A Critical Review of Social Sciences

A Critical Review of Social Sciences

Theory and Practice

A Critical Review of Social Sciences Theory and Practice

A Critical Review of Social Sciences Theory and Practice

EDITED BY

Bora Yenihan Doğa Başar Sarıipek Gökçe Cerev

https://frontpagepublications.com

First published 2018 Frontpage Publications Limited Level 2, 13 John Prince’s Street, London W1G 0JR, United Kingdom

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© Ento Organizasyon Prodüksiyon Reklam Yayımcılık

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British Library Cataloguing in Publishing Data A Catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library The moral right of the author has been asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the prior written permission of the publisher. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages.

ISBN: 978 93 81043 28 8

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Typeset by Sonal Mansata 85 Park Street, Kolkata 700016, India

Contents PREFACE LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

xi xiii

ECONOMICS

1

Eastern Mediterranean Policy of Russia in Syrian Contexts

3

Burcu ÖZDEMİR

Economic Growth, R&D and Innovation Relations

11

M. Metin DAM

A Literature Review Based on the National and International Scale Development: Adaptation Publications in the Field of Sport Sciences (2013-2018)

20

Meltem ÖZTÜRK

Evaluation of Hedonic Shopping Demographically: Munzur University Students Example

27

Habib UMUD

Impact of Energy Consumption on Real Economic Growth Performance: Panel Cointegration and Panel Causality Analysis for OECD Countries

40

Şahin BULUT

The Customs Union between Turkey and the European Union: The Perspective of Logistics

52

Mustafa İNCEKARA

The Testing of Fragilities at the Gold Future and Exchange Rate with Structural Break Analysis Method: The Case of Turkey

57

Mehmet Levent ERDAS

Investigation of Consumers’ Attitudes toward Mobile Private Shopping Applications with Uses and Gratification Approach H. Nur BAŞYAZICIOĞLU, Leyla LEBLEBİCİ KOÇER

73

vi

A Critical Review of Social Sciences: Theory and Practice

Can Co-Operatives Play a Strategic Role in Achieving Sustainable Development in a Social Cell?

85

İmam Bakır KANLI

The Effects of European Debt Crisis on Export: Case of Turkey

95

Mustafa KARTAL, Efe Can KILINÇ, Nazan Şahbaz KILINÇ

Behavioural Equilibrium Exchange Rate Forecast

108

Bedriye TUNÇSİPER, Ferhan SAYIN

The Effects of Public Debt on Economic Growth and Inflation in Turkey

115

Şaban ERTEKIN

Panel Cointegration Analysis between Renewable Energy and Economic Growth in the EU Countries

131

Ayşe Esra PEKER

Impact of Public Domestic Debt on Profits of Banking Sector: Causal Analysis with Toda-Yamamoto Approach

145

Cahit ŞANVER

BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT

155

Influence of Social Media on Financial Performance: A Survey of Restaurant and Hotel Businesses in Istanbul

157

Yasemin BİLİR, Fettah KABA

Interactions between Financial and Business Cycles in Turkey

167

Atiye Beyhan AKAY

Interactions between Internal Marketing and its Relationship with Services Marketing

177

İsmail DÜLGEROĞLU

Experiential Marketing Effort: Elmali Municipality Example

188

Mükerrem ATALAY ORAL, Rukiye KILIÇ, Derya ÖGE SET

Supplier Selection for the Ground Handling of Airport Operations

203

Nalan ERGÜN, Ümit DOĞAN

Evaluation of Innovation and Entrepreneurship Characteristics of Medical Sales Representatives Aykut EKİYOR, Gülhan GÖK, Seyit Nazım EROĞLU

214

Contents

The Impact of Satisfaction from Co-workers and Predisposition towards Organisational Commitment

vii

231

Mustafa BEKMEZCİ, İbrahim Sani MERT

Independent Audit Opinions & Review of Changes in Enterprises Operated in BIST Index

244

Nilgün KAYALI

Efficiency of Turkish Derivatives Market: A Study on VIOP

255

Ozan GÖNÜLLÜ

Changing Components of Supply Chain Management

267

Yasin Galip GENCER

Procurement and Sales Management with Process Management Approach

279

Ali Sofa AIDINOV, Demet CEYLAN, Işılay Talay DEĞİRMENCİ

Effects of Different Work Schedules on Efficiency of Bank Personnel in Turkey

285

Isılay Talay DEĞİRMENCİ, Basak SARITAS

Factors to Affect the Performance of Business Owner in Small and Medium Sized Enterprises (SMEs)

292

Mine HALİS, Duygu SAV

A Study on Effects on Innovative Thinking of Kosgeb Entrepreneurship Training

318

R. Vedat SONMEZ

A Study on the Determination of Organisational Culture Dimension Affecting Marketing Innovation

330

Lutfiye ÖZDEMİR, R. Vedat SÖNMEZ

An Analysis of Speech Acts in Public Service Announcements

341

Ayfer TANIŞ

Innovation Management System: What is & How to Establish It

357

Caglar UCLER, Leyla ADILOGLU-YALCINKAYA

Process Improvement: Application in the Rubber Industry

373

Burcu ÖZCAN, Beyda BEYOĞLU

Process Management and Improvement: A Quantitative Research in the Automotive Sector Burcu ÖZCAN, Buket TAŞDAN

385

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Variations in the Definition of Quality and Quality Management Practices in Turkey

