8th International Congress of Hymenopterists
20-25 July 2014 Cusco, Peru
8th International Congress of Hymenopterists 20-25 July 2014, Cusco Peru
Eighth International Congress of Hymenopterists 20-25 July 2014
Programme and Abstracts List of Participants
Editor: Angélico Asenjo
Cusco PERU
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8th International Congress of Hymenopterists 20-25 July 2014, Cusco Peru
Organizing Committee Frank Azorsa Chair, local Organizing Committee. (CEBIO), Lima, Peru Angelico Asenjo Local Organizing Committee. (CEBIO), Lima, Peru Eric Yabar Local Organizing Committee. UNSAAC, Cusco, Peru John Heraty ISH President. University of California Riverside, CA, USA Jim Whitfield ISH President-Elect. University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA Lars Krogmann ISH Secretary, Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde, Stuttgart, Germany Michael Sharkey ISH Past President, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA Katja Seltmann American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY Marcel Hermes Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brasil Javier Torréns CRILAR (CONICET), Anillaco, La Rioja, Argentina George Melika National Food Chain Safety Office, Budapest, Hungary Ralph Peters Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany
Scientific Committee Marcel Hermes (chair), Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brasil George Melika, National Food Chain Safety Office, Budapest, Hungary Javier Torréns, CRILAR (CONICET), Anillaco, La Rioja, Argentina Ralph Peters, Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany John Heraty, ISH President. University of California Riverside, CA, USA Jim Whitfield, ISH President-Elect. University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA Lars Krogmann, ISH Secretary, Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde, Stuttgart, Germany Note: This publication is not intended to form part of the permanent scientific record; it is therefore not a valid publication for the purposes of biological nomenclature.
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8th International Congress of Hymenopterists 20-25 July 2014, Cusco Peru
Table of Contents Programme ................................................................................................................................. 10 List of Posters.............................................................................................................................. 18 Session I ................................................................................................................................. 19 Session II ............................................................................................................................... 20 Session III .............................................................................................................................. 21 Session IV .............................................................................................................................. 22 Session V ............................................................................................................................... 23 Abstracts of Papers .................................................................................................................... 25 Morphology and Taxonomy ................................................................................................... 26 Fossil Hymenoptera ............................................................................................................... 32 Systematics and Biogeography .............................................................................................. 36 Ecology and Bionomics ......................................................................................................... 50 Phylogenomics and Molecular Biology ................................................................................. 60 Biological Control ................................................................................................................. 66 Publishing and Hymenoptera Collection ............................................................................... 69 Ant Parasitoid ........................................................................................................................ 72 Conference ............................................................................................................................. 77 Abstracts of Posters ................................................................................................................... 79 Session I ................................................................................................................................. 79 Session II ............................................................................................................................... 88 Session III ............................................................................................................................ 100 Session IV ............................................................................................................................ 111 Session V ............................................................................................................................. 123 Participants ............................................................................................................................... 132 Index .......................................................................................................................................... 136
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8th International Congress of Hymenopterists 20-25 July 2014, Cusco Peru
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8th International Congress of Hymenopterists 20-25 July 2014, Cusco Peru
The International Society of Hymenopterists The Society was organized in 1982 and incorporated in 1991. On December 2, 1982, at the Entomological Society of America meetings in Toronto, Canada, a large group of hymenopterists met to discuss formation of an organization devoted to the study of all aspects of Hymenoptera. From that embryonic meeting emerged The International Society of Hymenopterists. In 1990, an editorial board, composed of Arnold Menke, John Huber, Mark Shaw and David Rosen, was elected to search for an editor and in 1991 David R. Smith was selected. The first issue was published in August 1992. In 1991, the Society held a contest to create a logo (cover page). The winning design was submitted by Michael Prentice. Distinguished Research Medal Awardee 2014 John Noyes Department of Entomology The Natural History Museum London, England Hymenoptera Society Congress Student Travel Award Recipients Rebecca Kittel, University of Adelaide Petr Janšta, Charles University, Czech Republic Crystal McEwen, University of Maryland, USA Bernardo Santos, American Museum of Natural History, USA Erika Tucker, University of Kentucky, USA Mabel Alvarado, University of Kansas, USA Candice Owen, Rhodes University, South Africa Meeting Sponsors Bioquip Bugdorms CSIRO Publishing Entomological Society of America Ento-Sphinx Pensoft Publishing Princeton University Press Executive Committee President John Heraty President-Elect Jim Whitfield Past President Mike Sharkey Editor Stefan Schmidt Secretary Lars Krogmann Treasurer Craig Brabant Archivist and Webmaster Katja Seltmann
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8th International Congress of Hymenopterists 20-25 July 2014, Cusco Peru
Cusco city PERU
Congress venue Hotel Jose Antonio-Cusco Av. Pardo Nº 1080 Cusco, Peru Phone: (51)(84) 239030 E-mail:
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]
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8th International Congress of Hymenopterists 20-25 July 2014, Cusco Peru
Programme per days
ORGANIZERS
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8th International Congress of Hymenopterists 20-25 July 2014, Cusco Peru
PROGRAM
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8th International Congress of Hymenopterists 20-25 July 2014, Cusco Peru Programme (Presenter in bold) Sunday 20 July 2014 Arriving and Registration 16:00 – 17:00 Rebecca Kittel -- Student Meeting 16:00 – 18:00 Registration Monday 21 July 2014 8:00 – 8:30
Registration
8:30 – 9:00
Dean of Research Gladys Georgina Concha Flores from Cusco University and John Heraty - Welcome and opening
Symposium I. Morphology and Taxonomy 9:00 – 10:15 Chair: Andrew Polaszek 9:00
Gurpegui, M., Andrew Polaszek – An interactive identification key for all extant families of Hymenoptera ................................................................................... 26
9:15
Marko Prous, Blank, S.M., Goulet, H., Heibo, E., Liston, A., Malm, T., Nyman, T., Schmidt, S., Smith, D.R., Vårdal, H., Viitasaari, M., Vikberg, V., Taeger, A. – The genera of Nematinae (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae) ............................... 26
9:30
George Japoshvili, Higashiura, Y. – Revision of encyrtids (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) recorded from Japan ...................................................................... 27
9:45
Mircea-Dan Mitroiu – Revision of the Afrotropical species of Norbanus Walker (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) ........................................................................... 27
10:00
Michael Sharkey – Faunal taxonomic revisions: a description of the process now and a peek into the future .................................................................................. 28
10:15 – 10:45 Coffee Break 10:45 – 12:00 Chair: Celso Azevedo 10:45
John Huber – Wings of Mymaridae: structure and diversity ........................... 28
11:00
Ovidiu Popovici, Masner, L., Vilhelmsen, L., Mikó, I., Johnson, N. – Maxillolabial complex in scelionids (Hymenoptera: Platygastroidea): morphology and phylogenetic implications ................................................................................. 28
11:15
Mabel Alvarado (S) – Revision of the South American wasp genus Alophophion Cushman, 1947 (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Ophioninae) ......................... 29
11:30
Celso Azevedo, Alencar, I.D.C.C., Barbosa, D.N., Ramos, M.S., Vargas, R.J.M., Kawada, R. – Global guide to the genera of flatwasps Bethylidae ................... 30
11:45
Crystal McEwen (S) – Progress in the revision of Disholcaspis Dalla Torre and Kieffer ............................................................................................................... 30
12:00 – 13:30 Lunch Symposium II. Fossil Hymenoptera 13:30 – 14:45 Chair: Lars Krogmann 13:30
Thomas van de Kamp, Santos Rolo, T. dos, Krogmann, L., Quicke, D., Baumbach, T. – Synchrotron X-ray microtomography of fossil Hymenoptera .32 11
8th International Congress of Hymenopterists 20-25 July 2014, Cusco Peru 13:45
Thomas, M.J., James Whitfield, Heads, S.W. – Hymenoptera inclusions in the Milton Sanderson collection of Dominican Amber: diversity and access ........ 32
14:00
Mei Wang, Shih, C., Ren, D. – Research on fossil Pamphiloidea in the Mesozoic of China ............................................................................................................. 33
14:15
Lars Krogmann, Burks, R.A., Heraty, J.M. – The fossil history of Chalcidoidea ............................................................................................................................ 34
14:30
Chungkun Shih, Li, L., Shi, X., Ren, D. – Apocritans played important roles in the middle Mesozoic ecosystems of northeastern China .................................. 34
14:45 – 15:15 Coffee Break Symposium III. Systematics and Biogeography 15:15 – 17:15 Chair: Lars Vilhelmsen 15:15
Lars Vilhelmsen, Blank, S.M., Costa, V.A., Alvarenga, T.M., Smith, D.R., Zimmermann, D. – Orussidae updates: new species and new dates ................. 36
15:30
James Woolley, Hopper, K., Shirley X., Kuhn, K. – Phylogenetic structure of Aphelinus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) confirmed by phylogenomics: implications for evolution of courtship and oviposition behavior .................... 36
15:45
Gary Gibson – Phylogenetics of Eupelmidae — morphology, molecules and fossils ................................................................................................................. 37
16:00
Petr Janšta (S), Cruaud, A., Delvare, G., Heraty, J., Krogmann, L., Křížková, B., Rasplus, J.-Y. – Molecular phylogeny and evolution of the family Torymidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) – are Torymidae really monophyletic? ............. 37
16:15
Dominique Zimmermann, Vilhelmsen, L. – Does the head anatomy of Evanioidea clarify the phylogenetic placement of aculeate wasps? ................. 38
16:30
Mattias Forshage, Baião, G.C. – An example of a morphological character cluster: the “chrestosemiform facies” in eucoilines (Cynipoidea: Figitidae) .... 38
16:45
Rikio Matsumoto – Phylogeny and reclassification of the Polysphincta group of genera (Ichneumonidae; Pimplinae), with reference to host association and host manipulation ...................................................................................................... 39
17:00
Terry Reynolds (S), Matthee, C.M., van Noort, S. – Systematics of the banchine parasitoid wasps (Ichneumonidae) in the Afrotropical region .......................... 40
17:15
Poster Session I
19:30
Welcome Reception
Tuesday 22 July 2014 Symposium III (continued). Systematics and Biogeography 9:00 – 10:15
Chair: Bernardo Santos
9:00
Barbara Sharanowski – Revision of the World genera of Helconinae (Braconidae) ...................................................................................................... 40
9:15
Andrew Bennett, Cardinal, S., Gauld, I., Wahl, D. – Morphological and molecular phylogeny of the subfamilies of Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera) ..................... 40
9:30
Bernardo Santos (S) – On the road to a total evidence phylogeny of cryptine wasps (Ichneumonidae, Cryptinae, Cryptini) .................................................... 41
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8th International Congress of Hymenopterists 20-25 July 2014, Cusco Peru 9:45
Rebecca Kittel (S), Klopfstein, S., Austin, A.D. – Phylogenetics and biogeography of chelonine parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) based on a fossil calibrated multigene analysis ............................................................................ 41
10:00
Alejandro Zaldívar-Riverón, Martínez, J.J., Belokobylskij, S.A., Pedraza-Lara, C., Shaw, S.R., Hanson, P.E. – Systematics and evolution of gall formation in the plant-associated genera of the wasp subfamily Doryctinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) ....................................................................................................... 42
10:15 – 10:45 Coffee Break 10:45 – 12:00 Chair: Rebecca Kittel 10:45
Carly Tribull (S) – Chasing flat wasps across the globe: a molecular phylogeny of the problematic genus Epyris (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) ........................... 43
11:00
Nunes, R.R.A., Celso Azevedo, Fagundes, V. – One-century gap: molecular phylogeny recovers Kieffer’s classification of flatwasps (Bethylidae) ............. 43
11:15
Eduardo Santos – Cladistic analysis of Ceropalinae (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae), with emphasis on phylogenetic relationships of the subgenera of Ceropales Latreille ............................................................................................................. 44
11:30
Denis Brothers, Lelej, A.S. – Phylogeny and higher classification of Mutillidae: refined re-evaluation based on morphology ...................................................... 45
11:45
Marcel Hermes, Garcete-Barrett, B.R. – Exoskeleton uncharted: new insights into potter wasp morphology and phylogeny (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae) ............................................................................................................................ 45
12:00 – 13:30 Lunch 13:30 – 15:15 Chair: James Carpenter 13:30
James Carpenter – Molecular data support tribal reclassification of potter wasps (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae) .............................................................. 46
13:45
Patrick Piekarski (S), Longair, R., Rogers, S. – Monophyly of eusocial wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae): molecules and morphology tell opposing histories ............................................................................................................................ 46
14:00
Adrien Perrard, Lopez-Osorio, F., Carpenter, J.M. – Evolution of yellowjackets and hornets (Vespidae: Vespinae) and the use of wing morphometrics in phylogenetics ..................................................................................................... 47
14:15
Rodolpho Menezes, Brady, S.G., Carvalho, A.F., Del Lama, M.A., Costa, M.A. – Molecular phylogeny of the Neotropical swarm-founding wasp genus Synoeca de Saussure, 1852 (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Polistinae) .................................. 48
14:30
Gabriel Melo – Systematics and biogeography of the stingless bee genus Melipona (Hymenoptera, Apidae) ..................................................................... 48
14:45
Canevazzi, N., Fernando Noll – Cladistic analysis of self-grooming indicates a single origin of eusociality in corbiculate bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) .......... 49
15:00
Sophie Cardinal, Buchmann, S.L. – Evolution of buzz pollination inferred from a multi-gene molecular phylogeny of bees ....................................................... 49
15:15 – 15:45 Coffee Break
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8th International Congress of Hymenopterists 20-25 July 2014, Cusco Peru Symposium IV. Ecology and Bionomics 15:45 – 17:30 Chair: Krista Ryall 15:45
Angélica Cifuentes, Zaldívar-Riverón, A. – Trophic associations and characterization of hymenopterans associated with galls of Coccoloba barbadiensis (Polygonaceae) in a Mexican tropical deciduous forest .............. 50
16:00
Krista Ryall, Fahrig, L. – Effects of forest habitat loss on parasitoid-host interactions ........................................................................................................ 50
16:15
Eduardo Shimbori (S), Penteado-Dias, A.M. – Host-parasitoid food web in a fragmented landscape in Brazil ......................................................................... 51
16:30
Laszlo Zoltán, László, R., Béla, T. – Habitat networks and parasitoid webs: a landscape scale approach .................................................................................. 52
16:45
Marina Mazón, Gutiérrez, N., Juan, A., Bordera, S. – Structural complexity of vegetation and Ichneumonidae diversity ........................................................... 53
17:00
Romero, E., Carlos Pinilla-Cruz, Cure-Hakim, J., Riaño-Jimenez, D., Padilla, S., Aguilar-Benavidez, L. – Developing a field scenario for the study and rearing of the native bumblebee Bombus atratus in Colombia (Hymenoptera: Apidae) ............................................................................................................................ 53
17:15
Heisler Méndez (S), Tomazella, V.B., Silveira, L.C.P. – The influence of a vegetational corridor on the diversity and abundance of parasitoids (Insecta: Hymenoptera) within a sugar cane agroecosystem ........................................... 54
17:30
Poster Session II
Wednesday 23 July 2014 Symposium IV (continued). Ecology and Bionomics 9:00 – 10:30
Chair: Gavin Broad
9:00
Gavin Broad – Detecting change in parasitoid faunas; advantages and disadvantages of nocturnal Ichneumonoidea .................................................... 54
9:15
Keizo Takasuka, Yasui, T., Ishigami, T., Nakata, K., Matsumoto, R., Ikeda, K., Maeto, K. – A parasitoid larva evokes the resting web of a host spider with fibrous thread decoration as an amber light for flying insects ....................................... 55
9:30
Isrrael Gómez – Is Peruvian Amazonia the world´s hotspot for pimpliniform parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)? .................................................... 56
9:45
Rogério Silvestre, Demétrio, M.F., Trad, B.M., Lima, F.V.O., Auko, T.H., Souza, P.R. – Diversity and distribution of Aculeata (Hymenoptera) in mid-western Brazilian dry forests .......................................................................................... 56
10:00
Gláucya Figueiredo-Mecca (S), Paulino-Neto, H.F., Nascimento, F.S. – Protein variation in larval food of Melipona scutellaris ................................................ 57
10:15
Yara Roldão-Sbordoni (S), Gomes, G., Mateus, S., Nascimento, F.S. – Thermoregulatory capacity and the heat production in the nest of stingless bees Melipona scutellaris .......................................................................................... 58
10:30 – 11:00 Coffee Break
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8th International Congress of Hymenopterists 20-25 July 2014, Cusco Peru Symposium V. Phylogenomics and Molecular Biology 11:00 – 12:00 Chair: Seán Brady 11:00
Manuela Sann (S), Mayer, C., Donath, A., Peters, R.S., Niehuis, O., Bleidorn, C., Ohl, M. - A novel target enrichment strategy for phylogenomic analyses of sphecid wasps .................................................................................................... 60
11:15
Vladimir Gokhman – Chromosomal study of parasitoid Hymenoptera: past, present, and future ............................................................................................. 60
11:30
Robertson, H.M., Walden, K.K.O., Burke, G.R., Strand, M.R., James Whitfield, Feder, J.L., Wanner, K., Kapheim, K.M., Robinson, G.E. – Genome sequencing of diverse Hymenoptera at the University of Illinois ........................................ 61
11:45
Marco Gebiola, Streicher, J.W., Rugman-Jones, P.F., Morse, J.G., Stouthamer, R. – Impact of the traditional mass rearing process on genetic variation in Aphytis melinus, revealed by double digest RAD sequencing ....................................... 62
12:00 – 13:30 Lunch 13:30 – 14:30 Chair: Manda Jost 13:30
Miles Zhang (S), Sharanowski, B.J. – Resolving the Nearctic Peristenus pallipes (Braconidae: Euphorinae) complex using an integrative taxonomic approach ............................................................................................................ 63
13:45
Masato Ito, Watanabe, K., Maeto, K. – Molecular evidence resolves the confusion involving two ichneumonid species of Spilopteron (Hymenoptera) caused by marked geographical color variation ................................................................. 63
14:00
Toshiharu Mita, Matsumoto, Y., Sanada-Morimura, S., Matsumura, M. – Passive long-distance dispersal of wingless parasitoids in Asian rice paddy ................ 64
14:15
Manda Jost – Molecular determinants of prey choice in spider wasps (Pompilidae) ...................................................................................................... 65
Symposium VI. Biological Control 14:30 – 15:15 Chair: George Melika 14:30
George Melika, Matošević, D., Kos, K., Bosio, G., Kriston, É., Krizbai, L., Bozsó, M., Csóka, G., Pénzes, Zs., Quacchia, A. – Native parasitoid recruitment to chestnut gallwasp, Dryocosmus kuriphilus (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae), across Italy, Slovenia, Croatia and Hungary ................................................................ 66
14:45
Luís Cláudio Silveira, Silva, V.F., Santos, A.J.N., Tomazella, V.B. – Braconidae in diversified tropical agricultural systems ........................................................ 66
15:00
Vitor Tomazella (S), Proença, I.C.L., Méndez, H.A.G., Silveira, L.C.P. – Parasitic wasps of Brevicoryne brassicae in urban agriculture in Brazil ......................... 67
15:15 – 15:45 Coffee Break Symposium VII. Publishing and Hymenoptera Collection 15:45 – 16:45 Chair: Donat Agosti 15:45
Donat Agosti – From read to write access to legacy taxonomic treatments ..... 69
16:00
Lyubomir Penev – Resolving the publishing bottleneck for biodiversity: make your data count! ................................................................................................. 69
16:15
Kazuhiko Konishi, Takashino, K. – Efficient method to collect ant larvae parasitized by Eurypterna cremieri ................................................................... 70 15
8th International Congress of Hymenopterists 20-25 July 2014, Cusco Peru 16:30
Dave Karlsson – The Swedish Malaise trap project: an impossible craziness or a necessary challenge? ......................................................................................... 71
16:45
Poster Session III
Thursday 24 July 2014 All day excursion! Friday 25 July 2014 9:00 – 10:00
Seàn Brady – Conference: Applications of molecular phylogenetics and targeted capture phylogenomics to the systematics and evolution of aculeate Hymenoptera ..................................................................................................... 77
10:00 – 10:30 Coffee 10:30
Poster Session IV
10:30 – 12:15 ISH Business Meeting 12:15 – 13:30 Lunch Symposium VIII. Ant Parasitoids 13:30 – 14:50 Chair: John Heraty 13:30
John Heraty, Murray, E., Mottern, J. – Phylogenetics of Chalcidoidea and the evolution of ant parasitism ................................................................................ 72
13:50
Jason Mottern, Heraty, J.M. – The current state of the phylogenetics of the subfamily Oraseminae ....................................................................................... 72
14:05
Judith Herreid (S), Heraty, J.M. – Phoresy and the pilgrimage of the planidium: host access in a group of ant parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae) ........... 73
14:20
Javier Tórrens, Murray, E., Heraty, J.M. – Classification and biology of the subfamily Eucharitinae (Chalcidoidea: Eucharitidae) from Argentina ............. 73
14:35
Aymer Vásquez-Ordóñez (S) – Taxonomic review of eucharitid wasps (Chalcidoidea: Eucharitidae) of Colombia ........................................................ 74
14:50 – 15:20 Coffee Break 15:20 – 16:05 Chair: John Heraty 15:20
Laura Varone, Murray, E., Heraty, J.M. – Progress in understanding the interactions between fire ants and their eucharitid parasitoids: perspectives for biological control ............................................................................................... 74
15:35
Luis Calcaterra, Chifflet, L., Coulin, C., Confalonieri, V. – What is controlling the worst invasive ants in their native South America, if most of them have few/ no natural enemies? ........................................................................................... 75
15:50
Gabriela Pérez-Lachaud, Rocha, F.H., Lachaud, J.P. – Untangling ant-eucharitid interactions: an experimental approach ............................................................. 76
16:05
Poster Session V
19:00
Congress Banquet
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8th International Congress of Hymenopterists 20-25 July 2014, Cusco Peru
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8th International Congress of Hymenopterists 20-25 July 2014, Cusco Peru
LIST OF POSTERS
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8th International Congress of Hymenopterists 20-25 July 2014, Cusco Peru List of Posters (presenter in bold)
POSTER SESSION I Alpoim, S.L.T., Tavares, M.T. -- Revision of biannulata species group (Hymenoptera; Chalcididae, Conura) ....................................................................................................................... 79 Baur, H., Kranz-Baltensperger, Y., Cruaud, A., Rasplus, J.-Y., Timokhov, A.V., Gokhman, V.E. -- Morphometric Analysis and Taxonomic Revision of the Genus Anisopteromalus Ruschka (Hymenoptera, Pteromalidae) ....................................................................... 79 Brotto, T.R.A., Tavares, M.T. -- Is the exinaniens complex (Hymenoptera, Conura) monophyletic? The reevaluation of G. Delvare’s 1992 data based on New Technology Search ......... 80 Dias, B.Z.K., Tavares, M.T. -- Taxonomy of the maculipennis species group (Hymenoptera; Chalcididae: Conura) .................................................................................................. 81 Ferreira, W.D., Hermes, M.G. -- Taxonomy of the potter wasp genus Pirhosigma Giordani Soika (Vespidae, Eumeninae) ................................................................................................ 81 Gutiérrez, M.A., Rodríguez-Berrío, A., Bordera, S. -- Three new species and five new records of Brachycyrtus Kriechbaumer (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Brachycyrtinae) from Peru .............................................................................................................................. 82 Loffredo, A.P.S., Penteado-Dias, A.M. -- Taxonomic study of the tribe Pimplini (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae, Pimplinae) in areas of Atlantic Rain Forest in Southeast Brazil ....... 82 Mahlmann, T., Bartholomay, P.R., Fernandes, D.R.R., Oliveira, M.L. -- The types of Hymenoptera housed in the Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Brazil ........................... 83 Oliveira, L.A., Hermes, M.G. -- Revision of the Neotropical Pachyminixi Giordani Soika (Vespidae, Eumeninae) ................................................................................................ 84 Reiß, M., Ohl, M. -- Fast and Furious - Taxonomy and phylogeny of the sand wasp genus Microbembex (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae) ................................................................ 84 Rosa, B.B., Melo, G.A.R. -- The Neotropical Species of the Wasp Genus Psenulus Kohl (Hymenoptera, Crabronidae) ....................................................................................... 85 Somavilla, A., Oliveira, M.L. -- Social wasp fauna (Vespidae: Polistinae) of Central Amazon of Brazil ........................................................................................................................... 85 Somavilla, A., Schoeninger, K., Castro, D.G.D., Oliveira, M.L., Krug, C. -- Diversity of social wasps (Vespidae: Polistinae) in organic and conventional crops of guaraná (Paullinia cupana var. sorbilis (Mart.) Ducke) in the Brazilian Amazon .................................... 86 Torréns, J., Fidalgo, P., Brothers D.J. -- Review of Bradynobaenidae from South America .... 87 Tucker, E.M., Chapman, E.G., Sharkey, M.J. -- A phylogenetic analysis of Cremnops (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) incorporating the minibarcode region of COI ............... 87
