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3 K\VLFDO ( QYLU RQPHQW DQG &KDQQHO 3 DU DPHWHU V

7K H R S H U D W LQ J H Q YLU R Q P H Q W D Q G W K H F K D Q Q H O F R Q G LW LR Q V R I % :

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s 7 HU U DLQ 3 U RpOH 2E V W D F OH V V X F K D V P R X Q W D LQ V  K LOOV  E X LOG LQ J V  ZD OOV  D Q G YH K LF OH V OR F D W H G LQ W K H YLF LQ LW \ R I W K H W U D Q V P LW W H U V D Q G W K H U H F H LYH U V D U H U H V S R Q V LE OH IR U W K H U H q H F W LR Q  V F D W W H U LQ J  D Q G

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W K H X V H U V  W K H U D G LX V R I H D F K F H OO F D Q E H OH V V W K D Q    P S LF R F H OOV  E H W ZH H Q    P D Q G  NP P LF U R F H OOV  D Q G P R U H W K D Q  NP P D F U R F H OOV  7\S LF D OO\ LQ F U H D V H G F H OO U D G LX V F R U U H V S R Q G V W R S D W K D U U LYD OV ZLW K OR Q J H U G H OD \V D Q G G H F U H D V LQ J S R ZH U V  s )U HTXHQF\ DQG % DQGZLGWK 7K H F D U U LH U IU H TX H Q F \ V LJ Q Lp F D Q W O\ D oH F W V W K H F K D Q  Q H O F K D U D F W H U LV W LF V  E H F D X V H LW G H W H U P LQ H V W K H S U R S D J D W LR Q U D Q J H  W K H ID G LQ J U D W H R I W K H V LJ Q D OV  D Q G W K H D E LOLW \ R I U D G LR V LJ Q D OV W R S U R S D J D W H ZLW K R X W / LQ H R I 6 LJ K W / 26  7K H V \V W H P

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D Q G W K H G H OD \ R I V LJ Q D O D U U LYD OV  % H F D X V H R I W K H F R P S OH [LW \ D Q G W K H OD U J H Q X P E H U R I ID F W R U V D oH F W LQ J U D G LR S U R S D J D  W LR Q  D G H W H U P LQ LV W LF D S S U R D F K LQ P R G H OLQ J W K H ZLU H OH V V F K D Q Q H O LV Q R W S R V V LE OH  ,Q V W H D G  V W D W LV W LF D O P R G H OLQ J LV X V H G W R G H V F U LE H W K H P D LQ F K D U D F W H U LV W LF V R I W K H ZLU H OH V V F K D Q Q H OV  7ZR W \S H V R I P R G H OV D U H X V H G W R F D S W X U H W K H ORQJWHU P D Q G W K H VKRU WWHU P W H P S R  U D O V S D F LD O YD U LD W LR Q V U H V S H F W LYH O\ / R Q J W H U P

YD U LD W LR Q V W D W LV W LF D O P R G H OLQ J LV X V H G LQ

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S H U IH F W S R ZH U F R Q W U R O D Q G ZH LJ Q R U H W K H H oH F W R I D W W H Q X D W LR Q   E \ V H W W LQ J $ G 6 K R U W W H U P

 

W H P S R U D O V S D W LD O YD U LD W LR Q V D U H G X H W R W K H V X S H U S R V LW LR Q R I D OD U J H Q X P E H U

R I ZD YH V ZLW K U D S LG O\ F K D Q J LQ J S K D V H V D Q G W R D OH V V H [W H Q W D P S OLW X G H V  ZK LF K F R U U H V S R Q G W R H D F K U H V R OYH G S D W K D U U LYD O 7K H S K D V H R I H D F K ZD YH F D Q E H YH U \ G LoH U H Q W H YH Q IR U U D Q G R P P R YH P H Q W V R I W K H R U G H U R I D ZD YH OH Q J W K  7K LV LP S OLH V W K D W H D F K U H V R OYH G S D W K D U U LYD O ZK LF K U H V X OW V IU R P

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K H Q W K H U H LV D G H W H U P LQ LV W LF F R P S R Q H Q W D V LV W \S LF D O LQ W K H S U H V H Q F H

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G LV W U LE X W LR Q D Q G LW F D Q E H

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V \V W H P V R S H U D W LQ J LQ W K H P P ZD YH E D Q G

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BER vs SNR (Nu=64, Ns=64, Threshold 0.09)

0

10

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10

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BER

10

−3

10

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6

8

10

12

14

16

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BER vs Threshold (Nu=64, Ns=64, SNR=15 dB)

0

10

−1

10

−2

BER

10

−3

10

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−4

10

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BER vs SNR (Threshold 0.09) −1

10

−2

BER

10

−3

10

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10

12

14

16

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10

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10

6

8

10

12

14

16

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  R X W S H U IR U P V

   LQ W K H F D V H R I LP S H U IH F W F K D Q Q H O H V W LP D W LR Q LW S H U IR U P V ZR U V H 

E H F D X V H LW LV V X E MH F W W R ID G LQ J ZK R V H U D W H LV IR X U W LP H V K LJ K H U  7K LV H [D P S OH LOOX V W U D W H V W K H LP S R U W D Q F H R I W K H ID G LQ J U D W H LQ W K H G H V LJ Q R I D 0&&' 0$ V \V W H P  1 R W H W K D W W K H S U R F H V V LQ J J D LQ 1V F D Q Q R W E H LQ F U H D V H G D U E LW U D U LO\ LQ W K H G H V F U LE H G ZD \ ZLW K R X W YLR OD W LQ J R X U E D V LF D V V X P S W LR Q V  ,Q W K H F D V H R I S H U IH F W O\ NQ R ZQ F K D Q Q H OV  W K H 725 & G H W H F W R U LV R X W S H U IR U P H G E \ G H  W H F W R U V E D V H G R Q W K H 006 ( F U LW H U LR Q >  @ )LJ X U H   LOOX V W U D W H V W K D W W K LV LV D OV R W K H F D V H IR U D OO ID G LQ J U D W H V ZK H Q W K H G H W H F W R U V D U H LP S OH P H Q W H G D G D S W LYH O\ 7K LV K D S S H Q V E H F D X V H W K H 725 & G H W H F W R U W U LH V W R LQ YH U W W K H F K D Q Q H O F R H r F LH Q W V ZLW K R X W H Q K D Q F LQ J W K H Q R LV H H [F H V V LYH O\ E \ P D NLQ J ? K D U G  G H F LV LR Q V 21 R U 2) ) R Q ZK LF K V X E F K D Q Q H OV ZLOO E H LQ  YH U W H G  ZK LOH W K H 006 (

