a conceptual framework for semantic web-based ecommerce

KUN YANG

A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR SEMANTIC WEB-BASED ECOMMERCE

Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures de l'Université Laval dans le cadre du programme de maîtrise en informatique pour l'obtention du grade de maître es sciences (M.Se.)

DÉPARTEMENT D'INFORMATIQUE ET DE GÉNIE LOGICIEL FACULTÉ DES SCIENCES ET DE GÉNIE UNIVERSITÉ LAVAL QUÉBEC

JUILLET, 2006

© Kun Yang, 2006

RESUME Présentement, le commerce électronique est requis pour agir plus intelligemment et de façon autonome avec le minimum d'intervention humaine. Cette exigence demande à la communauté

du

Web de développer

une infrastructure

qui

soutient

un

interfonctionnement au niveau sémantique. En attendant, le Web Sémantique, comme une recherche du Web futur, apporte une nouvelle occasion et une perspective au commerce électronique conventionnel. Le Web Sémantique est une recherche avancée promue par W3C, qui vise à améliorer de l'état du World Wide Web par les techniques sémantiques. Dans ce mémoire, nous proposons une plateforme conceptuelle pour le commerce électronique basée sur les technologies du Web Sémantique, dans laquelle une Machine Virtuelle Sémantique est ajoutée. Par ailleurs, nous suggérons un workflow corrélatif en faisant une recherche des techniques liées à ce dernier. Finalement, un outil pratique de recommandation de carte de crédit est construit sur la plateforme conçue. Par cet outil l'admission traditionnelle de la lecture de document et d'interaction humaine est remplacée par la suggestion intelligente de la machine qui augmente significativement la qualité des services et la satisfaction des utilisateurs.

© Km Yang, 2006

ABSTRACT Nowadays, eCommerce is asked to act more intelligently and autonomously with a minimal human intervention. This requirement challenges the Web community to develop an infrastructure that supports a semantic level interoperability. Meanwhile, the Semantic Web, as an investigation of the next génération Web, brings a new opportunity and perspective to eCommerce. The Semantic Web is a W3C driven major development aiming at improving the state of the World Wide Web through semantic technologies. In this thesis, towards the study of the Semantic Web applied to eCommerce, we propose a conceptual framework for the Semantic Web-based eCommerce, in which a Semantic Virtual Machine is added. Besides, we suggest a corrélative workflow and make an investigation of the key technologies related with this workflow. Finally, a practical crédit card recommendation tool is built on the framework. Through this tool, the traditional document-reading and human-interactive admission is replaced by the smart machine suggestion, which significantly enhances the services' quality and users' satisfaction.

© Kun Yang, 2006

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my advisor, Mamadou Tadiou Koné, for his guidance throughout my years at Université Laval. He has prepared me well for a career as a computer science académie and has worked hard to promote my work. I would also like to thank Luc Lamontagne and Ronald Beaurun for being part of my thesis committee and providing guidance and suggestions during this research. My appréciation also goes to Aminé Mestiri of our lab, who provided prompt and valuable suggestions during the project implementation phase. I would also like to thank staff of our départaient for the help with administrative matters during my thesis work. I cannot end without thanking my family, on whose constant encouragement and love I hâve relied throughout my time at the university. Without their support and motivation, this work and my life would not be as they are today.

> Kun Yang, 2006

TABLE OF CONTENTS RESUME

I

ABSTRACT

II

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

II

LIST OF FIGURES

VI

LIST OF TABLES

VII

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1

1.1 BACK.GROUND AND MOTIVATION

2

1.2 OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGY

5

1.3 CONTRIBUTION

6

1.4 THESIS STRUCTURE

8

CHAPTER 2 THE SEMANTIC WEB

9

2.1 BACKGROUND

10

2.2 WHAT IS THE SEMANTIC WEB?

12

2.3 LAYER ARCHITECTURE OF THE SEMANTIC WEB

15

2.3.1 URI and Unicode (Code Layer)

17

2.3.2 XML, Namespace and XML Schéma (Syntax Layer)

18

2.3.3 RDF AND RDF Schéma (Meta> Rudi Studer Institut AIFB Semantic Community Web Portals

In the schéma of thèse expressions, O represents the instance and C represents the concept. O can either be a global URI, a local part of a URI (that is expanded by the crawler to a global one), or one of the spécial keywords page, body, href, or tag. Thèse spécial keywords represent resources relative to the current tag and the current Web page, e.g. the keyword page represents the URI of the Webpage of this statement. Thus, Web pages are manually annotated to explicitly represent the semantics of their contents (figure 4-2). ASCII Editer

