high-yielding cows can be as high as 14 hours per day, and an extra 1-hour increase in bedtime would be 1-15 kg of milk daily. The number of animals drinking water, the number of animals lying in the concrete and the number of animals standing inside 252


the group were not significant but the differences were statistically significant (P≤ 0,01). The results of the study on behaviors on the pillar report similar findings (Stefanowska et al. 2002; Tucker and Weary 2004; Fregonesi et al. 2004). However, the distribution of each behavior during the day is also shown in detail in groups 12 to 20 below. Free stall barn (experiment 2) In the free stall barn conditions, the milk yields of the subgroups and control groups were recorded for 3 weeks and the obtained data were evaluated by analysis of variance (Table 5) significant a difference were determined. Table 5. Free stall barn milk yield variance analysis results n Day 0 Day 7 Day 15 Day 21 End of experiment

Inorganic Organic Inorganic Organic Inorganic Organic Inorganic Organic Inorganic Organic

9 11 9 11 13 11 10 11 15 11

Mean±Stn.Er. 20,03±0,53 21,14±0,49 21,85±0,9 20,18±1,02 23,87±1,28 19,49±0,80 23,55±1,35 20,97±0,81 23,78±1,07 20,23±0,75

Minimum 16,40 20,10 15,60 14,70 19,30 14,30 22,80 15,40 22,40 14,50

Maximum 22,30 25,70 26,50 28,40 35,50 23,80 38,30 25,30 36,10 22,90

Significany 0,146(NS) 0,264(NS) 0,003* 0,000** 0,000**

In Table 18, when the milk yields of the animals were examined in the second trial, the mean age of the litter group was 20.03 kg, the control group was 21.14 kg, the litter group up to the 7th day was 21.85 kg and the control group was 20.18 kg. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups at the beginning of the experiment and on the milk yields until the 7th day (P> 0.05). In the middle of the trial group mean 23.87kg, control group19.49 kg, mean age 15.55kg, the control group was 20.97kg, the control group was 23.78kg, the control group was 23.78kg and the control group was 20.23. kg. When the data of the two groups were compared with the data obtained at the end of the experiment, 15 days and at the end of the experiment, it was found that the difference between the groups was statistically significant (P 0.05) in both the subscale and the control group. Milk yield was 25,29 kg in the litter group on the 15th day, 22,63 kg in the control group, 24,51 kg on the 21st day, 21 kg in the control group, 22,93 kg in the control group and 19,6 kg in the control group. as indicated. In this analysis, it was found that the relationship between the two groups was statistically significant at 15 days, 21 days and at the end of the experiment (P 0.05) on minerals content of camel milk that were collected from intensive management system. Wherein, all studied minerals (Ca, Mg, Cu, P, Fe and Zn) were markedly affected by season. Furthermore, season had significant affect on minerals content of camel milk under traditional management system particularly (Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe and P) values. Season interaction effects showed significant differences (P > 0.05) between systems in values of Ca, Cu and Fe during autumn, summer and winter season. The study concluded that season had significant effect on some minerals content of camel milk under traditional and intensive management system in Butana area of Sudan. Keywords: analysis, camel, milk, system, season. INTRODUCTION The camel has the ability to produce more milk for a longer period of time in arid zones and dry lands (an environment of extreme temperature, drought, and lack of pasture) than in other domestic livestock species [1]. Geographical root and seasonal variations are factors which influence most changes in composition of camel milk [2]. Camels usually eat thorn and hard plants containing minerals; Therefore, different amounts of minerals are found in camel milk than bovine milk. As previous studies have shown, the amount of iron (about 10 times more than bovine milk) and copper in camel milk is more than bovine milk whilst some studies reported that the amount of calcium, magnesium, phosphor, sodium and potassium of camel milk is similar to bovine milk and the others reported high content of these minerals in camel milk [3]; [4] [5]; [6]; [7]. For further investigation, the objective of this study is to determine the effect of seasonal changes on some minerals content in camel milk under traditional and intensive management systems in Butana area-Sudan. MATERIALS AND METHODS Study Area: Camel milk samples obtained from the intensive system (Tumbool Camel Research Center) which located at the central part of Butan and traditional system system (open pastures of Butana area). The Butana plain is a semiarid clay mostly flat region. It covers most of the present Kassala and Gedaref States in Eastern Sudan. It is located between Latitude 13 40' and 17 50' North and Longitude 32 40' and 36 00' East. It is bounded by the Main River Nile on its northwestern border, the Blue Nile on its southwestern edge, the Atbara River in the northeast and by the railway connecting Kassala and Sennar in the south [8]. Vegetations: Two vegetation zones are existing in the area, namely the semi desert Acacia shrub and short grasslands of North Central Sudan and the low woodland savannah of central Sudan. The vegetation of Butana is constantly changing as a result of annual rainfall, accidental fire outbreaks and expansion of agriculture and grazing, which depleted most of the highly palatable species such as Blepharis persia (Elsiha) and Ipomoea cordofana (Eltabar) [9]. Trees commonly found in the study area consist of Acacia mellifer (Kiter) as the most common tree, Acacia nubica (Loat) which indicates overgrazing areas and Acacia nilotica (Sunut). Grasses that dominate in the area are Cymbogon nervatus (Nal) which is fairly a non palatable grass, Aristidia Funicunlata (Gaw), Impomoea cardisepala (Hantot), Ipomoea cordofana (Taber) and Blepharis persica 294