S H U &D U U LH U G H W H F W R U G R H V W K H V D P H E \ P D NLQ J ? V R IW  G H F LV LR Q V   

−1

MMSE per Carrier with LMS Channel Estimation (SNR=16 dB, Nu=8, Ns=8)

10

ω T=10−3 d ω T=10−2

BER

d

−2

10

−3

10

−3

10

−2

10

step size µ

)LJ X U H    3 H U IR U P D Q F H R I 006 ( S H U &D U U LH U D V D IX Q F W LR Q R I W K H V W H S V L] H z a  D V H [S U H V V H G LQ     LQ W K H R S W LP D O 06 (

P D Q Q H U  ,Q W H U P V R I F R P S OH [LW \ E R W K G H W H F 

W R U V K D YH W R F D OF X OD W H 1V V F D OD U V  K R ZH YH U  W K H 006 (

S H U &D U U LH U LV P R G H U D W H O\ P R U H

F R P S OH [ P D LQ O\ E H F D X V H LW U H TX LU H V D Q H V W LP D W H R I W K H 6 1 5

LQ     7K H 006 (

S H U

8 V H U G H W H F W R U LV V LJ Q Lp F D Q W O\ P R U H F R P S OH [ W K D Q E R W K R W K H U G H W H F W R U V D V F D Q E H V H H Q LQ     : H F R Q W LQ X H E \ LQ YH V W LJ D W LQ J W K H S H U IR U P D Q F H R I W K H G LoH U H Q W IR U P V R I W K H 006 ( G H W H F W R U  : H E H J LQ E \ H [D P LQ LQ J W K H H oH F W R I W K H D G D S W D W LR Q S D U D P H W H U V R Q W K H S H U IR U  P D Q F H R I W K H G LoH U H Q W IR U P V R I W K H 006 ( G H W H F W R U  :

K H Q / 06 D Q G 5 / 6 E D V H G F K D Q Q H O

H V W LP D W R U V D U H X V H G E \ W K H 006 ( G H W H F W R U  W K H V H OH F W LR Q R I W K H V W H S V L] H z a D Q G W K H IR U J H W  W LQ J ID F W R U y G H S H Q G V R Q W K H F K D Q Q H O ID G LQ J U D W H  )R U H D F K ID G LQ J U D W H W K H U H LV D Q R S W LP D O V H OH F W LR Q R I W K H D G D S W D W LR Q S D U D P H W H U V  D V G H S LF W H G LQ )LJ X U H V   D Q G     : H Q R W LF H W K D W W K H S H U IR U P D Q F H R I W K H 006 ( S H U &D U U LH U G H W H F W R U ZLW K / 06 F K D Q Q H O H V W LP D W LR Q LV

 

0

MMSE per Carrier and Adaptive MMSE Using RLS (SNR=16 dB, Nu=8, Ns=8)

10

ωdT=10−3 ω T=10−2 d

MMSE per Carrier with RLS ch. est. Adaptive MMSE using RLS −1

BER

10

−2

10

−3

10

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5 0.6 forgetting factor λ

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

)LJ X U H     3 H U IR U P D Q F H R I 006 ( G H W H F W R U V D V D IX Q F W LR Q R I W K H IR U J H W W LQ J ID F W R U y P X F K P R U H V H Q V LW LYH W R W K H V H OH F W LR Q R I W K H V W H S V L] H z a  W K D Q W K H S H U IR U P D Q F H R I W K H F R U  U H V S R Q G LQ J 5 / 6 E D V H G G H W H F W R U W R W K H YD U LD W LR Q V R I W K H IR U J H W W LQ J ID F W R U y )X U W K H U P R U H  )LJ X U H    V K R ZV W K D W W K H 5 / 6 E D V H G 006 ( S H U 8 V H U G H W H F W R U ZLW K R X W H [S OLF LW F K D Q Q H O H V W LP D W LR Q LV D OV R U H OD W LYH O\ P R U H V H Q V LW LYH W R W K H V H OH F W LR Q R I W K H IR U J H W W LQ J ID F W R U y 6 LQ F H W K H . D OP D Q p OW H U J LYH V W K H R S W LP D O H V W LP D W H V LQ W K H 006 ( V H Q V H  LW LV H [S H F W H G W K D W W K H S H U IR U P D Q F H R I W K H 006 (

G H W H F W R U X V LQ J W K H . D OP D Q p OW H U S U H V H Q W V D OR ZH U

E R X Q G R Q W K H S U R E D E LOLW \ R I H U U R U ZK H Q R W K H U F K D Q Q H O H V W LP D W R U V  V X F K D V W K H / 06 D Q G 5 / 6  D U H X V H G  7K H U H IR U H  LQ

)LJ X U H V            ZH X V H W K H S H U IR U P D Q F H R I W K H

006 ( S H U &D U U LH U G H W H F W R U ZLW K . D OP D Q F K D Q Q H O H V W LP D W LR Q D V D U H IH U H Q F H D J D LQ V W ZK LF K P R U H U H D OLV W LF LP S OH P H Q W D W LR Q V R I W K H 006 (

G H W H F W R U  ZK LF K G R Q R W U H TX LU H NQ R ZOH G J H

R I W K H F K D Q Q H O P R G H O D U H F R P S D U H G  )LJ X U H V    D Q G    LOOX V W U D W H W K H S H U IR U P D Q F H R I W K H 006 (

S H U &D U U LH U G H W H F W R U ZLW K / 06 D Q G 5 / 6 F K D Q Q H O H V W LP D W LR Q  U H V S H F W LYH O\

,W F D Q E H V H H Q W K D W W K H S H U IR U P D Q F H R I W K H G H W H F W R U  ZK H Q 5 / 6 F K D Q Q H O H V W LP D W LR Q LV  