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8th International Congress of Hymenopterists 20-25 July 2014, Cusco Peru POSTER SESSION II Bartholomay, P.R., Williams, K.A., Oliveira, M.L. -- Mutillidae (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea) of the Brazilian Amazon .................................................................................................. 88 Bartholomay, P.R., Somavilla, A., Mahlmann, T., Fernandes, D.R.R., Oliveira, M.L. -- Vespoidea and Spheciformes of the Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Brazil ......... 89 Carvalho, A.F., Menezes, R.S.T., Costa, M.A., Carnaval, A.C., Lama, M.A. del -- Spatial predictability of genetic diversity in the Neotropics using paper wasps (Vespidae: Polistinae) .................................................................................................................... 90 Cerântola, P.C.M., Penteado-Dias, A.M. -- Study of the Alysiinae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) at National Park of Itatiaia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil ................................................... 90 Dale-Skey, N. -- The BMNH Chalcidoidea collection ............................................................... 91 Ferreira, B.R.A., Azevedo, G.G. -- Occurrence of Pachodynerus gianelli Gribodo, 1891 (Vespidae: Eumeninae) at Oriental Amazonia, Maranhão – Brazil ............................................... 92 Gadelha, S.S., Nunes, J.F., Oliveira, M.L. -- Doryctinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) of the Brazilian Amazon ........................................................................................................ 92 Maia, U.M., Carvalho, A.T., Teixeira, J.S.G., Machado, C.A.S., Francoy, T.M., ImperatrizFonseca, V.L. -- Geometric Morphometrics of Populations of Plebeia aff. flavocincta in Northeast Brazil ........................................................................................................... 93 Martins, A.L., Cerântola, P.C.M., Camargo, L.F., Penteado-Dias, A.M. -- Geographical distribution and molecular characterization of Gnathopleura carinata (Szépligeti) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Alysiinae) from Southern Brazil .................................... 94 Penteado-Dias, A.M., Bortoni, M.A. -- First record of Adelius (Braconidae) in the Neotropical region with the description of four new species .......................................................... 95 Schoeninger, K., Oliveira, M.L. -- Eucharitidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) from the Brazilian Amazon ....................................................................................................................... 95 Silva, T.S.R., Brandão, C.R.F. -- Dacetini (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae) from the Atlantic Forest ............................................................................................................. 96 Solis, D.R., Fox, E.G.P. -- External morphology of the last instar larvae of two species of Odontomachus (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) ............................................................... 97 Solis, D.R., Fox, E.G.P., Rossi, M.L., Ceccato, M., Ramalho, M.O., Souza, R.F., Bueno, O.C. -- Developmental abnormalities in adult reproductives of Monomorium floricola (Hymenoptera, Formicidae): external morphology and some possible causative factors ...................................................................................................................................... 98 Solis, D.R., Rossi, M.L., Cônsoli, F.L. -- Embryonic development of Cotesia flavipes (Hymenoptera, Braconidae), a larval endoparasitoid of Diatraea saccharalis (Lepidoptera, Crambidae) ........................................................................................... 98 Trad, B.M., Auko, T.H., Silvestre, R. -- The Spheciform wasp collection (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) from Museu da Biodiversidade/UFGD, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil ......................... 99 20
8th International Congress of Hymenopterists 20-25 July 2014, Cusco Peru POSTER SESSION III Auko, T.H., Trad, B.M., Silvestre, R. -- Five associations of parasitoids with Eumeninae wasps (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) from Mid-Western Brazil ................................................. 100 Freiria, G.A., Oi, C.A., Souza, R.O., Garófalo, C.A., Lama, M.A. del -- Sociogenetic structure of nests of Euglossini (Hymenoptera: Apidae) determined through microsatellite DNA analysis ...................................................................................................................... 100 Freiria, G.A., Sazan, M.S., Lama, M.A. del, Garófalo, C.A. -- Use of trap-nests by Euglossa species (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Euglossini) .............................................................. 101 Gebiola, M., Kelly, S., Giorgini, M., Hunter, M.S. -- Cytological mechanism of Cardinium-induced cytoplasmic incompatibility in Encarsia pergandiella (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae): preliminary results ..................................................................................................... 102 Gokhman, V.E. -- A preliminary karyotypic study of Belonocnema treatae Mayr (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae) ................................................................................................................. 103 Lara, R.I.R., Perioto, N.W., Casado, T.C. -- Survey of Pelecinus polyturator (Drury) (Hymenoptera, Pelecinidae) in the Atlantic Rainforest of São Paulo State, Brazil ............................ 103 Melo, I.F., Camargo, L.F., Penteado-Dias, A.M. -- Using DNA barcodes to identify Eiphosoma laphygmae Costa Lima, 1953 .................................................................................... 104 Mitroiu, M., Fusu, L., Popovici, O.A., Dascalu, M.M. -- Towards an integrative taxonomy of the parasitoids of synanthropic flies ................................................................................ 105 Onody, H.C., Penteado-Dias, A.M. -- Preliminary DNA barcoding and morphological identification of Brazilian species of Anomalon (Ichneumonidae, Anomaloninae) .. 105 Perioto, N.W., Lara, R.I.R., Fernandes, D.R.R. -- Survey of Monomachus Klug (Hymenoptera, Monomachidae) in the Atlantic Rainforest in São Paulo State, Brazil ..................... 106 Perioto, N.W., Paziani, M.H., Lara, R.I.R., Fernandes, D.R.R. -- Tenthredinoidea (Hymenoptera) in Brazilian savannah in São Paulo State, Brazil ...................................................... 107 Reshchikov, A. -- Diversity of the genus Lathrolestes (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) ........ 107 Ribeiro, H.C.S., Pereira, D.M., Azevedo, G.G. -- Occurrence of Euglossa amazonica Dressler, Eufriesea nordestina Moure and Euglossa cognata Moure (Apini: Euglossina) in the Oriental Amazon, MA, Brazil ................................................................................... 108 Sánchez, A.F., García, D., Forero, D. -- The ant collection (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the Javeriana Natural History Museum: an important tool for biodiversity studies and conservation ............................................................................................................... 109 Shimbori, E.M., Shaw, S.R. -- Diversity and biology of Aleiodes Wesmael from Yanayacu Biological Station, Napo, Ecuador ............................................................................ 109
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8th International Congress of Hymenopterists 20-25 July 2014, Cusco Peru POSTER SESSION IV Araujo, L.S., Paixão, P.L., Gimenes, M., Medina, A.M. -- Interaction between bees and Ipomoea spp. in the Americas: distribution and pollination ...................................................... 111 Becker, T., Carvalho-Zilse, G.A. -- Thermoregulation in hives of the stingless bee Melipona interrupta Latreille, 1811 (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponini) ................................. 112 Camargo, L.F., Melo, I.F., Penteado-Dias, A.M. -- Morphological and molecular characterization of Campoletis Foerster, 1869 (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Campopleginae) emerged from larvae of Spodoptera frugiperda JE Smith (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) in Brazil ...... .................................................................................................................................... 112 Dias Filho, M.M., Abreu, C.I.V., Penteado-Dias, A.M. -- Hymenoptera parasitoids on larvae of Geometridae (Lepidoptera) in the Atlantic forest of southeastern Brazil .................. 113 Fernandes, D.R.R. -- Occurrence of Castrosion Gauld & Bradshaw, 1997 (Ichneumonidae: Anomaloninae) in Brazil ........................................................................................... 114 Gimenes, M., Santos, S.K.D. -- The importance of synchronization of daily activity rhythm of bees and rhythm of opening and closing of the flowers for the pollination efficiency of Convolvulaceae ......................................................................................................... 114 Miranda, E.A., Carvalho, A.F., Lama, M.A. del -- Ecological aspects and potential distribution of Partamona rustica (Apidae, Meliponini): an endemic stingless bee from caatinga and Brazilian savannah .................................................................................................... 115 Oliveira, B.G., Gadelha, S.S., Oliveira, M.L., Teles, B.R. -- Braconidae fauna in a citrus orchard in the Brazilian Amazon ............................................................................................ 116 Oliveira, B.G., Mady, D., Teles, B.R. -- Distribution of parasitoids (Insecta, Hymenoptera) in an orchard in the Brazilian Amazon ............................................................................... 117 Penteado-Dias, A.M., Campos, G.Y.I. -- Contribution to the knowledge of Braconidae of Brazil ..................................................................................................................................... 118 Pereira, D.M., Muniz, D.B., Azevedo, G.G. -- Occurrence of Megachile inscita at fragment of Amazonian forest at São José of Ribamar, Maranhão Island, Brasil: nesting aspects and nest architecture ......................................................................................................... 118 Rodríguez-Berrio, A., Gutiérrez, S.B., Sanjuán, S.B. -- The genus Microcharops Roman, 1910 (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae, Campopleginae) in the watershed of Cañete-Lunahuana River, Lima, Peru ....................................................................................................... 119 Saguiah, P.M., Tavares, M.T. -- Species of Chalcididae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) parasitoids of the bagworm Oiketicus spp. Guilding (Lepidoptera: Psychidae) in the Neotropics .... .................................................................................................................................... 120 Sazan, M.S., Silva, C.I., Garófalo, C.A. -- Floral resources utilized as larval food in nests of Centris (Hemisiella) tarsata Smith (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in West Indian cherry crop .................................................................................................................................... 120 Souza, C.S., Penteado-Dias, A.M. -- Preliminary survey of the Braconidae (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonoidea) at National Park of Itatiaia, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ....................... 121 22
8th International Congress of Hymenopterists 20-25 July 2014, Cusco Peru POSTER SESSION V Cañedo, V., Carhuapoma, P., Bartra, C., Dávila, W., López, E., Kroschel, J. -- How to make classical biological control of the potato tubermoth, Phthorimaea operculella, more efficient: a modelling approach ................................................................................. 123 Farsi, F., Kaldeh, S.R., Abrun, P., Ashouri, A. -- Wolbachia changing the visual cues influencing the oviposition behavior of Trichogramma brassicae (Hym.: Trichogrammatidae) .. 124 Farsi, F., Kaldeh, S.R., Bayat, E., Ashouri, A. -- The effect of plant and animal extractions on oviposition preference of Trichogramma brassicae (Hym.: Trichogrammatidae) to discover the role of Wolbachia .................................................................................. 124 Guerra, T.M., Nardi, C. -- How many butterflies are there? Parasitoids as a regulation force of herbivore populations ................................................................................................ 125 Guerra, T.M., Onody, H.C. -- Ichneumonidae of Brazilian Atlantic forest – a preliminary inventory of Espirito Santo state ............................................................................... 125 Guerra, T.M. -- Temporal occurrence of wasps as an alternative for the estimation of annual number of generations ............................................................................................... 126 Kuramitsu, K., Ichiki, R., Nakamura, S., Kainoh, Y. -- Host plants of herbivorous insect Mythimna separata affect successful parasitism rate of its larval parasotiod Cotesia kariyai ... 126 Mazón, M., Gutiérrez, N., Feest, A., Bordera, S. -- Cacao shade management and parasitoids: the Ichneumonidae biodiversity quality in cacao cultures from Venezuela .................... 127 Mazón, M., Gutiérrez, N., Bordera, S. -- Parasitoid Hymenoptera families as surrogates for species diversity ........................................................................................................ 127 Onody, H.C., Penteado-Dias, A.M., Massaroli, A. -- New host records for the genus Ophionellus westwood (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) from Brazil ........................................... 128 Salas, C., De Bortoli, S. -- Host preference of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera, Trichogrammatidae) across generations .................................................................... 128 Schoeninger, K., GadelhaS.S., Oliveira, M.L., Krug, C. -- Parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera) collected in conventional and organic crops of Guaraná (Paullinia cupana var. sorbilis (Mart.) Ducke) in Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil ........................................................... 129 Souza, G.C., Redaelli, L.R., Wolff, V.R.S., Costa, V.A. -- Parasitoids of Saissetia oleae (Hemiptera: Coccidae) associated with Olea europaea ................................................................. 130 Vásquez-Ordóñez, A.A., Parsa, S. -- Database of parasitoids and hyperparasitoids associated with whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) on Cassava (Manihot esculenta) and Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) in ciat’s arthropod reference collection (Ciatarc) .................... 130 Wolff, V.R.S., Silva, D.C., Tonietto, A., Efrom, C.F.S., Bremm, C. -- Studies on parasitic microhymenoptera (Chalcidoidea) and scale insects host (Hemiptera, Coccoidea) in Olive trees (Olea europaea L.) ............................................................................................ 131
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8th International Congress of Hymenopterists 20-25 July 2014, Cusco Peru
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8th International Congress of Hymenopterists 20-25 July 2014, Cusco Peru
ABSTRACTS
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8th International Congress of Hymenopterists 20-25 July 2014, Cusco Peru
ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS (* = presenter)
MORPHOLOGY AND TAXONOMY
AN INTERACTIVE IDENTIFICATION KEY FOR ALL EXTANT FAMILIES OF HYMENOPTERA Gurpegui, M., Polaszek, A.* Dept. of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK (
[email protected]) Hymenoptera are one of the most species-rich insect Orders known, but their study is hampered by a lack of comprehensive, user-friendly identification keys to family-level. This current attempt to fill this gap – a work in progress – treats all 92 extant families according to the latest Hymenoptera classification system (Aguiar 2013). In several cases, exceptional subfamilies, tribes, genera and even species have been included. Females and males have been keyed separately, as well as fullywinged, brachypterous and apterous forms. The key is able to identify the Order to 257 entities, classifying them into 23 superfamilies (8 superfamilies in Symphyta and 15 superfamilies in Apocrita) and 92 families (14 families in Symphyta and 78 families in Apocrita). One hundred and seventy features and 451 character states are used, of which the antennal segment number, and the number of enclosed cells in the fore wing have the greatest discriminatory power. This multiple-entry identification key has been created with Lucid 3.3 software. Illustrations of taxa and character states are in the course of being prepared, and our intention is to solicit input into the next version of the key from the Hymenoptera community. __________________________________
THE GENERA OF NEMATINAE (HYMENOPTERA, TENTHREDINIDAE) Prous, M.*, Blank, S.M., Goulet, H., Heibo, E., Liston, A., Malm, T., Nyman, T., Schmidt, S., Smith, D.R., Vårdal, H., Viitasaari, M., Vikberg, V., Taeger, A. Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Eberswalder Straße 90, 15374 Müncheberg, Germany (
[email protected]). Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, 51014 Tartu, Estonia (
[email protected]) The sawfly subfamily Nematinae contains about 1250 species and has until now been divided into about 50–70 genera, depending on the author. In the World Catalog of Symphyta (Taeger et al. 2010), 46 genera were recognized. Not only has there been a lack of agreement as to how many genera should be recognized and how they should be delimited, but many genera are also difficult to identify. Recent phylogenetic studies based on DNA sequences have shown also extensive incongruencies with proposed classifications. Here, we expand previous DNA sequence datasets on Nematinae to include one more nuclear gene (NaK) and more genera. The analyses largely confirm the previous findings, particularly the existence of two well-supported large clades, Euura and Pristiphora, together comprising more than 75% of the species of Nematinae. Basal relationships within these two clades remain poorly resolved, mirroring the difficulties in
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8th International Congress of Hymenopterists 20-25 July 2014, Cusco Peru delimiting genera based on morphology. In addition, a moderately supported small clade, Nematus, is found. The relationships between the Euura, Pristiphora, and Nematus clades are uncertain, and therefore we propose to treat these clades as genera to stabilize the nomenclature in future studies. The number of genera is reduced to 34, which results in numerous new combinations of species names. To facilitate the identification of the genera an illustrated key to the 31 non-fossil genera of world Nematinae is provided. __________________________________
REVISION OF ENCYRTIDS (HYMENOPTERA: ENCYRTIDAE) RECORDED FROM JAPAN Japoshvili, G. ⃰, Higashiura, Y. Dept. of Arthropods, Institute of Entomology, Agricultural University of Georgia, 13 km David Agmashenebeli Alley, Tbilisi, Georgia (
[email protected]) All type species of Encyrtids, described by Dr Tei Ishii and Dr Tetsusaburo Tachikawa, were examined and all Encyrtids recorded from Japan, which were available in the Japanese collections, were revised. Fifty two genera and 151 species are recorded up to now from Japan. Five new species were described and illustrated. One genus and 4 species are recorded for the first time from Japan. Six species and two genera were synonymized. New combinations for 5 species are suggested. Four species, which had been synonymized under another species by other authors, are considered as valid and are revalidated. __________________________________
REVISION OF THE AFROTROPICAL SPECIES OF Norbanus WALKER (HYMENOPTERA: PTEROMALIDAE) Mitroiu, M.* “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of Iasi, Romania, Faculty of Biology (mircea.mitroiu@uaic. ro) Norbanus Walker, 1843 (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) has a worldwide distribution, with 36 species distributed in the following regions: Afrotropical (3 species), Australasian (8 species), Nearctic (3 species), Neotropical (1 species), Oriental (9 species), and Palaearctic (13 species). Four previously described Afrotropical species (including two new combinations) are recognized as valid and redescribed. In addition, 25 new species are diagnosed, described and illustrated. A lectotype for one species is designated. New distributional and host records are given, indicating that some species could be important in the biological control of several moth species attacking maize and sorghum in Africa. The large number of newly discovered species highlights the incomplete knowledge of this genus in the Afrotropical region, challenging the statement that Pteromalidae are more diverse in the Palaearctic region compared with the tropics. Funding: Project RU-TE-2012-3-0057, funded by the Romanian National Council for Scientific Research. __________________________________
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8th International Congress of Hymenopterists 20-25 July 2014, Cusco Peru
FAUNAL TAXONOMIC REVISIONS: A DESCRIPTION OF THE PROCESS NOW AND A PEEK INTO THE FUTURE Sharkey, M.J. Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 40546-0091, USA (
[email protected]) Using recently published faunistic taxonomic treatments of the Agathidinae (Braconidae) I will show the process that I presently use to construct interactive and published keys, as well as descriptions, diagnoses and Google Maps. I will also conjecture on what this process might look like decades into the future. __________________________________
WINGS OF MYMARIDAE: STRUCTURE AND DIVERSITY Huber, J. Natural Resources Canada (
[email protected]) The family Mymaridae is treated as the most ancestral family of Chalcidoidea. Almost all the species are parasitoids in eggs of other insects. The wings of Mymaridae show perhaps the greatest diversity in shape of any family within Chalcidoidea. Much of that diversity is illustrated. The greatest variation occurs in fore wing shape and venation length but the hind wing also varies considerably, mostly in width. Both wings vary in length, from fully winged (macropterous) to apparently wingless (apterous). Extremely micropterous forms generally have a small wing remnant, except possibly in males of one Dicopomorpha species. Brachyptery and microptery occur in at least one species of about 20 genera of Mymaridae, and is most prevalent in New Zealand. Reasons for the great wing diversity in Mymaridae are discussed. Nothing is known about flight in Mymaridae. Flight in one species of Trichogramma has been filmed and its wing beat frequency has been calculated at about 350 beats per second. Because of their similar body size, though not necessarily wing shape, it is assumed that Mymaridae also beat their wings at several hundred beats per second. Suggestions are presented as to why such a rapid wing beat occurs and is needed. __________________________________
MAXILLO-LABIAL COMPLEX IN SCELIONIDS (HYMENOPTERA: PLATYGASTROIDEA): MORPHOLOGY AND PHYLOGENETIC IMPLICATIONS Popovici, O.A.*, Masner, L., Vilhelmsen, L., Mikó, I., Johnson, N. University “Al. I. Cuza” Iași, Faculty of Biology, Blvd Carol I, no. 11, RO–700506; Romania (
[email protected]) The phylogeny of Platygastroidea is not resolved, therefore exploration of new character systems
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8th International Congress of Hymenopterists 20-25 July 2014, Cusco Peru is important. Because of its small size, the platygastroid maxillo-labial complex (MLC) has been largely neglected. In this study we examined the MLC of 120 platygastroid genera and 11 proctotrupomorph outgroups. In spite of their reduced size, the MLC of platygastroids is very diverse. For instance, the number of maxillary palpal sclerites varies between 1–5, the number of labial palpal sclerites between 0–3. The MLC in general is the least variable in Platygastrinae (just in terms of palpal formula, inside of Platygastrinae, it can be 2:1 or 1:1). The fact that we were able to identify most anatomical structures that have ever been described for Aculeata also in platygastroids demonstrates the complexity of their MLC. Our analyses, based on 78 morphological characters does not support the monophyly of most platygastroid subfamilies and only Platygastrinae came out monophyletic. Nixoniini and Sparasionini, together to the plesiomorphic genus Huddlestonium, were confirmed as the most basal platygastroid lineages. Furthermore, our data support the idea that Psix and Paratelenomus form a monophyletic group, close to Gryon. Characters of the MLC as degree of sclerotization, shape of cardo, shape of stipes, location of maxillary palpus and location of galea and lacinia, relationships between galea and lacinia, and shape of prementum seems to be characteristic for scelionids. The relative location of the galeo-lacinial complex and of maxillary palpus, indicates that the platygastroids are closer related to the Diaprioidea and Cynipoidea than to Proctotrupoidea. Funding: Project RU-TE-2012-3-0057, funded by the Romanian National Council for Scientific Research. __________________________________ REVISION OF THE SOUTH AMERICAN WASP GENUS Alophophion CUSHMAN, 1947 (HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE: OPHIONINAE) Alvarado, M. Division of Entomology, Natural History Museum, and Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology,1501 Crestline Drive – Suite 140, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 66045, USA (
[email protected]) The species of the strictly Neotropical ophionine wasp genus Alophophion Cushman, 1947 are revised. Whereas the genus previously included only seven named species, it is here expanded to include 49 species, not including A. holosericeus (Taschenberg, 1875) for which the type series is lost and the name is herein considered a nomen dubium. A total of 43 species are newly discovered and described, thereby increasing the diversity by over eight times. Four informal species groups are proposed based on the morphology of the mandibles, development of the malar space, and general proportions of the head (i.e., development of the face and gena). Alophophion is confined to cold and/or dry areas of subequatorial South America, with the exception of two species which occurs in Cuzco, Peru. The genus is newly recorded from Bolivia and Ecuador, and more extensive and accurate distributions are summarized for A. chilensis, A. flavorufus, and A. politus. Alophophion flavorufus is newly recorded from Argentina. __________________________________
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8th International Congress of Hymenopterists 20-25 July 2014, Cusco Peru GLOBAL GUIDE TO THE GENERA OF FLATWASPS BETHYLIDAE Azevedo, C.O.*, Alencar, I.D.C.C., Barbosa, D.N., Ramos, M.S., Vargas, R.J.M., Kawada, R. Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Av. Fernando Ferrari 514, Goiabeiras, 29.075-910, Vitória, ES, Brazil (
[email protected]) Since the world catalog of Bethylidae by Gordh & Móczár published in 1990 many nomenclatural acts have been done in Bethylidae. The input of new species is about 50% more. Several genera were synonymized, and more than 20 new were described. The arrangement of subfamilies also changed. The nomenclatural and taxonomical information is outdated, and spread to such an extent that it is difficult to start working on Bethylidae in the present time. Besides, during the last ten years we have visited several museums, and realized that there are some species improperly classified. Given this scenario, the idea of this contribution is: 1) summarize the nomenclatural information at genus level based on the literature, and 2) correct evident taxonomic mistakes based on visits of about 40 museums around the world, and an observation of about thousands specimens, and 3) provide a key to all genera. Our target audience is not only researchers but parataxonomists as well. For each genus is provided: 1) nomenclatural heading, with explanation of them, 2) diagnosis of male, female, and polymorphism when present (such as micropterous, and brachypterous), 3) taxonomic evaluation pointing out the main problem, 4) best starting literature, 5) distribution, 6) hosts, 7) species checklist, and 8) illustrations of body and genitalia. Hitherto, we studied about 50% of the genera. The preliminary results include: five generic synonyms, two species synonyms, 35 new combinations, five specific homonyms dismissed; one priority generic name established, and placement of one incertae sedis genus. According to these acts, the family shall have 2,588 species, and 94 genera. __________________________________
PROGRESS IN THE REVISION OF Disholcaspis DALLA TORRE AND KIEFFER McEwen, C. University of Maryland, College Park (
[email protected]) Disholcaspis wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini) are gall-inducing, obligate parasites on oaks in the subgenus Quercus (Fagaceae: Quercus). Theses wasps are heterogenetic with dimorphic sexual and asexual generations, however, the sexual generations for most species remain unknown. Recent field work was conducted in hopes of finding some of the sexual generations for the Disholcaspis found in Western and Southwestern United States. Results from these efforts as well as notes on how this generation contributes to the morphology of this genus will be presented. Cytochrome B and the Internal Transcribed Spacer 2 were sequenced for comparison to the known sexual generations. This molecular data also allows for a preliminary look at infrageneric relationships. This work is part of a larger revision of Disholcaspis that will include morphological treatments for both generations and phylogenetic analyses that will investigate the placement of its species within the tribe Cynipini. __________________________________
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8th International Congress of Hymenopterists 20-25 July 2014, Cusco Peru AN UPDATED WORLWIDE REVIEW OF GENUS Xyalaspis HARTIG, 1843 (HYMENOPTERA: FIGITIDAE: ANACHARITINAE) Mata-Casanova, N.*, Selfa, J., Pujade-Villar, J. Departament de Biologia Animal, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain (
[email protected]) The Anacharitinae are a subfamily of microcynipoid wasps described as parasitoids of the aphid-feeding larvae of Chrysopidae and Hemerobiidae (Neuroptera). The subfamily presents a cosmopolitan distribution, being present in all continents except for Antarctica, and is currently comprised by nine described genera: Acanthaegilips Ashmead, 1896; Acanthaegilopsis PujadeVillar, 2013; Aegilips Haliday, 1835; Anacharis Dalman, 1823; Calofigites Kieffer, 1909; Hexacharis Kieffer, 1907; Solenofigites Díaz, 1979; Proanacharis Kovalev, 1996 and Xyalaspis Hartig, 1843. This work presents an updated review on the taxonomy and biology of genus Xyalaspis. Xyalaspis is one of the Anacharitinae genera with true scutellar spine derived from the circumscutellar carina like Acanthaegilips and Acanthaegilopsis; it can be distinguished from these genera by the presence of coriaceous malar sulcus. In this review, three new synonymies and 11 new species are described, while one species is reassigned to genus Aegilips. Previously, the genus Xyalaspis was comprised by 12 Holarctic species and one Australasian species; our review extends its distribution area to include the Afrotropical, Indomalayan and Neotropical regions. The number of Xyalaspis species also increases, reaching 20 known species and thus making it the most abundant Anacharitinae genus behind Aegilips and Anacharis -with 23 and 21 described species respectively. Moreover, data about morphological features and distribution patterns of Xyalaspis species are discussed.