(Siha),which are good forage plants with high protein contents. The latter two species are becoming less abundant in recent years [10] Farming Systems: There are three types of farming system found: crop and livestock, pastoral production system and recently semi intensive system. From the total land area 12 % are suitable for crop production. This shows that the area is mostly of a rangeland where livestock rearing is the major activity. The area receives a bimodal rainfall where small rains occur between May and June while the main rains occur between July and September. During the main rains farmers plant sorghum, this takes about 5 months (July to November) to harvest [11]. Concentrate rations used in intensive system at Tumbool Camel Research Center (TCRC): The concentrate ration was formulated based on sugar cane by-products (molasses & bagasse) and urea salt in maximal of 2 %. Crushed sorghum grain, ground nut cake and wheat bran were added at low percent (5-15 %), in addition to lick mineral stone, normal salt (1.5 %) and bicarbonates (1-2%). The metabolizable energy (ME) and were kept around 9.2 MJ and 11-13 % respectively on dry matter-bases. The meal was given twice a day. The animals were grouped fed (lactating, pregnant, growers and mature bulls). These allowances were at the rate of 56-58 % out of the total daily feed intake. The basic grass fodders were Abu-70 (Sorghum bicolor), Pioneer (Sorghum bicolor x Sorghum sudanense hybrid), Clitoria (Clitoria ternate) and Berseem (Medicago sativa). Collection of camel milk samples: A total of 90 camel milk samples from healthy she-camels were collected from intensive and traditional management systems in Butana area. One sample of 50 ml from each she-camels (90) was taken (with different systems, seasons and parity numbers). The raw camel milk samples were collected in the early morning and immediately labeled, stored in an ice box and transferred within 2-3 hours to the laboratory of the Department of Dairy Production, Tumbool Camel Research Center. At the laboratory, the samples were stored in freezer (-20ºC) until they were analyzed. Determination of minerals: Mineral contents like Calcium, manganese, Copper, Iron and Zinc were measured by an atomic absorption apparatus (Thermo-Tarrell, Ash, Smith-Hieftje (1ooo) in the digested form solutions according to (A.O.A.C 2002). Phosphorous (P) was estimated calorimetrically in the ash form according to (AOAC 2002) at Environment & Natural resources and Desertification research institute, National Center for Research. Statistical analysis: Different statistical tools were employed based on the available data obtained such as simple descriptive statistics, analysis of variance and independent-sample- T. Test. The computer software Excel was used for data managing and most of the data were analyzed with SPPS version 21 software RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Minerals content of camel milk in intensive system (mg / L) as influenced by season: Season of year had significantly (P ≤ 0.05) influenced the minerals content of camel milk in intensive management system (Table 1). Generally, the values of all studied minerals (Ca, Mg, Cu, P, Fe and Zn) were markedly affected by season in the intensive management system. Calcium , copper, phosphorus and Fe content samples reported higher significantly (P ≤ 0.05) differences during autumn when compared to that taken at summer and winter season. This may be attributed to sufficient nutrient supplementation and limitation of animal health care in intensive system as reported by [12]. In contrast, Zn content of samples collected during autumn recorded significantly (P ≤ 0.05) lower values when compared with that taken at summer and winter season. ([13] stated that the ash content was quite variable in January (very high standard deviation) and relatively stable all along the year with a slight decrease in autumn. Minerals content of camel milk in traditional system (mg / L) as influenced by season: Season of year had significantly (P ≤ 0.05) influenced the minerals content of camel milk in traditional management system (Table 2). Generally, the values of camel milk minerals (Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe and P) were markedly affected by season in the traditional system with exception of Zn content which was not affected by exchange of seasons. All contents of studied minerals reported significantly (P ≤ 0.05) more values during autumn when compared to that taken at summer and winter seasons. This result attributed to the different 295