MMSE per Carrier with LMS Channel Estimation (Nu=8, Ns=8)

0

10

−1

BER

10

−2

10

−3

ωdT=10 ω T=10−2 d −1 ωdT=10

−3

10

LMS estim. ( µ=0.002) Kalman estimation known channel

−4

10

6

8

10

12

14

16

SNR

)LJ X U H     3 H U IR U P D Q F H R I W K H 006 ( S H U &D U U LH U G H W H F W R U ZLW K / 06 F K D Q Q H O H V W LP D W LR Q  X V H G  LV P X F K F OR V H U W R W K D W R I W K H . D OP D Q p OW H U W K D Q ZK H Q / 06 H V W LP D W LR Q LV X V H G  D W W K H H [S H Q V H R I LQ F U H D V H G F R P S OH [LW \ : H D OV R Q R W LF H W K D W W K H S H U IR U P D Q F H R I W K H 006 ( G H W H F W R U G H W H U LR U D W H V ZLW K LQ F U H D V LQ J F K D Q Q H O ID G LQ J U D W H LQ D V LP LOD U P D Q Q H U D V LW ZD V S U H YLR X V O\ R E V H U YH G IR U W K H 725 & G H W H F W R U  $ V LW ZD V G H V F U LE H G LQ 6 H F W LR Q    W K H 006 ( G H W H F W R U F D Q E H LP S OH P H Q W H G D G D S W LYH O\ ZLW K R X W H [S OLF LW F K D Q Q H O H V W LP D W LR Q  ,Q >  @ W K H W U D Q V LH Q W S H U IR U P D Q F H D Q G F R Q YH U J H Q F H R I W K H 006 (

S H U 8 V H U G H W H F W R U X V LQ J / 06 S U R S R V H G LQ >  @ ZD V H [D P LQ H G LQ D V W D W LF

F K D Q Q H O D Q G LW ZD V V K R ZQ W K D W H YH Q W K H Q LW V F R Q YH U J H Q F H LV YH U \ V OR Z E H F D X V H R I W K H OD U J H H LJ H Q YD OX H V S U H D G R I W K H R E V H U YD W LR Q D X W R F R U U H OD W LR Q P D W U L[ 2X U F R P S X W H U H [S H U LP H Q W V LQ G LoH U H Q W ID G LQ J U D W H V V K R ZH G

W K D W W K H / 06

YH U \ V OR Z F R Q YH U J H Q F H D Q G LV X Q D E OH W R S H U IR U P F K D Q Q H OV G 7

 

b

D G D S W LYH G H W H F W R U LQ G H H G ZH OO %(5   

b

G H P R Q VWUD WH V

H YH Q IR U V OR ZO\ ID G LQ J

 IR U D Q \ YD OX H R I W K H V W H S V L] H z a  $ OW K R X J K LQ W K H F D V H R I S H U IH F W O\

NQ R ZQ F K D Q Q H O W K H 006 ( S H U 8 V H U G H W H F W R U S H U IR U P V V OLJ K W O\ E H W W H U W K D Q W K H 006 ( S H U  

MMSE per Carrier with RLS Channel Estimation (Nu=8, Ns=8)

0

10

−1

BER

10

−2

10

−3

ωdT=10 ω T=10−2 d ω T=10−1 d

−3

10

RLS estim. (λ=0.7) Kalman estimation known channel

−4

10

6

8

10

12

14

16

SNR

)LJ X U H     3 H U IR U P D Q F H R I W K H 006 ( S H U &D U U LH U G H W H F W R U ZLW K 5 / 6 F K D Q Q H O H V W LP D W LR Q  &D U U LH U G H W H F W R U >  @ LQ W K LV F D V H W K H D G D S W D W LR Q H U U R U V G R P LQ D W H W K H S H U IR U P D Q F H R I W K H 006 ( S H U 8 V H U G H W H F W R U  7K H 5 / 6 D G D S W LYH 006 ( S H U 8 V H U G H W H F W R U    P D Q D J H V W R W U D F N W K H F K D Q Q H O YD U LD W LR Q V X S W R D F H U W D LQ S R LQ W  D OW K R X J K LW V W LOO S H U IR U P V ZR U V H W K D Q W K H 006 (

S H U &D U U LH U G H W H F W R U H P S OR \LQ J H [S OLF LW F K D Q Q H O H V W LP D W LR Q  D V LW LV V K R ZQ LQ

)LJ X U H     7K H D E R YH U H V X OW V V X J J H V W W K D W W K H D G D S W LYH 006 (

S H U &D U U LH U G H W H F W R U ZLW K 5 / 6

F K D Q Q H O H V W LP D W LR Q LV D YH U \ D W W U D F W LYH 0&&' 0$ G H W H F W R U ZK LF K F R P E LQ H V J R R G S H U IR U  P D Q F H ZLW K U H OD W LYH O\ OR Z F R P S OH [LW \ % H F D X V H R I W K H V H IH D W X U H V  LW LV X V H IX O W R H [D P LQ H W K H S H U IR U P D Q F H R I W K H G H W H F W R U ZK H Q D P R U H S U D F W LF D O F K D Q Q H O P R G H O LH  W K H ZLG H O\ D F F H S W H G -D NH V P R G H O LV X V H G  7K H S R ZH U V S H F W U X P

R I W K H p U V W R U G H U F K D Q Q H O G H V F U LE H G

LQ    K D V Q R G LV F R Q W LQ X LW LH V D Q G G H F U H D V H V ZLW K IU H TX H Q F \ D F F R U G LQ J W R  G G    ZK H U H G VS H F WUX P

b

 }IG F R U U H V S R Q G V W R W K H  G% IU H TX H Q F \ IG  2Q W K H R W K H U K D Q G  W K H S R ZH U G H U LYH G IU R P

W K H -D NH V F K D Q Q H O P R G H O K D V G LV F R Q W LQ X LW LH V D Q G G H S H Q G V R Q W K H  



Adaptive MMSE per User with RLS Algorithm (Nu=8, Ns=8)