World Postage Stamps inspired on Hymenoptera
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8th International Congress of Hymenopterists 20-25 July 2014, Cusco Peru FOSSIL HYMENOPTERA
SYNCHROTRON X-RAY MICROTOMOGRAPHY OF FOSSIL HYMENOPTERA van de Kamp, T.*, Santos Rolo, T. dos, Krogmann, L., Quicke, D., Baumbach, T. ANKA / Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany (
[email protected]) Synchrotron-based X-ray microtomography (SR-µCT) facilitates three-dimensional visualization of non-translucent, millimeter-sized samples. As a non-destructive imaging technique, it is already established as an important tool for entomologists to examine insect morphology. A particular appealing application is the examination of fossil insects in amber. The ability to picture threedimensional specimens without reflections and distracting particles is of great value for taxonomic studies on extinct species. The resulting “virtual insects” can be made widely accessible to the scientific community, a clear benefit especially in the case of valuable type material that may become lost or degraded in storage over time. Several tomographic scans of fossil hymenoptera were lately performed at the ANKA Synchrotron Radiation Facility of Karlsruhe Institute of Technology. Samples included various species of Ichneumonoidea and Chalcidoidea enclosed in different types of amber from Cretaceous, Eocene and Miocene deposits. The investigations showed that amber inclusions often consist merely of an imprint of the original insect. In some cases, however, anatomical characters are remarkably well preserved, which may provide new insights into phylogenetic relationships. __________________________________
HYMENOPTERA INCLUSIONS IN THE MILTON SANDERSON COLLECTION OF DOMINICAN AMBER: DIVERSITY AND ACCESS Thomas, M.J., Whitfield, J.B.*, Heads, S.W. Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA (
[email protected]) Milton Sanderson, an entomologist specializing in the taxonomy of Phyllophaga, had an illustrious career at the Illinois Natural History Survey spanning from 1942 until his retirement in 1975. During his time at the Survey, Sanderson traveled widely in pursuit of his interest in the study of beetles. A visiting graduate student from the University of Florida, E. L. Mockford, informed Dr. Sanderson of a Dominican amber locality and suggested he investigate during his upcoming expedition. Dr. Sanderson embarked upon his NSF-funded trip to Hispaniola in 1959. During this time he collected over 160 pounds of Dominican amber that he shipped back to the INHS in 5 gallon drums. Upon his return to Illinois, Sanderson carefully prepared and examined several pieces of amber and discovered plant and insect inclusions within. Sanderson, together with his colleague Thomas Farr, published a short note in the journal Science (1) documenting his discovery; however no further work was completed on the amber collection. His amber samples, still in their 5 gallon drums, were placed in storage and remained largely forgotten until their rediscovery sometime in very early 2011. Now, scientists in the paleontology research group at the INHS are working to conserve and photodocument this valuable collection with NSF TCN Fossil Insect Collaborative funding. Hymenoptera is the third most frequent insect order contained
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8th International Congress of Hymenopterists 20-25 July 2014, Cusco Peru within Dominican Amber. Proplebeia dominicana, a stingless bee, is the most frequently viewed hymenopteran thus far in the Milton Sanderson collection. However, in addition to P. dominicana, there are numerous parasitoid wasps, as well as ants. Samples will continue to become newly available for some time, so additional taxa are expected. A strong advantage of the large collection being processed is that they represent a relatively unbiased sample of the preserved (although of course not necessarily all the extant) Hymenoptera and other insects at the site, so might be useful paleoecologically as well. The talk will conclude with a series of high-quality photographs of Hymenoptera found in the samples prepared so far, along with instructions as to how those who wish to study the samples directly can access them. __________________________________
RESEARCH ON FOSSIL PAMPHILOIDEA IN THE MESOZOIC OF CHINA Wang, M.*, Shih, C., Ren, D. College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, 105 Xisanhuanbeilu, Haidian District, Beijing 100048, China (
[email protected]) Pamphiloidea is an ancient, interesting, but mysterious sawfly superfamily in Symphyta, including two extinct and two extant families, which often have unique structures shedding light on the early evolution of Symphyta. The genus Ferganolyda in Xyelydidae is one of the most unusual insect groups known. The males have enormous and heavy head, exaggerated mandibles, and long and thin antennal flagella. These strange and intriguing structures have raised further controversies (Rasnitsyn et al. 2006). Rudisiricius in Praesiricidae, all collected from the Jehol Biota, possess larger body size, stronger mandibles and much more exaggerated thick scapes than those of other praesiricids. Besides, all reported specimens of known Rudisiricinae thus far are definite or possible males, which is also a very enigmatic case for Symphyta (Gao et al. 2010; Wang et al. 2014). An unusual praesiricid, with the third antennal segment consisting of tightly connected primary antennomeres, demonstrates unique antennal morphology that enables us to revisit an old problem of the flagellar transformation in the early evolution of Hymenoptera. Antennal evolution in the lower Hymenoptera was reviewed and three pathways of antennal transformation were provided (Wang et al. 2013). In family Praesiricidae, the hitherto largest fossil hymenopteran was reported, with the body length estimated at about 55.0 mm long and wing span 92.0 mm. Large body size and head with robust and strong mandibles were useful for defense and/or sexual selection (Gao et al. 2013). These findings from the Middle Jurassic to the Early Cretaceous of northeastern China have enhanced our knowledge of the taxonomic and morphological diversity of the Mesozoic Hymenoptera. However, many interesting and puzzling issues remain unresolved, pending discovery and study of more fossil sawflies. Our CNU team continues working on several key projects on functional morphology, evolutionary trends and ecology of these amazing but mysterious fossil insects. __________________________________
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8th International Congress of Hymenopterists 20-25 July 2014, Cusco Peru THE FOSSIL HISTORY OF CHALCIDOIDEA Krogmann, L.*, Burks, R.A., Heraty, J.M. Dept. of Entomology, State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart, Germany (lars.krogmann@ smns-bw.de) Chalcidoidea are a diverse and biologically important group of predominantly parasitoid wasps. The evolutionary history of the superfamily is largely unknown mainly because their rich fossil record has never been comprehensively studied. Here, the first overview of the fossil history of Chalcidoidea is presented based on more than 1.000 fossils from Cretaceous, Eocene and Miocene ambers. Previously unrecognized specimens from Lebanese amber significantly increase the minimum age of the superfamily to about 130 million years. The phylogenetic relationships of these stem group representatives to extant Chalcidoidea are discussed. Chalcidoidea already exhibited a broad diversity in the Lower Cretaceous. Recently discovered fossils from Burmese amber (~99 mya) help dating the crucial transition from endo- to ectoparasitoidism. The minimum ages of further biological transitions are presented based on new fossil records of various chalcidoid families and subfamilies. The new fossils provide important calibration points for molecular dating studies and constitute a rich source of phylogenetic data. A brief discussion on the importance of the principles of phylogenetic systematics for the analysis of fossils is presented along with potential pitfalls in the interpretation of fossil data. __________________________________
APOCRITANS PLAYED IMPORTANT ROLES IN THE MIDDLE MESOZOIC ECOSYSTEMS OF NORTHEASTERN CHINA Shih, C.*, Li, L., Shi, X., Ren, D. College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, 105 Xisanhuanbeilu, Haidian District, Beijing 100048, China (
[email protected]) The Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation and the Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation, both located in northeastern China, have yielded many well-preserved fossils, including feathered dinosaurs, pterosaurs, mammals, birds, reptiles, fish, plants and insects. In the vast insect fossil collection at the Capital Normal University, there are many well-preserved apocritan fossils. Based on morphologic characters, we have conducted taxonomic studies and in some cases, phylogenetic analyses of apocritans, which provide insights of their evolutionary trends and potential roles in the ecosystems. Up to date, we have described 14 new genera and 36 new species in 8 families: Anomopterellidae, Ephialtitidae, Evaniidae, Heloridae, Mesoserphidae, Pelecinidae, Praeaulacidae, and Scolebythidae. Key findings and highlights of these 8 families will be presented. For example, well-preserved pelecinid fossils have provided strong evidence for morphological changes and evolution of pelecinids, such as body size, antennae and wing venation, over the past 165 million years. Natural selection is demonstrated in pelecinids by the preference of larger female body size offering potentially better ovipositing capability, and more efficient forewing venation with an X pattern providing potentially stronger wing structure and better flight performance for large-sized pelecinids. Pelecinids might have originated from northeastern China, spread to Central and Eastern Asia, and then dispersed to Americas. Fossils of Heloridae and Mesoserphidae from the Middle Jurassic and the Early Cretaceous have provided evidence of morphological changes of their antennae, wing venation, and metasoma. These earliest
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8th International Congress of Hymenopterists 20-25 July 2014, Cusco Peru fossil records hitherto of helorids and mesoserphids extend their existence to the Middle Jurassic. All species of Nevania in Praeaulacidae have two basal tubular metasomal segments. Such a long two-segmented petiole with highly movable articulation joining the segments might have provided more flexibility and longer reach in probing and depositing eggs into larvae hosts hidden underground. These findings of apocritans from the Middle Jurassic to the Early Cretaceous of northeastern China have enhanced our knowledge of the taxonomic and morphological diversity, evolutionary trends of body parts, and potential interactions with their ecosystems. Our CNU team continues working on several key projects to gain further understanding of functional morphology, evolutionary trends and ecological impact for new fossil apocritans.
Maya Codex (Canvas deposited on Museo de América-Madrid) Above: Beekeeping calendar representing the Itzamná God extracting honey. Itzmana is on the far left of the canvas. Left-below: close-up of the bee. Right-below: Schematic representation of the bee.
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8th International Congress of Hymenopterists 20-25 July 2014, Cusco Peru SYSTEMATICS AND BIOGEOGRAPHY
ORUSSIDAE UPDATES: NEW SPECIES AND NEW DATES Vilhelmsen, L., Blank, S.M., Costa, V.A., Alvarenga, T.M., Smith, D.R., Zimmermann, D. Natural History Museum of Denmark, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Denmark (
[email protected]) Orussidae is a small family of parasitoid wasps with a worldwide distribution, comprising approx 90 extant species. It is the only non-apocritan group of parasitoid wasps and has been placed as the sister group of Apocrita in most recent analyses of hymenopteran relationships. The Orussidae are thus crucial for understanding the transition from herbivory to carnivory in the early evolution of Hymenoptera. The diversity of the family is still under exploration. In the past year, seven new species, including three from South America, have been described. It is thus apparent that the Neotropics, especially the tropical part, is a potential hotspot of orussid diversity. Among the new South American species is one of the very rare genus Ophrella (Ophrella eldorado) and two from the more diverse genus Ophrynopus (Ophrynopus guarani and O. rupestris). The cladistic analyses conducted in conjunction with the description of the new species led to the redefinition of Ophrynopus, which now includes the far eastern genus Stirocorsia that would otherwise render Ophrynopus paraphyletic. The fossil record of the Orussidae has recently been expanded by Baltorussus velteni, a 44 Ma old fossil from Baltic amber. The examination of the holotype with microCT scanning and the discovery of a second specimen of the same species have led to a substantial reinterpretation of the fossil itself and the evolutionary history of Orussidae. The holotype was originally described as a female, but can be convincingly shown to be a male, as is the second specimen. Baltorussus displays a number of plesiomorphic features (e.g., it is the only orussid known with a complete longitudinal mesoscutal sulcus). It is placed as a very basal crown group member of the Orussidae, being the sister group to all but two of the extant genera in the family. This position of a Tertiary fossil in conjunction with the age (90-95 Ma) of two Cretaceous stem group orussids indicates that the initial radiation of the extant members of the family occurred in the second half of the Cretaceous (from 100 Ma onwards). This is in contrast with the much earlier date (from 150 Ma) previously suggested based mostly on biogeographic patterns. __________________________________
PHYLOGENETIC STRUCTURE OF Aphelinus (HYMENOPTERA: APHELINIDAE) CONFIRMED BY PHYLOGENOMICS: IMPLICATIONS FOR EVOLUTION OF COURTSHIP AND OVIPOSITION BEHAVIOR Woolley, J.B.*, Hopper, K., Shirley, X., Kuhn, K. Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA 77843-2475 (
[email protected]) Aphelinus is a cosmopolitan genus, apparently most diverse in the Holarctic region, whose members are all primary parasitoids of aphids. An ongoing project to revise the world fauna of Aphelinus is producing new insights into the phylogenetic structure of the group, and on patterns of courtship and oviposition behavior. Using Next Generation Sequencing technology, a huge
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8th International Congress of Hymenopterists 20-25 July 2014, Cusco Peru number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been produced for an exemplar set of at least 21 populations representing 15 putative species. The SNPs contain substantial phylogenetic signal that is largely congruent with previously published work using traditional Sanger sequencing methods, but with far more robust clade support. The taxonomic position of the asychis species group will be addressed, and divergent modes of courtship and oviposition behavior across the genus will be explored in a phylogenetic context. __________________________________
PHYLOGENETICS OF EUPELMIDAE — MORPHOLOGY, MOLECULES AND FOSSILS Gibson, G.A.P. Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (
[email protected]) It has been 25 years since the first phylogenetic analysis of monophyly and relationships of the family Eupelmidae (Chalcidoidea) and its three constituent subfamilies, Eupelminae, Calosotinae and Neanastatinae, within a putative Eupelmidae-Tanaostigmatidae-Encyrtidae lineage. No new extant eupelmid genera have been described since then to add to our knowledge of morphological diversity, but relevant Baltic amber fossil taxa have been described and superfamilial phylogenetic analyses have been conducted using molecular, morphological, and combined molecular and morphological evidence. These studies and fossil evidence will be reviewed to determine how discoveries during the past 25 years have advanced our knowledge of eupelmid evolution and classification, and what should be done in the future. __________________________________
MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY AND EVOLUTION OF THE FAMILY TORYMIDAE (HYMENOPTERA: CHALCIDOIDEA) – ARE TORYMIDAE REALLY MONOPHYLETIC? Janšta, P.*, Cruaud, A., Delvare, G., Heraty, J.M., Krogmann, L., Křížková, B., Rasplus, J.-Y. Charles University in Prague, Department of Zoology, Viničná 7, 128 44 Praha 2, Czech Republic (
[email protected]) We present the first molecular phylogenetic analysis of the family Torymidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) using 4,809 nucleotides from 5 genes (18S rDNA, 28S rDNA, EF1α, COI and Wg). Ten outgroups and 226 ingroup taxa were used, representing 45 of the 67 recognized genera in the 2 known subfamilies of Torymidae (Megastigminae and Toryminae). All analyses produced similar topologies, and based on only molecular data, Torymidae is not a monophyletic group and Megastigminae is sister to Ormyridae ((Ormyridae + Megastigminae) + Toryminae). Most of the tribes recognized by morphological characters within the subfamily Toryminae were supported by our results (i.e. Chalcimerini, Microdontomerini, Monodontomerini, Torymini, Torymoidini and Palachiini + Podagrionini). Two new tribes of Torymidae are erected: Boucekini, trib. nov. and Glyphomerini, trib. nov. As presently understood, the genus Glyphomerus is paraphyletic and seven other genera classified as incertae sedis based on earlier studies of morphology were assigned to specific tribes (i.e. Cryptopristus, Echthrodape, Exopristoides, Exopristus and part of Glyphomerus to Microdontomerini; Thaumatorymus to Chalcimerini; Zaglyptonotus to
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8th International Congress of Hymenopterists 20-25 July 2014, Cusco Peru Monodontomerini). Life-strategies, host records and distribution of all taxa were mapped onto the reconstructed phylogeny. The larvae of Toryminae are ectoparasitoids of gall-forming insects in the Palaearctic region with several derived traits throughout the Toryminae phylogeny. The life strategy, hosts and distribution of the common ancestor of Megastigminae remains uncertain. Newly discovered fossils of Toryminae from Cretaceous, Eocene and Miocene deposits are presently evaluated. These fossils will be used for divergence time estimation within Torymidae to date the evolution of major biological shifts, e.g., ecto- to endoparasitoidism, parasitoidism to phytophagy. __________________________________
DOES THE HEAD ANATOMY OF EVANIOIDEA CLARIFY THE PHYLOGENETIC PLACEMENT OF ACULEATE WASPS? Zimmermann, D.*, Vilhelmsen, L. Natural History Museum Vienna, Burgring 7, 1010 Vienna, Austria (dominique.zimmermann@ nhm-wien.ac.at) Major advances in hymenopteran phylogeny have recently been made through highly coordinated efforts in the Tree of Life project (HymAToL). These efforts resulted in the most comprehensive analysis to date on the phylogenetic relationships of Hymenoptera, using a combined approach. The resulting phylogeny is well resolved and many clades well supported, but some problem areas remain. One of the latter is the position of the aculeate wasps, including such well known insects as hornets, bees and ants. Traditionally, they have been regarded as the sister group of the Ichneumonoidea, one of the largest parasitic wasp taxa. In the new hypothesis, the Aculeata are placed as the sister group of the Evanioidea, a comparatively small and heterogenous assemblage comprising parasitoids of woodliving insects (Aulacidae), bee nest ‘cuckoos’ (Gasteruptiidae), and cockroach egg capsule predators (Evaniidae). The Aculeata-Evanioidea relationship is moderately supported by molecular data, but not by any known morphological characters. The aim of the project is to address this newly suggested phylogenetic hypothesis by exploring the internal head anatomy. The head anatomy of each one representative of the three evanioid families is studied and compared with the anatomy of the heads of aculeate wasps. Interesting features are visualized by 3D reconstruction and characters that might be phylogenetically informative are discussed. __________________________________
AN EXAMPLE OF A MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTER CLUSTER: THE “CHRESTOSEMIFORM FACIES” IN EUCOILINES (CYNIPOIDEA: FIGITIDAE) Forshage, M.*, Baião, G.C. Swedish Museum of Natural History, Box 50007, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden (Mattias.
[email protected]) The traditional “Chrestosema group” in Eucoilinae was characterised by included taxa having “several but usually not all” of a particular cluster of seemingly unrelated morphological characters (matte integument, slender build, linear lateral depressions on mesonotum, strong pubescence,
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8th International Congress of Hymenopterists 20-25 July 2014, Cusco Peru reduced mesopleural line, etc). New phylogenies show that this “cluster” is indeed polyphyletic. Nevertheless, a couple of lineages are still characterised by the common occurence of several of these characters (but hardly any one strict synapomorphy), and beyond that they occur together in single taxa scattered throughout the eucoilines. Certain other such morphological clusters can be deduced or suspected to be connected with particular lifestyles and ecological traits, both within eucoilines and across families, but for this striking example, available ecological information currently does not suggest any obvious routes for speculation. __________________________________
PHYLOGENY AND RECLASSIFICATION OF THE Polysphincta GROUP OF GENERA (ICHNEUMONIDAE; PIMPLINAE), WITH REFERENCE TO HOST ASSOCIATION AND HOST MANIPULATION Matsumoto, R. Osaka Museum of Natural History, Nagai Park 1-23, Higashisumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, Japan (
[email protected]) The Polysphincta group is a monophyletic lineage of Ephialtini of Pimplinae. This group exhibits properties of great biological interest, such as external koinobiosis on active spiders indicating close host-parasitoid interaction, diversity in host utilization (wide host range for the group while very narrow range for each species), and host manipulation modifying behaviour of the host spider to form “cocoon web”. The phylogenetic analysis of the group has been conducted based on morphological data set (Gauld & Dubois, 2006; Palacio et al. 2007). The present work aims to recover the phylogenetic relationships within the group using molecular markers, partial sequence of cytochrome oxidase I (COI), 28S rRNA and elongation factor 1α, and maximum likelihood and Bayesian approaches to obtain a robust phylogenetic hypothesis to understand the evolution of the group. The Polysphincta group was recovered as monophyletic, though, obtained relationships among genera are different from those from morphological data. Within the group some clades were recognized with high supporting values. The clade I consists of genera Piogaster, Schizopyga, Zabrachypus and Brachyzapus, and its species utilize spiders constructing egg-lying chambers or funnel webs as a host. The genus Piogaster was not recovered as sister to all other members of the group unlike previous hypothesis, but nested within this clade. The genus Schizopyga was found to be polyphyletic suggesting a resurrection of the genus Dreisbachia that is synonymized under Schizopyga. The clade II includes other members of the group that attack spiders that weave aerial webs. Of the clade II, Acrodactyla and Megaetaira form a clade that is sister to the rest of the clade II. Some species of the genus Zatypota were found to form a distinct group and should be transferred form the genus to a new genus. The recorded hosts and host manipulation are mapped on the obtained phylogenetic tree and their evolution is discussed. __________________________________
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8th International Congress of Hymenopterists 20-25 July 2014, Cusco Peru SYSTEMATICS OF THE BANCHINE PARASITOID WASPS (ICHNEUMONIDAE) IN THE AFROTROPICAL REGION Reynolds, T.V.*, Matthee, C.M., van Noort, S. Department of Entomology, Iziko Museums of South Africa, P.O Box 61,Cape Town, South Africa, 8000 (
[email protected]) The parasitic wasp family Ichneumonidae is important from both an ecological and economic standpoint, is estimated as the largest animal family on earth and yet, as for many of the world’s regions, the ichneumonids are poorly known in the Afrotropical region. Banchinae is the third largest ichneumonid subfamily and a large collection of banchine specimens (> 1500 individuals in 10 genera) are housed at the Iziko South African Museum. In combination with other collections, this provides an unparalleled resource from which the systematics of Banchinae can be elucidated. Combined Bayesian analyses were conducted for two nuclear markers (18S and 28S rDNA) and one mitochondrial marker (Cytochrome oxidase 1) for 67 species sampled across the Afrotropical region to elucidate the relationships between species and test the monophyly of genera. Preliminary results support monophyly of most of the currently recognized genera, as well as the discovery of a new genus from Madagascar. __________________________________
REVISION OF THE WORLD GENERA OF HELCONINAE (BRACONIDAE) Sharanowski, B.J. University of Manitoba, Canada (
[email protected]) Helconinae is an enigmatic group of beautiful, solitary endoparasitoids of wood-boring beetle larvae. Recently Helconini was elevated to subfamily rank, excluding former tribes Brachistini, Brulleiini, Diospilini, Eadyini, and Maxfischeriini. As currently comprised the subfamily contains twelve genera, most of which are poorly defined or diagnosed by plesiomorphic characters. In this study, the world genera of Helconinae are revised using both molecular and morphological data. Generic concepts are proposed that reflect phylogenetic relationships inferred using molecular data and are supported by both morphological and molecular synapomorphies. __________________________________
MORPHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY OF THE SUBFAMILIES OF ICHNEUMONIDAE (HYMENOPTERA) Bennett, A.*, Cardinal, S., Gauld, I., Wahl, D. Canadian National Collection of Insects (
[email protected]) The parasitoid wasp family Ichneumonidae is the most speciose family in the Hymenoptera and one of the most speciose in the world. The relationships of the 39 subfamilies of Ichneumonidae were investigated using a combined morphological and molecular phylogenetic analysis. Most subfamilies were recovered as monophyletic, but a few were not. A discussion is made of the subfamily groupings within the family (Ophioniformes, Pimpliformes and Ichneumoniformes).