Figure 4-2 Manually annotating HTML pages with semantic information [Erdmann] © Kun Yang, 2006

56

A Conceptual Framework for Semantic Web-based eCommerce

Although manual semantic annotation is easy to reach, there are some inéluctable problems. For example, it cannot handle large amounts of Web resources and need too many human interventions. As a solution, semi-automatic annotation is more and more concerned about.

Semi-automatic semantic annotation Semi-automatic semantic annotation relies on some annotation tools in order to obtain a high efficiency annotating process. Among the existing annotation tools, the Knowledge and Information Management (KIM) platform

[KIM, 2006] is a well-known

ontology-based tool supporting ontology-based semantic annotation. The KIM platform is mainly used to reach the vision of semantic annotation. An essential idea in KIM is the entity annotation, which can be seen as a classical named-entity récognition and annotation process [Kiryakov]. The KIM platform consists of KIM Ontology, knowledge base, KIM Server (with API for remote access, embedding, and intégration), and KIM ontologies. Knowledge bases are kept in the RDF(S) repository and the Ontology Middleware Module [Kiryakov, 2002]. The KIM tool functions through a set of ontologies that provide:

•

an object-description template, i.e. a structured set of object properties, and

•

subsumption hiérarchies of concepts which act as potential property values for the object-description template.

The annotation tool assumes the ontologies represented in RDF Schéma. The tool automatically générâtes an annotation interface from the ontologies. The structure of the object-description template (e.g., grouping of properties) is represented in the tool interface. © Kun Yang, 2006

57


, 1 , . :

Figure 4-3 Semi-automatic semantic annotation (référence source: Ontotext Semantic Technology Lab [KIM, 2006]) Figure 4-3 depicts the architecture of the semi-automatic annotation process. Incoming documents are processed using the information extraction System of the KIM. Then, KIM associâtes single words or complex expressions with a concept from the ontology, which is connected through the domain lexicon linkage. Recognized concepts and dependency relations between concepts are highlighted as suggested annotations. This mechanism has the advantage that ail relevant information in the document with regard to the ontology is recognized and proposed to the annotator.

Semantic annotation is the essence to reach the Services Description module of the framework. However, within the whole process of semantic annotation, there is an important concept, that is, ontology. A consistent and complète ontology is the principal foundation of the Semantic Web. Thus, how to construct the ontology is another important issue that cannot be ignored.

4.2 Ontology engineering The Semantic Web is built on the formai ontologies that structure underlying >

© Kun Yang, 2006

m


5.3.3 Application scénario For being well integrated with the Web based eCommerce system, our application is developed as a Java project. Therefore, the user can easily load the recommending application on the traditional Web page through IE instead of installing extra client software or programs. Our Semantic Web-based crédit card recommendation aims at providing personalized crédit card recommendation according to users' profile and préférence. The application uses a couple of character items and value choices for building the user information. Figure 5-13 shows the scénario of the Semantic Web-based crédit card recommendation tool.

© Kun Yang, 2006

113


i*

' !>s^;fôfl

redit card recomtii-.. ni., 1 «Ï

Suggestion 1 : d.plan Student Card -

H"..,

• : ; , - :

:

:

,

.

"

"

-

:

•

-

'

Your profile and préférence:

Suggested Card feature:

Gross household income;=:$35,000

Gross household income:«$35,0()0

Occupation: student

Occupation: student

Travel expérience: gênerai Animal fée préférence: no fee

Annual fee: no fee

Interest rate préférence: low

Interest rate: 18.4%

Reward program préférence: no Lowsst rate interest no By invitation: no Minimum crédit lirriit: $300

Lùwest iât(? nilere&t

Figure 5-13 Interface of the Semantic Web-based crédit card recommendation tool The application interface is composée of two parts. The left panel is the place for users to edit their profile and préférence information, which are related to the crédit card features. Among them, the profile information mainly includes "Gross household income", "Occupation" and "Travel expérience". And the préférence information contains "Annual fee", "Interest rate", "Reward program", "Lowest interest rate" and "By invitation" préférences. Considering the convenience for the user editing, we use the option list to let the user choose his/her proper value of each item, shown as figure 5-14. Meanwhile, the right panel présents the suggested crédit card product where ail the relevant card features are listed for giving users an overview.