0

10

−1

BER

10

−2

10

ωdT=10−3 ωdT=10−2 ωdT=10−1

−3

10

Adaptive MMSE with RLS (λ=0.93) MMSE with Kalman chan. estim. known channel −4

10

6

8

10

12

14

16

SNR

)LJ X U H     3 H U IR U P D Q F H R I W K H 5 / 6 E D V H G 006 ( S H U 8 V H U D G D S W LYH G H W H F W R U   IU H TX H Q F \ D F F R U G LQ J W R  ' b 

b 

 ZK H U H '

 }I' F R U U H V S R Q G V W R W K H P D [LP X P

' R S S OH U V K LIW I'  7K H U H IR U H  W K H ID G LQ J U D W H V R I W K H W ZR F K D Q Q H O P R G H OV D V P H D V X U H G E \ W K H S U R G X F W V G 7 D Q G ' 7 D U H Q R W G LU H F W O\ F R P S D U D E OH  7K H S H U IR U P D Q F H R I W K H 006 ( S H U &D U U LH U G H W H F W R U ZLW K 5 / 6 F K D Q Q H O H V W LP D W LR Q ZK H Q W K H -D NH V F K D Q Q H O P R G H O LV X V H G LV G H S LF W H G LQ )LJ X U H     ,W LV F OH D U W K D W W K H 5 / 6 H V W LP D W R U P D Q D J H V W R W U D F N W K H F K D Q  Q H O YD U LD W LR Q G H V F U LE H G E \ -D NH V P R G H O ZH OO H YH Q IR U K LJ K ID G LQ J U D W H V ' 7

 c 

b



D OW K R X J K W K H S H U IR U P D Q F H G H W H U LR U D W H V V LJ Q Lp F D Q W O\ D IW H U W K D W S R LQ W  ,Q W K H U H P D LQ G H U R I W K LV V H F W LR Q ZH S U H V H Q W D G LV F X V V LR Q ZK LF K F R P S D U H V W K H G H F LV LR Q  G LU H F W H G

D Q G

S LOR W D LG H G

D S S UR D F K H V D Q G

H [S OR U H V W K H W U D G H R oV E H W ZH H Q

F K D Q Q H O H V W L

P D W LR Q R YH U K H D G D Q G S H U IR U P D Q F H  7K H F K D Q Q H OV R X Q G LQ J P H W K R G S U R S R V H G LQ >  @ X V H V H Q W LU H 2)' 0 V \P E R OV IR U S H U LR G LF F K D Q Q H O H V W LP D W LR Q  7K H U H IR U H  D OW K R X J K LQ W K H 2)' 0 V \P E R OV ZLW K G D W D W K H S U R F H V V LQ J J D LQ 1V D Q G W K H Q X P E H U R I V \P E R OV z D U H Q R W U H G X F H G  W K LV P H W K R G E H F R P H V YH U \ LQ H r F LH Q W H YH Q IR U P R G H U D W H O\ ID G LQ J F K D Q Q H OV  7K LV LV S R LQ W H G  

MMSE per Carrier with RLS Channel Estimation (λ=0.7, N =N =8) u

0

s

10

−1

BER

10

−2

10

known channel ω T=5*10−3 D −2 ωDT=5*10 −1 ωDT=10 ω T=3*10−1

−3

10

D

−4

10

6

8

10

12

14

16

SNR

)LJ X U H     3 H U IR U P D Q F H R I 006 ( S H U &D U U LH U G H W H F W R U ZLW K -D NH V F K D Q Q H O P R G H O R X W LQ >  @ >  @ ZK H U H LW LV V X J J H V W H G W K D W   

R I W K H 2)' 0 V \P E R OV E H X V H G IR U F K D Q Q H O

H V W LP D W LR Q  H YH Q IR U YH U \ V OR ZO\ ID G LQ J F K D Q Q H OV  3 H U IR U P D Q F H U H V X OW V LQ V W D W LF F K D Q Q H OV >  @ V K R Z LW LV V OLJ K W O\ E H W W H U W K D Q W K H ? S LOR W F D U U LH U V  P H W K R G  7K H S LOR W V \P E R OD LG H G P H W K R G R I >  @ >  @ U H TX LU H V W K H P LQ LP D O S LOR W R YH U K H D G D P R Q J S LOR W D LG H G V F K H P H V  ( YH Q ZLW K R YH U V D P S OLQ J E \ D ID F W R U R I  D W \S LF D O R YH U K H D G R I R Q O\   

1

  1W

 LV U H S R U W H G LQ >  @ >  @ ZK LF K LP S OLH V D    

U H G X F W LR Q LQ

W K H S U R F H V V LQ J J D LQ R U W K H G D W D U D W H LQ H YH U \ W K LU G 2)' 0 V \P E R O 7K H ? S LOR W F D U U LH U V  P H W K R G U H G X F H V W K H Q X P E H U R I V X E F K D Q Q H OV D YD LOD E OH IR U G D W D LQ H D F K 2)' 0 V \P E R O OR ZH U 1V D Q G  R U z  ,W V R YH U K H D G LV LQ F U H D V H G ZLW K G H F U H D V LQ J F R K H U H Q F H E D Q G ZLG W K D Q G W \S LF D O R YH U K H D G R I   

WR   

LV U H S R U W H G LQ >  @ >  @ 7K H G H F LV LR Q G LU H F W H G D S S U R D F K

LV W K H R Q O\ D S S U R D F K W K D W G R H V Q R W U H TX LU H U H J X OD U LQ V H U W LR Q R I NQ R ZQ V \P E R OV LQ W K H W U D Q V P LW W H G G D W D D Q G D OO D YD LOD E OH V X E F K D Q Q H OV D U H X V H G W R W U D Q V P LW G D W D  7K H U H IR U H  H YH Q ZLW K R F F D V LR Q D O U H W U D LQ LQ J W K D W P D \ R F F X U LQ D S U D F W LF D O V \V W H P  

E H F D X V H R I V H U LR X V

G LV U X S W LR Q V LQ W K H F K D Q Q H O W K H R YH U K H D G LV F R P S D U D W LYH O\ W K H OR ZH V W R Q W K H R U G H U R I    LQ LW LD O 2)' 0 W U D LQ LQ J V \P E R OV  7K LV U H G X F H G R YH U K H D G F R P H V ZLW K D S H Q D OW \ V LQ F H W K H G H W H F W R U V F D Q Q R W W U D G H LQ F U H D V H G R YH U K H D G IR U E H W W H U S H U IR U P D Q F H LQ YH U \ ID V W ID G LQ J F K D Q Q H OV D Q G W K H S H U IR U P D Q F H G H W H U LR U D W H V V LJ Q Lp F D Q W O\ IR U K LJ K ID G LQ J U D W H V ' 7 !  