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8th International Congress of Hymenopterists 20-25 July 2014, Cusco Peru __________________________________
ON THE ROAD TO A TOTAL EVIDENCE PHYLOGENY OF CRYPTINE WASPS (ICHNEUMONIDAE, CRYPTINAE, CRYPTINI) Santos, B.F. Richard Gilder Graduate School, American Museum of Natural History (
[email protected]) With 241 genera and over 2,400 species distributed worldwide, the Cryptini (Ichneumonidae, Cryptinae) are likely the most diverse insect tribe and, in tropical regions, the most conspicuous of all ichneumonids. Species of the group are parasitoids of pupae and prepupae of Lepidoptera, Coleoptera and Hymenoptera. In spite of their diversity and ubiquity, the Cryptini remain poorly understood from a taxonomic and phylogenetic perspective. The current higher-level classification, proposed by Henry Townes (1970), has long been suspected to be highly artificial. The Cryptinae as a whole have been regarded as “taxonomically difficult” or “challenging” by many authors, both because of their extreme diversity and the confusing array of similarities and superficial differences among taxa. Herein I present the most extensive do date phylogenetic analysis of the group. The taxon sampling includes 275 species belonging to 140 genera, from all biogeographic regions, representing 14 of the 15 Cryptini subtribes. The molecular data comprises two mitochondrial (COI, 16S rRNA) and four nuclear (18S rRNA, 28S rRNA, elongation factor 1-α and wingless) loci. This dataset is analyzed on its own and combined with a morphological matrix of 162 characters generated in a previous work. The signal provided by different data partitions (mitochondrial, nuclear, ribosomal, protein coding, morphology) is discussed. Adopting a total evidence approach resulted in more resolved and well-supported trees. The results highlight the importance of the addition of morphological data and indicate that the improved taxon sampling was more important to the analyses than the increase of missing data. The preferred results show little correspondence between Townes’ subtribes and natural groups. Most subtribes are recovered as polyphyletic. This work establishes the foundation for a phylogenetic classification of Cryptini and the study of the morphological evolution in the group. __________________________________
PHYLOGENETICS AND BIOGEOGRAPHY OF CHELONINE PARASITOID WASPS (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE) BASED ON A FOSSIL CALIBRATED MULTIGENE ANALYSIS Kittel, R.N.*, Klopfstein, S., Austin, A.D. Australian Centre for Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity; School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia (Rebecca.Kittel@ adelaide.edu.au) Members of the subfamily Cheloninae are solitary koinobiont endoparasitoids of Lepidoptera. Although the species-level taxonomy of Cheloninae appears to be relatively straight forward, there is no clear understanding of relationships among higher-level taxa (genera and subgenera). By applying molecular phylogenetic analyses (based on three markers: Cytochrome c Oxidase subunit 1 (COI), elongation factor 1α copy F2 (EF1α), and the nuclear 28S rRNA gene D2-D3 region (28S), totalling 1454 bp of sequenced data) combined with morphology, the evolution
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8th International Congress of Hymenopterists 20-25 July 2014, Cusco Peru and systematics of chelonine wasps are elucidated. Employing a dataset based on 87 species, representing 13 genera, a total-evidence approach was performed and 16 fossil taxa used to calibrate the molecular clock and to estimate the age of the subfamily. All genera except Ascogaster, Phanerotoma, and Pseudophanerotoma formed monophyletic groups; the previously recognised four tribes were not recovered as monophyletic groups, only two tribes Chelonini and Phanerotomini were recovered. The included subgenera of Chelonus were not recovered as monophyletic and thus do not represent valid taxa. Divergence time estimate suggest that the Cheloninae evolved about 150 Ma ago. The results have implications for the higher-level and generic classification of chelonines and for the age of the subfamily and the microgastroidpolydna virus association. __________________________________
SYSTEMATICS AND EVOLUTION OF GALL FORMATION IN THE PLANTASSOCIATED GENERA OF THE WASP SUBFAMILY DORYCTINAE (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE) Zaldívar-Riverón, A.*, Martínez, J.J., Belokobylskij, S.A., Pedraza-Lara, C., Shaw, S.R., Hanson, P.E. Colección Nacional de Insectos, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 3er. Circuito exterior s/n Cd. Universitaria, Copilco, Coyoacán, A. P. 70-233, C.P 04510, D.F., México (
[email protected]) Gall formation is a specialised form of phytophagy that consists of abnormal growth of host-plant tissue induced by other organisms, principally insects and mites. In the mainly parasitoid wasp subfamily Doryctinae (Braconidae), gall association, represented by gall inducers, inquilines and their parasitoids, is known for species of seven genera. Previous molecular studies recovered few species of six of these genera as monophyletic despite their disparate morphologies. Here, we reconstructed the evolutionary relationships among 47 species belonging to six gall-associated doryctine genera based on two mitochondrial and two nuclear gene markers. Most of the Bayesian analyses performed with different levels of incomplete taxa and characters supported the monophyly of gall-associated doryctines, with Heterospilus (Heterospilini) as sister group. Percnobracon Kieffer and Jörgensen and Monitoriella Hedqvist were consistently recovered as monophyletic, and the validity of the monotypic Mononeuron was confirmed with respect to Allorhogas Gahan. A non-monophyletic Allorhogas was recovered, though without significant support. The relationships obtained and the gathered morphological and biological information led us to recognise three new genera originally assigned to Psenobolus. The origin of the gallassociated doryctine clade was estimated to have occurred during the mid Miocene to early Oligocene, 16.33–30.55 million years ago. Our results support the origin of true gall induction from parasitoidism of other gall-forming insects, and that in Allorhogas this biology could have been gained and lost on various occasions. Moreover, adaptations to attack different gall-forming taxa on various unrelated plant families probably triggered species diversification in the main Allorhogas clade and may also have promoted the independent origin of gall formation on at least three plant groups. Species diversification in the remaining doryctine taxa was probably a result of host shifts within a particular plant taxon and shifts to different plant organs. __________________________________
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8th International Congress of Hymenopterists 20-25 July 2014, Cusco Peru CHASING FLAT WASPS ACROSS THE GLOBE: A MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY OF THE PROBLEMATIC GENUS Epyris (HYMENOPTERA: BETHYLIDAE) Tribull, C.M. American Museum of Natural History, Division of Invertebrate Zoology, New York City, NY, USA (
[email protected]) Here I present the largest molecular phylogeny of the wasp subfamily Epyrinae (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) to date, based on three mitochondrial loci (16S, cytochrome oxidase I, cytochrome B), one nuclear protein coding locus (wingless), and two nuclear ribosomal loci (18S and 28S rDNAs) and focused primarily on Epyris, a historically problematic genus. Epyrinae is the largest subfamily of Bethylidae, a parasitoid wasp family containing about 2,500 species that attack Coleoptera and Lepidoptera. In Alencar and Azevedo (2013), the subfamily (Epyrinae sensu Evans) was analyzed phylogenetically for the first time with a 391-character morphological matrix in an attempt to revise the subfamily and its tribes. While that study recovered a nonmonophyletic Epyrinae, it did confirm the monophyly of two of the subfamily’s tribes, Epyrini and Sclerodermini, which were subsequently raised to subfamily status. Still, Epyrinae sensu Alencar and Azevedo contained several large genera that were found to be paraphyletic, most notably Epyris, the largest genus in the subfamily. In an earlier molecular phylogeny, I used 16S, 18S, 28S, and cytB from North American species of Bethylidae to support Alencar and Azevedo’s morphological topology, including a paraphyletic Epyris. In addition to including wingless and cytochrome oxidase I, this current study includes over 300 specimens from a wide range of ecoregions representing much of the known bethylid biodiversity. Using standard parsimony and likelihood techniques, I explore the systematics of Epyris in-depth, examining long-held species-group concepts within the genus; I also provide tests for monophyletic clades, defined by biogeography or unique anatomical features (i.e., the shape of the highly variable scutullar pits, or the sculpturing of the propodeum). __________________________________
ONE-CENTURY GAP: MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY RECOVERS KIEFFER’S CLASSIFICATION OF FLATWASPS (BETHYLIDAE) Nunes, R.R.A., Azevedo, C.O.*, Fagundes, V. Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Av. Fernando Ferrari 514, Goiabeiras, 29.075-910, Vitória, ES, Brazil (
[email protected]) Bethylidae are parasitoid wasps that play important ecological role as a population size controller of beetles and micromoths. The family presents a worldwide distribution and according to fossil data its diversification started at late Cretaceous. The taxonomy of the family and subfamilies is controversial and has been recurrently revised since the description by Halliday in 1839. Kieffer recognized five major bethylid groups in 1914. In 1964 Evans demoted Scleroderminae to tribal status and placed it within Epyrinae along with two other tribes Cephalonomiini and Epyrini. Currently five living (Bethylinae, Pristocerinae, Epyrinae, Scleroderminae and Mesitiinae) and one fossil (Lancepyrinae) subfamilies are recognized, with 102 genera of which 89 are extant. In this work we sequenced two mitochondrial genes (16S subunit of ribosomal DNA and cytochrome oxidase subunit I) and one nuclear (large subunit 28S of ribosomal DNA) genes of 50 genera to propose the phylogenetic relationship among subfamilies and to estimate the time of divergence
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8th International Congress of Hymenopterists 20-25 July 2014, Cusco Peru using molecular clock. Molecular analysis recovered five distinct lineages in the family following the topology (Bethylinae + (Pristocerinae+ (Epyrinae + (Scleroderminae +Mesitiinae)))) as previously proposed by Kieffer one hundred years ago. The separation of Scleroderminae and Epyrinae was confirmed, refuting the proposal that they correspond to tribes within Epyrinae. The cluster Scleroderminae and Mesitiinae, previously suggested by molecular data, is confirmed with proposition of some synapomorphies. The most recent common ancestor between Bethylidae and Chrysidoidea is pointed to about 139 million years ago and the split of Bethylidae into two main lineages (lepidopterophagous and coleopterophagous) was calculatd to about 130 million years ago. For Bethylinae, the genera Lytopsenella and Eupsenella were recovered as sister group of all others. Goniozus was recovered as polyphyletic and should represent more than one genus. The subdivision of Pristocerinae into well-defined lineages was congruent with morphological synapomorphies of the group. Pristocera was recovered as paraphyletic to Kathepyris, as recently indicated by Zamprogno & Azevedo. Epyrinae and Scleroderminae had a confusing taxonomic history and the molecular phylogeny demonstrated the need for deeper phylogenetic studies. In Epyrinae, Epyris was recovered as polyphyletic. In Scleroderminae, the position of Discleroderma is uncertain and the genera Glenosema, Tuberepyris and Solepyris were placed in Epyrinae instead of Scleroderminae, as previous revealed by morphology-based studies. The subdivision of Mesitiinae into tribes was not recovered, being considered an artificial cluster. The integration of a molecular tool approach brought new insights in cladistics studies to Bethylidae. __________________________________
CLADISTIC ANALYSIS OF CEROPALINAE (HYMENOPTERA: POMPILIDAE), WITH EMPHASIS ON PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS OF THE SUBGENERA OF Ceropales LATREILLE Santos, E.F. Life Sciences Department, Natural History Museum. Cromwell Road, SW7 5BD, London, UK (
[email protected]) Ceropalinae includes two genera of cleptoparasitoid spider wasps, Ceropales Latreille and Irenangelus Schulz. Ceropales is a cosmopolitan genus, while species of Irenangelus occur in the Neotropical and Oriental Regions, Madagascar, northern Australia, southeastern Asia and Japan. Species of Ceropales have been classified into four subgenera, which were established based mainly on the morphology of tarsal claws, on the convexity of the propodeum, and on the presence of large punctures on the front, pronotum and propodeum. Cladistic analysis was carried out to test the monophyly of both genera and of the sugenera of Ceropales. Such analysis included 89 morphological characters of males and females of 43 species, including six species as outgroups. Twenty-three characters were circumscribed based on morphometric proportions and were treated as continuous, while the other 63 were regarded as discrete characters. The monophyly of both genera was confirmed and strongly supported according the symmetric resampling. On the other hand, none of the subgenera of Ceropales were recovered as monophyletic. The result indicated three clades within Ceropales, which were confirmed by the symmetric resampling, and are delimited mainly by the presence/absence of a projection on the inner side of the fifth tarsomere of the forelegs and by the concentration of large punctures on the front. One of the three clades includes some species of the subgenus Priesnerius Móczár, while the other two clades mixed species of the four subgenera. The traditional characters used to classify species within Ceropales show homoplastic conditions, which support one of that three clades and relationships
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8th International Congress of Hymenopterists 20-25 July 2014, Cusco Peru among them. In this way, the subgenera of Ceropales should be reviewed under a phylogenetic perspective. Futhermore, the result suggests that the Neotropical species of Irenangelus do not compose a monophyletic group. __________________________________
PHYLOGENY AND HIGHER CLASSIFICATION OF MUTILLIDAE: REFINED REEVALUATION BASED ON MORPHOLOGY Brothers, D.J.*, Lelej, A.S. School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa (
[email protected]) In 1975 Brothers produced the first phylogenetic analysis and higher classification of Mutillidae (velvet ants) on a world-wide basis, using 43 characters and groundplans for the taxa. Seven subfamilies and several tribes and subtribes were proposed. In 1997 Lelej & Nemkov published an analysis (using 89 characters, many different from those previously used at this level) and proposed ten subfamilies, reflecting several differences in inferred relationships. Slight expansion and reanalysis by Brothers in 1999, taking Lelej & Nemkov’s results into account, produced essentially the same results as he had obtained in 1975, however. Each of 100 genera, generally including varied species, were scored for all morphological characters previously considered in such analyses as well as others used at the genus level or newly discovered, a total of 222 characters, many showing polymorphisms within genera. Four outgroup genera representing those families previously found to be most closely related to Mutillidae (Pompilidae, Tiphiidae and Sapygidae) were similarly scored. Parsimony analyses were performed, using various options in TNT involving additivity of character states and implied weighting of characters. Results suggest that recognition of a series of subfamilies somewhat intermediate between the earlier schemes proposed by Brothers and Lelej may be justified, but infrasubfamilial taxa appear generally not to be supported. __________________________________
EXOESKELETON UNCHARTED: NEW INSIGHTS INTO POTTER WASP MORPHOLOGY AND PHYLOGENY (HYMENOPTERA, VESPIDAE, EUMENINAE) Hermes, M.G.*, Garcete-Barrett, B. Laboratório de Sistemática e Biologia de Hymenoptera, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Caixa Postal 3037, 37200-000 Lavras, MG, Brazil (
[email protected]) Eumeninae is the largest subfamily within the Vespidae, with more than 3.500 described species. Aspects of the biology of eumenine wasps are of evolutionary interest, but studies in this field are scarce due to the lack of knowledge concerning the phylogenetic relationships among higherlevel taxa. Higher-level phylogenetic studies are few for the Eumeninae, with the only published ones restricted to isolated biogeographic regions, preventing more general inferences about the evolution of the group to be made. Only recently, attention has been paid to the whole eumenine picture (Hermes et al. in press; Garcete-Barrett unpublished). These studies were based upon
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8th International Congress of Hymenopterists 20-25 July 2014, Cusco Peru morphological characters, with most of them being treated under a different approach as was done by previous authors. Features that were little explored, such as the mandibles, the axillary region in the mesosoma, the shape of the first metasomal tergum and sternum, several propodeal features, and the thyridium of the second metasomal tergum and sternum contributed to the understating of the phylogenetic relationships of the eumenine in a global scale. However, difficulties in understanding the early divergence patterns within the subfamily are recurrent, especially because of the morphological homogeneity of the Eumenini. Currently, we are on the verge of proposing a natural tribal classification for the group, but efforts should continue especially with respect of careful study and inclusion of target taxa. Funding: Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG). __________________________________
MOLECULAR DATA SUPPORT TRIBAL RECLASSIFICATION OF POTTER WASPS (HYMENOPTERA, VESPIDAE, EUMENINAE) Carpenter, J.M. Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024, USA (
[email protected]) The Eumeninae are much the largest subfamily of the Vespidae, with more than half the described species in the entire family. The generic classification has been termed “chaotic,” and there have been few higher-level phylogenetic analyses. The only recent study of any extent (Hermes, Melo & Carpenter, 2013) proposed a new tribal classification, with three tribes, Zethini, Eumenini and Odynerini. That study was based upon morphological characters. Molecular data are adduced from four loci (12S, 16S, 28S and COI; >5kb aligned bp), for more than 50 ingroup species, analysis of which supports the division into three tribes, with Zethini the sister-group of Eumenini + Odynerini. __________________________________
MONOPHYLY OF EUSOCIAL WASPS (HYMENOPTERA: VESPIDAE): MOLECULES AND MORPHOLOGY TELL OPPOSING HISTORIES Piekarski, P.K.*, Longair, R., Rogers, S. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Canada (pkpiekarski@gmail. com) Phylogenies provide insight into the ancestral states and environmental contexts that subserve worker/queen decoupling, and thus are the framework for understanding origins of eusociality. Simultaneous analysis of phenotypic characters (269 morphological and 66 behavioral) and molecular data (CO1, 28S, 16S, 12S) for 74 taxa was performed to clarify the subfamily relationships of the Vespidae. To test for incongruence among phenotypic data and molecular data, additional analyses were performed after excluding behavioral characters and after excluding both morphological and behavioral data. To account for phylogenetic incongruence brought on by different cladistic methods, we employed Maximum Likelihood, Bayesian
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8th International Congress of Hymenopterists 20-25 July 2014, Cusco Peru Inference and Maximum Parsimony for all data inclusion schemes. Simultaneous analysis of all evidence supports a (Stenogastrinae + (Polistinae + Vespinae)) clade and thus a single origin of eusociality. Phylogenies derived strictly from molecular evidence consistently support a dual origin of eusociality. Our results support the novel tribal relations of Polistinae proposed in a recent study as (Ropalidiini + (Mischocyttarini + (Polistini + Epiponini))), but the strength of support diminishes with the addition of phenotypic data. Our reanalysis shows that previous studies recovering diphyly of eusocial wasps may withstand the effects of low taxon sampling, suboptimal alignments and a two-step approach causing phylogenetic error; we achieved similar topologies using ~three-fold more terminal ingroups and a different suite of loci. Our results qualitatively show that a portion of phylogenetic incongruence is attributable to method choice, but that the primary driver of incongruence is data type inclusion – that is, the topology produced changes when phenotypic data is included. We conclude that vespid subfamily relationships are obfuscated by the fact that phenotypic and molecular evidence are at odds. Nonetheless, we advocate topologies retrieved from simultaneous analysis of all available evidence. Thus, a single origin of wasp eusociality is the best hypothesis, highlighting the rarity and salience of simultaneous progressive provisioning (SPP) emergence. It can be inferred that facultative nest sharing and rudimentary worker phenotypes evolved concurrently under a context of SPP before divergence of Stenogastrinae and Polistinae + Vespinae. SPP may have provided a novel social context that exploited and altered pre-existing behavioral flexibility, resulting in exaptation of maternal care into cooperative allomaternal care and the emergence of a rudimentary worker phenotype via transference of strenuous larval care onto emerging daughters. __________________________________
EVOLUTION OF YELLOW-JACKETS AND HORNETS (VESPIDAE: VESPINAE) AND THE USE OF WING MORPHOMETRICS IN PHYLOGENETICS Perrard, A.*, Lopez-Osorio, F., Carpenter, J.M. Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA (
[email protected]) Vespinae are a relatively small subfamily of social wasps composed of four genera of Yellowjackets and Hornets. The group is mostly distributed across the northern hemisphere and the 70 species exhibit different lifestyles including social parasitism. Previous phylogenetic analyses of this subfamily focused either on Yellow-jackets or on Hornets at the species level, and no comprehensive phylogeny has been published yet. As a result, relationships among genera have been contradictory between analyses. Furthermore, traditional morphological characters are not sufficient to fully resolve relationships within genera. New analyses with mitochondrial and nuclear genes confirmed the monophyly of the genera as well as the existence of many morphology-based species-groups, including the subdivision of Vespula into the koreensis, rufa and vulgaris species groups. These new data allowed a further testing of Emery’s rule in the group, a hypothesis stating that social parasites are closely related to their host species. However, molecular data were not available for every species and many relationships have low support, including those among genera. In order to improve the phylogeny, we tested whether the wing shape, a morphometric character, could be a useful character for phylogenetic reconstruction. Geometric morphometrics applied to the wing venation was found efficient to discriminate species. The wing shape also presented a significant phylogenetic signal: closely-related species tend to have similar venation patterns. The potential of these data as an additional character for the Vespinae phylogeny will be
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8th International Congress of Hymenopterists 20-25 July 2014, Cusco Peru discussed. __________________________________
MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY OF THE NEOTROPICAL SWARM-FOUNDING WASP GENUS Synoeca DE SAUSSURE, 1852 (HYMENOPTERA: VESPIDAE: POLISTINAE) Menezes, R.S.T.*, Brady, S.G., Carvalho, A.F., Lama, M.A. del, Costa, M.A. Depto de Ciências Biológicas, Univ. Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil (
[email protected]) Synoeca de Saussure, 1852 is a Neotropical swarm-founding social wasp genus with five described species. We used mitochondrial (16S, CO-I and Cyt-B) and nuclear (Wingless) DNA sequences to infer the phylogeny and diversification times of Synoeca species, including samples from disjoint populations of S. septentrionalis found in northwestern parts of South America, Central America and Brazilian Atlantic rainforests. Our results showed that the genus is divided into two major clades with the following relationships: (S. chalibea + S. virginea) + (S. cyanea + (S. septentrionalis + S. surinama)). This result is in disagreement with previous morphological phylogenetic analyses. Notably, samples from different localities of S. septentrionalis and S. surinama each were not supported as monophyletic group. Samples of these species collected in the Atlantic rainforest were interrelated and may be the result of incomplete lineage sorting and/ or introgression among them. Our Bayesian divergence dating analysis indicates that Synoeca diversified during the Plio-Pleistocene. Given the hypothesis that the Amazon rainforest (AM) is the center of origin of Synoeca, we suggest three main colonization events during Plio-Pleistocene. The oldest route seems to have occurred in southern South America between AM and Atlantic rainforest (AF) by S. cyanea. The second route seems to have occurred relatively recently toward the Central America Rainforest region and south North America via the Isthmus of Panama by S. septentrionalis. The third route seems to have occurred more recently in northeastern Brazil between AM and AF by S. surinama. Funding: FAPESB, FAPESP and CAPES (BEX-12106/13-5) __________________________________
SYSTEMATICS AND BIOGEOGRAPHY OF THE STINGLESS BEE GENUS Melipona (HYMENOPTERA, APIDAE) Melo, G.A.R. Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil (
[email protected]) Melipona Illiger, 1806, the most diverse genus of stingless bees, with 74 species, had its internal phylogenetic relationships re-investigated based on a set of seven genes (two mitochondrial and five nuclear) and 27 ingroup terminals. Five main lineages were recovered, four of them corresponding to the subgenera of the current classification. A new subgenus is proposed to accommodate the phylogenetic results into a revised classification of the main subgroups. A dated phylogeny indicates that the diversification of the crown group started around 20 mya, a value compatible with previous estimates for the genus. The species of Melipona are widely distributed
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8th International Congress of Hymenopterists 20-25 July 2014, Cusco Peru in the forests of the Neotropical region, with most species associated with wet forests, although M. (Melipona) has many species inhabiting dry forests and is absent from the lowland forests of the Amazon basin. The three basalmost lineages of Melipona show a pattern of vicariance between Central and South America taxa, whose split ages vary from 9 to 12 mya and clearly predate the final closure of the Isthmus of Panama in the Pliocene. __________________________________
CLADISTIC ANALYSIS OF SELF-GROOMING INDICATES A SINGLE ORIGIN OF EUSOCIALITY IN CORBICULATE BEES (HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE) Canevazzi, N.C.S., Noll, F.B.* Departamento de Zoologia e Botânica, IBILCE-UNESP, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265 CEP 15054-000, São José do Rio Preto-SP, Brazil (
[email protected]) Behavioral traits have been extensively used in recent years as an important character source for making phylogenetic inferences. The phylogenetic positions of the members of the Apini subtribe are increasingly being debated, and new characters must be examined. Herein, we analyzed the presence and absence of certain behavioral patterns as well as the sequences of some of these patterns to generate 95 characters. Eleven species comprised the ingroup, and Xylocopini comprised the outgroup. Parsimony analysis returned (Euglossina (Bombina (Apina + Meliponina))). This topology is consistent with most studies that use morphological data and the few that use behavioral data, which suggests that advanced eusociality arose only once in a common ancestor of the clade; however, this hypothesis is inconsistent with our molecular data. Thus, we considered behavioral, molecular and morphological data and recovered the same topology, in which eusociality has a single origin in corbiculate bees. __________________________________
EVOLUTION OF BUZZ POLLINATION INFERRED FROM A MULTI-GENE MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY OF BEES Cardinal, S.*, Buchmann, S.L. Canadian National Collection of Insects, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (
[email protected]) Bees are arguably the most important group of pollinators, with over 20,000 species worldwide, and exhibit an incredible diversity behaviours. Some bees are capable of buzz pollinating species of flowering plants which require forceful mechanical sonicatory vibrations to eject pollen from their poricidal anthers. To study the evolutionary history of buzz pollination in bees, we constructed a phylogeny based on 7 genes representing every major bee lineage (389 spp.). We used model based methods of ancestral state reconstruction to estimate the number of independent buzz lineages and see if there have been any losses of buzzing. We also used relaxed molecular clock methods to incorporate information from the bee fossil record to estimate the ages of buzzing lineages.