395

Yasin Galip GENCER

SOCIOLOGY AND WELLBEING

405

An Evaluation on Culture of Neighbourhood: Sample of Cizre

407

Bilal ALTAN

Consequences of the Proxy War on Conflict Areas

422

Fahri ERENEL, Burcu ÖZDEMIR

Old Age in Theories

429

Işıl KALAYCI, Metin ÖZKUL

Age Discrimination in the Context of Employment Transitions and the Potential Adverse Effects Due to Old Age

438

Hasan UZUN

New Skills for the Fourth Phase of Industrial Revolution: Challenges, Transformation and Needs

447

Volkan IŞIK

Perceptions of Job Insecurity of Public Employees in Turkey: A Case of Public University

468

Seyran Gürsoy ÇUHADAR, Arzu Özsoy ÖZMEN

Resilience in Struggling with Work-Family Conflict

480

Beril BAYKAL, Sevda KÖSE

Effects of Compulsory Personal Accident Insurance on Work Accidents

490

Mehmet GÜLER, Kamil Hakan DERİN

A Human Security Perspective in the Context of Syrian People

497

Mehmet Murat PAYAM

The Opinions of the Relatives of Elderly People Regarding Elderly People

514

Isil KALAYCI

HISTORY

523

A Study on Structural and Functional Characteristics of Historical Organisations: Kanuni Foundation and Süleymaniye Complex

525

Muzaffer AYDEMIR, İbrahim Sani MERT

Contents

A Study on the Investigation of the Historical Origins of Courage in Futuwwa and Akhi Institution

ix

537

Muzaffer AYDEMIR, İbrahim Sani MERT

Treatises and Pamphlets that Influenced Turkish Administrative History and their Contributions

544

Tahsin GÜLER

Developments of Press from II Constitutional Period to the Death of Ataturk

556

Koray ERGİN

GENDER AND MIGRATION

565

Gender in Times of Refugee Crisis

567

Ayşegül GÖKALP KUTLU

Alternative Methods to Reduce Women Poverty in Turkey

576

Armağan TÜRK, Berna AK BİNGÜL, Rengin AK

Challenges in Migration Crisis and Racism in the European Union

587

Meral BALCI, Ceren Ece GÖCEN

Reasons of Preference in Kitchen Cabinet Door: A Research in Agri Province, Turkey

595

Mehmet Nuri YILDIRIM, Abdurrahman KARAMAN, Sabır ERTEKİN, Esra USLU

Opportunities of Women’s Representation in Politics in the Presidential System of Government in Turkey

603

Tahsin GÜLER

TOURISM

615

Analysis of Competitive Power in Tourism and Sustainable Competition: Comparison of Turkey and Greece within the Frame of Porter’s Diamond Model

617

Yasemin BİLİR, Fatma LORCU, Bilal DURSUN

Why Turkish Tourism Enterprises Do Not Use the Barter System: Kusadasi Case

630

V. Uğur TANDOĞAN, H. Erhan ALTUN

Bicycle Tourism in Manavgat Engin DERMAN

642

x


Impact of Social Media on Purchasing Behaviour of Tourism Consumers in Turkey

650

Adnan Veysel ERTEMEL, Volkan DENK

EDUCATION SCIENCES

663

Associatıng Accounting with the Ethical Concept of Unıversity Students Receıvıng Accounting Education: An Applied Study

665

Songül UMUD, Özcan DEMİR

Learning Styles of English Preparatory School Students: A Foreign Language Learning Case in Turkey

677

Fulya KURTULUŞ

Spiritual Well-Being in the Students at the Faculty of Theology

685

Sema ERYUCEL

A Study on the Success, Anxiety and Expectation Levels of Students Taking the Accounting Course and their Future Plans

702

Cengiz ERYILMAZ, Hasan GÜRKAS

The Effects of Knowledge of Mathematics on the Success of Accounting Education

711

Hasan GÜRKAŞ, Cengiz ERYILMAZ

URBANISATION

721

The Determination of Architectural Design Principles in ‘Critical Regionalist’ Approach

723

Emine YILDIZ KUYRUKÇU

Building Efficiency in Towns: Incentive and Financial Dimension

734

Günay GÖNÜLLÜ

Urban Rights in Turkey in the Perspective of the European Urban Charter

742

Yakup KÖSEOĞLU

The Philosophy of Sustainability and Interior Design: Rethinking Jason F. McLennan’s Sustainable Design Philosophy on Interior Design

754

Meryem GECIMLI

Icons of Aksaray City Bülent ESKIN, Mehmet TUNCER, Bayram KAYHAN

760

PREFACE

When it comes to studying science in general, social science needs a special attention and an effort just because of its highly questionable nature. The huge variety in reasoning and reaching conclusions for the same phenomena make social science both challenging and attractive at the same time. Bearing all these in mind, each paper in this title explains, develops, and evaluates its inquiry from a unique point of view. All chapters are aimed to address a wide range of audiences and/or specialists ranging from the fields of economics, business and management, sociology and wellbeing, history, gender and migration, tourism, education sciences, and urbanisation. The primal impetus for compiling A Critical Review of Social Sciences: Theory and Practice was to put forward an interdisciplinary resource book for a wide range of people who are interested in relevant fields of social science. Order of the chapters is planned to be from general to the specific including the articles from both theory and practice of the addressed issues. The specialists, scholars, students and sociologists who have collaborated on and contributed to this comprehensive resource book deserve our special thanks for their support and dedication. Moreover, we would love to acknowledge and thank Frontpage Publications Limited for the excellent example of collaboration they provided from the beginning. Finally, we wish to thank all anonymous heroes in our lives for their encouragement and support to make this project come true.