b



D V F D Q E H V H H Q LQ )LJ X U H V    D Q G     2Q O\ W K H S LOR W D LG H G D S S U R D F K R I >  @ >  @ LV D E OH W R D G MX V W LW V R YH U K H D G W R LP S U R YH LW V S H U IR U P D Q F H LQ YH U \ ID V W ID G LQ J F K D Q Q H OV  6 LQ F H W K H G H V LJ Q LV E D V H G R Q W K H ZR U V W F D V H V F H Q D U LR  LQ V OR ZH U ID G LQ J U D W H V W K H ? H [F H V V  R YH U V D P S OLQ J LQ

W K H W LP H G R P D LQ

V \V W H P

LQ K H U H Q W O\ S U H V H Q W D OV R LQ

S H U IR U P D Q F H  7K LV LV G H P R Q V W U D W H G LQ >  @ >  @ D V G H S LF W H G LQ )LJ X U H     ZK H U H

W K H S LOR W J U LG LV G H V LJ Q H G IR U D X V H U V S H H G R I Y LQ F U H D V H V R Q O\ ZK H Q Y

   NP  K ' 7

V D P S OLQ J W K H R U H P

   NP  K  7K H F K D Q Q H O H V W LP D W LR Q 06 (

  c  

IR U D OO V S H H G V E H W ZH H Q  D Q G    NP  K   c    '

? S LOR W F D U U LH U V  G R H V Q R W LP S U R YH W K H

b

b

D Q G U H P D LQ V S U D F W LF D OO\ W K H V D P H

x ' 7 x   c  

LV V D W LV p H G >  @ 7K LV H [S OD LQ V ZK \ W K H % ( 5

V \V W H P V LQ >  @ >  @ LV P R U H W K D Q  G % IR U YH U \ V OR Z ID G LQ J U D W H V ' 7 x  

b

b

IR U ZK LF K W K H

S H U IR U P D Q F H R I W K H

ZR U V H W K D Q ZLW K S H U IH F W O\ NQ R ZQ F K D Q Q H OV  H YH Q  $ V LW F D Q E H V H H Q LQ )LJ X U H V    D Q G     W K H

P R U H F R P S OH [ G H F LV LR Q G LU H F W H G P H W K R G X V LQ J z1V 5 / 6 H V W LP D W R U V H [S H U LH Q F H V V P D OOH U S H U IR U P D Q F H G H J U D G D W LR Q F R P S D U H G W R W K H F D V H R I NQ R ZQ F K D Q Q H O IR U OR Z W R P R G H U D W H ID G LQ J U D W H V ' 7 x  

b



 

10

0

Channel Estimation MSE

ωDT=1.3 •10-1

10

ωDT=5 •10-2

-1

ωDT=6.7 •10-1

10

ωDT=10-2

-2

Decision-directed, RLS, λ=0.7 Pilot-aided, 2x 1-D Filtering 10

ωDT=2.6 •10-3

-3

5

10

15

20

SNR

)LJ X U H     06 ( YV 6 1 5 IR U 5 / 6 D Q G 3 LOR W D LG H G H V W LP D W LR Q 1X 1V   -D NH V P R G H O 

 

&KDSWHU  &RQFDWHQDWHG &RGLQJ DQG , WHU DWLYH 'HFRGLQJ LQ &'0 

$ % :, 61

% DFNJU RXQG

7K H Q H D U R S W LP D O S H U IR U P D Q F H R I S D U D OOH O F R Q F D W H Q D W H G

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ZK LF K LV S D V V H G D V D S U LR U L LQ IR U P D W LR Q W R 0$ 3   D Q G W K LV F R P S OH W H V W K H LW H U D W LR Q   

,Q W K H 6 && V F K H P H LQ )LJ X U H   E  W K H LQ Q H U 0$ 3

G H F R G H U 0$ 3  U H F H LYH V R E 

V H U YD W LR Q V R I W K H && H Q F R G H G V \P E R OV D Q G D S U LR U L LQ IR U P D W LR Q IU R P

WK H R X WH U G H F R G H U

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

WK H

R X W H U G H F R G H U 0$ 3  V H U LD O IH H G E D F N R X W H U LW H U D W LR Q  LQ D G G LW LR Q W R H [F K D Q J LQ J LQ IR U  P D W LR Q E H W ZH H Q W K H P D V R E V H U YD W LR Q W K H V X P

S D U D OOH O IH H G E D F N LQ Q H U LW H U D W LR Q  7K H R X W H U G H F R G H U 0$ 3  K D V R I W K H H [W U LQ V LF LQ IR U P D W LR Q S U R G X F H G E \ W K H W ZR LQ Q H U G H F R G H U V 

D Q G Q R D S U LR U L LQ IR U P D W LR Q 



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+ D G D P D U G F R G H V R I OH Q J W K 1V  $ E OR F N R I 1E V R X U F H E LQ D U \ G D W D V \P E R OV EL N  Ih J N    1E b  R I X V H U L D U H S D V V H G W K U R X J K W K H F K D Q Q H O H Q F R G H U D Q G W K H H Q F R G H G E LQ D U \ V \P E R OV GL N  N

   1I b  D U H S OD F H G LQ W R IU D P H V R I OH Q J W K 1I  ZK H U H 1I

1E 5

D Q G 5 LV W K H R YH U D OO F R G H U D W H  7K H V H IU D P H V D U H W K H Q S D V V H G W K U R X J K D F K D Q Q H O E OR F N LQ W H U OH D YH U R I W K H V D P H OH Q J W K  D Q G W K H V \P E R OV D U H R U W K R J R Q D OO\ V S U H D G E \ X V LQ J R Q H R I W K H 1V : D OV K + D G D P D U G V H TX H Q F H V ZL Q  Q V LJ Q D W X U H V H TX H Q F H  W K H F K LS V R I D OO X V H U V L