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8th International Congress of Hymenopterists 20-25 July 2014, Cusco Peru ECOLOGY AND BIONOMICS
TROPHIC ASSOCIATIONS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF HYMENOPTERANS ASSOCIATED WITH GALLS OF Coccoloba barbadensis (POLYGONACEAE) IN A MEXICAN TROPICAL DECIDUOUS FOREST Cifuentes, I.A.R.*, Zaldívar-Riverón, A. Colección Nacional de Insectos, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D. F, México (
[email protected]) Galls are defined as the abnormal growth of plant tissue in response to the presence of an inducing arthropod, from which it feeds and shelters until it completes its development. Besides the gall formers, a number of arthropod taxa are known to be associated to galls, with some of them feeding on the plant tissue (inquilines) whereas others being parasitoids. In this work, we show the preliminary results of a survey of the hymenopteran fauna associated to leaf galls on Coccoloba barbadensis (Polygonaceae) in the Chamela Biological Station in Jalisco, Mexico, a region mainly composed of tropical dry forest. Arthropod specimens (larvae and adults) were reared/collected during a five months period (April-June 2013), and identification and trophic association of the hymenopteran fauna associated to the examined galls is being performed using both morphological and DNA Barcoding evidence. A total of 2,258 insect specimens (1906 larvae, 352 adults) were obtained from 11,244 galls that were classified into four different types. Our results show a rich, complex hymenopteran community within this system, with 9 and 20 discriminated hymenopteran larvae and adult morphospecies, respectively. The currently identified hymenopteran species belong to the parasitoid families Eurytomidae (1spp), Eulophidae (5 spp.), Scelionidae (3 spp.), Platygastridae (6 spp.), Pteromalidae (3 spp.) and Braconidae (2 spp.). Moreover, three and one dipteran (Cecidomyiidae) larvae and adult morphospecies have been discriminated, respectively, all of which appear to be gall inducers. __________________________________
EFFECTS OF FOREST HABITAT LOSS ON PARASITOID-HOST INTERACTIONS Ryall, K.*, Fahrig, L. Canadian Forest Service, Great Lakes Forestry Centre, 1219 Queen Street East, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada P6A 2E5 (
[email protected]) The invasive emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) is causing devastating levels of mortality to ash trees (Fraxinus spp.) in North America. To date, infestations of the emerald ash borer have occurred predominantly in areas with a very high level of forest habitat loss, i.e., within isolated forest stands located in agricultural landscapes. Higher trophic levels, such as parasitoids and predators, are predicted to be negatively affected by habitat loss to a greater extent than lower trophic levels, such as the emerald ash borer host. Studies have reported a few native species of hymenopteran parasitoids to begin using emerald ash borer as a host, but typically at very low rates of percent parasitism. However, populations of emerald ash borer are beginning to spread into more-contiguous forested landscapes, particularly within Ontario, Canada. A greater abundance and diversity of native parasitoids are predicted to be present in more-forested landscapes where there is a predicted higher abundance of alternate
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8th International Congress of Hymenopterists 20-25 July 2014, Cusco Peru buprestid hosts. In 2013, we tested this prediction in 24 forest sites varying in forest habitat cover from 4-94% at the landscape scale (2-km radius) using passive sticky traps on host trees (ash, birch, oak, and poplar). Over 10 000 hymenopteran specimens were collected throughout the field season from 20 different families. The Ichneumonidae were most frequently collected, with 16 different sub-families identified to-date. While not specific to Buprestidae as hosts, numerous specimens have been collected from sub-families utilizing bark- and wood-boring insects as hosts (e.g., some Cryptinae, Poemeniinae, Xoridinae, Rhyssinae). Preliminary analysis suggests that the diversity of these parasitoids increases with increasing landscape habitat diversity, not with increasing forest habitat per se. Identifications and analysis are ongoing. Ongoing research in 2014 will utilize stressed girdled trees to evaluate responses by native buprestids and their associated hymenopteran parasitoids among sites in landscapes varying in forest habitat amount and landscape cover diversity. Research results will increase our understanding of parasitoidhost interactions as influenced by habitat loss at the landscape scale and will have important management implications towards emerald ash borer as it begins to spread into the contiguous forest landscape within Ontario. __________________________________ HOST-PARASITOID FOOD WEB IN A FRAGMENTED LANDSCAPE IN BRAZIL Shimbori, E.M.*, Penteado-Dias, A.M. Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva, São Carlos, SP, Brazil (
[email protected]) This work presents results of host-parasitoid food webs in eight semideciduous forest fragments in São Carlos municipality, SP, Brazil. Samplings were conducted monthly during 13 months between 2006/2007 on two common understory plant species in the region: Piper glabratum and Piper mollicomum. Caterpillars were collected by beating plants over a white cloth, reared in ambient condition, fed with plant leaves. We collected 9,249 caterpillars. 8,431 fed on host plant (63.5% on P. glabratum and 36.5% on P. mollicomum), of which 1,357 were parasitized. The resulting quantitative food web comprises 41 herbivore species, and 102 primary and 21 secondary parasitoid species. Herbivore populations were highly synchronic with precipitation, with about one month lag. The species composition has a large dominance of Eois tegularia, which constituted 87% of collected caterpillars, and from which we reared over a thousand parasitoids. Parasitoid species load was strongly correlated with host abundance (r2=0.86). Most abundant species, thus, concentrated most trophic links. We identified one of the highest parasitoids species load for an exposed feeder host: 21 species of primary parasitoids on E. tegularia. We classified these parasitoid species into five guilds according to the stages attacked and also if they were ectoor endoparasitoids. The guild attacking early larval stages has largest numbers of species and specimens. Despite the large generation overlap, we observed a temporal shifting pattern, where the guilds attacking late stages increased at the end of the phenological cycle of the host. Lepidoptera diversity pattern was mainly explained by fragmentation, increasing with increasing forest coverage, and spatial distribution (r2=0.965), showing metacommunity dynamics. Parasitoids did not respond to the landscape or environmental metrics analyzed, but mainly to host abundance, which alternatively may reflect the inadequacy of the spatial scale studied. As expected for tropical communities, we found long tails of rare species in richness-abundance curves. However, the high dominance of E. tegularia is likely to be a recent outcome of habitat fragmentation. In a previous work conducted in years 1995/1996, Eois glauculata, the second most abundant Eois species in both studies, represented 30% of the collected caterpillars, compared to only 0.2% in our 2006/2007 study. Herbivory and parasitism were higher in P. glabratum rather than P.
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8th International Congress of Hymenopterists 20-25 July 2014, Cusco Peru mollicomum, but the species composition of herbivores and parasitoids was largely similar. Links number was higher in P. glabratum, with 44% more than in P. mollicomum, despite the number of parasitoids and lepidopteran species being almost equal for both plants. We hypothesize that these differences are a result of distribution patterns of the plant species. P. glabratum is commonly found in large clusters, due to its vegetative growing, while P. mollicomum is more scattered distributed. The fact that the most common parasitoid on P. glabratum (Protapanteles sp.) has much less dispersion capacity compared with the most common parasitoid on P. mollicomum (Myiopharus sp.) corroborates this view. Funding: CNPq, FAPESP, INCT/HYMPAR-SUDESTE. __________________________________
HABITAT NETWORKS AND PARASITOID WEBS: A LANDSCAPE SCALE APPROACH Zoltán, L.*, László, R., Béla, T. Hungarian Department of Biology and Ecology, Babeş-Bolyai University, Str. Clinicilor nr. 5–7, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania (
[email protected]) Herbivore communities and their predators are seriously affected by the increasing land use. Galling communities are adequate models to test the effects of landscape change on both plant and animal communities. Along a land-use gradient we investigated characteristics of networks formed by rose bushes and quantitative webs of rose gall parasitoids. We aimed to assess the effect of landscape configuration and constitution changes on the habitat networks and parasitoid webs. Data were collected in three years on seven sites positioned on a south-east – north-west axis of 328 km through Transylvania (Romania) and Eastern Hungary. The analysed data set consisted of 7 landscapes, 60 rose bush networks formed by a total of 1562 bushes (Rosa sp., mostly R. canina) and 890 rose galls (Diplolepis rosae) which yielded a total of 12731 gall inhabitants (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Ichneumonidae, Chalcidoidea). Quantitative parasitoid webs were built for each of the rose bush networks. Parasitoid webs contained a maximum of 12 species. Results indicate that both configuration and composition of the surveyed landscapes affected both rose bush network and quantitative parasitoid web characteristics. Rose bush networks showed significant alterations in link densities and compartmentisation with the landscape composition change. Quantitative parasitoid webs showed significant alterations in discrepancy, interaction density and specialisation asymmetry with the landscape composition and configuration change. Between rose bush networks and parasitoid webs we found interactions in link density and functional diversity, higher trophic level extinction, nestedness. Our findings suggest that structural changes in landscapes has a significant impact on network based community structure. Moreover, in our study land use increase had positive effects due to the high resiliency of the studied community. But in the case of less resilient communities this effect may turn into negative. This work was supported by a grant of the Romanian Ministry of Education, CNCS – UEFISCDI, project number PN-II-RU-PD-2012-3 – 0065. __________________________________
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8th International Congress of Hymenopterists 20-25 July 2014, Cusco Peru STRUCTURAL COMPLEXITY OF VEGETATION AND ICHNEUMONIDAE DIVERSITY Mazón, M.*, Gutiérrez, N., Juan, A., Bordera, S. Universidad Nacional Experimental Sur del Lago “Jesús María Semprum”, Santa Bárbara del Zulia (Venezuela) (
[email protected]) Ichneumonidae, being other arthropods’ parasitoids, are situated in the third or even fourth level of the food chain. However, their occurrence is closely linked to the habitat structure, since their fitness depends on their ability in finding their hosts on plants. In the Cabañeros National Park (Spain), 5 habitats were selected based on their representation or singularity in the Park. Two Townes style Malaise traps were installed in each habitat, and 11 Ichneumonidae subfamilies were sorted and identified to species. Habitat structure was measured upon some vegetation variables: cover of the ground shrub and tree layers, maximum height, plant and biotope diversity and continuity of the tree layer. Both Ichneumonidae diversity and vegetation structure were measured during the most diverse season: in spring. The habitat structure and complexity was integrated in a habitat complexity index (HCI) obtained by the main axis of a non-metric multidimensional scaling ordination (NMDS) of the vegetation variables. The HCI was further correlated with the Ichneumonidae diversity (measured as the Shannon index), richness and abundance. __________________________________
DEVELOPING A FIELD SCENARIO FOR THE STUDY AND REARING OF THE NATIVE BUMBLEBEE Bombus atratus IN COLOMBIA (HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE) Romero, E., Pinilla-Cruz, C.*, Cure-Hakim, J., Riaño-Jimenez, D., Padilla, S., AguilarBenavidez, L. Asistente de Investigación, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Km 2 vía Cajicá – Zipaquirá (
[email protected]) Species of Bombus are efficient pollinators in agriculturally important crops. For this reason, rearing methods were developed for some of these species such as Bombus terrestris and Bombus impatiens. The research group Biodiversidad y Ecologia de Abejas Silvestres (BEAS) of the Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, with experience in the study of bionomics, foraging behavior and pollination mediated by Bombus atratus has been developing an experimental rearing model combining greenhouse and field conditions, making possible biological and ecological studies. This model features a continuous supply of nectar and pollen for colonies, offered by plants that were selected based on previous experiences showing them as a good supply of food for the colonies. All plants are produced by agroecological practices without use of chemicals that may affect the development of colonies. By knowing some wild species of plants that are visited by other species of Bombus and their biological habits we could develop studies about their ecology and rearing, and in a near future we expect to implement the rearing of other species of Bombus in this locality like B. hortulanus and B. rubicundus, species that were studied roughly by the EBAS group. __________________________________
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8th International Congress of Hymenopterists 20-25 July 2014, Cusco Peru THE INFLUENCE OF A VEGETATIONAL CORRIDOR ON THE DIVERSITY AND ABUNDANCE OF PARASITOIDS (INSECTA: HYMENOPTERA) WITHIN A SUGAR CANE AGROECOSYSTEM Méndez, H.A.G.*, Tomazella, V.B., Silveira, L.C.P. Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, CP: 3037, CEP: 37200-000. Lavras – MG, Brasil (
[email protected]) The vegetational corridor is considered important in the conservation of biodiversity. Some data also show that there is an enrichment of natural enemies and effective biological control where the natural vegetation remains on margins of cultivation and in association with the plantation forming corridors or hedgerows of vegetation. The objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of a vegetational corridor on the diversity and abundance of hymenopteran parasitoids in an area of sugar cane, La Unión, Santa Lucia Cotzumalguapa, Guatemala. The insects were collected using yellow water Moerick traps, placed 0.5 m above the ground, arranged in eight transects perpendicular to the corridor (repetition), spaced 10 meters from each other with 5 traps per transect, during two days. The first trap was installed in the corridor (T1) and the others at intervals of 2m toward the interior of planting, so T5 was 8 meters far from the corridor. A total of 76 parasitoid individuals distributed in 33 morpho-especies were collected. The most frequent genera found were Telenomus (Scelionidae), with 10 individuals; Ceraphron (Ceraphronidae), with 9 individuals and Gonatocerus (Mymaridae) and Aenasius (Encyrtidae), with 5 individuals each. The traps located inside the corridor or at 2 m (4.5 and 7.75 individuals/trap respectively; p = 0,0283) showed higher rates of abundance, while the treatment 4 (6 m from corridor) showed the lowest values (1.5 individuals/trap). The diversity index was higher in T2 and T1 (H´= 2.58 and 2.11 respectively) and lowest in T5 (H =1.748). According to the distances from the corridor toward the interior of sugar cane, no significant decrease gradient was observed, since many distances were equal in abundance and diversity. Nonetheless, there was an exchange of parasitoid between the sugar cane and the vegetational corridor, represented mainly by the genera Telenomus and Gonatocerus, since they occurred in both sites. The results indicate that the diversity and abundance of hymenopteran parasitoids are influenced by the presence of a vegetational corridor, because parasitoids associated with sugar cane crop pests were present in the corridor and inside the culture. __________________________________
DETECTING CHANGE IN PARASITOID FAUNAS; ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF NOCTURNAL ICHNEUMONOIDEA Broad, G.R. Department of Life Sciences, the Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD UK (
[email protected]) Whilst western European landscapes have changed profoundly over the previous few decades, the impacts on insects are only vaguely understood and the impact on parasitoids virtually unknown. It should be possible to use large collections, such as the Natural History Museum’s, and samples from long-running surveys, such as the Rothamsted light trap survey, to start examining changes in parasitoid faunas. Nocturnal Ichneumonoidea are a convenient group, being attracted to light, and samples exist from across Britain and across five decades. Unfortunately, collections are riddled with misidentifications and species-level taxonomy has proved to be unreliable. Concentrating
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8th International Congress of Hymenopterists 20-25 July 2014, Cusco Peru on two genera, Netelia and Ophion, I present data on misidentification rates in major collections and progress on delimiting species of these difficult genera, partly through use of DNA barcoding data. Specimens under one of the most widely used names, Netelia testacea (Gravenhorst), were almost entirely misidentified and almost all literature relating to the name is irrelevant. The situation for Ophion luteus (L.) is not much better. Preliminary distribution maps are presented, with crude measures of detecting changing status of species through representation in collections. Some apparently plurivoltine Ophion species are shown to be species complexes. __________________________________
A PARASITOID LARVA EVOKES THE RESTING WEB OF A HOST SPIDER WITH FIBROUS THREAD DECORATION AS AN AMBER LIGHT FOR FLYING INSECTS Takasuka, K.*, Yasui, T., Ishigami, T., Nakata, K., Matsumoto, R., Ikeda, K., Maeto, K. Laboratory of Insect Biodiversity and Ecosystem Science, Kobe University, Rokkodai cho 1-1, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan (
[email protected]) Some ichneumonid spider parasitoids (Pimplinae, the Polysphincta group) are known to manipulate host spiders to modify web construction, resulting in a cocoon web. The wasp larva externally parasitizes a host spider, allowing its normal activity, including normal web construction (i.e. koinobiont ectoparasitoid). In the larva’s penultimate instar, the host spider is controlled by the larva to reinforce the web structure, thus contributing to the wasp’s survival in the pupal stage. A cocoon web varies in form depending on the wasp-spider relationship, but often, the durability of the web is highly increased and its capturing function totally disappears. One wasp-spider relationship in Japan, that of Reclinervellus nielseni and Cyclosa argenteoalba (Araneae, Araneidae), has also been shown to involve web-modification. C. argenteoalba weaves a fine orb web for capturing prey, but it sometimes constructs a simple web without a sticky spiral and with conspicuous white fibrous decorations on radii. We call this resting web, the function of which remains unknown. The larva of R. nielseni induces C. argenteoalba to modify its web form from the normal orb web into a simpler and seemingly better design in order to sustain the wasp’s cocoon. The form of the cocoon web is similar to that of the resting web, bearing similar fibrous decorations on the radii. Thus, we hypothesized that R. nielseni evokes the resting web construction behaviour that is already programmed in C. argenteoalba for its cocoon web. We then observed the spider web-building behaviour for both cocoon and resting webs in order to clarify the origin of the cocoon web, and examined the structure and mechanical properties of the silks that were used to build the cocoon, resting, and normal webs. Scanning electron micrographs clearly showed the similarities between the fibrous decorations in the cocoon and resting webs. Additionally, observations of the web-building sequence revealed that similar behaviours were adopted for making the fibrous decorations in both cocoon and resting web construction. The spider repeatedly flaps its fourth legs to spray fibrous threads onto radii, and such behaviour is never seen in normal orb web construction, thereby verifying our hypothesis. Measurements of wavelengths by a spectrometer revealed that the fibrous decorations exclusively reflect ultraviolet radiation, indicating that C. argenteoalba displays the existence of a resting web to flying insects by using the fibrous decoration as an amber light so as not to destroy the web. R. nielseni also takes advantage of this structure for the same function during its pupal stage. Tensile tests of the radii in three kinds of webs revealed that there is no significant difference between the radii of the resting web and those of the normal web but the radii of the cocoon web were significantly stronger than those of other two webs, indicating that R. nielseni not only evoked the intrinsic behaviour of C. argenteoalba but also modified the strength of the thread. It is still unclear which
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8th International Congress of Hymenopterists 20-25 July 2014, Cusco Peru strategy is adopted to reinforce the radii: altering the properties of the thread or forcing the spider into repeating thread weaving. __________________________________
IS PERUVIAN AMAZONIA THE WORLD´S HOTSPOT FOR PIMPLINIFORM PARASITOIDS (HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE)? Gómez, I.C. Zoological Museum, Section of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences, Department of Biology, FI-20014 University of Turku, Finland (
[email protected]) The richness of tropical ichneumonid wasps is controversial. Some authors claim that it is lower than in some temperate regions and hence departs from the usual latitudinal richness gradient. However, only a few extensive inventories of ichneumonids have been conducted in the Neotropical region suggesting that tropical parasitoid diversity has been overlooked. Five field sampling methods were used to sample parasitoid wasps in the Allpahuayo-Mishana National Reserve in Peruvian Amazonia to test the extent of local ichneumonid richness in an area known to be very rich for other animal and plant taxa. A total of 24,378 ichneumonid specimens were collected over three sampling intervals spanning 14 years. The total number of pimpliniform (Pimplinae and Rhyssinae) species observed was 105. To my knowledge, this locality in the Peruvian Amazonia is the most species-rich ever documented for these parasitoids. Despite the extensive sampling effort, species richness estimators applied show that there are still many species to be found in this locality. Comparison with other study localities around the world shows that Neotropical sites are among the most species rich for pimpliform wasps. This suggests that the widely-studied phenomenon of anomalous latitudinal diversity gradient of ichneumonids may partly result from inadequate sampling of tropical parasitoids. I consider that these parasitoids are still sampled too sparsely in the tropics to convincingly conclude that they are less diverse than in other regions of the world. __________________________________
DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTION OF ACULEATA (HYMENOPTERA) IN MIDWESTERN BRAZILIAN DRY FORESTS Silvestre, R.*, Demétrio, M.F., Trad, B.M., Lima, F.V.O., Auko, T.H., Souza, P.R. Laboratório de Ecologia de Hymenoptera HECOLAB, Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e Ambientais- UFGD. Rodovia Dourados Itahum, Cidade Universitária, Km 12, S/N. 79.804.970 Dourados, MS, Brazil (
[email protected]) Hymenoptera is one of the most diverse orders of insects in terms of functional structure, distribution, and numbers of species, as far as in their habits and life histories, including the highest degrees of social organization to the solitary behavior. This group is important to the balancing and functioning of most terrestrial ecosystems. Based on the feeding habits of known world Hymenoptera, it is estimated that nearly 80% species represent parasitic forms and 20% predatory forms. Studies on the biogeography and diversity of Hymenoptera, and the processes affecting their maintenance, can be of great interest for planning effective conservation of the biota at the regional scale, particularly in areas where no previous records exist for the group, as
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8th International Congress of Hymenopterists 20-25 July 2014, Cusco Peru the dry forest located in South America. In this context we present the first systematic inventory of Hymenoptera carried out in pristine dry forests of mid-western Brazil, conducted over eight years, covering the following locations: Serra da Bodoquena (ten sites sampled) and Brazilian Chaco (three sites sampled). The Chacoan xeromorphic forests include shrubs and mesophytic vegetation usually associated with saline soil. The Bodoquena plateau contains deciduals and semideciduals forests, and divides important water catchments, bordering the south Pantanal domain. In these areas the expansion of agriculture and intensive cattle farming has led to a dramatic forest loss. The samples included the following groups: Formicidae, Sphecidae, Crabronidae, Apidae (sensu lato), Pompilidae, Vespidae, Mutillidae, Tiphiidae, Scoliidae, and Rhopalosomatidae. We investigated the model distribution patterns for the taxa and described the faunistic structure. Complementary techniques were employed in this study, including mini-winkler apparatus, malaise traps, yellow traps and attractive traps, and manual collection. An expressive number of rare and endemic species was detected, and high species turnover was revealed for all Hymenoptera groups along the dry forest fragments studied. The most abundant taxa showed a similar species distribution profile, denoting a model that follows a truncate Log-normal. In order to species richness in a regional spectrum of the dry forests analyzed was: Apoidea (Apidae sensu lato + Sphecidae + Crabronidae) (257 species), Formicidae (232), and Vespoidea (Pompilidae + Vespidae + Mutillidae + Tiphiidae + Scoliidae + Rhopalosomatidae) (228). In total, 713 species and morphospecies of Aculeata were identified. Despite the biogeographic relationships of the vegetation, current and evolutionary effects of environmental formations may be reflected in the structure of the community on dry forests. In the Tertiary and Quaternary periods the dry forests of South America have had a more continuous distribution in the recent geological past, especially in the late Pleistocene. This unique distribution set in a large open area diagonal formation of South America, extending from the Caatinga in northeastern Brazil to the Chaco in Argentina. The diagonal of open areas harbors a large variety of ecosystems, which provide a large number of endemic species of Hymenoptera; and in terms of species diversity on regional scales, the dry forests have a similar diversity checked for the Amazon and Atlantic forests. __________________________________
PROTEIN VARIATION IN LARVAL FOOD OF Melipona scutellaris Figueiredo-Mecca, G.*, Paulino-Neto, H.F., Nascimento, F.S. Laboratório de Comportamento e Ecologia de Insetos Sociais, Departamento de Biologia, FFCLRP, Universidade de SãoPaulo, Ribeirão Preto. Av. Bandeirantes, 3900. CEP 14040-901. Brasil (
[email protected]) The Melipona scutellaris (Apidae; Apini; Meliponini) is an indigenous stingless bee species. This species is highly eusocial founding perennial colonies and presenting caste differentiation. This species is found on the coast from Bahia to Ceará states and was introduced in the interior regions at the Northeast of Brazil. The nests of M. scutellaris are made only in holes on trees trunks presenting elaborate architecture. Pollen and honey are the main food source. The quantity of food stored in the pots is associated with the amount of males produced. Since in this species there is no difference between the cells that queens and workers develop, it’s probable that the food quality affect the production of queens. This study evaluated the protein variation of larval food among colonies of M. scutellaris along the year. For this study, five colonies were initially used, from April to October 2012. Ten samples of larval food were collected from each colony. The protein analyzes were made through Bradford method (1976) with the methodology adapted
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8th International Congress of Hymenopterists 20-25 July 2014, Cusco Peru by Paulino-Neto et al. (in preparation) for pollen and larval food. The results of the protein contents were calculated as a proportion of dry weight of larval food. The value of pollen was maintained below 15% for almost all the period of the study. The lower values occurred in August (5.32%; n=30) and September (3.86%;n=10) and the highest occurred in July (27.85%; n = 49) when most colonies presented average values between 25% and 35%. The results indicate that the colonies differed significantly on the protein content of larval food with two showing average values around 12% and the other three below 12%. It can be an indication that the bees collect pollen from different species of plants across the year. __________________________________
THERMOREGULATORY CAPACITY AND THE HEAT PRODUCTION IN THE NEST OF STINGLESS BEES Melipona scutellaris Roldão-Sbordoni, Y.S.*, Gomes, G., Mateus, S., Nascimento, F.S. Laboratory of Behavior and Ecology of Social Insects, Department of Biology, FFCLRP, USP – University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto – SP, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900.14040-901 (yarasr@ pg.ffclrp.usp.br) Despite large variations in ambient temperature, honeybees (Apidae, Apini) are capable of maintaining the temperature of their nests within narrow boundaries. Active thermoregulatory mechanisms underlying such colony endothermy are considered key to the ecological success of these animals, which can be found in many terrestrial environments ranging from cold temperate climates to hot desert-like habitats. The stingless bees (Apidae, Meliponini), by contrast, inhabit predominantly tropical and subtropical habitats, which might be due to its ability to thermoregulation known as passive. In this present study, we tested in stingless bees Melipona scutellaris the heat production by brood as well as by adult bees that were on the brood combs. We recorded the body surface temperature of the brood area (immature present in the combs) and of the adult individuals with an infrared camera. For this, we put the nest inside of the B.O.D. to control the temperature and observe the thermoregulatory capacity; therefore, we changed the temperature of the B.O.D. during the experiment. The temperatures used were 15ºC, 20ºC, 25ºC, 27.5ºC, 30ºC, 32.5ºC, 35ºC and 37.5ºC. We also recorded the ambient temperature where the Melipona scutellaris nest were located (inside the B.O.D.) with a sensor connected to datalogger that recorded the temperature every 30 seconds. Thus, the images of the infrared camera confirmed the existence of heat in the brood combs (variation of temperature between 22-29ºC) and we could observe the production of heat by adult individuals (thorax temperature between 22-36ºC). Our results indicate that in nests of M. scutellaris, there are a heat generation through metabolic processes that nonetheless do not maintain a constant body temperature; however, it is enough to maintain a stable temperature and a reproductive success in the brood area. Therefore, our results suggest a semi-active thermoregulatory capacity and not a passive thermoregulation as previously stated.
