IBEROAMERICAN ADVANCES IN RESEARCH ON EXERCISE AND HEALTH
IBEROAMERICAN ADVANCES IN RESEARCH ON EXERCISE AND HEALTH Ordóñez FJ Rosety I Fornieles G García-Gómez N Rosety-Rodríguez M
Pérez SEA Gobatto C Camacho-Molina A Rosety MA Díaz Ordólez AJ
Primera edición: marzo 2011 Edita: Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Cádiz C/ Doctor Marañón, 3 - 11002 Cádiz (España) www.uca.es/publicaciones
[email protected] © Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Cádiz © De cada capítulo su autor ISBN: 978-84-9828-336-5 Depósito legal: Imprime: Publigades Mod. 62110 «Cualquier forma de reproducción, distribución, comunicación pública o transformación de esta obra sólo puede ser realizada con la autorización de sus titulares, salvo excepción prevista por la ley. Diríjase a CEDRO (Centro Español de Derechos Reprográficos, www.cedro.org) si necesita fotocopiar o escanear algún fragmento de esta obra»
PRÓLOGO Estadística Básica con R Y R-Commander
INDEX Prologue .....................................................................................................................
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EFFECTS OF RESISTANCE TRAINING ON POST-MENOPAUSAL WOMEN: A PROJECT by Perez SEA, Prestes J, Shiguemoto GE ............................................
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EFFECT OF CALORIC RESTRICTION AND AEROBIC EXERCISE ON THE CELULAR IMMUNE RESPONSE OF THE INTESTINAL MUCOUS IN MICE by Lara-Padilla E, Berral FJ, Campos-Rodríguez R, Jarillo-Luna A, López-Lluch G, Plácido Navas P .........................................................................................................
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EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY APPLIED TO EXPERIMENTAL MODELS IN RODENTS by Gobatto C, Mello MA, Manchado-Gobatto F, Araujo G ..........................................
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DESIGN AND APPLICATION OF TRAINING PROGRAMS TO REDUCE OXIDATIVE DAMAGE IN DOWN SYNDROME: AN UPDATE by Ordóñez FJ, Rosety I, Rosety MA, Fornieles G, Díaz-Ordóñez A, García-Gómez N, Rosety-Rodríguez M, Camacho A
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CIRCUIT RESISTANCE TRAINING EXERCISES IN SEDENTARY ADULT WOMEN: AN INCREASE IN FREE FAT MASS AND A REDUCTION IN FAT MASS WITHOUT CHANGING INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES RESPONSE by Ferreira FC, Perez SEA .........................................................................................
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BODY COMPOSITION, HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS: THE ESCCOLA STUDY. AN EXPERIENCE IN YOUNG SPANISH POPULATION by Alvero-Cruz JR, Alvarez-Carnero E, Fernández García JC, Barrera-Expósito J ...............................
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INTERMITTENT AND CONTINUOUS PHYSICAL TRAINING MODELS IN RATS by Araujo G, Gobatto C, Papoti M, Manchado-Gobatto F ...............................................
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AN 8-WEEK TRAINING PROGRAM ATTENUATED MITOCHONDRIAL OXIDATIVE STRESS IN THE LIVER OF PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESSED RATS by Rosety I, Rosety MA, Fornieles G, Camacho-Molina A, Rosety JM, Ordóñez FJ, Rosety-Rodríguez M , García-Gómez N, Díaz-Ordóñez A. ........................................
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CANCER MODULATION BY PHYSICAL ACTIVITY: AN ANIMAL-TUMOR MODEL by Demarzo MMP, García SB, Perez SEA ......................................................................
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EFFECTS OF SIMULATING SURFBOARD PADDLING ON DYNAMIC POSTURAL CONTROL by Camps A, Arroyo-García P, Rosety MA...............................................
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MATRIX METALLOPEPTIDASE, JUMPING AND ANABOLIC ANDROGENIC STEROIDS IN MUSCLE AND TENDONS by Marqueti RC, Selistre-Araujo HS, Perez SEA ..................................................................................................................
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A MIXED PROTOCOL BASED ON FASTING EXERCISE AND SUPPLEMENTATION INCREASED ANTIOXIDANT SYSTEM IN HIGH-PERFORMANCE ATHLETES WITH MENTAL RETARDATION by Rosety MA, Rosety I, Ordóñez FJ, Fornieles G, Díaz-Ordóñez A, Rosety-Rodríguez M, Camacho-Molina A, García-Gómez N, Rosety M. ................................................................................................................... 107 CHANGES IN HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN EXPRESION IN RAT SKELETAL MUSCLE IN RESPONSE TO A SINGLE BOUT OF INCREMENTAL TREADMILL EXERCISE by Verlengia R, Gomes-Araujo G, Domínguez-Tarso SP, Newsholme P....................