   1V b   ,J Q R U LQ J W K H X V H U V 3 1

   1X b  D U H D G G H G  D Q G W K H U H V X OW LQ J

V LJ Q D O LV TX D G U D W X U H V S U H D G E \ X V LQ J W ZR OR Q J 3 1 V H TX H Q F H V S, Q  S4 Q  7K H U H V X OW LQ J  

pI(n) wi(n) CHANNEL ENCODER

Σ

CHANNEL INTERLEAVER ORTHOGONAL SPREADING

Data of User i

OTHER USERS

QUADRATURE SPREADING

pQ(n)

Σ

j

CHANNEL ESTIMATOR

MULTIPATH FADING CHANNEL

wi(n)

Data Estimates

Ns

CHANNEL DECODER

CHANNEL DEINTERLEAVER

1 Ns

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n=1

ORTHOGONAL DESPREADING

RAKE RECEIVER AND QUADRATURE DESPREADER

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7

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D Q G

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R I W K H W U D Q V P LW W H U LV G H S LF W H G LQ W K H X S S H U S D U W R I )LJ X U H   

7K H ZLU H OH V V F K D Q Q H O LV D V V X P H G W R E H D P X OW LS D W K ID G LQ J F K D Q Q H O ZLW K 1S S D W K V  D V G H V F U LE H G O

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rO 7F  ZK H U H rO  I     E7P 7F FJ

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U H F H LYH U ZLW K 1S p Q J H U V  ,Q H D F K

p Q J H U  W K H V D P S OH V D U H P X OW LS OLH G E \ W K H F R P S OH [ F R Q MX J D W H R I W K H F R U U H V S R Q G LQ J F K D Q Q H O F R H r F LH Q W V 05 & F R P E LQ LQ J  D Q G W K H Q W K H U H D O D Q G LP D J LQ D U \ S D U W V D U H F R U U H OD W H G ZLW K D S S U R S U LD W H O\ G H OD \H G YH U V LR Q V R I 3 1 V H TX H Q F H V S, Q D Q G S4 Q U H V S H F W LYH O\ 7K H R X W S X W R I H D F K p Q J H U LV IR U P H G E \ D G G LQ J W K H R X W S X W V R I W K H , D Q G 4 F R U U H OD W R U V  D Q G W K H R X W S X W R I WK H 5 $ . ( \L N  N

U H F H LYH U E \ D G G LQ J W K H R X W S X W V R I D OO p Q J H U V  7K H V \P E R O R E V H U YD W LR Q V

   1I b D W W K H LQ S X W R I W K H G H F R G H U D IW H U S H U IR U P LQ J R U W K R J R Q D O G H V S U H D G LQ J

ZLW K W K H X V H U V : D OV K V H TX H Q F H K D YH W K H IR OOR ZLQ J IR U P  \L N

1S b



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,3 , D Q G

Q R LV H V D P S OH V ] H U R

0 8 , D U H W K H U H V LG X D O LQ W H U S D W K

D Q G P X OW LX V H U LQ W H U IH U H Q F H U H V S H F W LYH O\ F D X V H G E \ LP S H U IH F W 3 1

V H TX H Q F H D X W R F R U H OOD 

W LR Q S U R S H U W LH V  ,Q D Q LG H D O 5 $ . ( U H F H LYH U W K H Q R LV H W H U P V F R Q W U LE X W H G E \ H D F K p Q J H U LQ    ZR X OG E H LQ G H S H Q G H Q W D Q G W K H U H ZR X OG E H Q R ,3 , D Q G 0 8 , W H U P V  1 R W H W K D W LQ    ZH D V V X P H W K D W W K H F K D Q Q H O F R H r F LH Q W V D U H F R Q V W D Q W G X U LQ J R Q H V \P E R O G X U D W LR Q 7  D OW K R X J K W K H \ P D \ F K D Q J H R YH U V X F F H V V LYH V \P E R O LQ W H U YD OV  7K H E OR F N G LD J U D P

R IWK H

U H F H LYH U LV G H S LF W H G LQ W K H OR ZH U S D U W R I )LJ X U H    ,Q R X U LQ YH V W LJ D W LR Q  ZH U H S OD F H W K H F R Q YR OX W LR Q D O F R G H V S H F Lp H G LQ W K H ,6   V W D Q G D U G >  @ E \ W K U H H G Lo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

W R R S W LP L] H W K H H oH F W LYH IU H H G LV W D Q F H R I W K H F R G H V  ,Q  

W K H 6 && D Q G + 6 && F D V H  W K H R X W H U H Q F R G H U LV Q R Q U H F X U V LYH  Q R Q V \V W H P D W LF  P D [LP X P IU H H G LV W D Q F H F R G H LQ R U G H U W R P D [LP L] H W K H LQ W H U OH D YLQ J J D LQ  ZK LOH W K H LQ Q H U F R G H V D U H U H F X U V LYH V \V W H P D W LF D V LQ W K H S D U D OOH O V F K H P H 



&RQFDWHQDWHG , QWHU OHDYHG &RGLQJ LQ 0

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F R Q YH U V LR Q  7K H V H 0 IU D P H V D U H H Q F R G H G LQ S D U D OOH O E \ W K H LQ Q H U

H Q F R G H U V R I U D W H 5 D Q G W K H U H V X OW LQ J V \P E R OV R I H D F K IU D P H GM N  N M

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LQ W H U OH D YH G

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5 5 LV W K H R YH U D OO F R G H U D W H  D U H

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w0(n)

πout

Outer Encoder User Data

S/P

Outer Interleaver

pI(n)

πin

Inner Encoder 0

ORTHOGONAL SPREADING

. . .