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8th International Congress of Hymenopterists 20-25 July 2014, Cusco Peru PHYLOGENOMICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
A NOVEL TARGET ENRICHMENT STRATEGY FOR PHYLOGENOMIC ANALYSES OF SPHECID WASPS Sann, M.*, Mayer, C., Donath, A., Peters, R.S., Niehuis, O., Bleidorn, C., Ohl, M. Museum für Naturkunde – Leibnitz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Invalidenstraße 43, Berlin D-10115, Germany (
[email protected]) Sphecid wasps are a morphologically and behaviorally heterogeneous group of aculeate Hymenoptera and comprise about 10,000 described species. Together with the species-rich bees (Anthophila), they form a well-supported monophyletic group named Apoidea. To understand the phylogeny and evolution of Apoidea, we compiled a taxonomic sampling for molecular phylogenetic analyses that includes all major extant lineages of sphecid wasps as well as selected bees and outgroup taxa. We aim to conduct a phylogenomic analysis that is based on a target DNA enrichment approach for Illumina multiplexed Next Generation Sequencing. Annotated genomes of a set of reference species as well as 24 transcript libraries of Crabronidae and Sphecidae from the 1KITE project (www.1kite.org) were used to detect a total of 5.537 single-copy orthologous protein-coding genes. Based on the Nasonia vitripennis gene models, the aligned transcript sequences were spliced into 25.016 coding exons. Of these, only gap-free multiple nucleotide sequence alignments that contain a nucleotide sequence from at least one representative of the 24 sphecid wasps from the 1KITE project, were used to search for potential DNA target regions. Target regions of 240bp in length were tiled into 120-bp-long baits with a new bait every 20bp. Finally, using a clustering approach, bait-binding sequences were clustered into groups that differ less than 6 % from each other. This was used to generate artificial bait sequences that exhibit the smallest possible maximum distance to any sequence in a given sequence cluster. We designed 73,719 artificial baits to capture 486 coding exons. Initial results based on analyzing 16 test species revealed that artificial baits highly successfully enrich the target DNA of both closely and distantly related Hymenoptera. To shed light on the evolutionary history of sphecid wasps, we intend to study 192 of 301 currently recognized sphecid wasp genera. Due to this, it should be feasible to reconstruct the phylogenomic relationships of the major lineages within the apoid wasps.
__________________________________ CHROMOSOMAL STUDY OF PARASITOID HYMENOPTERA: PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE Gokhman, V.E. Botanical Garden, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia (
[email protected]) Karyotypes of more than 450 species of parasitic wasps have been examined up to now. However, this value constitutes far less than 0.1% of described species of parasitoid Hymenoptera. The haploid chromosome number (n) varies from n = 3 to n = 23 in this group, with the highest values characteristic of the superfamily Evanioidea and certain Ichneumonoidea, and the lowest ones found in many Chalcidoidea as well as in a number of Aphidiinae and a few other Braconidae. Although the general model of karyotype evolution in parasitic wasps remains relatively stable during the last decade, new data continue to provide important information on the patterns of
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8th International Congress of Hymenopterists 20-25 July 2014, Cusco Peru chromosomal variation in certain taxa. Specifically, first karyotypic data for a few families and subfamilies, such as Agaonidae and Homolobinae (Braconidae), were published in 2010-2012. In addition, chromosomal study led to discovery of a number of cryptic species as well as of certain cytogenetic phenomena in parasitoid Hymenoptera. For example, our investigation of a supposedly well-known parasitoid of a wide array of coleopteran stored-product pests, Anisopteromalus calandrae (Howard) (Pteromalidae), has revealed a previously undescribed cosmopolitan species. On the other hand, we have recently detected up to six B chromosomes per diploid karyotype in Pnigalio gyamiensis Myartseva & Kurashev (Eulophidae), whereas two chromosomes of that kind found in chromosome sets of Pnigalio agraules (Walker) and of a particular strain of Aphidius ervi Haliday (Braconidae) is the next highest number of B chromosomes in parasitic wasps. Differential staining (mostly C- and AgNOR-banding) was performed on chromosomes of a number of parasitoid species, and nowadays it is complemented with specific fluorochrome banding. Without any pretreatment, AT-specific fluorochromes usually produce homogeneous staining on chromosomes of parasitoid Hymenoptera, sometimes except for nucleolus organizing regions, which, in turn, are stained with GC-binding fluorochrome dyes. In addition, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is becoming an efficient tool used for detection and localization of various DNA sequences on chromosomes of parasitic wasps. Using this approach, we were able to map 45S and 18S rRNA genes in a few members of the superfamilies Ichneumonoidea, Cynipoidea, and Chalcidoidea and therefore to propose a model of evolution of the number and localization of rDNA clusters on chromosomes of parasitoid Hymenoptera. Moreover, we have demonstrated absence of the canonical insect telomeric repeat, TTAGG, in the above-mentioned superfamilies, suggesting the total lack of the (TTAGG)n motif in parasitic wasps. We believe that FISH and similar techniques (e.g. chromosome microdissection) will be widely used in the future to facilitate genome assembly in parasitoid Hymenoptera, as it is already being done for some other insects. Methods of immunochemistry will also reveal various aspects of composition of particular chromosomes (e.g. methylation profiles if antibodies to 5-methylcytosine are used). __________________________________
GENOME SEQUENCING OF DIVERSE HYMENOPTERA AT THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS Robertson, H.M., Walden, K.K.O., Burke, G.R., Strand, M.R., Whitfield, J.B.*, Feder, J.L., Wanner, K., Kapheim, K.M., Robinson, G.E. Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA (
[email protected]) After publication of the sequence of the honey bee genome in 2006, headed up by Gene Robinson and George Weinstock and the Baylor Human Genome Sequencing Center, a diverse array of Hymenoptera have come under genomic study at the University of Illinois. Multiple faculty, postdocs and students at Illinois contributed to the sequencing and annotation of the fly parasitoid Nasonia vitripennis (Pteromalidae) and several published ant genomes, and are continuing to explore the diversity of bees and their social behaviors via sequencing of 10 bee genomes (Robinson lab in collaboration with the Beijing Genome Institute), most intensively at the moment the giant honey bee Apis dorsata (headed up by Olav Rueppel, UNC-G), the bumble bee Bombus impatiens, and the alfalfa leafcutter bee Megachile rotundata (with Steve Salzberg, Johns Hopkins U., Mark Yandell, U. Utah and Matt Hudson, U. Illinois). Some orchid bees (Euglossini) have been found to have very large genomes relative to the other explored bees. Currently, these studies continue while several new genomes have been recently assembled and are at the annotation and analysis phase or are nearing completion of assembly. At the former
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8th International Congress of Hymenopterists 20-25 July 2014, Cusco Peru stage is the caterpillar parasitoid Microplitis demolitor (Braconidae), which in collaboration with the Strand laboratory at the University of Georgia has already been used to outline the genomic reorganization of its polydnavirus genome since incorporation of the ancestral nudivirus into the wasp genome. The Microplitis genome (ca. 259 MB in size) is currently in continuing annotation phase before full publication of the genome. Also at this relatively completed stage, including preliminary annotation, is the wheat stem sawfly Cephus cinctus (with a relatively small 167 MB genome), being studied in collaboration with the Wanner laboratory. Diachasma alloeum (Braconidae, a parasitoid of the apple maggot – 403 MB) is nearing completion of assembly, in collaboration with the Feder Laboratory. __________________________________
IMPACT OF THE TRADITIONAL MASS REARING PROCESS ON GENETIC VARIATION IN Aphytis melinus, REVEALED BY DOUBLE DIGEST RAD SEQUENCING Gebiola, M.*, Streicher, J.W., Rugman-Jones, P.F., Morse, J.G., Stouthamer, R. Department of Entomology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA (marco.
[email protected]) Aphytis melinus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) is an important parasitoid of the California red scale, Aonidiella aurantii. This biocontrol agent has been commercially mass reared for nearly 50 years following its introduction into California in the late 1950s. Until the mid-1980s, quality control of natural enemies had not even been considered. Today there are quality control guidelines for some natural enemies, but testing is rare and there are no criteria specifically for A. melinus. Several studies have shown that biological control agents suffer from bottlenecks in population size, with subsequent loss of genetic variation. Furthermore, inbreeding and laboratory adaptation can negatively affect the fitness potential of biocontrol agents in the field. We used double digest Restriction-site Associated DNA sequencing (ddRADseq) to screen the genetic diversity of inbred and natural populations of A. melinus. Parasitoids were sampled from commercial insectaries in California, Spain and Australia; from a laboratory colony maintained for almost two decades and initiated with material collected in China; from five established Californian field populations; and from natural populations in Pakistan, which represents part of the native range of A. melinus. Fifty females or an equivalent mixture of both sexes per population were pooled, and each population was uniquely barcoded. Paired-end ddRADseq libraries were sequenced on an Illumina MiSeq. Raw Illumina reads were demultiplexed and processed using STACKS, a software pipeline that identifies SNPs and calculates population genetics indices (F statistics). We used SNP data derived from both read pairs analyzed separately to: perform Bayesian clustering in the program STRUCTURE; identify outlier loci under natural selection in the program BAYESCAN; and, infer phylogenetic trees using standard searching criteria (e.g., Maximum Likelihood). Both datasets suggested the presence of three clusters across our sampling: (1) Old World samples from the native range of A. melinus, (2) California/Australia field-collected samples and (3) samples obtained from insectaries. We examined genetic diversity across the sampled populations and found that samples obtained from insectaries had, in general, far fewer private alleles than any of the field-collected samples. These findings suggest that current protocols used in the mass rearing of parasitoids have led to reduced genetic diversity relative to other A. melinus populations. Interestingly, this reduction in diversity is not just compared to populations from the species’ native range, but also to those populations that have been putatively established from insectary stocks. We suspect that these patterns are the result of population bottlenecks and/or laboratory adaptation. Thus, our findings may have direct implications for the future management of this agriculturally important biocontrol agent.
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RESOLVING THE NEARCTIC Peristenus pallipes (BRACONIDAE: EUPHORINAE) COMPLEX USING AN INTEGRATIVE TAXONOMIC APPROACH Zhang, Y.M.*, Sharanowski, B.J. Department of Entomology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada (yuanmeng.
[email protected]) Species of Peristenus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) are important biological control agents of plant bugs (Hemiptera: Miridae), in particular the large genus Lygus. The central problem associated with Peristenus taxonomy is the Peristenus pallipes species complex. Members of the P. pallipes complex are Holarctic in distribution, ranging from temperate to boreal regions. At least nine Nearctic species are currently recognized; however, they are often unidentifiable without detailed biological data. The species concepts of members of Nearctic P. pallipes complex are tested using an integrative taxonomic approach, by combining morphometrics, host records, molecular (COI and CytB), and distribution data. While the morphologically distinct dayi and mellipes species groups are supported by molecular data and host preferences, no consistent geographical or temporal patterns can be observed within the two clades. Revised species concepts are discussed in an evolutionary context. __________________________________
MOLECULAR EVIDENCE RESOLVES THE CONFUSION INVOLVING TWO ICHNEUMONID SPECIES OF Spilopteron (HYMENOPTERA) CAUSED BY MARKED GEOGRAPHICAL COLOR VARIATION Ito, M.*, Watanabe, K., Maeto, K. Laboratory of Insect Biodiversity and Ecosystem Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Rokkodaicho 1–1, Nada, Kobe, Hyogo 657–8501, Japan (fixsenia@ hotmail.co.jp) The delimitation of two ichneumonid species of the genus Spilopteron, S. apicale (Matsumura) and S. tosaense (Uchida) has long been elusive. According to Kusigemati (1981), the darkcolored species “S. apicale” from the northern islands of Japan (Hokkaido and Honshu) was clearly distinguishable from the light-colored species “S. tosaense” from the southern islands of Japan (Shikoku, Kyushu, and Yakushima Is.). However, because many additional specimens showing intermediate color patterns have been collected from Honshu and Shikoku, species delimitation has become vague, which also triggered speculations that these might be the same species that simply shows a continuum of colors. In this study, 1) we established the genealogical relationships of the so-called “S. apicale” and “S. tosaense” based on DNA sequences of the mitochondrial COI and nuclear 28S RNA genes; 2) we examined the morphological characters of adult wasps including type materials, with reference to the results of DNA sequence analyses; and 3) the intraspecific color variation in S. tosaense was analyzed by ordinal logistic regression to identify geographical factors that influence this feature. The results of mitochondrial COI gene analyses indicated two distinct clades, one of which contains the both so-called “S. apicale” and “S. tosaense” (Clade A), whereas the other contains “S. apicale” only (Clade B). The results of
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8th International Congress of Hymenopterists 20-25 July 2014, Cusco Peru nuclear 28S analyses also returned the same two clades, exactly corresponding to those obtained from the analysis of the COI sequences. Morphological examination showed that Clades A and B could be discriminated based on the shape of the apical dark mark of forewing and projections in clypeus. Based on the examination of type materials, it has been confirmed that Clade A may be attributable to S. tosaense, whereas Clade B to S. apicale. Ordinal logistic regression analysis showed that latitude significantly affects the marked geographical color variation in S. tosaense females, which darkens with the increase of latitude degree. It is highly likely that S. tosaense possesses the capacity for thermal melanism, allowing this species to adapt to cooler habitats by absorbing more solar radiation and to warmer habitats by absorbing less solar radiation (e.g., Brakefield & Willmer, 1985; Abe et al., 2013). Consequently, this species could have a wide distribution from warm to cool climatic zones, thus expanding its occurrence in Japan. In contrast, S. apicale apparently lacks this capacity for thermal regulation by body color variation, thus resulting in its confinement to northern or high altitude areas. However, alternative hypotheses should also be considered because the effect of altitude on body color variation is not significant and males do not show such geographical color variation. __________________________________
PASSIVE LONG-DISTANCE DISPERSAL OF WINGLESS PARASITOIDS IN ASIAN RICE PADDY Mita, T.*, Matsumoto, Y., Sanada-Morimura, S., Matsumura, M. NARO Kyushu Okinawa Agricultural Research Center, Koshi, Japan (
[email protected]) The rice planthoppers (SBPH, Laodelphax striatellus (Fallén); WBPH, Sogatella furcifera (Horváth); and BPH, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål)) are important pests of rice product in Asian countries. Their mass long-distance dispersal is well known phenomenon in monsoon Asia (Sogawa, 2010; Otuka et al., 2010). Not only planthoppers themselves but also their parasitoids may be transported with larvae attaching the host body. The apterous dryinid species attacking rice planthoppers are representatives of the passive long-distance dispersal (Mita et al., 2013). We analyzed phylogenetic relationships and haplotype network of three dryinid species using partial mitochondrial COI gene sequences (807 or 1135 bp) to clarify the influence of the hosts’ dispersion on their genetic diversity. For Haplogonatopus apicalis Perkins parasitizing WBPH (807bp, n = 34), high genetic diversity was observed but geographical populations were not recognized. For H. oratorius (Westwood) parasitizing SBPH (807bp, n = 58), the southern coast of eastern Japan population was discriminated from the other populations, and three core haplotype groups moderately associated with geographical distribution were recognized. For Gonatopus fluvifemur Esaki & Hashimoto parasitizing BPH (1135bp, n = 78), low genetic diversity was observed. Most individuals collected from Indochina to Japan share common haplotypes and geographical population was not discriminated. Those of Philippines and Papua New Guinea were discriminated from the other geographical populations; however, some individuals from Indochina to Japan also shared same haplotype dominant in Papua New Guinea. As for the rice planthoppers, low geographical population was recognized on the basis of mtDNA sequences of WBPH and BPH (Matsumoto et al., 2013). This low genetic diversity is probably caused by annual mass dispersal. However, the number of the passively transported dryinids must be quite limited because of the low parasitism ratio on long-winged adult hosts. Therefore, genetic structure of these wingless dryinids may reflect hosts’ dispersal passways. __________________________________
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MOLECULAR DETERMINANTS OF PREY CHOICE IN SPIDER WASPS (POMPILIDAE) Jost, M.C. Western New Mexico University, Silver City, NM U.S.A. (
[email protected]) Spider wasps (Pompilidae) are solitary, predatory aculeates that exclusively hunt, sting, and paralyze spiders (Araneae) to use as provisions for their own ectoparasitic larvae. Most pompilid wasps are prey generalists that utilize spider taxa belonging to the large araneid “RTA-clade” (named after the retrolateral tibial apophysis present in males). However, some phylogenetically derived pompilid taxa are prey specialists that target specific spider groups such as wolf spiders (Lycosidae), orb weavers (Araneidae), crevice weavers (Filistatidae), or tarantulas and trapdoor spiders (Mygalomorphae). Additionally, one large cosmopolitan clade of spiders, the Haplogynae, is not known to be utilized by pompilid wasps at all. While prey choice must partly depend on practical factors such as prey availability and size, these explanations cannot fully account for the existence of pompilid taxa that narrowly specialize on (or avoid) particular clades of spiders. The main paralytic fractions in pompilid wasp venoms are pompilidotoxins (PMTXs): short peptides of 13 amino acids that either slow or prevent inactivation of the voltage-gated sodium channel by binding to the same site targeted by certain scorpion and cnidaria toxins. Mass spectrometry of pompilid wasp venoms has uncovered at least two different PMTX analogues, while sequencing of the toxin binding site in sodium channels from diverse spider taxa reveals at least one mutation unique to arachnids, and another unique to haplogynes. PMTX sensitivity is altered by amino acid replacements that either reverse or remove the charge of sodium channel residues at the PMTX binding site, or that introduce amino acids with short hydrophobic side chains. Based on these data and on models of PMTX binding, we tentatively propose that taxon-specific prey choice and avoidance in pompilid wasps may be tied to the effectiveness of various PMTX analogues in inactivating spider sodium channels, which show diversity at critical toxin binding sites that may have evolved under natural selection favoring PMTX resistance.
Ant Representation in Inca pottery
(Vargas-Musquipa, W. F. 1995. Revista Peruana de Entomología. 37: 23-29)
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8th International Congress of Hymenopterists 20-25 July 2014, Cusco Peru BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
NATIVE PARASITOID RECRUITMENT TO CHESTNUT GALLWASP, Dryocosmus kuriphilus (HYMENOPTERA: CYNIPIDAE), ACROSS ITALY, SLOVENIA, CROATIA AND HUNGARY Melika, G.*, Matošević, D., Kos, K., Bosio, G., Kriston, É., Krizbai, L., Bozsó, M., Csóka, G., Pénzes, Zs., Quacchia, A. Plant Health and Molecular Biology Laboratory, National Food Chain Safety Office, Budapest, Hungary (
[email protected]) The chestnut gallwasp, Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu (DK) (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae) is considered to be the most important pest of chestnut (Castanea spp.) worldwide. Originating from China, this pest was accidentally introduced to Japan in 1941, colonized Korea in 1958 and the USA in 1974. In 2002 it was detected in Europe (Piedmont, Italy). Since 2002, DK has established and spread throughout Italy all the way into Sicily, and has also been reported in France in 2005, Slovenia in 2005, Switzerland in 2009, Croatia in 2010, Slovakia and Czech Republic in 2011 and Spain (Catalonia) in 2012. In Hungary it was detected for the first time in 2009 and was successfully eradicated but in 2013 heavy infestations were found in 20 localities of Zala County in the south-western part of the country and no doubts, the pest successfully settled down in Hungary also. Within the native range in China, 11 parasitoids species were found to associate with DK which kept the host populations at low densities; in Japan, South Korea, the USA and Italy the attack rates of indigenous parasitoid species vary from 2% to 4.7%, in some regions of Italy up to 32%. We study the native parasitoid complexes of DK across it expanding range in Italy (since 2005), Slovenia (since 2010), Croatia (since 2011) and Hungary (since 2013). Recruitment of parasitoids to DK depends on actual parasitoid species composition of oak gallwasps to be found in the same locality and higher in mixed chestnut-oak forests than in pure Castanea stands. The research has shown that the time lag between the introduction of the new host, DK, and the recruitment of native parasitoid community is short, what was already showed for different sites in Europe. In Italy during 2005-2010 thirty-two chalcidoid parasitoid species have so far recruited naturally to the new host, and in 2012-2013 the parasitoid species number increased to 39. In Slovenia 7 species were found in 2010, 11 in 2011, 13 in 2012 and 15 in 2013. In Croatia 11 species were found in 2011, 15 in 2012 and 18 in 2013. In Hungary during 2013, 11 species were reared from the new host. Possibilities for biological control by meaning of conservation and augmentation are discussed; classical biological control by using of introduced Torymus sinensis (Torymidae) is emphasised as well. __________________________________
BRACONIDAE IN DIVERSIFIED TROPICAL AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS Silveira, L.C.P.*, Silva, V.F., Santos, A.J.N., Tomazella, V.B. Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, CP: 3037, CEP: 37200-000. Lavras, MG, Brazil (
[email protected]) Braconidae species are amongst the most important parasitoids for pest control. Many examples of success using braconids are found in the literature. In Brazil, two biological control programs illustrate their importance. First, the biological control program of cereal aphids, which happened
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8th International Congress of Hymenopterists 20-25 July 2014, Cusco Peru during the late seventies and early eighties in the southern region, when six species of braconids were introduced and led to a 90% reduction in pesticide use for corn, sorghum and wheat. The second example is the use of Cotesia flavipes L. against the sugarcane borer Diatraea sacharalis L., which saves millions of dollars in losses every year in the country. Apart from these classical biological control programs, we are working with habitat diversification to enhance natural biological control in tropical systems, such as horticultural and coffee systems. By introducing flowering plant species in the cultivated habitat, we observed that braconid richness suffers a sensible increase. In collard fields associated with Asteraceae (Tagetes erecta L. and Calendula officinalis L.), and Apiaceae (Coriandrum sativum L. and Anethum graveolens L.), we found 20 species in 18 genera, with representatives that potentially parasitize the following groups of agricultural pests: macrolepidoptera, five species (Aleiodes sp., Diolcogaster sp., Cotesia sp, Glyptapanteles sp. and Heterospilus sp.); microlepidoptera, three species (Stiropius sp., Promicrogaster sp. and Deutexis sp.); three of Diptera (Opius sp1, 2 and 3), one of Coccinellidae (Dinocampus sp.); seven of aphids (Aphidius colemani, Diaeretiella rapae, Lysiphlebus testaceipes, Praon volucre, Adialytus sp., Tryoxis sp. and Boreogalba sp.); and Wilkinsonellus sp. (unknown hosts). In contrast, collards in monoculture host only five species, being four aphid parasitoids and a parasitoid of Diptera. In monoculture coffee systems (conventional or organic) compared with diversified systems (agroecological, where other species of trees and shrubs are allowed) smaller yet remarkable differences were also noticed. In agroecological systems we found 16 parasitoid species from 13 genera, being six of microlepidoptera (Chelonus sp., Microchelonus sp., Dentigaster, Orgilus sp1. Orgilus niger and Stiropius sp.), three of macrolepidoptera (Apanteles sp., Diolcogaster sp. and Glyptapanteles sp.), six of Diptera (Aphaereta sp., Phaenocarpa sp. and four species of Opius sp.) and one of woodborers (Heterospilus sp.). In simplified coffee we found 12 parasitoid species from nine genera: six of Diptera (four species of Opius sp., Aphaereta sp. and Symphane sp.), three of macrolepidoptera (Apanteles sp., Diolcogaster sp. and Choreborogas sp.), and three of microlepidoptera (Hypomicrogaster sp., Orgilus sp2. and Orgilus niger). Therefore, we can observe large differences of Braconidae richness in diversified horticultural systems compared to monocultures. For perennial crops such as coffee, the effect of diverse systems is smaller, but we also observed higher richness in these crops. It is likely that plant diversification offers more alternative hosts, shelter, microclimate and amount of food, such as nectar and pollen, for adults, and thus a large potential to promote biological control, particularly of Lepidoptera (macro and micro) and aphids in tropical diversified agroecosystems. Funding: FAPEMIG, CNPq and CAPES. __________________________________
PARASITIC WASPS OF Brevicoryne brassicae IN URBAN AGRICULTURE IN BRAZIL Tomazella, V.B.*, Proença, I.C.L., Méndez, H.A.G., Silveira, L.C.P. Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, CP: 3037, CEP: 37200-000. Lavras – MG, Brasil (
[email protected]) Urban agriculture is an alternative for production of horticultural plants that is growing in Brazilian cities. In this type of agriculture, the use of chemicals to control pests is avoided, so the biological control comes in hand to help urban farmers. The conservation biological control is a good tool to help those farmers, because they can manipulate the environment without great change on the way they produce and is harmless to human health. This work aims to collect and identify the brassica aphid parasitoids found in the “Horta Comunitaria da Cohab” in Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil, and link this with the agricultural management that the farmers do. Four farmers were selected for this research, each one with different methods of crop management. Farmer
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8th International Congress of Hymenopterists 20-25 July 2014, Cusco Peru A: produces for commercial purposes, usually removing leaves with high insect infestation, does a good weed control and have only brassica and lettuce. Farmer B: produces mainly for self-consuming, maintain the weeds on the field and has some habitat diversification. Farmer C: produces for self-consuming, have some habitat diversification including floral resources, do not eliminate leaves with high insect infestation, maintain the weeds on the field and do not manage the crops in a daily basis. Farmer D: produces for self-consuming, have a great diversity of production, have some floral resources, sometimes removes leaves with high insect infestation and maintains the field without weeds. In each farmer we collected mummified aphids found on brassica, taking them to the laboratory under controlled environment for parasitoid emergence. Twenty-three collections were conducted from July to December 2013, one day per week. Those parasitoids were preserved in alcohol 70%, and then identified to species or morphospecies. A total of 92 parasitoids distributed in 7 morph-species emerged from mummified aphids. Diaeretiella rapae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and Syrphophagus sp. (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) both aphid parasitoids, were found on all farmers alongside with three species of the hyperparasitoid Alloxysta spp. (Hymenoptera: Figitidae). One species of Pachyneuron (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), an aphid parasitoid, was found on all except in the A farmer. The greatest abundance was found on C farmer with a total of 41 insects (44.57% of the total insects found). The lowest abundance was found on A farmer. Farmers B and D showed similar results of abundance. Those results show that the management used by the farmers influences the abundance of parasitoids. With some habitat management and floral resources present in the area, it is possible to increase the abundance of parasitoids, thus possibly contributing to pest control in urban horticultural areas.