Dr. Bora Yenihan

Dr. Doğa Başar Sarıipek

Kırıkkale University

Kocaeli University

Kocaeli, Turkey 21 September 2018

Dr. Gökçe Cerev Fırat University

List of Contributors A. Beyhan AKAY is a Lecturer at Akdeniz University, Turkey. She has a PhD degree for the dissertation titled, ‘Turkish Foreign Exchange Market Microstructure and the Volatility Spillover’. AKAY’s academic interest centres around international economics, international finance and regional economic integrations. Abdurrahman KARAMAN, a postgraduate and PhD in Furniture and Decoration, is a faculty member at Usak University Banaz Vocational School, Turkey. Adnan Veysel ERTEMEL is an Assistant Professor in Management at Istanbul Commerce University, Turkey. A graduate in Computer Engineering, ERTEMEL has a PhD degree in Marketing Management. His fields of interests include digital marketing, ınnovation management, and entrepreneurship. Ali Sofa AİDİNOV works for Antalya Bilim University, Turkey looking after accounting and financial activities. AİDİNOV had had experiences in both Human Resources and Purchase Department. Armağan TÜRK is an Associate Professor at the Faculty of Economics, Bandirma 17 Eylül University, Turkey. A master and PhD of Kocaeli University, TÜRK takes interests in the areas of financial crises, economic growth, poverty and inequality. Arzu ÖZSOY ÖZMEN is an Assistant Professor at the Department of Labour Economics and Industrial Relations in Kocaeli University, Turkey; with a PhD degree in Social Policy Programme from Kocaeli University, her academic research areas include work and organisational psychology, industrial relations and social policy. Ayfer TANIŞ is currently working as an English Instructor at the Foreign Languages Department, Kırklareli University, Turkey. TANIŞ is simultaneously doing her PhD in English Language Education programme at Bahçeşehir University. Her research priorities are culture integrated instruction, professional development, and World English. Aykut EKİYOR is an Associate professor at the Department of Health Administration, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Hacı

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Bayram University, Turkey. EKİYOR earned his PhD degree on Business from Social Sciences Institution, Gazi University. His articles have been published in national and international journals. Başak SARITAŞ is in the faculty of Financial Department at Antalya Bilim University, Turkey. A postgraduate in Business Management, SARITAŞ has experience in banking industry working as a Financial Adviser. Bayram KAYHAN, a graduate of the Department of Public Administration, Aksaray University, now works for the Social Assistance and Solidarity Foundation in Aksaray, Turkey. Bedriye TUNÇSİPER is the founding Rector of İzmir Demokrasi University, Turkey. A PhD in Economics from the Institute of Social Sciences, Uludağ University, she held the position of Professor, School of Tourism and Hotel Management at Balıkesir University prior to joining İzmir Demokrasi University. TUNÇSİPER supervised a number of master theses and doctoral dissertations; her researched articles on economic growth, tourism and environmental economics, globalisation, economic crises, monetary policy, women employment and unemployment have been widely published. Beril BAYKAL graduated with PhD degree from the Institute of Social Sciences, Labour Economics and Industrial Relations Programme, Gazi University. BAYKAL has been working as an Assistant Professor at the Department of Labour Economics and Industrial Relations in Kocaeli University, Turkey. Her academic research topics focus on work and organisational psychology and social policy. Berna AK BİNGÜL is an Associate Professor at the School of Applied Sciences at Kırklareli University, Turkey. BİNGÜL completed her both master and PhD at Istanbul University. Her research interests lie in the areas of finance, banking, economic growth, poverty and inequality. Beyda BEYOĞLU received her bachelor degree at the Department of Industrial Engineering from Kocaeli University in Kocaeli, Turkey. BEYOĞLU works in the areas of kaizen and production part approval process (PPAP). Bilal ALTAN is a Lecturer at Şırnak University, Turkey. He got his MA degree from Dicle University and his PhD from Mardin Artuklu University.

List of Contributors

xv

Bilal DURSUN graduated in Accounting Programme at Balıkesir University, Turkey; at the same time, he also graduated from the Department of Agriculture, Anadolu University. DURSUN is now a graduate student in HRM, and continues his studies in Food Engineering Department at Kırklareli University. Buket TAŞDAN graduated from the Department of Industrial Engineering, Kocaeli University, Turkey. He is currently working as a Project Engineer in a rubber factory. TAŞDAN’s main research areas are kaızen, simulatıon, process management and process improvement. Bülent ESKİN received his PhD degree and started working in the Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Aksaray University, Turkey. ESKİN’s main fields of interest lie in ecology, urbanisation and environmental sciences. Burcu ÖZCAN is currently a Research Assistant in the Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering at Kocaeli University, Turkey. Obtaining both BSc and MSc degrees from Kocaeli University, ÖZCAN is also now pursuing her PhD studies at the same university. Her main research areas include scheduling, production planning and control, multi criteria decision making, design of experiment, and statistical analysis. Burcu ÖZDEMİR is currently working as a Teaching Assistant in the Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Istinye University, Turkey. ÖZDEMIR is also pursuing her PhD in the Institute of Ataturk Strategic Research at National Defence University. Her interest areas are based on Russian foreign policy and security research. Çağlar ÜÇLER, with an engineering degree from TU München in Aerospace Engineering and a PhD from Marmara University in Engineering Management, is an innovation strategist and a product development professional. He contributed to the realisation of many products in the industry. ÜÇLER is currently a member at the Faculty of Aviation and Aeronautical Sciences, Ozyegin University, Turkey. Cahit ŞANVER, a PhD in Public Finance from Istanbul University Institute of Social Sciences, has been working as a Faculty in the Economics and Administrative Sciences at Sakarya University, Turkey. ŞANVER’s focused area is tax law.