©KunYang, 2006

114


•ï'JT

I

Occupation:

,.,cr

•

nofee low high V'8'3

jyes :

.

• ; . . , - .

•

Get Recommendation

Figure 5-14 The panel for collecting user information in the tool In order to let the user better understand and accept the suggestions made, our tool provides explanation capability which indicates the comparison between users' information and cards' feature. Thus the user will not only compare his/her own information with the card features, but also identify the différent suggestions through the card characteristics. Figure 5-15 indicates the recommendation tool with multiple suggestion results.

© Kun Yang, 2006

115


Sem; :•;:""

-" " 1

khold income:

Suggestion 1: Elégance Gold Bonusdollars reduced rate Card Your profile and préférence:

Suggested Card feature:

Gross household incorne:>$35,000

Gross household income:>$35,000

Occupation: otherwise Travel expérience: gênerai Annual fee préférence: low

^Annual fee: $45

Interestrate préférence: low

interest rate: 11.4%

Reward program préférence: yes

Desjardins Bonusdollars program

Lowest rate interest: yes By invitation: no Minimum crédit limit $5,000

Suggestion2: Modulo Gold Cardi

>et Recommendationt

Your profile and préférence:

Suggesteii Card feature:

Gross household income:>$35,QQ0

Gross household incorne:»$35,000

Occupation: otherwise Travel expérience: gênerai Annual fee préférence: low

Annuai fee: $60

Interest rate préférence: iow

Interestrate: 8.4%

Reward program préférence: yes

Modulo program

Lowest rate interest: yes By invitation: no

Minimum crédit limit: $5,000

Figure 5-15 Semantic Web-based crédit card recommendation tool with multiple results

©KunYang,2006

116

A Conceptual Framework for Semantic Wcb-based eCommerce

In the case above, when the user wants to apply a card with both the reward and reduce rate character, the System will provide two relevant crédit cards that are both satisfied for his/her préférence. However, thèse two cards hâve différent annul fee and reduced rate. Then the user can easily identify the différence and make a décision with the list information of each product.

5.4 System évaluation The crédit card recommendation tool we developed is around the Semantic Web applied to eCommerce and the framework we designed. Towards the automation and intelligence of meaningful Web information, this tool provides the appropriate assistance to users' online banking activities. For the évaluation purpose, we test and discuss the tool based on the issues of the interface, function, explanation and extension capacities. The system interface is an important fact that is responsible for the communication between users and applications. The interface offers access to the system opération, enabling an end-user to consult the system, with access to questions being support and the présentation of final results. A friendly interface will facilitate system to collect users' information and speed users to process their task. Our application supplies the user profile and préférence interfaces, which can well collect the useful information as the évidence for the proper crédit card choosing. Besides, in order for the opération benefit, the system adopts the list table, through which users are easy to describe themselves and their requests by the corrélative character value choices (shown in figure 5-14). Furthermore, in the suggestion panel, we présent ail the related features of the suggestion resuit, which helps users to compare and comprehend the recommendations.

© Kun Yang, 2006

117


Intelligent assistance is the key function of our application. Compared with current online crédit card solution, our tool realizes the recommendation based on reasoning instead of simple questions asking. Obviously our tool neither requires customers to know what they can/or hope to apply for (like CIBC Bank), nor demands clients to understand the professional knowledge before any décision (solution of Desjardins). Based on the machine-accessible crédit card description and corresponding semantic reasoning, the tool promises that the suggested recommendation will greatly meet users' satisfaction. In addition, we made a comparison test between our tools and current VISA Desjardins sélection table. As an example, we define a student client who wants to apply a VISA card. First we use VISA Desjardins sélection tool. We open the card sélection file and follow its category table. After reaching the destination of the table, we got the resuit, "d.plan for student card", with no reliability. Ail thèse processes spend more than 5 minutes. Secondly, we test our tool. After inputting the relevant profile information, the System outputs the same resuit with the trustworthy card information less than 1 second. Obviously, our tool is more efficient and helpful to the current Desjardins system.