CHISI TUTA Chisi tuta suyñuychallaypi puka sisi tukuwachkaspa puka allqu kachuwachkaspa Last night on my dreams red ants were killing me redish dogs were crushing me Alas! Alas! Ayer en la noche entre mis sueños hormigas rojas estaban acabando conmigo perros rojizos me estaban triturando. Aaaaayyy. (Typical folk songs during carnival party. Churcampa-Pichccay. Huancavelica - PERU). Vilcapoma, J. C. 2010. Insectos en Metáfora Cultural. pp. 240.
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8th International Congress of Hymenopterists 20-25 July 2014, Cusco Peru PUBLISHING AND HYMENOPTERA COLLECTION
FROM READ TO WRITE ACCESS TO LEGACY TAXONOMIC TREATMENTS Agosti, D. Plazi, Zinggstrasse 16, 3007, Bern, Switzerland (
[email protected]) Taxonomic publications are the way we taxonomist communicate our results. The main subject are treatments of taxa. With other words, each taxonomic name usage is accompanied by a bit of text that either provides for the first time a treatment of this taxon, or in later cases a reference to the first usage and bits of additional information. Traditionally, they are embedded in printed publications, and dependent on data and results provided outside the treatment proper. The advent of digital publications did not change so far this concept. However, this format makes it impossible to find, extract and reuse these treatments that are considered the basic building blocks for biological sciences. This is even more frustrating since the content is highly structured and rich in data that can be re-used for different purposes, could be linked from external sites and links could be embedded to provide access to the underlying data, such as specimen records, images, etc. The Plazi workflow is a tool to convert legacy taxonomic publications into semantically enhanced, linked treatments and make them available for re-use in third party applications such as species-ID, Encyclopedia of Life or the Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Tools like the GoldenGate parser provide semiautomatic support to convert entire documents or parts of, like bibliographic references or materials citations, in semantically enhanced linked data. That means that terms relevant to taxonomy are tagged with elements that are defined in reference vocabularies such as the Darwin Core. Links can be embedded to digital objects such as specimens using persistent identifiers or bibliographic references using among persistent Digital Object Identifiers (DOI). The converted documents can be uploaded and made accessible through the Plazi repository. Access to treatments is an objective of the proposed Open Biodiversity Knowledge Management System within the EU-Funded Pro-iBiosphere project. __________________________________
RESOLVING THE PUBLISHING BOTTLENECK FOR BIODIVERSITY: MAKE YOUR DATA COUNT! Penev, L. Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences and Pensoft Publishers, Sofia, Bulgaria (
[email protected]) The “publishing bottleneck” is comparable to the “taxonomic impediment” and is caused by: (1) increasing amount of data due to the intensification of scientific exploration; (2) non-machinereadable formats, e.g. paper/PDF; (3) increasing overload of peers; (4) pressure to publish in “high-impact” journals which often have inconsistent policies and insufficient technologies for data publishing. The Biodiversity Data Journal (BDJ) (http://biodiversitydatajournal.com) and associated Pensoft Writing Tool (PWT) (http://pwt.pensoft.net) build on the experience of the ZooKeys and Journal of Hymenoptera Research journals. The basic idea behind BDJ is to mobilise, review, publish, make interoperable and re-use small and large biodiversity data
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8th International Congress of Hymenopterists 20-25 July 2014, Cusco Peru through the act of scholarly publishing. BDJ and PWT present the first work flow ever to support the full life cycle of a manuscript, from authoring, through community peer-review, publication and dissemination within a single, online collaborative platform. PWT provides a set of predefined, but flexible, article templates, and import function from external databases (Darwin Core compliant data, data tables, bibliographies), including track change and comments tools, revision history, online collaboration between authors and external contributors (e.g., mentors, potential reviewers, linguistic editors). Submission to the journal is simply at the click of a button. Text and data submitted to BDJ are formally evaluated through a novel community-based pre-publication and also post-publication peer-review. Authors may also opt for an entirely public peer-review process. Upon publication, Darwin Core Archives are being automatically generated and harvested by GBIF and Encyclopedia of Life. Occurrence data and other in-text data tables can be downloaded straight from the article text. BDJ publishes taxonomic, morphological, genomic, ecological, etc. articles, with no lower or upper limit to manuscript size, such as: (1) single taxon treatments; (2) data papers describing biodiversity-related databases; (3) sampling reports and inventories; (4) ecological and biological observations of species/communities; (5) identification keys; (6) descriptions of biodiversity-related software tools. __________________________________
EFFICIENT METHOD TO COLLECT ANT LARVAE PARASITIZED BY Eurypterna cremieri Konishi, K.*, Takashino, K. Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan (
[email protected]) Eurypterna cremieri (Romand, 1838) occurs in the autumn, and it is known that the females oviposit into the body of Lasius (Dendrolasius) nipponensis Forel, 1912 larvae that are carried by workers from the summer nest in tree trunk to the winter nest underground. Mystery left is how the endoparasitoid grows larger than its host, because body length of E. cremieri adult is 9.0 – 12.0 mm, whereas L. nipponensis worker is only 4.0 – 4.5 mm long. In order to solve this problem, it is required to rear parasitized ant larvae and observe what happens. However, oviposition of E. cremieri is rarely observed and thus it is difficult to collect the parasitized ant larvae. This is because ant larval transport is rarely made during daytime when females of E. cremieri are flying. When we visited the ant nest at night, it turned out that ant larval transport was quite frequent. Therefore, it makes us able to collect the parasitized ant larvae efficiently if we collect the intact ant larvae at night and put them on the ant trail in daytime during which females of E. cremieri are flying over the ant trail. When we put the ant larvae collected at night on a cap of sample tube and placed it on the ant trail, the workers on the ant trail began to carry the larvae, and thus females of E. cremieri attacked them, resulting in acquisition of many parasitized larvae. These larvae are kept in 10ºC in the refrigerator for diapause until May and then will be reared. __________________________________
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8th International Congress of Hymenopterists 20-25 July 2014, Cusco Peru THE SWEDISH MALAISE TRAP PROJECT: AN IMPOSSIBLE CRAZINESS OR A NECESSARY CHALLENGE? Karlsson, D. Station Linné, Skogsby, Sweden (
[email protected]) The Swedish Malaise Trap Project (SMTP) is a nationwide insect inventory project founded by the Swedish Species Information Centre (ArtDatabanken) but also heavily depending of huge volunteers’ efforts and external taxonomical services. The project was launched in 2003 when 75 Malaise traps at 54 localities across Sweden were run for three seasons until the field part was concluded in 2006, resulting in 1,900 samples (190 trap-years). The main goal is to make high-quality material of all Swedish insects – including the most poorly known – available for morphological and molecular research. By identifying all the collected specimens, the SMTP will leave a crucial contribution to the final goal for The Swedish Taxonomy Initiative (STI); to describe and present all Swedish multicellular species. The SMTP is unique by its nation-spanning scope and coverage. The total catch consists of an estimated 80 M specimens, representing a broad sample of all insect species in Sweden. More than 50 M specimens are now sorted into suitable fractions, and more than 100 specialists from institutions in Sweden and around the world are presently working on the material. The insects from the SMTP have shown to be both qualitatively valuable and quantitatively impressive and truly constitute a real gold mine for morphological as well as molecular studies. Progress in identification is spurred by taxonomic workshops, and specimenlevel data is captured by using prepopulated excel sheets. Just slightly more than one percent of the collected material has hitherto been identified to species level, but already has more than 1,400 species being added to the Swedish fauna, including 500 previously undescribed. Species lists and reference material for DNA barcoding are now continuously returned and the results so far indicate that the material may contain up to 5,000 new Swedish species, more than 1,000 of which may be new to science. An essential challenge is to establish new contacts. Do YOU want to contribute and help us reach the final goal? We send unidentified specimens representing more than 300 groups on different taxonomic levels all around the world - but anyone is for sure very welcome to visit us at our home ground; Station Linné on Öland, which is worth a visit in itself!
World Postage Stamps inspired on Hymenoptera
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8th International Congress of Hymenopterists 20-25 July 2014, Cusco Peru ANT PARASITOID
PHYLOGENETICS OF CHALCIDOIDEA AND THE EVOLUTION OF ANT PARASITISM Heraty, J.M.*, Murray, E., Mottern, J. Dept. of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, USA (
[email protected]) Chalcidoidea are potentially one of the most diverse animal groups known. A combined analysis of ribosomal genes and 232 morphological characters for 300 taxa provides one of the best supported phylogenetic hypotheses for the Chalcidoidea. Within the superfamily, a single origin of remote parasitism is proposed, with the use of planidia in Perilampidae and Eucharitidae providing a novel means of gaining access to their hosts. Perilampids lay their eggs remote from their host, but usually close to the host and it is the larvae that hatch and find the host. Eucharitids also lay their eggs remotely, but must use a foraging ant vector to gain access to the host. Host shifts and subsequent lineage divergence within Eucharitidae are dependent upon optimizing the association between the active first-instar larvae and the foraging ant host. Several behaviors involved with host association and development within the nest are highly conserved. New evidence also suggests a series of important changes involved with exiting the nest. These behavioral shifts will be summarized in context of the recent molecular and combined phylogenetic hypotheses for Chalcidoidea and Eucharitidae, with a discussion of the timing of events and radiations within particular host groups. __________________________________
THE CURRENT STATE OF THE PHYLOGENETICS OF THE SUBFAMILY ORASEMINAE Mottern, J.*, Heraty, J.M. Dept. of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, USA (
[email protected]) The subfamily Oraseminae (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae) currently includes the genus Orasema, which is present in both the New and Old World, and the genera Indosema, Orasemorpha and Timioderus, which are restricted to the Old World. Orasema in the New World are almost exclusively parasitoids of the myrmicine ant genera Pheidole, Monomorium, Solenopsis, Temnothorax, Tetramorium, and Wasmannia. Species of Pheidole are the only known hosts of Oraseminae in the Old World, and they are the predominant hosts for New World Orasema. Given the hypothesized New World origin of Pheidole followed by a single radiation into the Old World, we predict a monophyletic (or paraphyletic) Orasema plus a monophyletic assemblage of the Old World genera – a prediction that is supported by both morphological and behavioral characters. However, previous molecular phylogenetic studies based on 18S, 28S, COI and COII have recovered a sister-group relationship between the New and Old World members of the subfamily, with Orasema rendered polyphyletic by the remaining genera of Oraseminae. Here, we present preliminary results from an expanded molecular dataset that includes additional gene and taxon sampling, with the goal of producing a better resolved and supported phylogeny of the Old World Oraseminae. We find that the probable sister group to Oraseminae is a group of wasps similar to Psilocharis (Eucharitidae: Eucharitinae), thus far only known from Madagascar and the Comoros. We discuss the utility of additional protein coding genes (EF1a-F2, Magonashi, TcTp and RPL27a) for the resolution of orasemine phylogenetics.
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8th International Congress of Hymenopterists 20-25 July 2014, Cusco Peru __________________________________
PHORESY AND THE PILGRIMAGE OF THE PLANIDIUM: HOST ACCESS IN A GROUP OF ANT PARASITOIDS (HYMENOPTERA: EUCHARITIDAE) Herreid, J.*, Heraty, J.M. Dept. of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, USA (
[email protected]) Estimates suggest that 10-20% of insects are parasitic Hymenoptera. The majority of parasitoids lay their eggs in or on the host. Very few parasitoids deposit their eggs remotely from their intended host. Eucharitidae and Perilampidae are an exception. This monophyletic group has sclerotized and highly active first-instar larvae (planidia) that locate and parasitize distant hosts. Within this complex, Eucharitidae are unique in their use of an intermediate vector, the adult ant, to gain access to the immatures of their ant hosts. Eucharitids are specialized parasitoids of the immature stages of ants, first attacking the host larvae and then developing on the host pupa. Females always oviposit into or on plant tissue away from the ant host, with access to the ant brood optimized through a series of specialized behaviors centered around placement of the eggs and behavior of the planidium. In 1940, Clausen characterized their oviposition habits, planidial behaviors, and within nest biology. For the planidia, he generalized access of the host ant by 1) use of intermediate hosts (thrips) as prey, 2) phoretic attachment to foraging ants, or 3) exploitation of food resources such as fruit. More recently we discovered new behaviors that involve exploiting the interactions between ants and extrafloral nectaries (EFNs) on the host plant. In the southwestern U.S. Orasema simulatrix have been found in association with Chilopsis linearis (Bignoniaceae). Eggs are oviposited close to the EFN, and planidia are often found in EFNs. The ant host, Pheidole desertorum, feeds at the EFN collects planidia while feeding and returns them directly to the ant brood. A new species of Orasema from the Wayqecha cloudforest reserve in Peru oviposits into leaves of Myrsina (Myrsinaceae) that also contain EFNs. Within a different lineage, Kapala oviposit into flowers of Hamelia patens (Rubiaceae), planidia congregate around flower nectar sources, and the host ant Ectatomma ruidum collects the planidia in their mouthparts while feeding. These examples suggest that the use of EFN by eucharitids to optimize host associations use may be more widespread across Eucharitidae than previously realized. __________________________________
CLASSIFICATION AND BIOLOGY OF THE SUBFAMILY EUCHARITINAE (CHALCIDOIDEA: EUCHARITIDAE) FROM ARGENTINA Torréns, J.*, Murray, E., Heraty, J.M. CRILAR-CONICET, Entre Rios y Mendoza, 5301 Anillaco, La Rioja, Argentina (jtorrens@ crilar-conicet.gob.ar Eucharitidae parasitize the immature stages of Formicidae and are among the most speciose family/group of hymenopteran parasitoids of eusocial insects. Females lay their eggs inside or on plant tissues, either individually or in masses. They oviposit away from the host, with the active first instar larva (planidium) responsible for getting into the ant nest through various associations with foraging adult ants. Two of the four subfamilies of Eucharitidae are represented in Argentina: Oraseminae and Eucharitinae. The Argentinian Eucharitinae are comprised of 13
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8th International Congress of Hymenopterists 20-25 July 2014, Cusco Peru genera of Eucharitini. Eucharitini from Argentina are divided into the Stilbula clade, represented by Lophyrocera Cameron, Obeza Heraty and Pseudochalcura Ashmead; and Kapala clade, with the remaining 10 genera. We will present a molecular phylogeny of the Eucharitini, with a focus on the Argentinian genera. Life history traits will be mapped and interpreted in a phylogenetic context. We have accumulated new behavioral information to discuss and can present a comprehensive overview of the New World Eucharitini. A comprehensive study of biology helps to understand issues such as biogeographic distribution and behavioral ecology; and potentially, when analyzed in a phylogenetic context, the patterns in collected data can help predict the biology of those members in which information is not available. __________________________________
TAXONOMIC REVIEW OF EUCHARITID WASPS (CHALCIDOIDEA: EUCHARITIDAE) OF COLOMBIA Vásquez-Ordóñez, A.A. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia (
[email protected],
[email protected]) Eucharitid wasps are the largest and most diverse group of hymenopteran parasitoids among the eusocial insects. This family of ant parasitoid is very abundant and diverse in the tropics. Currently, 54 genus and 424 species has been described for this family and are estimated 784 to 800 species. An exhaustive taxonomic revision for the neotropical región is needed, specially for the north of South America. Colombia has eight genera and thirteen species of these wasps, but maybe more. This study is a taxonomic review of nineteen species and ten genera of Eucharitidae for Colombia. For each species, we defined at least twenty morphological characters of adults, such as the characters stable structural color pattern of wings. Additionally, linear and geometric morphometric analysis was performed for the mesosoma of Kapala. The taxonomics keys, morphological descriptions, illustrations and photos of each genus and species were produced. For Colombia, we have new records for five genera and three species. This research is the main taxonomic review of this family for northern South America. __________________________________
PROGRESS IN UNDERSTANDING THE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN FIRE ANTS AND THEIR EUCHARITID PARASITOIDS: PERSPECTIVES FOR BIOLOGICAL CONTROL Varone, L.*, Murray, E., Heraty, J.M. Fundación para el Estudio de Especies Invasivas, Bolívar 1559, B1686EFA Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina (
[email protected]) Fire ants have been increasing in importance as exotic pests. Both the imported fire ants (IFA) Solenopsis invicta and S. richteri and the little fire ant (LFA) Wasmannia auropuctata became a global problem when they invaded ecosystems all over the world. So far, these species have invaded the Caribbean Islands and the United States, the IFA has also occupied Australia, New Zealand, Hong Kong and Taiwan; while the LFA is present in West Africa and a large number of Pacific islands. Although fire ant chemical control may be possible for small populations spread over a small area, for larger areas or ecological sensitive areas like Galapagos Islands, classical
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8th International Congress of Hymenopterists 20-25 July 2014, Cusco Peru biocontrol appears to be a better alternative for long-term control. Such as other social insects, ants usually present defense mechanisms to most parasitoids, except for the chalcidoid parasites in the family Eucharitidae. Because of their diversity and often highly specific host associations, Eucharitids are ecologically and economically important in ants natural control in agricultural and natural ecosystems. There is a particular interest in wasps of the genus Orasema Cameron for their relevant role in the complex of natural enemies attacking fire ants, however there is a paucity of knowledge on the biology and interactions among them. Therefore, surveys to establish abundance and distribution of Orasema species parasitizing IFA and LFA in their native habitats were conducted (Argentina and Dominica, respectively). Data on the bionomics of the parasitoids in both field and laboratory conditions were obtained for the evaluation of Orasema species as biological control agents. __________________________________
WHAT IS CONTROLLING THE WORST INVASIVE ANTS IN THEIR NATIVE SOUTH AMERICA, IF MOST OF THEM HAVE FEW/NO NATURAL ENEMIES? Calcaterra, L.*, Chifflet, L., Coulin, C., Confalonieri, V. Fundación para el Estudio de Especies Invasoras, Bolívar 1559, B1686EFA Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina (
[email protected]) Invasive ants ( 0.7), but highly influenced by the sample size. __________________________________
NEW HOST RECORDS FOR THE GENUS Ophionellus WESTWOOD (HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE) FROM BRAZIL Onody, H.C.*, Penteado-Dias, A.M., Massaroli, A. Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil (
[email protected]) Parasitoids are important agents of biological control in agroecosystems, parasitizing different stages of the hosts. However, the knowledge of their host range is very limited or unknown for most of the species. This work presents new hosts records for Ophionellus Westwood associated with two lepidopteran pests of soybean in Brazil. Ophionellus is a very distinctive genus of Anomaloninae with 21 described species in the New World. Specimens of this genus are very elongate and slender, and can be easily recognized by the very reduced venation of anterior wings, lacking a discernible second discal cell and without 2m-cu and the distal abscissae of M and Cu1a. Little is known about the biology of any species, but specimens of O. foutsi (Cushman, 1922) have been recorded as parasitoid of microlepidopteran families. Specimens of an apparently undescribed species of Ophionellus were reared as a parasitoid of Chrysodeixis includens (Walker, 1857) and Heliothis virescens (Fabricius, 1781) (Noctuidae). The lepidopterous larvae were collected in areas cultivated with soybean located in the municipality of Tangará da Serra, MT, Brazil (14°18’44”S and 57°45’18”W), during the crop seasons of 2010/2011, 2011/2012 and 2012/2013, in the months of November to February (vegetative period and early reproductive period). The larvae collected were placed individually into empty glass tubes containing an artificial diet until the emergence of parasitoids. Two males and three females emerged from pupae of C. includens, and four females and one male from pupae of H. virescens. To our knowledge, there is only one record of a species of Ophionellus, O. imitatorius (Blanchard, 1942), parasitizing a Noctuidae larva. According to Gauld and Bradsaw (1997), noctuids possibly are not the normal hosts of these insects, but this can only be assessed when the genus is better known and studied, especially in the Neotropical region. Funding: CNPq, FAPESP, INCT- HYMPAR/SUDESTE __________________________________
