A Comparative Study on Feature Selection in Text ... - Courses

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School of Computer Science. Carnegie Mellon ... available online, effective retrieval is difficult without good indexing and summarization of document con- tent.
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Figure 1. Average precision of kNN vs. unique word count

Figure 3. Correlation between DF and IG values of words in Reuters

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Figure 4. Correlation between DF and CHI values of words in Reuters

Figure 2. Average precision of LLSF vs. unique word count

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Figure 5. Feature selection and the performance of kNN on two collections 1

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