Explanation capacities are the key component of a software application as well as intelligent Web services. Explanation facility let users understand why System outputs such result/conclusion after reasoning. And explanation module is especially useful when the user has doubts about the conclusion or suggestion made by the system. After considering this fact, we présent ail the relevant features of the recommendation rather than mère final resuit output. Through the suggestion panel, ail recommending results would be specified with the characters that user interested in (shown in figure 5-15). Thus, on the one hand, users can comprehend the suggestions by the comparison between crédit card feature values and their personal information. On the other hand, customers will feel comfortable in making a choice through features identification in case of multiple © Kun Yang, 2006

118


recommendations. Extension and update are another interesting features of our tool. Since Web information is organized and presented by the Web ontology, it is easy to achieve Web resource évolution. The crédit card ontology can be extended or integrated into an upper level ontology (such as personal banking ontology) when the System is asked to perforai financial products recommendations in a higher degree. In addition, différent subjects of Web ontologies could be discovered and used easily. In the meantime, ontology intégration, extension and évolution is becoming the main focus of research in the Semantic Web technologies.

This ontology can benefit from the adding of a new crédit card product, category, or even another crédit card provider institution. A CIBC crédit card ontology can be easily integrated into our Desjardins ontology through some ontology engineering technologies and tools. Thus, we hâve a more gênerai crédit card domain ontology crossing différent banks. Then, based on such kind of ontology, more sophisticated application can be developed a higher level.

5.5 Summary Based on the theory and methodology developed in Chapter 3 and 4, we implemented a concrète crédit card recommendation tool to show the feasibility of our ideas.

Within this chapter, we carried out studies through a significant application area of the traditional eCommerce, online banking. After analyzing its current problems and limitations, we proposed a solution based on our Semantic Web-based eCommerce framework. Then according to the relevant workflow, we developed a crédit card recommendation tool through the steps of Web resource semantic annotation, domain © Kun Yang, 2006

119


ontology construction, OWL spécification and semantic reasoning. Finally, we presented the System platform, developing tools and the application scénario.

© Kun rang, 2006

120


Chapter 6 Conclusion and future work This chapter summarizes our research on the Semantic Web applied to eCommerce. Based on our Semantic Web-based eCommerce framework, we recommend some future works.

6.1 Conclusion The Semantic Web is the future of human knowledge. Some serious computer scientists, although cautious about the promise of the Semantic Web, are ultimately optimistic that it will be everything developers are hoping for — an online source for ail of the knowledge humanity has created in science, business and the arts [Koprowski, 2003]. As a resuit, the Semantic Web is being developed and applied to many domains of interest, especially eCommerce. "The Semantic Web might be a cure for our eCommerce ills," said Rich Baldwin, a spokesperson for software maker Xaffire [Xaffire].

In this research, we focused on the Semantic Web applied to eCommerce. The main objective aims at a smarter Web commerce. The word "smait" means people can carry out an intelligent, sophisticated and automatic online commercial activity with minimum external human intervention and assistance. Fortunately, this "smart" concept could be supported by a meaningful Web infrastructure, the Semantic Web. In our Semantic Web-based eCommerce framework, a Semantic Virtual Machine (SVM) layer is added to the traditional eCommerce architecture. Through this layer, to Web information is given a well defined meaning so that différent rôles of eCommerce, (such as, Web resources,

© Kun Yang, 2006

121


humans and computers), can work in corporation. The work undertaken in our research can be summarized as foliows:

•

We first made a deep investigation of the state-of-the-art in eCommerce. After analyzing its process and architecture, we found that the current eCommerce is only designed for humans, which leads to a time-consuming and low-efficient resuit. In order to solve this problem, conventional eCommerce has to act with a Web infrastructure where to information is given well-defined meaning, better enabling machines to process complex tasks automatically.