xvi


Cengiz ERYILMAZ is an alumnus of Uludağ University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences. He has been working as a Lecturer at Afyon Kocatepe University, Turkey. Ceren Ece GÖCEN graduated from Eskişehir Osmangazi University, International Relations Department and pursued her master in International Political Economy at the Institute of Social Sciences in Marmara University. GÖCEN has been working as a Research Assistant at the International Relations Department in İstinye University, Turkey. Demet CEYLAN earned her MS degree in International Tourism Management from Akdeniz University, Turkey; CEYLAN, with her experience as having worked as Financial Controller, CFO and Member of Board at Multinational companies in Tourism, has been lecturing on a regular basis at Antalya Bilim University. Derya ÖGE SET obtained her master’s degree in History from Sakarya University, and is currently teaching at Akdeniz University, Turkey. She conducts scientific studies on historical issues and her publications appeared in national and international editions. Duygu SAV is an Assistant Professor of Management and Organisation Department in the Faculty of Business Administration, and holding the position of Director, Lifelong Learning Application and Research Centre in İstanbul Esenyurt University, Turkey. An MS from Suleyman Demirel University, SAV obtained her PhD degree from İstanbul Trade University. Her research focuses on entrepreneurship, organisational behaviour and leadership. Efe Can KILINÇ is an Assistant Professor at Kırıkkale University, Turkey, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences; KILINÇ completed his master’s degree at Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University, and has a PhD degree from Anadolu University to his credit. KILINÇ’s focused research areas are panel data econometrics, economic growth and energy economics. Emine YILDIZ KUYRUKÇU is a Faculty at Architecture and Design, Department of Architecture, Selcuk University (newly Konya Technical University), Turkey. KUYRUKÇU holds master and PhD degrees from Selcuk University. Esra USLU is one of the academic personnel in Karabuk University Safranbolu Vocational School, Turkey. A graduate in Interior Architecture and Environmental Design from Bilkent University, USLU is now pursuing her PhD.


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Fahri ERENEL, a retired brigadier, is now working as an Associate Professor in the Department of Political Science and Public Administration, Faculty of Human and Society at Istanbul Kent University. He is also following his career as a guest research fellow at Milli Savunma University (National Defence University) as well as a Vice President at Turkish Asian Centre for Strategic Studies (TASAM). ERENEL’s areas of expertise include international relations, security, administration of terror and defence resources. Fatma LORCU is a Professor in Trakya University, Turkey. She was awarded a PhD by İstanbul University and received a post-doctoral fellowship from the Department of Economics, Wayne State University, USA. LORCU’s field of expertise is operation research. Ferhan SAYIN is an Associate Professor of Economics at İzmir Demokrasi University, Turkey, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences. She received her PhD with the dissertation titled ‘The Effect of Technological Change on Employment in Turkey from 1990 to Present’. Her main research interests include Economic Growth, Unemployment, Emerging Markets, Crises and Environmental Economics. SAYIN also supervised MA theses and participated in various national research projects; her articles have also been published in peer reviewed journals. Fettah KABA is a Lecturer at Kırklareli University SSVC, Turkey. A master in Accounting and Finance from Sakarya University, prior to joining the University, KABA worked as a teacher in the Ministry of National Education. Gülhan GÖK graduated from Ankara University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nursing; he also studied in Anadolu University Open Education Faculty of Business Department. After graduating from the Department of Business Administration, GÖK worked as a Nurse in the Ministry of Health, and as a Teacher and Assistant Principal in the Ministry of National Education. GÖK subsequently started working as a Lecturer at Amasya University which he still continues. Günay GÖNÜLLÜ, a Research Assistant at Kocaeli University, Turkey primarily focuses on the studies on international environment, urban rights and urban management. GÖNÜLLÜ earned her master’s degree in Urbanisation and Environmental Issues programme from the Social Sciences Institute at Kocaeli University. Subsequently, she completed her PhD in International Relations from the same university.

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H. Erhan ALTUN is a Research Assistant at the Tourism Faculty, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Turkey; he continues his doctoral studies in the same institution and his area of interest concentrates on tourism marketing. Habib UMUD is a Lecturer in Munzur University, Turkey. His current research priorities are consumer behaviour, hedonism and advertising. Hasan GÜRKAŞ graduated from the Department of Mathematics, Gazi University. He has been working as a Lecturer at Afyon Kocatepe University, Turkey. Hasan UZUN is an Assistant Professor at Fırat University, Turkey in the Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Department of Labour Economics and Industry Relations; a master and PhD from Fırat University, UZUN now heads the Department of Management and Work Sociology. Hayriye Nur BAŞYAZICIOĞLU obtained her master and PhD degrees from Erciyes University, Turkey. She now works as a Research Assistant at the Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences in the same university. BAŞYAZICIOĞLU has undertaken various studies on e-marketing, social media marketing and mobile marketing. İbrahim Sani MERT is a Professor of Management and Director of Graduate School of Social Sciences at Antalya Bilim University, Turkey. He earned his PhD from Hacettepe University. Besides joining academics, he has also spent 22 years in Turkish Armed Forces in active duty as Colonel. MERT’s main focus area is courage, and he has authored a book on ‘courage management’. İmam Bakır KANLI is an Associate Professor in the Faculty of Political Science, Marmara University in Istanbul, Turkey. He received his PhD degree in the field of Regional Planning from Istanbul Technical University in 2004. KANLI’s academic research interests focus on sustainability, cooperatives, neighbourhoods and urban studies including urban identity and local governments. Isil KALAYCI graduated from Florence Nightingale School of Nursing, Istanbul University and completed her doctorate in Sociology at Suleyman Demirel University. She is currently serving as a Lecturer at the Nursing Department, Suleyman Demirel University, Turkey. KALAYCI is the Turkey representative of the International Network for the Prevention of Elder Abuse (INPEA), USA. Işılay Talay DEĞİRMENCİ is a faculty member at Business Administration Department, Antalya Bilim University, Turkey. A graduate in Operations