management systems and variation in quality and quantity of feed available between the seasons. In contrast, Ca, Mg, P and Fe content of samples collected during summer recorded significantly (P ≤ 0.05) lower values when compared with that taken at autumn and winter season. The difference in milk mineral concentrations between seasons was due to a “dilution effect” as reported by [14], which is related to animal feeding behaviour and changes in pasture composition. Table 1. Minerals content of camel milk in intensive system (mg / L) as influenced by season: Season No Ca Mg Cu Fe Zn P Autumn

30

Summer

30

Winter

30

a 150.7±34.9 c 59.7±33.7 b 96.4±17.8

b 122.1±33.5 c 14.3±4.8 a 177.6±41.9

a 8.2±4.9 b 8.34±3.81 b 5.48±1.31

A 20.4±4.4 B 5.3±1.4 B 6.9±1.4

b 12±8.4 a 23±12.5 ab 17.8±5.1

a 504±91.3 b 260±71.2 b 302±150

Prob Means followed by the same superscripts do not differ significantly (P< 0.05). Table 2. Minerals content of camel milk in traditional system (mg / L) as influenced by season Season No Ca Mg Cu Fe Zn P Autumn

30

Summer

30

Winter

30

a 163.7±16.7 c 41.28±23 b 138.4±58.9

a 150.9±30.6 c 16±6.1 b 123.8±26.2

a 9.1±7.1 a 8±2.8 b 3.8±1.7

a 14.1±4.6 b 4.8±2.4 b 6.7±4.4

19.9±4.8 16.9±16.7 15.2±3.9

a 435±83.4 b 319±85.7 a 476±153.4

Prob Means followed by the same superscripts do not differ significantly (P< 0.05) Minerals content of camel milk in two studied systems (interaction) (mg / L) as influenced by season: Ca and Cu content samples in traditional system reported higher significantly (P ≤ 0.05) differences during autumn when compared with that taken from intensive system. In Lybia the amount of calcium in the milk of a camel kept in nourishing conditions (suitable nourishment and water) and a camel kept in desert and low water conditions was measured and reported as 85.69 mg/100 g and 114.5 mg/100 g, respectively [15]. Likewise, he found that the amount of copper in the milk of a camel kept in suitable nourishment and water and a camel kept in desert and low water conditions as 0.14 mg/100 g and 0.24 mg/100 g, respectively. Accordingly, the amount of calcium and copper in the milk of camels living in desert conditions was more than that of camels living in nourishing conditions. Fe content samples in intensive system reported higher significantly (P ≤ 0.05) differences during summer and winter season when compared with that taken from traditional system. This could be explained by seasonal changes that affect the vegetations status (poor pastures) in Butana area and most of the semiarid zones of the country during the winter and summer season [16]. While, in intensive management system, Supplementary feeding of camels was continuously provided. Otherwise there were no significant differences of mineral constituents values between samples taken from the two management system during all season (Table 3). Similar results were expressed by [17] and [18] who reported that ash content was not significantly influenced by season.