•

Then, a further and complète study of the Semantic Web technology was made in Chapter 2.

According to the concept of Berners-Lee, each layer of the

Semantic Web was discussed in détail. As a resuit, we recognized that the Semantic Web is a good opportunity for eCommerce, which can help to achieve the

intelligence

and

automation

of

the

eCommerce

through

the

machine-processable information.

•

Based on research on an eCommerce architecture and Semantic Web technologies, we proposed a conceptual framework for the Semantic Web-based eCommerce solution. In this framework, a Semantic Virtual Machine was constructed and added into the eCommerce architecture, which is responsible for the meaningful Web resource presenting and running.

•

Besides, in order to obtain the methodology support, we suggested a developing workflow to implement the designed framework. This workflow includes the steps of semantic annotation, ontology engineering, OWL spécification and semantic reasoning.

© Kun Ycmg, 2006

122


•

According to the workflow, we carried out a deep study of some key technologies related with the workflow steps. This study offered an académie and methodological support for the Semantic Web-based eCommerce.

•

In order to confirm the solution and framework proposed, we chose a significant eCommerce domain, online banking. In the context of the Desjardins online service, a practical crédit card recommendation tool was built on the framework we designed. Through this tool, users could obtain the smart (intelligent and automatic) product suggestion according to their profile and préférence.

In a short, the contribution of our research focuses on increasing the quality of people online commercial activity. Through our research project, users will get a personalized eCommerce service. However, eCommerce is a wide and complex concept that includes B2B (Business to Business), B2C (Business to Consumer) and C2C (Consumer to Consumer). Thus, to meet such sophisticated environments, our Semantic Web-based eCommerce solution still faces some future work.

6.2 Future work Since the framework we proposed is only a prototype, so there are lots of works needed to be investigated in the future.

First is the issue of the Services Description. Our framework is designed mainly referring to the B2C environment. As mentioned before, B2B is anther important domain of eCommerce, which has the différent work rôle and procédure from B2C. For example, B2B is more concerned about the service retrieval, negotiating process, contract formulating, shipping conditions and payment issue. As a resuit, the relevant Web resource and eCommerce procédure are more difficult to describe. Then our future work © Kun Yang, 2006

123


is related with considering a more efficient and appropriate way to présent sophisticated commercial activities, such as, pre-defining certain top level Web service ontologies and their relationships.

Next, for the Services Processor, our application adopts the PSM (Problem Solving Method) for the semantic reasoning, which is a domain-oriented method. Then, every new application domain should design a new PSM. So the future work is considered a domain-independent service process method. Fortunately, the current research of the Semantic Web services (Web services advertisement, discovery, deployment and composition) will bring some perspectives. Besides, referring to eCommerce itself, an important topic is the security issue. In our Semantic Web-based eCommerce, users are asked to offer their personal profile information. Sometimes thèse information are confidential. Thus another unavoidable future work is to find a way, enabling users to access the semantic eCommerce with confidence and privacy. Finally, we hope that this study can bring an inspiration of the Semantic Web-based eCommerce research and the relevant application design.

© Kun Yang, 2006

124


Références [Antoniou, 2003] Grigoris Antoniou and Frank van Harmelen. Web Ontology Language: OWL. University of Crète and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, 2003 [Antoniou, 2004] Grigoris Antoniou and Frank van Harmelen. A Semantic Web Primer. The MIT Press, 2004, ISBN: 0-262-01210-3 [Antoniou, 2005] Grigoris Antoniou, Semantic Web: Key Ideas, Techniques, Applications, IEEE International Conférence on e-Technology, eCommerce and e-Service, Hong Kong, 2005 [Antoniou] Grigoris Antoniou and Frank van Harmelen. Web Ontology Language: OWL. University of Crète and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. [Baader, 2002] Franz Baader, Diego Calvanese, Deborah McGuinness, Daniele Nardi, and Peter Patel-Schneider, editors. The Description Logic Handbook. Cambridge University Press, 2002 [Berners-Lee, 2000] T. Berners-Lee. RFC2396[S]. http://ww.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc2396.html. [Berners-Lee, 2001] T. Berners-Lee, J. Hendler, and O. Lasilla. The Semantic Web. Scientific American, May 2001. [Berners-Lee, 2002] T. Berners-Lee and M. Fischetti. Weaving the Web: The original design and ultimate destiny of the World Wide Web. Harper, San Francisco., 2002 [Biron, 2001] Paul V. Biron and Ashok Malhotra. XML Schéma Part 2: Datatypes. W3C Recommendation, 2001. Available at http://www.w3.org/TR/2002/WD-xmlschema-2-20010502/. [Bray, 1998] T. Bray, J. Paoli and C. Sperberg-McQueen. Extensible markup language (xml) [S]. W3C (World Wide Web Consortium), 1998. http://www.w3 .org/TR/1998/REC-xml-19980210.html [CBA] Canadian Bankers Association, http://www.cba.ca/en/default.asp