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Management from Duke University, USA, DEĞİRMENCİ’s research priorities include production and service operations management, stochastic optimisation. İsmail DÜLGEROĞLU is an Assistant Professor in Kırklareli University, Turkey. An MS and PhD from Uludağ University, DÜLGEROĞLU is lecturing and publishing primarily on marketing and business administration. Kamil Hakan DERİN graduated as a Mining Engineer from Inönü University, Faculty of Engineering. DERİN has a master’s degree in Business Administration from Istanbul University Institute of Business Economics. He is now working as a Lecturer in Adıyaman University Gölbaşı Vocational School, Turkey, in Occupational Health and Safety Programme, and simultaneously pursuing his PhD studies in the Department of Labour Economics and Industrial Relations, Istanbul University. Koray ERGİN is a Teaching Assistant at Akdeniz University, Turkey. ERGİN holds a master degree in History from Afyon Kocatepe University, and is now pursuing his PhD studies in the Department of History, Akdeniz University. Leyla ADİLOĞLU-YALÇINKAYA holds an MSc in International Business from Marmara University. She is currently working in the Faculty of Aviation and Aeronautical Sciences, Ozyegin University and simultaneously advancing her dissertation in management and organisation at Anadolu University. Leyla Leblebici KOÇER earned her both master and PhD degrees from Erciyes University, Turkey where she now works as an Associate Professor in the Faculty of Marketing. Lutfiye ÖZDEMİR is a Professor in Management and Organisation, Department of Business, Inonu University, Turkey. ÖZDEMİR has worked on crisis, corporate governance, personnel empowerment, career, intellectual capital, innovation, enterprise resource planning, organisational culture, security climate, family companies, information technology, leadership, entrepreneurship, organisational silence, efficiency theory, personality, functional information system, gender, social network, social responsibility, power distance etc. M. Metin DAM earned his PhD from Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Turkey where, as an Assistant Professor, he has been teaching in the Department of International Trade and Finance, Nazilli School of Economics and Administrative Sciences.

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Mehmet GÜLER, a PhD in Labour Economics and Industrial Relations from Istanbul University Social Sciences Institute, Turkey, is now an Assistant Professor in the same university. GÜLER’s articles have been published in the fields of work economics, occupational health and safety, work psychology and human resources management. Mehmet L. ERDAS is an Assistant Professor of Economics and Finance at Akdeniz University, Turkey. A graduate of Suleyman Demirel University, ERDAŞ started his professional career as a Revenue Expert with the Finance Ministry. Subsequently, he earned his PhD in Business Administration from Suleyman Demirel University and joined teaching. His research interests include application of econometric and optimisation methods for the study of business and finance. ERDAŞ published numerous research papers in that field. Mehmet Murat PAYAM works as an Assistant Professor at the Department of Property Protection and Security, University of Adıyaman, Turkey. He has a PhD degree in Security Strategies and Management, and in Educational Sciences, as well. Some of the research fields he is interested in are security governance, human security, police and homeland security studies, ethics in public administration, police ethics, tourism safety and security etc. Mehmet Nuri YILDIRIM works as a member in the faculty in Karabuk University Safranbolu Vocational School, Turkey. YILDIRIM has a postgraduate degree in Furniture and Decoration to his credit; he is now also pursuing his PhD studies. Mehmet TUNCER works as a Faculty, Department of Tourism, Aksaray University, Turkey. TUNCER has a PhD and his interests centre around tourism marketing, sustainable tourism and human resources management. Meltem ÖZTÜRK has been working as a Lecturer in the Department of Marketing and Advertising at Pamukkale University, Turkey. Besides several national and international publications, a book entitled, ‘Housing Marketing and Brand’ is also authored by ÖZTÜRK; she is currently studying in the fields of real estate marketing and brand management, digital marketing. Meral BALCI is an Assistant Professor in the Department of International Relations in the Faculty of Political Sciences at Marmara University, Turkey. BALCI earned her PhD from the Institute of Turkic Studies, Marmara University. BALCI gives lectures on political history, Turkish political life, Turkish foreign policy and political systems.