HOST PREFERENCE OF Trichogramma pretiosum RILEY (HYMENOPTERA, TRICHOGRAMMATIDAE) ACROSS GENERATIONS Salas, C.*, Bortoli, S. de Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, Sao Paulo State University/UNESP , Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo , Brazil (
[email protected]) One of the important advantages of the egg parasitoid genus Trichogramma is that it can be bred on a massive scale in alternative hosts and thus reduce production costs of breeding in natural hosts. However, this breeding methodology can impede the implementation of biological control programs because these natural enemies are liberated for the control of species that are
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8th International Congress of Hymenopterists 20-25 July 2014, Cusco Peru different from those in which they were bred. The aim of the present work is to evaluate the oviposition preference of the natural and factitious hosts of Trichogramma pretiosum through successive generations. The Tp8 lineage, which reproduces via thelytokous parthenogenesis, was used in this study. The room environment was set to a temperature of 25 °C, a relative humidity of 70%, and a photoperiod of 12 hours. Plutella xylostella Linnaeus (Lepidoptera, Plutellidae) eggs were used as natural hosts, and Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton) (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) eggs were used as factitious hosts. The selection behavior of parasitoids bred alternately across generations in eggs of the natural and factitious host species was compared with that observed in the parasitoids bred only in C. cephalonica eggs and bred only in P. xylostella eggs. The average parasitism rate of the T. pretiosum Tp8 lineage clearly indicated the preference for the alternative host C. cephalonica (72%) over P. xylostella (2%). Since T. pretiosum is a highly polyphagus parasitoid, with great host plasticity, better adaptation to P. xylostella was expected. However, quick loss of vigor was observed in parasitoids that spent successive generations in the same host, and no descendants were seen in these cases even up to five generations. This could be the result of synergistic mechanisms in Trichogramma, such as conditioning, genetics, learning, and response to chemical and physical stimuli. Physical stimuli could be of great relevance in the results obtained for the P. xylostella eggs. It is possible that P. xylostella eggs are rejected by the T. pretiosum females bred previously in C. cephalonica eggs, because these eggs are smaller than C. cephalonica eggs. In addition, the lack of food in P. xylostella eggs could negatively influence parasitoid larval development. Financial support: Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP), Processo N° 2012/13749-7 __________________________________ PARASITOID WASPS (HYMENOPTERA) COLLECTED IN CONVENTIONAL AND ORGANIC CROPS OF GUARANÁ (Paullinia cupana var. sorbilis (MART.) DUCKE) IN MANAUS, AMAZONAS, BRAZIL Schoeninger, K.*, Gadelha, S.S., Oliveira, M.L., Krug, C. Instituto de Pesquisas da Amazônia – INPA; Pós-Graduação em Entomologia – PPG-ENT (
[email protected]) Hymenopteran parasitoids are an important element of the neotropical fauna due to its diversity and biological, ecological and economic importance, especially in the management of agricultural pests. Regarding the cultivation of guaraná (Paullinia cupana var. sorbilis (Mart.) Ducke) knowledge of natural enemies natively associated can be the basis for biological control programs. Thus, the composition of hymenopteran parasitoids associated with two crops of guaraná, one of organic management and one of conventional, as well as forested adjacent areas, was studied. Collection points were chosen in the “adjacent forest”, “edge of culture” and “inside of culture”, in which a Malaise and four Möerick traps have been installed. The samples were held for four days, fortnightly, from September 2012 to February 2013. A total of 25,951 Hymenoptera parasitoids distributed in 12 superfamilies and 38 families were collected. Of this total, 10,828 parasitoids were collected in conventional management and 15,123 were collected in organic management. In the “adjacent forest”, Platygastridae was the most abundant family while Encyrtidae was in “edge of culture” and “crop of culture”. Regarding Eulophidae a total of 1,455 individuals were collected, of which 463 (38 genera) were collected in conventional management and 992 (37 genera) were collected in organic management. In conventional management, the “adjacent forest” had the highest richness and abundance, highlighting the genus Holcopelte. The organic management yielded greater species richness at the “edge of cultivation”, and “inside
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8th International Congress of Hymenopterists 20-25 July 2014, Cusco Peru of culture” presented the greater abundance of individuals, being the genus Aprostocetus better represented at all sampling points. In this study it was clear the importance of adjacent vegetation, which is considered a point of refuge and distribution of parasitoids. __________________________________
PARASITOIDS OF Saissetia oleae (HEMIPTERA: COCCIDAE) ASSOCIATED WITH Olea europaea Souza, G.C., Redaelli, L.R., Wolff, V.R.S.*, Costa, V.A. Fundação Estadual de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Rua Gonçalves Dias, 570, 90130-060 Porto Alegre, RS. Brasil (
[email protected]) The olive tree (Olea europaea Linnaeus, 1753) (Oleaceae) is originary from the Mediterranean region, where it has been cultivated since 10,000 years BC. As this cultivation is still recent in Brazil, there are few reports on its pest species and parasitoids. This study aimed to survey and identify the parasitoids associated with Saissetia oleae Oliver on olive trees. The experiment was carried out in two orchards of cv Arbequina in the municipalities of Caçapava do Sul (30°33’29.79”S and 53º24’09.48”W), southern Brazil. Samples were monthly collected from April 2012 to March 2013. At each sampling occasion, we removed one branch of each of the quadrants of the crown (North, South, East and West) of ten trees previously selected. We always chose 20-30 cm long branches with at least 20 leaves and heavily infested with scale insects. The branches and leaves were inspected under a stereomicroscope, and those presenting soft scale were sectioned and placed on sealed vials. The vials were kept at 25 ± 1 ºC and 12 h photoperiod for up to 60 days and daily examined for parasitoid emergence, which were killed and preserved in 70% alcohol for further identification. The genera identified are Encarsia, Marietta, Aphytis, and Coccophagus (Aphelinidae), Metaphycus, Cheiloneurus, and Ammonoencyrtus (Encyrtidae), Aprostocetus and Tetrastichus (Eulophidae), Lecaniobius and Eupelmus (Eupelmidae), Signiphora (Signiphoridae), Eurytoma (Eurytomidae) and Tomocerodes (Pteromalidae). __________________________________
DATABASE OF PARASITOIDS AND HYPERPARASITOIDS ASSOCIATED WITH WHITEFLIES (HEMIPTERA: ALEYRODIDAE) ON CASSAVA (Manihot esculenta) AND BEANS (Phaseolus vulgaris) IN CIAT’S ARTHROPOD REFERENCE COLLECTION (CIATARC) Vásquez-Ordóñez, A.A.*, Parsa, S. CIAT, Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Apartado Aéreo, 6713 Cali, Colombia (
[email protected]) The whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) are very important pest of numerous agricultural crops, routinely causing more than 50% yield reductions. The biological control using michohymenoptera parasitoids is a sustainable option for their management. Here we report a dataset of 285 specimenbased occurrence of parasitoids and hyperparasitoids associated with whiteflies documented by the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) between 1978 and 2010. The records are mainly from South America (98%), from surveys on cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz; 68%) and beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.; 24%). The parasitoids and hyperparasitoids belong to 11 genera and 17 species. Encarsia hispida De Santis (20%) and Amitus fuscipennis MacGown & Nebeker
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8th International Congress of Hymenopterists 20-25 July 2014, Cusco Peru (10%) were the most frequently encountered species. The complete dataset is available in Darwin Core Archive format via the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). __________________________________
STUDIES ON PARASITIC MICRO-HYMENOPTERA (CHALCIDOIDEA) AND SCALE INSECTS HOST (HEMIPTERA, COCCOIDEA) IN OLIVE TREES (Olea europaea L.) Wolff, V.R.S.*, Silva, D.C., Tonietto, A., Efrom, C.F.S., Bremm, C. Fundação Estadual de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Rua Gonçalves Dias, 570, 90130-060 Porto Alegre, RS. Brasil (
[email protected]) Areas with commercial plantations of olive trees in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, are currently concentrated mainly in the regions of the Midwest and South. Occasional samples taken in the State show the presence of scale insects attacking some orchards, but little information on species and natural enemies is available. In this study, we report preliminary results conducted in the municipality of Encruzilhada do Sul. The studied area has ten varieties of olive trees (Alfafara, Arbequina, Arbosana, Cipressino, Coratina, Frantoio, Koroneike, Leccino, Manzanilla, Picual). This survey aimed to assess which of the scale insects species and their parasitoids are associated with Olea europaea L. (Oleaceae). Simple random sampling were conducted, twice in each season, from April 2013 to February 2014. At each sampling occasion, we removed two branches (upper and lower extract), with 20-30 cm long and at least 20 leaves and heavily infested with scale insects, from three randomly selected trees. The branches and leaves were inspected under a stereomicroscope. Scale insects were identified and quantified for the presence of parasitoids or perforations that indicated their presence. As a result, we identified seven species of scale insects with parasitoids or evidence of them. The most widely present species of scale insects was Saissetia oleae Olivier (Coccidae) in all varieties of olive trees, the largest presence in the Alfafara variety (97.75%) with 1.36% of parasitism and lowest in Frantoio (60.33%) with 0.55% of parasitism. The higher percentage of parasitism of S. oleae was found in the Arbosana variety (3.07%). Regarding the presence of parasitoids or perforations caused by them, the highest percentage was found in Acutaspis paulista (Hempel) (Diaspididae) in Frantoio variety (100%).
Wasp Representation in Greek pottery (Moret, P. 1997. Boletín de la S.E.A. 20: 331-335.)
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PARTICIPANTS S (=Student) and A (=Travel award winner) Agosti, Donat
[email protected]
Canedo T., Veronica
[email protected]
Aguiar Brotto, Thales Renan de [S]
[email protected]
Cardinal, Sophie
[email protected]
Alvarado, Mabel [S] [A]
[email protected]
Carpenter, Amy
[email protected]
Assis Miranda, Elder [S]
[email protected]
Carpenter, James
[email protected]
Azevedo, Gisele
[email protected]
Cerântola, Paula [S]
[email protected]
Barrile Tomazella, Vitor [S]
[email protected]
Coelho, Alexandre
[email protected]
Bartholomay, Pedro Reck [S]
[email protected]
Cruz, Carlos Pinilla [S]
[email protected]
Becker, Tatiane [S]
[email protected]
Dale-Skey, Natalie
[email protected]
Bennett, Andrew
[email protected]
Dias, Angélica
[email protected]
Berrio, Alexander Rodriguez
[email protected]
Dias, Manoel
[email protected]
Brady, Sean
[email protected]
Fernandes, Daniell R.R.
[email protected]
Broad, Gavin
[email protected]
Figueroa, Claudio Antonio Salas [S]
[email protected]
Brothers, Denis
[email protected]
Figueiredo Mecca, Gláucya de [S]
[email protected]
Bueno da Rosa, Brunno [S]
[email protected]
Forshage, Mattias
[email protected]
Bustamante, Silvia Gutierrez [S]
[email protected]
Freire de Carvalho, Antônio [S]
[email protected]
Calcaterra, Luis
[email protected]
Freiria, Gabriele Antico [S]
[email protected]
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Frizo de Melo, Ivy [S]
[email protected]
Karlsson, Dave
[email protected]
Gebiola, Marco
[email protected]
Kawano, Taisuke [S]
[email protected]
Gessner, Ricardo
[email protected]
Kazumu, Kuramitsu [S]
[email protected]
Gibson, Gary
[email protected]
Kimsey, Lynn
[email protected]
Gimenes, Miriam
[email protected]
Kimsey, Robert B.
[email protected]
Gokhman, Vladimir
[email protected]
Kittel, Rebecca [S] [A]
[email protected]
Gòmez Mèndez, Heisler Alexsander [S]
[email protected]
Konishi, Kazuhiko
[email protected]
Guerra, Tânia Mara
[email protected]
Krogmann, Lars
[email protected]
Hansen, Lars Ove
[email protected]
LaChaud, Jean-Paul
[email protected]
Heraty, John
[email protected]
Laszlo, Zoltan
[email protected]
Hermes, Marcel
[email protected]
Loffredo, Ana [S]
[email protected]
Herreid, Judith [S]
[email protected]
Machado Saguiah, Pamella [S]
[email protected]
Huber, John
[email protected]
Maia, Ulysses Madureira [S]
[email protected]
Immonen, Sini [S]
[email protected]
Matsumoto, Rikio
[email protected]
Ito, Masato [S]
[email protected]
McEwen, Crystal [S] [A]
[email protected]
Janšta, Petr [S] [A]
[email protected]
Melika, George
[email protected]
Jost, Manda Claire
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Melo, Gabriel
[email protected]
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Mita, Toshiharu
[email protected]
Reiss, Martin [S]
[email protected]
Morales Mazón, Marina
[email protected]
Reshchikov, Alexey
[email protected]
Mottern, Jason
[email protected]
Reynolds, Terry [S]
[email protected]
Oliveira, Bruno Garcia de [S]
[email protected]
Riveron, Alejandro Zaldivar
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Oliveira Azevedo, Celso
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Roldão Sbordoni, Yara S. [S]
[email protected]
Onody, Helena Carolina
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Rosa Lara, Rogeria I.
[email protected]
Owen, Candice [S] [A]
[email protected]
Sánchez, Andrés [S]
[email protected]
Paterno Silveira, Luís Cláudio
[email protected]
Sann, Manuela [S]
[email protected]
Penev, Lyubomir
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Santos, Bernardo [S] [A]
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Peneva, Slavena
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Santos, Eduardo Fernando dos
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Peneva, Vlada
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Santos Wolff, Vera Regina dos
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Perez-LaChaud, Gabriela
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Sazan, Morgana S. [S]
[email protected]
Perioto, Nelson Wanderly
[email protected]
Schoeninger, Karine [S]
[email protected]
Perrard, Adrien
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Sharanowski, Barbara
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Piekarski, Patrick [S]
[email protected]
Sharkey, Mike
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Polaszek, Andrew
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Sheng, Mao-Ling
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Prous, Marko
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Shih, Chung Kun
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Shimbori, Eduardo [S]
[email protected]
Vilhelsen, Lars
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Silva, Laene
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Whitfield, James
[email protected]
Silva, Thiago [S]
[email protected]
Wolff, Claus Bernd
[email protected]
Silva e Souza, Carolina da [S]
[email protected]
Wolff, Eduardo
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Solis, Daniel Russ
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Woolley, Carlota Saldierna
[email protected]
Somavilla, Alexandre [S]
[email protected]
Woolley, James B.
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Souza Gadelha, Sian de [S]
[email protected]
Zhang, Yuanmeng Miles [S]
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Stigenberg, Julia
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Zimmer Kohler Dias, Bianca [S]
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Takasuka, Keizo
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Zimmerman, Dominique
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Testtzlaffe Alpoim, Sâmia Lívia [S]
[email protected] Torréns, Javier
[email protected] Tribull, Carly [S]
[email protected] Tucker, Erika [S] [A]
[email protected] van de Kamp, Thomas
[email protected] Vårdal, Hege
[email protected] Varone, Laura
[email protected] Vasquez Ordonez, Aymer Andres [S]
[email protected]
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Index to Authors of Papers and Posters (bold = abstract of posters) A
Burks, R.A. 34
Abreu, C.I.V. 113 Abrun, P. 124 Agosti, D. 69 Aguilar-Benavidez, L. 53 Alencar, I.D.C.C. 30 Alpoim, S.L.T. 79 Alvarado, M. 29, 82 Alvarenga, T.M. 36 Araujo, L.S. 111 Ashouri, A. 124 Auko, T.H. 56, 99, 100 Austin, A.D. 41 Azevedo, C.O. 30, 43 Azevedo, G.G. 92, 108, 118
C
B Baião, G.C. 38 Barbosa, D.N. 30 Bartholomay, P.R. 83, 88, 89 Bartra, C. 123 Baumbach, T. 32 Baur, H. 79 Bayat, E. 124 Becker, T. 112 Béla, T. 52 Belokobylskij, S.A. 42 Bennett, A. 40 Blank, S.M. 26, 36 Bleidorn, C. 60 Bordera, S. 53, 82, 127 Bortoli, S. de 128 Bortoni, M.A. 95 Bosio, G. 66 Bozsó, M. 66 Brady, S.G. 48, 77 Brandão, C.R.F. 96 Bremm, C. 131 Broad, G.R. 54 Brothers D.J. 87 Brothers, D.J. 45 Brotto, T.R.A. 80 Buchmann, S.L. 49 Bueno, O.C. 98 Burke, G.R. 61
Calcaterra, L. 75 Camargo, L.F. 94, 104, 112 Campos, G.Y.I. 118 Canevazzi, N.C.S. 49 Cañedo, V. 123 Cardinal, S. 40, 49 Carhuapoma, P. 123 Carnaval, A.C. 90 Carpenter, J.M. 46, 47 Carvalho, A.F. 48, 90, 115 Carvalho, A.T. 93 Carvalho-Zilse, G.A. 112 Casado, T.C. 103 Castro, D.G.D. 86 Ceccato, M. 98 Cerântola, P.C.M. 90, 94 Chapman, E.G. 87 Chifflet, L. 75 Cifuentes, I.A.R. 50 Confalonieri, V. 75 Cônsoli, F.L. 98 Costa, M.A. 48, 90 Costa, V.A. 36, 130 Coulin, C. 75 Cruaud, A. 37, 79 Csóka, G. 66 Cure-Hakim, J. 53 D Dale-Skey, N. 91 Dascalu, M.M. 105 Dávila, W. 123 Delvare, G. 37 Demétrio, M.F. 56 Dias, B.Z.K. 81 Dias Filho, M.M. 113 Donath, A. 60 E Efrom, C.F.S. 131 F Fagundes, V. 43
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8th International Congress of Hymenopterists 20-25 July 2014, Cusco Peru Fahrig, L. 50 Farsi, F. 124 Feder, J.L. 61 Feest, A. 127 Fernandes, D.R.R. 83, 89, 106, 107, 114 Ferreira, B.R.A. 92 Ferreira, W.D. 81 Fidalgo, P. 87 Figueiredo-Mecca, G. 57 Forero, D. 109 Forshage, M. 38 Fox, E.G.P. 97, 98 Francoy, T.M. 93 Freiria, G.A. 100, 101 Fusu, L. 105 G Gadelha, S.S. 92, 116, 129 Garcete-Barrett, B. 45 García, D. 109 Garófalo, C.A. 100, 101, 120 Gauld, I. 40 Gebiola, M. 62, 102 Gibson, G.A.P. 37 Gimenes, M. 111, 114 Giorgini, M. 102 Gokhman, V.E. 60, 79, 103 Gomes, G. 58 Gómez, I.C. 56 Goulet, H. 26 Guerra, T.M. 125, 126 Gurpegui, M. 26 Gutiérrez, N. 53, 127 Gutiérrez, S.B. 119 H Hanson, P.E. 42 Heads, S.W. 32 Heibo, E. 26 Heraty, J.M. 34, 37, 72, 73, 74 Hermes, M.G. 45, 81, 84 Herreid, J. 73 Higashiura, Y. 27 Hopper, K. 36 Huber, J. 28 Hunter, M.S. 102 I Ichiki, R. 126 Ikeda, K. 55
Imperatriz-Fonseca, V.L. 93 Ishigami, T. 55 Ito, M. 63 J Janšta, P. 37 Japoshvili, G. 27 Johnson, N. 28 Jost, M.C. 65 Juan, A. 53 K Kainoh, Y. 126 Kaldeh, S.R. 124 Kapheim, K.M. 61 Karlsson, D. 71 Kawada, R. 30 Kelly, S. 102 Kittel, R.N. 41 Klopfstein, S. 41 Konishi, K. 70 Kos, K. 66 Kranz-Baltensperger, Y. 79 Kriston, É. 66 Krizbai, L. 66 Křížková, B. 37 Krogmann, L. 32, 34, 37 Kroschel, J. 123 Krug, C. 86, 129 Kuhn, K. 36 Kuramitsu, K. 126 L Lachaud, J.P. 76 Lama, M.A. del 48, 90, 100, 101, 115 Lara, R.I.R. 103, 106, 107 László, R. 52 Lelej, A.S. 45 Li, L. 34 Lima, F.V.O. 56 Liston, A. 26 Loffredo, A.P.S. 82 Longair, R. 46 López, E. 123 Lopez-Osorio, F. 47 M Machado, C.A.S. 93 Mady, D. 117 Maeto, K. 55, 63
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8th International Congress of Hymenopterists 20-25 July 2014, Cusco Peru Mahlmann, T. 83, 89 Maia, U.M. 93 Malm, T. 26 Martínez, J.J. 42 Martins, A.L. 94 Masner, L. 28 Massaroli, A. 128 Mata-Casanova, N. 31 Matošević, D. 66 Matsumoto, R. 39, 55 Matsumoto, Y. 64 Matsumura, M. 64 Matthee, C.M. 40 Mayer, C. 60 Mazón, M. 53, 127 McEwen, C. 30 Medina, A.M. 111 Melika, G. 66 Melo, G.A.R. 48, 85 Melo, I.F. 104, 112 Méndez, H.A.G. 54, 67 Menezes, R.S.T. 48, 90 Mikó, I. 28 Miranda, E.A. 115 Mita, T. 64 Mitroiu, M. 27, 105 Morse, J.G. 62 Mottern, J. 72 Muniz, D.B. 118 Murray, E. 72, 73, 74 N Nakamura, S. 126 Nakata, K. 55 Nardi, C. 125 Nascimento, F.S. 57 Niehuis, O. 60 Noll, F.B. 49 Nunes, J.F. 92 Nunes, R.R.A. 43 Nyman, T. 26 O Ohl, M. 60, 84 Oi, C.A. 100 Oliveira, B.G. 116, 117 Oliveira, L.A. 84 Oliveira, M.L. 83, 85, 86, 88, 89, 92, 95, 116, 129 Onody, H.C. 105, 125, 128
P Padilla, S. 53 Paixão, P.L. 111 Parsa, S. 130 Paulino-Neto, H.F. 57 Paziani, M.H. 107 Pedraza-Lara, C. 42 Penev, L. 69 Penteado-Dias, A.M. 51, 82, 90, 94, 95, 104, 105, 112, 113, 118, 121, 128 Pénzes, Zs. 66 Pereira, D.M. 108, 118 Pérez-Lachaud, G. 76 Perioto, N.W. 103, 106, 107 Perrard, A. 47 Peters, R.S. 60 Piekarski, P.K. 46 Pinilla-Cruz, C. 53 Polaszek, A. 26 Popovici, O.A. 28, 105 Proença, I.C.L. 67 Prous, M. 26 Pujade-Villar, J. 31 Q Quacchia, A. 66 Quicke, D. 32 R Ramalho, M.O. 98 Ramos, M.S. 30 Rasplus, J.-Y. 37, 79 Redaelli, L.R. 130 Reiß, M. 84 Ren, D. 33, 34 Reshchikov, A. 107 Reynolds, T.V. 40 Riaño-Jimenez, D. 53 Ribeiro, H.C.S. 108 Robertson, H.M. 61 Robinson, G.E. 61 Rocha, F.H. 76 Rodríguez-Berrío, A. 82, 119 Rogers, S. 46 Roldão-Sbordoni, Y.S. 58 Romero, E. 53 Rosa, B.B. 85 Rossi, M.L. 98 Rugman-Jones, P.F. 62
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8th International Congress of Hymenopterists 20-25 July 2014, Cusco Peru Ryall, K. 50 S Saguiah, P.M. 120 Salas, C. 128 Sanada-Morimura, S. 64 Sánchez, A.F. 109 Sanjuán, S.B. 119 Sann, M. 60 Santos, A.J.N. 66 Santos, B.F. 41 Santos, E.F. 44 Santos Rolo, T. dos 32 Santos, S.K.D. 114 Sazan, M.S. 101, 120 Schmidt, S. 26 Schoeninger, K. 86, 95, 129 Selfa, J. 31 Sharanowski, B.J. 40, 63 Sharkey, M.J. 28, 87 Shaw, S.R. 42, 109 Shih, C. 33, 34 Shimbori, E.M. 51, 109 Shirley, X. 36 Shi, X. 34 Silva, C.I. 120 Silva, D.C. 131 Silva, T.S.R. 96 Silva, V.F. 66 Silveira, L.C.P. 54, 66, 67 Silvestre, R. 56, 99, 100 Smith, D.R. 26, 36 Solis, D.R. 97, 98 Somavilla, A. 85, 86, 89 Souza, C.S. 121 Souza, G.C. 130 Souza, P.R. 56 Souza, R.F. 98 Souza, R.O. 100 Stouthamer, R. 62 Strand, M.R. 61 Streicher, J.W. 62
Thomas, M.J. 32 Timokhov, A.V. 79 Tomazella, V.B. 54, 66, 67 Tonietto, A. 131 Torréns, J. 73, 87 Trad, B.M. 56, 99, 100 Tribull, C.M. 43 Tucker, E.M. 87 V van de Kamp, T. 32 van Noort, S. 40 Vårdal, H. 26 Vargas, R.J.M. 30 Varone, L. 74 Vásquez-Ordóñez, A.A. 74, 130 Viitasaari, M. 26 Vikberg, V. 26 Vilhelmsen, L. 28, 36, 38 W Wahl, D. 40 Walden, K.K.O. 61 Wang, M. 33 Wanner, K. 61 Watanabe, K. 63 Whitfield, J.B. 32, 61 Williams, K.A. 88 Wolff, V.R.S. 130, 131 Woolley, J.B. 36 Y Yasui, T. 55 Z Zaldívar-Riverón, A. 42, 50 Zhang, Y.M. 63 Zimmermann, D. 36, 38 Zoltán, L. 52
T Taeger, A. 26 Takashino, K. 70 Takasuka, K. 55 Tavares, M.T. 79, 80, 81, 120 Teixeira, J.S.G. 93 Teles, B.R. 116, 117
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has launched a virtual issue showcasing 14 important studies on hymenopterans.
Congress of Hymenopterists in Cusco, Peru comprises molecular and morphological range of families and apocritan parasitoid groups in general.
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