© Kun Yang, 2006

125


[Ciancarini, 2003] Paolo Ciancarini, Riccardo Gentilucci, Marco Pirruccio, Valentina Presutti and Fabio Vitali. Metadata on the Web, On the intégration of RDF and Topic Maps. Extrême Markup Languages 2003: Proceedings. 2003 [CIBC, 2006] CIBC. www.cibc.ca [Cisco, 2005] eCommerce, network blueprint from Cisco Systems. http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/779/smbiz/iroadmap/us/en/ebusiness/eCommerce/blue prints.html [Citibank, 2006] Citi Bank Canada, http://www.citibank.ca [ClearLead, 2003] ClearLead, Free Internet Access - Internet User Statistics, ClearLead Inc., 2003, http://www.clearleadinc.com/site/internet_/ree_access.html [Connolly, 2001] Dan Connolly, Frank van Harmelen, Ian Horrocks, Deborah L. McGuinness, Peter F. Patel-Schneider, and Lynn Andréa Stein. DAML+OIL (March 2001) référence description. W3C Note, 18 December 2001. Available at http://www.w3.org/TR/2001/NOTE-daml+oil-reference-20011218. [Cyc] For instance, Cyc, http://www.cyc.com. The Standard Upper Ontology initiative, http://suo.ieee.org [Decker, 1999] Decker, M. Erdmann, D. Fensel, and R. Studer. 1999. Ontobroker: Ontology Based Access to Distributed and Semi-Structured Information. In R. Meersman et al., editors, Database Semantics: Semantic Issues in Multimedia Systems, pages 351-369. Kluwer Académie Publisher. [Desjardins Visa, 2006] Desjardins VISA Card Service, http://www.desjardins.com/en/particuliers/demandes/visa/ [Desjardins, 2006] Desjardins, http://www.desjardins.com [Eclipse] Eclipse, http://www.eclipse.org/ [Erdmann] M. Erdmann, A. Maedche, H.-P. Schnurr, S. Staab. From Manual to Semi-automatic Semantic Annotation: About Ontology-based Text Annotation Tools. Institute AIFB, Karlsruhe University, Germany.

© Kun Yang, 2006

126


[Fensel, 2000] D. Fensel, F. van Harmelen, H. Akkermans, M. Klein, J. Broekstra, C. Fluyt, J. van der Meer, H.-P. Schnurr, R. Studer, J. Davies, J. Hughes, U. Krohn, R. Engels, B. Bremdahl, F. Ygge, U. Reimer, and I. Horrocks: OnToKnowledge: Ontology-Based Tools for Knowledge Management. In Proceedings ofthe eBusiness and eWork 2000 (EMMSEC 2000) Conférence, Madrid, Spain, October 2000. [Fensel, 2001] Dieter Fensel, Frank van Harmelen, Ian Horrocks, Deborah L. McGuinness, and Peter F. Patel-Schneider. OIL: An ontology infrastructure for the semantic web. IEEE Intelligent Systems, 16(2):38-45, 2001 [Fensel, 2002] Fensel D. Ontology Language, v.2 (Welcome to OIL), Deliverable 2, On-To-Knowledge project, 2002. http://www.ontoknowledge.org/downl/del2.pdf [Fensel] D. Fensel, C. Bussler2, Y. Dingl, V. Kartseval, M. Kleinl, M. Korotkiyl, B. Omelayenkol, and R. Siebesl. Semantic Web application areas. Division of Mathematics and Informatics, Free University Amsterdam VU A, and Oracle Corporation [Fernandez, 1997] FERNANDEZ, M., GOMEZ-PEREZ, A. and JURISTO, N. METHONTOLOGY: From Ontological Art Towards Ontological Engineering. AAAI-97 Spring Symposium on Ontological Engineering, Stanford University, March 24-26th, 1997. [Geroimenko] Vladimir Geroimenko. eCommerce on the Semantic Web. University of Plymouth, UK (Editor) [Gruber, 1993] Gruber T R. A Translation Approach to Portable Ontology Spécifications. Knowledge Acquisition, 1993, 5 :199 ~ 220 [Gruber, 1995] Gruber T R. Towards Principles for the Design of Ontologies Used for Knowledge Sharing. InternationalJournal ofHuman Computer Studies. 1995, 43: 907 ~ 928. [Guenther, 2001 ] Rebecca Guenther and Jacqueline Radebaugh. Understanding Metadata. NISO Press, 2001. ISBN: 1-880124-62-9 [Gupta, 2000] Tanya Gupta, Abir Qasem. Réduction of price dispersion through Semantic eCommerce: A Position Paper, 2000