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Meryem GEÇİMLİ is a Research Assistant at the Interior Architecture Department, Anadolu University, Turkey. She was awarded a Platinum Special Prize in a national furniture competition. Besides academics, GEÇİMLİ is also associated with Istanbul Photography and Cinema Amateur Association (IFSAK). Metin OZKUL, a PhD in Sociology from Istanbul University, is now a Lecturer, Department of Sociology, Suleyman Demirel University, Turkey Mine HALIS obtained a PhD degree in Management Strategy from Celal Bayar University and is now working as an Assistant Professor at Management and Organisation Department, Kocaeli University, Turkey. Prior to this, he taught at Kastamonu University. HALIS’ research focuses on clustering, tourism, organisational behaviour, and leadership; he published a number of articles in journals of repute. Mükerrem ATALAY ORAL holds a PhD degree in Economics from Akdeniz University where she is now associated in teaching capacity. ATALAY ORAL has carried out scientific studies on marketing and economics, and has many national and international publications to her credit. Mustafa BEKMEZCİ is an Associate Professor of Management at Toros University at Mersin, Turkey. He earned an MBA from Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University of Business, and a PhD from Kocaeli University. BEKMEZCİ presented papers at several professional meetings, and his work has appeared in many journals. Mustafa İNCEKARA holds a PhD degree from the Graduate School of Advanced Manufacturing Engineering (GsaME), University of Stuttgart, Germany. İNCEKARA is currently an Assistant Professor and the Chair, Production Management and Marketing at Pamukkale University in Turkey. Mustafa KARTAL works as a Research Assistant at Selcuk University, Turkey, Faculty of Beysehir Ali Akkanat Business; KARTAL is a master of Economics from Selcuk University, and currently pursuing his PhD. His working areas are economic crisis, economic growth and migration economics. Muzaffer AYDEMİR earned his PhD from Çukurova University, Turkey. He is working on business history; AYDEMİR has presented papers at several professional meetings, and his work has appeared in journals of repute.

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Nalan ERGUN received her PhD in Civil Aviation Management; she has been working as an Assistant Professor in the Faculty of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Eskisehir Technical University, formerly Anadolu University, Turkey. Nazan Şahbaz KILINÇ, a PhD from Selcuk University, is now working as an Assistant Professor at Kırıkkale University, Turkey, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences. A graduate in Economics from Dokuz Eylül University, KILINÇ obtained her master’s degree from Afyon Kocatepe University. Nilgün KAYALI holds an MBA degree in the fields of Production Management and Marketing and completed her PhD in Business Administration at Manisa Celal Bayar University, Turkey where she is now working as an Associate Professor in Accounting. KAYALI’s specialty fields are accounting standards, cost accounting, financial analysis of companies, corporate governance, and auditing. Ozan GÖNÜLLÜ, holding a PhD degree in Finance from the Social Sciences Institute at Istanbul University, is now working as a Research Assistant at Kocaeli University, Turkey. GÖNÜLLÜ’s current studies focus primarily on corporate finance, mergers and portfolio management. Özcan DEMİR is an Assistant Professor in Fırat University, in Elazığ from Turkey. His focused interest areas are accounting and financial management. Ramazan Vedat SÖNMEZ is a Lecturer at Şırnak University, Turkey. A postgraduate in Business Administration from Gaziantep University, SÖNMEZ obtained his PhD degree from İnönü University. Rengin AK is an Associate Professor at the Faculty of Economics, Kırklareli University, Turkey. Rengin AK obtained her both master and PhD degrees from Istanbul University. Her research interests lie in the areas of finance, economic growth, poverty and inequality. Rukiye KILIÇ is now working at Akdeniz University, Turkey in an academic capacity. An alumna of Süleyman Demirel University, KILIÇ majored in Economics. Şaban ERTEKİN with a PhD in Economics from 9 Eylül University, Turkey, is now an Assistant Professor in the Department of Public Finance, Faculty of Economics Aydın, Adnan Menderes University.


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Sabır ERTEKIN is a faculty in Agri İbrahim Cecen University Agri Vocational School, Turkey. ERTEKIN has a postgraduate degree in Furniture and Decoration from Bulent Ecevit University; he has taken up PhD studies in Karabuk University. Şahin BULUT is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Economics and Finance, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Turkey with a PhD award in Economics conferred on him from the same university. He has written many book chapters, articles and projects. Sema ERYÜCEL is a PhD in Psychology from the University of Ankara. She is a faculty member in the Department of Theology, Mediterranean University, Turkey. Sevda KÖSE, after obtaining her PhD degree, started working as a Doctoral Research Assistant at the Department of Labour Economics and Industrial Relations, Kocaeli University, Turkey. KÖSE’s research areas are industrial relations, social policy, work and organisational psychology. Seyran GÜRSOY ÇUHADAR had her graduate education in Labour Economics at Kocaeli University. She now continues with her PhD education in the Social Policy Programme, Kocaeli University Social Sciences Institute. Her academic research topics focus on societal ageing, poverty and work, and organisational psychology. Songül UMUD is a Lecturer at Munzur University, in Tunceli from Turkey. Her current interests are accounting, ethics, business ethics and accounting ethics. Tahsin GÜLER is associated with the Department of Political Science and Public Administration, Balikesir University, Turkey. GÜLER’s interests include political-bureaucracy relations, democracy and civil liberties, participation. Ümit DOGAN, holding master’s degree in Civil Aviation Management, has been working as a Research Assistant and simultaneously continuing his PhD at Anadolu University, Turkey. V. Uğur TANDOĞAN is an Associate Professor in the Tourism Faculty, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Turkey. He completed his MBA and PhD programmes at Dokuz Eylül University SSE in İzmir. TANDOĞAN’s interests are SMEs, yacht enterprises, slow cities, tourism investments, financial analysis and cost analysis.