Inner M Orthogonal Codes Interleavers

wM-1(n) Inner Encoder M-1

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πin

Σ pQ(n)

ORTHOGONAL SPREADING

j

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   1I b  D W W K H LQ S X W R I W K H MW K LQ Q H U G H F R G H U K D YH W K H IR OOR ZLQ J

IR U P  \M N

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Q R LV H V D P S OH V ] H U R

P H D Q *D X V V LD Q ZLW K YD U LD Q F H 1   D Q G ,3 , D Q G 0 &, D U H W K H U H V LG X D O ,Q W H U 3 D W K D Q G 0X OW L&R G H ,Q W H U IH U H Q F H U H V S H F W LYH O\ F D X V H G E \ LP S H U IH F W 3 1

V H TX H Q F H D X W R F R U H OOD W LR Q

S U R S H U W LH V  7K H LQ Q H U G H F R G H U V D F F H S W D V LQ S X W V W K H F K D Q Q H O R E V H U YD W LR Q V D Q G D S U LR U L LQ IR U P D W LR Q IU R P

W K H R X W H U G H F R G H U V H U LD O IH H G E D F N  D Q G

S U R G X F H H [W U LQ V LF LQ IR U P D W LR Q  ZK LF K LV

S OD F H G LQ W R R Q H OD U J H E OR F N 3  6 F R Q YH U V LR Q  G H LQ W H U OH D YH G  D Q G W K H Q IH G D V R E V H U YD W LR Q R I W K H R X W H U G H F R G H U  7K H R X W H U G H F R G H U U H F H LYH V Q R D S U LR U L LQ IR U P D W LR Q  ,W S U R G X F H V / / 5 V ZK LF K D U H X V H G W R H V W LP D W H W K H G D W D V H TX H Q F H  D Q G H [W U LQ V LF LQ IR U P D W LR Q ZK LF K LV S D V V H G D V D S U LR U L LQ IR U P D W LR Q W R W K H LQ Q H U G H F R G H U V  7K H E OR F N G LD J U D P  

R I W K H J H Q H U D OL] H G

w0(n)

Ns

Σ

n=1

πin

-1

Inner Decoder 0

ORTHOGONAL DESPREADING

RAKE RECEIVER AND QUADRATURE DESPREADER

. . M Orthogonal Codes . wM-1(n)

Data Estimates

. . .

πout -1

P/S

Outer Decoder

Ns

Σ

n=1

πin

-1

Inner Decoder M-1

ORTHOGONAL DESPREADING

.. .

S/P

πout

Serial Feedback

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E OR F NV F R Q W D LQ D OD U J H U Q X P E H U R I H U U R U V  7K H V D P H W U H Q G LV R E V H U YH G LQ E R W K 6 &&' 0$ D Q G 0&' &' 0$

ZK H Q D F R P S D U LV R Q LV P D G H E H W ZH H Q W K H F R Q YR OX W LR Q D O F D V H  D Q G W K H

S D U D OOH O D Q G V H U LD OO\ F R Q F D W H Q D W H G LQ W H U OH D YH G V F K H P H V  7K LV R E V H U YD W LR Q P R W LYD W H G X V W R H [D P LQ H W K H H U U R U V W D W LV W LF V D W W K H IU D P H OH YH O ,Q D S U D F W LF D O V \V W H P

W K LV ZR X OG P H D Q W K D W

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D Q G )( 5

S H U IR U P D Q F H R I E R W K W K H S U H 6  3

6 && V F K H P H V LV S U D F W LF D OO\ W K H V D P H  D Q G U H P D LQ V W K H E H V W D P R Q J D OO V F K H P H V 

 

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Post−S/P Schemes, M=5 codes/user, N =5x192 b

0

10

−1

Bit Error Rate

10

−2

10

−3

10

Uncoded Conv, L=9 SCC, L=5 PCC, L=5

−4

10

−5

10

2

3

4

5

Average γ

6

7

8

7

8

b

Pre−S/P Schemes, M=5 codes/user, N =5x192 b

0

10

−1

Bit Error Rate

10

−2

10

−3

10

Uncoded Conv, L=9 MC−Serial, L=5 SCC, L=5 PCC, L=5

−4

10

−5

10

2

3

4

5

Average γ

6

b

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Post−S/P and Pre−S/P Schemes, M=5 codes/user, N =5x192 b

0

10

−1

Block Error Rate

10

−2

10

Post−S/P Pre−S/P Uncoded Conv, L=9 MC−Serial, L=5 SCC, L=5 PCC, L=5

−3

10

−4

10

2

3

4

5

Average γb

6

7

8

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Post−S/P Schemes, M=5 codes/user, N =5x192 b

0

10

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Frame Error Rate

10

−2

10

Uncoded Conv, L=9 SCC, L=5 PCC, L=5

−3

10

−4

10

2

3

4

5

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6

7

8

7

8

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Pre−S/P Schemes, M=5 codes/user, N =5x192 b

0

10

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Frame Error Rate

10

−2

10

Uncoded Conv, L=9 MC−Serial, L=5 SCC, L=5 PCC, L=5

−3

10

−4

10

2

3

4

5

Average γ

6

b

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ZK LOH NH H S LQ J F R Q V W D Q W W K H V LJ Q D O H Q YH OR S H D Q G E D Q G ZLG W K  $ ' 6 &' 0$

V \V W H P V ZLW K 5 $ . (

F R P P R Q D V V X P S W LR Q LQ

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6 LQ J OH X V H U U H F H LYH U G H V LJ Q D Q G H TX D OL] D W LR Q LQ ' 6 &' 0$

V \V W H P V K D YH U H F H Q W O\ D W 

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S H U IR U P D Q F H  :

LQ J J D LQ ' 6 6 6 V \V W H P V S H U IR U P

K H Q V K R U W V S U H D G LQ J V H TX H Q F H V D U H X V H G  OR Z V S U H D G 

V LP LOD U O\ W R Q D U U R ZE D Q G Q R Q V S U H D G V \V W H P V  E H F D X V H

 

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S D W K D U U LYD OV ZLW K G H OD \V OD U J H U W K D Q R Q H V \P E R O S H U LR G E H F R P H V W K H OLP 

LW LQ J ID F W R U LQ W K H LU S H U IR U P D Q F H  )R U W K LV U H D V R Q  P R V W H TX D OL] D W LR Q D Q G 6 H OI,Q W H U IH U H Q F H &D Q F H OD W LR Q 6 ,& V F K H P H V D U H D S S OLH G W R V \V W H P V ZLW K V K R U W V S U H D G LQ J V H TX H Q F H V >  @ >  @ >  @ >  @ 7K H S U R E OH P