© Kun Yang, 2006

127


[Haarslev] Volker Haarslev. Description Logics: A Logical Foundation of the Semantic Web and its Applications. Computer Science Department, Concordia University, Canada. [Handschuh, 2003] S. Handschuh and s. Staab. Annotation for the Semantic Web. Volume 96 Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications. 2003, 240 pp., hardcover. ISBN: 1 58603 345 [Hayes, 2003] Patrick Hayes. RDF semantics. W3C Working Draft, 2003. Available at http://www.w3.org/TR/2003/WD-rdf-mt-20030123. [Horrocks, 2001] Ian Horrocks and Ulrike Sattler. Ontology reasoning in the SHOQ(D) description logic. In Proc. of the 17th Int. Joint Conf. on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI 2001), pages 199-204, 2001. [Horrocks, 2003] Ian Horrocks, Peter F. Patel-schneider and Frank van Harmelen. From SHIQ and RDF to OWL: The Making of a Web Ontology Language. Journal ofWeb Semantics. 2003 [HSBC, 2006] HSBC Canada, www.hsbc.ca [Industry Canada, 2004] Industry Canada. http://e-com.ic.gc.ca/epic/internet/inecic-ceac.nsf/fr/gv00163f.html [SemanticWeb.org] Inferencing for the Semantic Web. SemanticWeb.org. http://www.semanticweb.org/inference.html [Jena] JenaAPI. http://jena.sourceforge.net/ [Kietz, 2000] Jorg-Uwe Kietz, Raphaël Volz, Alexander Maedche , Extracting a Domain-Specific Ontology from a Corporate Intranet, Proceedings ofthe Fourth Conférence on Computational Natural Language Learning and ofthe Second Learning Language in Logic Workshop, Lisbon, 2000 [KIM, 2006] Knowledge and Information Management (KIM) Platform. Ontotext, Semantic Technolgy Lab. http://www.ontotext.com/kim/semanticannotation.html [Kiryakov, 2002] Kiryakov A., Simov K. Iv., Ognyanov D. Ontology Middleware: Analysis and Design Del. 38, On-To-Knowledge, March 2002. http://www.ontoknowledge.org/downl/del3 8 .pdf © Kun ¥ang, 2006