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REGULAR EXERCISE AS A HEALTHY TOOL TO REDUCE ACUTE PHASE PROTEINS IN WOMEN WITH METABOLIC SYNDROME by Rosety-Rodríguez M, Rosety MA, Camacho-Molina A, Rosety JM, Ordóñez FJ, Rosety- M, García-Gómez N, Díaz-Ordóñez A, Fornieles G.. ................................................................................... 121 USE OF ANTIOXIDANT SUPPLEMENTATION IN THE RECOVERY OF HIGH PERFORMANCE CYCLISTS by Arroyo-García P , Camps A, Rosety MA... .............
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THE PHYSIOLOGY APPLIED TO HIGH PERFORMANCE SWIMMING: THE ANAEROBIC AND AEROBIC EVALUATION by Gobatto C, Papoti M, Martins L, Cunha S... ..................................................................................................
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A 12-WEEK AEROBIC TRAINING PROTOCOL IMPROVED ANTIOXIDANT STATUS IN WOMEN WITH DOWN SYNDROME by Díaz-Ordóñez A, Rosety I, Camacho-Molina A, Rosety-Rodríguez M , Ordóñez FJ , Fornieles G ,García-Gómez N, Rosety MA ............................... 145
PROLOGUE It is generally accepted that an increasing interest in research on exercise and health is growing up. In fact, a search on a specialized publication and freely accessible database such as PubMed from MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) for two keywords Exercise and Health provides close to 49.000 articles. Fortunately many research groups that publish their results in specialized and highimpact journals are located in Ibero-American countries such us Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Portugal and Spain. In this context I was honored as Chairman of the last International Workshop that was held at Cadiz University (Spain) in 2010. Further, at the present moment I am pleased to write a brief prologue for the book entitled Iberoamerican Advances in Research on Exercise and Health. I completely agree with the books thesis that we live in an increasingly integrated and interlinked world. I honestly think research benefits enormously from our interactions with other world leading groups. In addition, authors have adopted many interesting and pragmatic approaches to keep readers motivated throughout the whole text. Not only for the knowledge they have given, but also the new ways of analysis and thinking about this issue. It allows readers the opportunity to explore the possibilities for future employment and potential research in the area. For the reasons already mentioned I consider the present book would be a very useful resource for both researchers and professionals of Sports Medicine, Exercise Science, Physiotherapy, among others, when dealing with the concept of health promotion by exercise.
Prof. F A Macias PhD Full Professor Vice-President for Research Cadiz University (Cadiz, Spain).
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CHAPTER 9 CANCER MODULATION BY PHYSICAL ACTIVITY: AN ANIMAL-TUMOR MODEL
CANCER MODULATION BY PHYSICAL ACTIVITY: AN ANIMALTUMOR MODEL Demarzo MMP1, García SB2, Pérez SEA3 1
Department of Medicine, Federal University of Sao Carlos, Sao Carlos-SP, Brazil; 2Department of Pathology, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto-SP, Brazil; 3Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Sao Carlos, Sao Carlos-SP, Brazil Corresponding author: Demarzo MMP. E-mail:
[email protected]
1. CANCER AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY: AN OVERVIEW Carcinogenesis is a complex process and is best characterized as an accumulation of alterations in genes regulating cellular homeostasis, such as oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, apoptosis regulating genes, and DNA repair genes1. The whole process can be divided into three main stages: initiation, promotion, and progression2,3. Tumor initiation begins when the DNA is damaged by exposure to carcinogens. The tumor promotion stage is characterized by selective clonal expansion of the initiated cells, a result of the altered expression of genes whose products are associated with hyperproliferation, tissue remodeling, and inflammation. During tumor progression, preneoplastic cells develop into tumors through a process of clonal expansion that is facilitated by progressive genomic instability and altered gene expression1. In 2008 more than 10 million people worldwide are expected to be diagnosed with cancer. Only 510% of all cancer cases can be attributed to genetic defects, whereas the remaining 9095% has their roots in the environment and the lifestyle. The lifestyle factors include cigarette smoking, diet, alcohol, sun exposure, infections, stress, obesity, and physical inactivity4. The first findings that physical activity (PA) may be preventive against the cancer disease have been dated since 19225,6. Since these reports several reviews and epidemiological studies have demonstrated the relation between PA and different site-specific cancers7. However, the amount of PA needed to be protective remains unknown8,9. Among the cancer prevention epidemiologic studies the best evidence for a protective influence of PA exists for the colorectal cancer (CRC)8, 10, 11, 12, which is reduced by 4050% among the most active individuals, compared with the least active. CRC is the second leading cause of cancer death in the United States, with more than 56,000 deaths from the disease in 2005. The available evidence suggests that the population attributable risk of physical inactivity for CRC is 1314%. This is of the same order as the population attributable risks due to a western eating pattern and considerably greater than the risk due to a family history of bowel cancer13. Mechanisms by which PA may protect against CRC or improve disease prognosis include gastrointestinal transit-time, chronic inflammation, immune function, insulin levels, insulin-like growth factors, genetics and obesity4, 14.