296


CONCLUSION: The results of the present study was confirmed that chemical composition of camel milk was affected by the season under traditional and intensive management system. It could, therefore, be concluded that camel milk composition is a reflection of seasonal changes in quality and availability of feeds as well as production systems. However, more work is needed to verify these effects and also to study the effects of stage of lactation and breed differences on camel milk composition

Table 3. Minerals content of camel milk in two studied systems (interaction) (mg / L) as influenced by season: Season Mineral System N0 Mean ± SD Prob Autumn Ca Intensive 10 150.7±35 Traditional 10 163.7±16.7 * Mg Intensive 10 122.1±33.5 Traditional 10 150.9±30.6 Cu Intensive 10 8.16±4.4 Traditional 10 9.08±7.1 * Fe Intensive 10 20.4±4.4 Traditional 10 14.1±4.6 Zn Intensive 10 11.96±8.4 Traditional 10 19.92±4.8 P Intensive 10 504±91 Traditional 10 435±83 Summer Ca Intensive 10 59.7±33.7 Traditional 10 41.3±23 Mg Intensive 10 14.28±4.8 Traditional 10 15.98±6.1 Cu Intensive 10 8.3±3.8 Traditional 10 8±2.8 Fe Intensive 10 5.30±1.4 * Traditional 10 4.78±2.4 Zn Intensive 10 23±12.5 Traditional 10 16.9±16.7 P Intensive 10 260±71.2 Traditional 10 319±85.7 Winter Ca Intensive 10 96.4±17.8 Traditional 10 138.4±33.3 Mg Intensive 10 177.6±41.9 Traditional 10 123.8±26.2 Cu Intensive 10 5.5±3.9 Traditional 10 3.8±1.7 Fe Intensive 10 6.9±1.4 * Traditional 10 6.7±4.4 Zn Intensive 10 17.8±5.1 Traditional 10 15.2±3.9 P Intensive 10 150.4±47.5 Traditional 10 153.4±48.5 *significant differences at P≤0.05;** significant differences at P≤0.01

REFERENCES: [1] Yagil, R., Etzion, Z. 1980. Effect of drought conditions on the quality of camel milk. Journal of Dairy Research, 47:159- 162. 297