R I V H YH U H ,6 , F D Q E H D OOH YLD W H G ZLW K W K H X V H R I OR Q J V S U H D G LQ J

V H TX H Q F H V  ,Q W K LV F D V H  S D W K D U U LYD OV ZLW K G H OD \V OH V V W K D Q R Q H V \P E R O S H U LR G D S S H D U W R E H W K H OLP LW LQ J ID F W R U LQ W K H S H U IR U P D Q F H R I X Q F R G H G V \V W H P V ZLW K 5 $ . ( >  @ ZK LF K U H D F K D Q H U U R U q R R U LQ W K H K LJ K 6 1 5

U H F H LYH U V >  @

U H J LR Q  ( TX D OL] D W LR Q D Q G 6 ,& V F K H P H V

K D YH E H H Q S U R S R V H G LQ >  @ >  @ D Q G >  @ W R V X S S U H V V ,3 , D Q G H OLP LQ D W H W K H H U U R U q R R U R E V H U YH G LQ K LJ K 6 1 5 V  ,Q S U D F W LF D O % :

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D S S OLF D W LR Q V H J  ,6      :

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V \V W H P V

X V H F R Q F D W H Q D W H G V K R U W R U W K R J R Q D O F R G H V IR U F K D Q Q H OL] D W LR Q D Q G OR Q J S V H X G R U D Q G R P

VH 

TX H Q F H V IR U V H F W R U L] D W LR Q  S U LYD F \ &K D Q Q H O F R G LQ J LV D OV R X V H G W R U H G X F H W K H U H TX LU H G 6 1 5

W R D W W D LQ W K H G H V LU H G S H U IR U P D Q F H  )X U W K H U P R U H  YH U \ K LJ K G D W D U D W H D S S OLF D W LR Q V

ZK LF K U H TX LU H OR Z 6 * P R V W S U R E D E O\ LQ YR OYH R Q O\ R Q H W U D Q V P LW W LQ J X V H U S H U V H F W R U D W D Q \ W LP H  ( YH Q W K R X J K &' 0$ W U D Q V P LV V LR Q LV X V H G  P X OW LS OH D F F H V V R I K LJ K G D W D U D W H X V H U V LV F R Q W U R OOH G LQ W K H 0$ & OD \H U  D Q H [D P S OH R I W K LV F D V H LV W K H  [( 9 ' 2 S U R S R V D O E D V H G R Q + ' 5

>  @ ,Q W K LV F K D S W H U ZH H [D P LQ H W K H S H U IR U P D Q F H R I V X F K V \V W H P V  LH  K LJ K

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CHANNEL INTERLEAVER

p(n)

x

Σ

x

ORTHOGONAL SPREADING

Data of User i

LONG PN SPREADING

OTHER USERS

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MULTIPATH FADING CHANNEL

wi(n) Data Estimates

Ns

CHANNEL DECODER

Σ

CHANNEL DEINTERLEAVER

1 Ns n=1

x

RAKE RECEIVER AND LONG PN DESPREADER

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V LJ Q D O D W W K H LQ S X W R I W K H U H F H LYH U K D V W K H IR OOR ZLQ J IR U P  U W

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U H F H LYH U LV IR U P H G

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P D Q F H R I D Q 05 & F R P E LQ H U ZLW K 1S G H J U H H V R I G LYH U V LW \ >  @ : H H [S H F W IU R P IR U D OD U J H 6 * W K H S H U IR U P D Q F H R I W K H V \V W H P W K H ? LG H D O 5 $ . (   )R U 1V

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Uncoded, Np=2 and Np=4 paths, longer delays

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5

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20

25

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Convolutional Encoding, Np=2 and Np=4 paths

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10

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F K D Q Q H OV  &R Q F D W H Q D W LQ J OR Q J 3 1

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Turbo Encoding, Np=2 and Np=4 paths

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W K H R Q H K D Q G  W K H S K \V LF D O OD \H U OLW H U D W X U H LV P D LQ O\ F R Q F H U Q H G ZLW K G H OLYH U LQ J D V W U H D P R I LQ IR U P D W LR Q E LW V IU R P

W K H W U D Q V P LW W LQ J W R W K H U H F H LYLQ J X V H U V LQ D U H OLD E OH D Q G H r F LH Q W

P D Q Q H U  E \ P H D Q V R I P R G X OD W LR Q D Q G F R G LQ J  P X OW LS OH D F F H V V W H F K Q LTX H V  D Q G V R S K LV W LF D W H G G H W H F W LR Q V F K H P H V  2Q W K H R W K H U K D Q G  W K H Q H W ZR U NLQ J OLW H U D W X U H LV D LP LQ J D W P D [LP L] LQ J W K H V \V W H P

F D S D F LW \ D Q G W K H U H V R X U F H X W LOL] D W LR Q  E \ S U R S R V LQ J F D OO D G P LV V LR Q  V F K H G X O

LQ J  U R X W LQ J  D Q G 0X OW LS OH $ F F H V V &R Q W U R O 0$ & S U R W R F R OV  7K H G H V LJ Q R I % :

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LV F R P P R Q W R D OO X V H U V  D Q G LV ID U IU R P

E H LQ J D OP R V W H U U R U IU H H  ZK LF K

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IX W X U H U H V H D U F K R Q MR LQ W S K \V LF D O D Q G K LJ K H U Q H W ZR U N OD \H U G H V LJ Q  ZK LF K X W LOL] H V R P H R I W K H S K \V LF D O OD \H U W H F K Q LTX H V W K D W ZH H [D P LQ H G LQ W K H G LV V H U W D W LR Q  ,W LV F R P P R Q S U D F W LF H LQ W K H G H V LJ Q R I F R P S OH [ V \V W H P V W R X V H D G LoH U H Q W p J X U H R I :

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OH YH O X Q G H U F R Q V LG H U D W LR Q 

K H Q S K \V LF D O OD \H U V F K H P H V IR U ZLU H OH V V V \V W H P V D U H H YD OX D W H G  F R P P R Q p J X U H V R I P H U LW D U H W K H E LW  IU D P H  R U E OR F N H U U R U U D W H  W K H W R W D O S R ZH U F R Q V X P S W LR Q  D Q G W K H V S H F W U D O H r F LH Q F \ D U H F R P P R Q O\ X V H G  : W K H X V X D O F U LW H U LD D U H V \V W H P

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