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Volkan DENK graduated from the Department of Chemical Engineering, Anadolu University, Turkey. He has extensive experience in Turkish pharmaceuticals sector. Volkan IŞIK is an Assistant Professor in the Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Aksaray University, Turkey. IŞIK holds a PhD degree in Labour Economics and Industrial Relations; his areas of interests are labour markets, welfare systems, third sector, social entrepreneurships, labour law and social security, employment and unemployment. Yakup KÖSEOĞLU, a PhD in the field of Public Administration from the Department of Public Administration, Sakarya University, Turkey, is currently working as a Lecturer at the Department of Political Science and Public Administration at Sakarya University. KÖSEOĞLU’s interest areas are public law, urban rights judicial sociology. Yasemin BILIR obtained both her master and PhD degrees from Department of Business at the Institute of Social Sciences at Trakya University; she has been working as a faculty at Kırklareli University SSVC, Turkey. Yasin Galip GENCER is working as an Assistant Professor in Yalova University, Turkey, Department of International Trade and Finance. He holds an MBA degree and a PhD degree from Bogazici University besides holding a Leadership Certificate from Harvard Business School. GENCER is engaged in many family run businesses specialising in automotive and household appliances.

Experiential Marketing Effort: Elmali Municipality Example Mükerrem ATALAY ORAL, Rukiye KILIÇ, Derya ÖGE SET INTRODUCTION Consumption habits of people change with the change in technology. Businesses have to recognise the changing consumption habits of people and revise themselves on these changes. In particular, business managers are required to adapt their business to changing conditions by following formations that shape marketing and develop new strategies for marketability. For this, businesses should focus on areas such as storytelling, experience, digital space creation and personalisation in the marketing process. In this study, the case of marketing experience of a city is discussed. In this context, a local government, the Elmali Municipality, evaluated the customers’ experiences by way of marketing efforts towards experiential marketing. In the study, firstly the historical and cultural values of Elmali District were determined. The questionnaire form prepared in this direction was applied face-to-face to visitors participating in cultural tours routinely organised by Elmali Municipality. The data obtained were analysed with appropriate statistical programme. As a result, in the study, the experience of the local government in terms of historical and cultural values, as well as the marketing efforts and proposals for the development were given.

EXPERIENTIAL MARKETING Experiential marketing is defined as ‘when a person receives a service, he also purchases a number of abstract activities carried by the product’ (Pine & Gilmore, 1999). Experiential marketing is an understanding that focuses on the consumers’ experience, not on the functional properties and benefits of the product (Tenekecioğlu, 2009: 265) per se. In the experiential marketing concept, consumers are seen as rational and emotional people, and the reason for this: consumer experience is mostly fantasy, feelings, and entertainment purposes (Schmitt, 1999: 59). In experiential marketing, many expectations can be met, such as the activities the consumer enjoys, aesthetics and beauty, symbolic meanings, differentness, pleasure, imagination, creativity and emotional needs (Holbrook & Hirschman, 1982: 138). As consumers are considered to be the focal points of experiential marketing, consumers want to buy products and services that will appeal to their emotions, surprise them, reflect their lifestyle and provide them with experience.


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In this sense, while purchasing products and services (Yetis, 2015: 90), experiential marketing encourages businesses to experience in the marketplace and helps them to open up their wishes by creating real or imaginary areas (Günay, 2008: 183). Consumers can thus obtain the desired experience in the goods or services provided by the enterprises (Gilmore & Pine, 2002: 5). The basic components of experiential marketing are based on theories. Businesses are making different stimuli such as special areas for consumers, atmospheres, new settlement patterns, and consumers are trying to respond to this warning. It is also aimed to gain different sensations and understandings such as pleasure and entertainment by experiencing consumption as a result (Yuan et al, 2008: 388). The intention of experiential marketing is to add excitement and fun to what is actually going crazy (Kotler, 2005: 29). Businesses should, therefore, imitate the establishment of the desired experiential environment and substitute what they consider it to be a major source of competitive advantage (Sheng-Hshiung Tsaur, 2008: 47-64). When we look at studies related to marketing of experience, it seems that they are generally trying to determine the conceptual framework of experience marketing (Schmitt, 1999; Batı, 2016; Gencer, 2006; Güzel & Papatya, 2012; Güney & Karakadılar, 2015; Jeannerat, 2012; Caru & Cova, 2003; Oh, Fiore & Jeoung, 2007; Ek, Larsen, Hornskov & Mansfeldt, 2008; Tümer Karadayı & Koçak Alan, 2014). Other studies related to experience marketing are the effects of the marketing of experience (Kara & Çiçek, 2015), experiential value measurement and experiential brand qualification (Papatya, Papatya & Güzel, 2013; Mathwick, Malhotra & Rigdon, 2001; Başaran Alagöz & Ekici, 2014), the relationship between experience and consumer satisfaction and loyalty (Oral & Çelik Yetim, 2014; Başar & Hassan, 2015), customer experience management (Dirsehan, 2016), experiential value and customer satisfaction relationship (Yuan & Wu, 2008; Mehmetoğlu & Engen, 2011; Meydan Uygur & Doğan, 2013), the effect of aesthetic value on customer satisfaction (Oral & Çelik, 2013) and the like. The impact of original experiences on customer satisfaction and repurchase intention (Tsai & Lu, 2012), relationship between emotional experiences and customer satisfaction, trust and commitment (Han & Jeong, 2013), entertainment experience with pleasure and benefit motives in restaurants (Josiam & Henry, 2014), determination of self-esteem and eating and drinking experiences (Pantelidis, 2010; Karaosmanoğlu, 2013; Mkono, 2013) related issues. This study focuses on the perception and definition of Elmali, which is different from the existing ones, within the framework of experiential marketing efforts of Elmali Municipality. Through this study, experiential marketing was tried to be defined with the experience of visiting Elmali district’s identity and cultural values.