128


[Kiryakov] Atanas Kiryakov, Borislav Popov, Damyan Ognyanoff, Dimitar Manov, Angel Kirilov, Miroslav Goranov. Semantic Annotation, Indexing, and Retrieval. Ontotext Lab, Sirma AI EOOD, Bulgaria. [Koprowski, 2003] Gène J. Koprowski. The Future of Human Knowledge. TechNews World. July, 2003. [Lara, 2001] Rubén Lara, Holger Lausen and Sinuhé Arroyo. Semantic Web Services: description, requirements and current technologies. Unversitàt Innsbruck, Austria., 2001 [Lassila, 2000] O. Lassila, F. van Harmelen, I. Horrocks, J. Hendler and D.L. McGuinness. The semantic Web and its languages. IEEE Intelligent Systems, Volume 15, June 2000. [Macdche, 2001] Alexander Macdche and Steffen Staab. Ontology Learning for the Semantic Web. IEEE Intellgient Systems, March/April, 2001. [Manola, 2002] Frank Manola, Eric Miller. RDF primer. W3C Working Draft[S], http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-primer/, 2002 [Mizoguchi] Riichiro MIZOGUCHI and Mitsuru IKEDA, Towards Ontology Engineering, The Institute ofScienlifw and Indus trial Research, Osaka University, 567 Japan [National Bank of Canada, 2006] National Bank of Canada, www.nbc.ca [Paolucci, 2001] Massimo Paolucci, Katia Sycara, Takuya Nishimura, Naveen Srinivasan. Toward a Semantic Web eCommerce. CarnegieMellon University, 2001 [Patel-Schneider, 2003] Peter F. Patel-Schneider, Patrick Hayes, and Ian Horrocks. OWL web ontology language semantics and abstract syntax. W3C Working Draft, 31 March 2003. Available at http://www.w3.org/TR/2003/WD-owl-semantics-20030331/. [Paypal, 2003] eCommerce safety guide. Paypal, Ebay. https://www.paypal.com/enJJS/pdf/PayPal_Safety.pdf

O Kun Yang, 2006

129


[Peng, 2002] Yun Peng, Nenad Ivezic. Semantic Resolution for eCommerce. Proceedings ofthe first international joint conférence on Autonomous agents and multiagent Systems, p. 1037 - 1038, July, 2002. [Protégé] Protégé, http://protege.stanford.edu/ [RBC, 2006] Royal Bank, http://www.royalbank.ca/ [Semantic Web org, 2001] Inference Engines for the Semantic Web. http://www.semanticweb.org/inference.html [Song dong, 2000] Jin Song dong, Jing Sun and Hai Wang. Checking and Reasoning about Semantic Web through Alloy. School of Computing, National University of Singapore, 2000 [Spink, 2002] Amanda Spink, Bernard J. Jansen, Dietmar Wolfram and Tefko Saracevic. From E-Sex to eCommerce: Web Search Changes. Web Technologies. Mardi, 2002. [Statistics Canada, 2005] Statistics Canada, The Daily, April, 2005, http://www.statcan.ca/Daily/English/050420/d050420b.htm [Studer, 1998] Studer R, Benjamins V R, Fensel D. Knowledge Engineering, Principles and Methods. Data and Knowledge Engineering, 1998, 25(122): 161 ~ 197 [Tomcat] Tomcat Web server, http://tomcat.apache.org/ [Trastour, 2000] David Trastour, Claudio Bartolini and Javier Gonzalez-Castillo. A Semantic Web Approach o Service Description for Matchmaking of Services. HP Labs, UK., 2000 [Uschold, 1996] M. Uschold. Ontologies Principles, Methods and Applications. Knowledge Engineering Review, Volume 11 Number 2, June 1996. [W3C Architecture domain] Name and Addressing: URIs, URLs, ... W3C Architecture domain, http://www.w3.org/Addressing/#background [W3C Recommendation, 2004] OWL Ontology Web Language Overview, W3C Recommendation, 10 Feb, 2004, http://www.w3.org/TR/owl-features/ © Kun Yang, 2006

130


[W3C Technology, 2001] Metadata and Resource Description. W3C Technology and Society domain. http://www.w3.org/Metadata/ [W3C] World Wide Web Consortium, http://www.w3.org. [Walsh, 1998] Noman Walsh. A technical introduction to XML [R]. http://www.xml,com/pub/a/98/l 0/guideO.html, 1998 [Wikipedia] Semantics. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics [Xaffire] Xaffire Inc. http://www.xaffire.com/ [XpertRule] XpertRule Knowledge Builder. http://www.attar.com/ [Zwass, 1996] Vladimir Zwass. InternationalJournal of Electronic Commerce. Volume 1, Number 1, Fall, 1996, pp. 3 - 2 3 .

© Kun Yang, 2006

131

a conceptual framework for semantic web-based ecommerce

a conceptual framework for semantic web-based ecommerce

Suggest Documents