[2] Khan, B. B. and A. Igbal. 2001. Production and composition of camel milk: A review. Agric. Sci. 38(3-4):64-68. [3] El-Agamy EI., Nawar, MS., Shamsia S., Awad and GF., Haenlein W., 2009. Are camel milk proteins convenient to the nutrition of cow milk allergic children? Small Rumin. Res., 82: 1-6 [4] El-Agamy, E. I. 2006. Camel milk. In Y. W. Park & G. F. Haenlein (Eds.), Handbook of milk of non-bovine mammals. Oxford: Blackwell. Retrieved from http://samples.Sainsburysebooks. co.uk/9780470999721_sample_386290.pdf. [5] Hashim, I. B., Khalil, A. H., & Habib, H. 2009. Quality and acceptability of a set-type yogurt made from camel milk. Journal of Dairy Science, 92(3), 857-862.PMid:19233778. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/ jds.2008-1408 [6] Konuspayeva, G., Faye, B., & Loiseau, G. 2011. Variability of vitamin C content in camel milk from Kazakhstan. Journal of Camelid Science, 4, 63-69. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Bernard_Faye/publication/266178544_Variability_of_vitamin_C_conte nt_in_camel_milk_from_Kazakhstan/links/542c224c0cf277d58e8af075.pdf [7] Ahmed, A. A.-H., Galal-Sayed, R., & Sayed, M. (2014). Nutritional value and sanitary evaluation of raw camel’s milk. Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture, 26(4), 317 326.Retrievedfromhttp://search.proquest.com/openview/882d6c2af5b8dd2fe61910207b 090/1?pqorigsite=gscholar. [8] Ali, M.S. and Majid, A.A. Productive and reproductive characters of camels raised in Butana area in eastern Sudan. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference on camels. 10 – 12 May, 2006. Qassim, Saudi Arabia. 2006. pp. 2339 – 2348. [9] Saint-Martin, G.; Delmet, C.; Zubeir, A. R. Y.; Peyre, de Fabriques, B.; Harbi, M. S. M. A.; Bagadi, H. O. (1992). Camel Project of Butana : Final Report. Maison Alfort, France, IEMVT. pp. 128. [10] Agab, H. (1993). Epidemiology of Camel Diseases in Eastern Sudan with Emphasis on Brucellosis. M.V.Sc. Thesis. University of Khartoum. PP. 172. [11] Abbas, B.; Chabeuf, N.; Saint-Martin, G.; Bonnet, P.; Maillaird, A.; Beshir, H. and Musa, B. E 1992. Camel pastoralism in the Butana and north eastern Sudan: an interdisciplinary study. Nomadic Peoples. 31: 64 – 84. [12] Sawaya,. W.N., J.K. Khalil, A. Al-Shalhat and H. Al-Mohammad. 1984. Chemical Composition and Nutritional Quality of Camel Milk. J. Food Sci. 49 (3):744-747.Sci.75:3155-3157. [13] Abdelgadir., M. M., Faye. B and S. E. Al-Mutairi. 2013. Seasonal and physiological variation of gross composition of camel milk in Saudi Arabia. Emir. J. Food Agric. 2013. 25 (8): 618-624 doi: 10.9755/ejfa.v25i8.16095 http://www.ejfa.info/. [14] Guler Z. 2007. Levels of 24 minerals in local goat milk, its strained yoghurt and salted yoghurt (tuzlu yogurt). Small Rumin. Res. 71,130-137. [15] Alwan, O. A., Igwegbe, A. O., & Ahmad, A. A. 2014. Effects of rearing conditions on the proximate composition of Libyan Maghrebi Camels’ (Camelus Dromedarius) milk. Internation Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 4(8), 1-6. [16] El Zubeir, I.E.M., Nour, E.M. 2006. Studies on some camel management practices and constrains in pre- urban areas of Khartoum State, Sudan. International Journal of Dairy Science,1: 104- 112. [17] Biye C., Michael J. and Lewis Alistair S. 2014. Effect of seasonal variation on the composition and properties of raw milk destined for processing in the UK. Food Chem. 158,216-223. Chemists, Gaithersburg, MD. [18] Rao A. and Mishra S. 2010. An assessment of the nutritional profile of milk in different seasons and locations in Varanasi through modern laboratory techniques. Indian J. Prev. Soc. Med. 41,237-239.

298


EFFECT OF LEMON JUICE ON PERFORMANCE, EGG QUALITY TRAIT, AND SOME BLOOD PARAMETERS IN LAYING HENS. **ISMAIL BAYRAM, *E. EREN GÜLTEPE, *CANGIR UYARLAR, *AAMIR IQBAL, *ÜMIT ÖZÇINAR, *I.SADI ÇETINGÜL *Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey. * Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT This study was carried out to investigate the effects of lemon juice on egg production, egg quality and some blood parameters in the laying hens. A total of 120 Babcock white laying hens (55 weeks old) were divided into 5 groups (n=24) with 4 subgroups in each (n=6). Fresh lemon juice was added to the drinking water to experimental groups, 0%, 0.25%, 1%, 2.5% and 5% respectively during 4 weeks. Production parameters such as egg production, feed consumption, egg weight, egg mass and Feed conversion ratio (FCR) were determined after every week. Egg trait analyses were conducted at mid and end of the study and also at the end of study blood samples were collected. Results revealed that lemon juice groups has higher egg yield than control group (P