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The evidence for a protective role of PA against breast cancer is classified as convincing15 and the reported reduction in the risk was on average 30-40%. The relation between PA and prostate cancer risk was classified as probable15 and the overall risk reduction averaging 10 30%. The lung risk reduction was observed for both men and women classified as moderate to vigorous active and the evidence is classified as possible15. The other cancer site with possible evidence for decreased risk is endometrial cancer with average risk reduction about 30 40%15. Some preliminary evidence that PA may also has a preventive role against other sites specific cancer (testicular, ovarian, kidney, pancreatic, thyroid and melanoma) exist, however the evidence remains insufficient8,15. Cancer is considered to be a chronic disease and physical training seems to be essential in its rehabilitation. PA can improve the quality of life, decreases physical and functional problems and fatigue, and reduces the risk of cancer recurrence and mortality among cancer survivors16,17. PA can also mitigate physical side effects that occur during cancer treatment, such as anaemia, pain, nausea, vomiting, sleep disorders, decreased oxygen uptake and reduced muscle strength. The optimal intervention modality, intensity, timing and duration are still unknown, despite the fact that there is growing evidence for the positive effects of physical training16,17. Although it has been well established that PA has a protective effect on cancer incidence and an essential role in cancer rehabilitation, there is experimental evidence that exhaustive exercise may increase cancer risk18. Exhaustive exercise increases DNA oxidative damage19 and depresses immune function20, both effects have also been related to increased risk for cancer development20, 21, 22. Nevertheless, the effects of exhaustive physical exercise on cancer have been poorly studied and discussed14. Understanding the mechanisms that link PA with cancer is useful for several reasons: to identify plausible mechanisms and associations between PA and cancer; to provide evidence for implementing interventions on individual, clinical and public-health levels; to define prescriptions for people without and with cancer; and to identify new clues to cancer biology, which might help in designing other cancer prevention and treatment modalities9. The effects of PA on carcinogenesis are likely to be multifactor and might be affected by many factors, such as age, gender and adiposity, type, duration, frequency and intensity of PA9. PA may alter tumor initiation events by modifying carcinogen activation, specifically by enhancing the cytochrome P450 system and selective enzymes in the carcinogen detoxification pathway, and by reducing oxidative damage through increasing a variety of anti-oxidant enzymes, enhancing the DNA and protein repair systems. In addition, exercise may also exert a cancer-preventive effect by dampening the processes involved in the promotion and progression stages of carcinogenesis, including scavenging reactive oxygen species, altering cell proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation, decreasing inflammation, enhancing immune
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CHAPTER 9 CANCER MODULATION BY PHYSICAL ACTIVITY: AN ANIMAL-TUMOR MODEL
function, and suppressing angiogenesis7. Also, several mechanisms may act through the effects of PA on obesity, with resulting changes to circulating adipokines and cytokines, insulin resistance and blood insulin levels, and sex hormone production9. 2. COLON CANCER AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY: AN ANIMAL-TUMOR MODEL Because of the complexity and heterogeneity of activity in people, animal models for carcinogenesis and PA present the opportunity to study the amounts and types of PA that influence carcinogenesis in controlled environments. Measures of fitness that can be assessed in animal studies include aerobic capacity, lactate load, heart rate and enzyme activities23. The largest number of experimental animal studies on PA and cancer has been done with chemically induced tumors. Dimethyl-hydrazine (DMH) is an indirect chemical colon carcinogen and its administration to rats results in DNA methylation of colonic epithelial cells. DMH-tumor model is possible a useful approach for studying the influence of exercise during the initiation and post initiation period, and have already contributed to the current understanding of colon carcinogenesis24. Andrianopoulos et al. (1987)25 injected Sprague Dawley rats accessed running wheels with DMH. The total number of tumors was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in the physically active rats. The aberrant crypt foci (ACF), first described by Bird (1987)26, have long been postulated to be precursor lesions which develop into CRC. ACF assays have been extensively used for detection of factors that early influence colorectal carcinogenesis and can be induced in rats by DMH. Fuku et al. (2007)27 have observed that the treadmillrunning training was associated to a reduction in the numbers of ACF in the colon of rats treated with DMH. Furthermore, Demarzo & Garcia (2004)18 reported that a single bout of exhaustive exercise significantly increased the number of the ACF in untrained rats treated with DMH, when compared to the control group animals. The groups were given injections of DMH immediately after the exercise group had been submitted to exhaustive exercise by swimming28, and fifteen days after neoplasic induction rats were sacrificed. The authors hypothesized that, similarly to the suggested relationship between exercise and infections29, PA could be protective against cancer or it could increase the risk for this disease depending on its type, dose and duration18. In 2005, Demarzo et al.30 studied at the same time either a single exhaustive swimming bout28 or a swimming physical training for 8 weeks31, or both, in rats treated with DMH. They observed (graphic 1) a statistically significant (PI, III