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MATERIAL AND METHOD The Purpose and Importance of Research In the study, an exploratory research was conducted for the experiential marketing effort of Elmali Municipality. In 1982, the concept of experience marketing entering the literature had just begun to be studied in the sense of consumer behaviour. Despite this, attempting to apply this concept by a local government and attempting to identify the identity of the county in the direction of the visions that make up the historical and cultural values, reveal the importance and authenticity of this research. Scope and Method of Research A questionnaire form was developed by the authors in the study and it was planned to provide data from the campus that participated in the cultural tours organised by Elmalı Municipality at different times. For the study, nonrandom sampling methods were used. This sample is based on a method that is constructed on a sample that seems to be the most appropriate for solving the problem of base-mass research (Tekin, 2007: 110). The questionnaire consists of three parts. In the first part of the questionnaire, questions were asked about the visitors in the scale of 3 Likert (1. Not Important, 2. Important, 3. Very important). Accordingly, the first prominent historic district of Elmali, by author and cultural values, has been identified. It is desirable that the cultural value of 5 forward-looking historical values and 9 forward-looking visitors identified by the visitors are of importance. In the second part of the questionnaire, the questions about the identification of the Elmali district in terms of the historical and cultural values as experienced by the visitors (with the judgements obtained from the opinion leaders and the focus group interviews in defining the city characteristics) were determined on the scale of 5 Likert (1. Absolutely Disagree, 5. Absolutely Agree). In the third part of the questionnaire, socio-demographic characteristics of the visitors were included. RESEARCH HYPOTHESES An Analysis of the Relationships among Visitors’ visits to the Elmali Province and City Perceptions of the Historical and Cultural Values of Elmali Province. The relationship between visiting judges and the number of visits to Elmalı on the issue of how the Elmalı district felt about the historical and cultural values of what they had experienced in the study as a result of experiencing the visits was tested by Chi-Square Analysis of Interests.


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The hypotheses established for this purpose are described below: H A: H A1: H A2: H A3: H A4: H B: HB1: HB2: HB3: HB4: HB5: HB6: HB7: HB8: HB9: HB10: HB11:

There is a meaningful relationship between the number of visitors visiting Elmali and the city perceptions of historical values of the Elmali district. With the number of visitors visit Elmali, ‘There are many museums in Elmali’ there is a significant relationship between perception. With the number of visitors visit Elmali ‘Elmali has important historical monuments’ there is a significant relationship between perception. With the number of visitors visit Elmali ‘Elmali has preserved its historical heritage well’ there is a significant relationship between perception. With the number of visitors visit Elmali, ‘It is an important value for Elmali which has a history’, there is a significant relationship between perception. There is a meaningful relationship between the number of visitors visiting Elmali and the city perceptions of the cultural values of the Elmali district. With the number of visitors visit Elmali, ‘Elmali is an attractive city in terms of architecture’, there is a significant relationship between perception. With the number of visitors visit Elmali, ‘Elmali is an attractive city in terms of the cultural values it has’, there is a significant relationship between perception. With the number of visitors visit Elmali, ‘Elmali is a mystical city’, there is a significant relationship between perception. With the number of visitors visit Elmali, ‘Being an attractive city from Elmali architecture’, there is a significant relationship between perception. With the number of visitors visit Elmali, ‘There are many exhibitions in Elmali’, there is a significant relationship between perception. With the number of visitors visit Elmali, ‘Many festivals are organised in Elmali’, there is a significant relationship between perception. With the number of visitors visit Elmali, ‘There are many hand workshops in Elmali’, there is a significant relationship between perception. With the number of visitors visit Elmali, Elmali is an important value in terms of Sufism’ there is a significant relationship between perception. With the number of visitors visit Elmali, ‘Elmali is the city of information’, there is a significant relationship between perception. With the number of visitors visit Elmali, “Elmali is an artistic city”, there is a significant relationship between perception. With the number of visitors visit Elmali, ‘Elmali is the city of knowledge’, there is a significant relationship between perception.

FINDINGS OF THE RESEARCH The main objective of the survey is to demonstrate the marketability of the city with the historical and cultural values of the city based on the experience of the experiential marketing efforts undertaken as a result of the cultural tours organised by Elmali Municipality. In this direction, a sample of 152 people was selected who participated in the cultural tours organised by the municipality of Elmali

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District, one of the culturally and historically rich places of Antalya. Since the questionnaire was carried out with the face-to-face survey technique at the end of the cultural tour, no data was lost.

NORMALITY AND RELIABILITY TEST The Cronbach’s Alpha reliability coefficient occurs when the items are scored heavily or graded. The Cronbach Alpha reliability coefficient of the scale is determined as; 0.00 ≤ a < 0.40 not reliable, 0.40 ≤a < 0.60 reliable at low level, 0.60 ≤ a < 0.90 quite reliable, 0.90 ≤a< 1.00 highly reliable (Can, 2017: 388-391). As a result, the reliability coefficients of scale questions vary between low to high reliability and highly reliable (Table 1). TABLE 1. Reliability Test Variables Historical Values Cultural Values Value Judgements Towards the Historical Properties of the City Value Judgements Towards the Cultural Properties of the City

Number of Questions 5 9 4

Cronbach’s Alpha Coefficient (a) 0.460 0.588 0.619

11

0.758

Table 2 shows the values required for the normal distribution test. In order for a normal distribution to be appropriate for a scale, the mean, median, and mode values must be the same or close to each other. Kolmogorov-Smirnov applies when the number of observations is over 30 (Can, 2017: 82-89). Since the number of data is over 30, Kolmogorov-Smirnov is the test result. As a result of the information obtained, it is concluded that the normal distribution of data is appropriate. TABLE 2. Normality Test Variables

N

Mean

Median

Mode Kolmogorov- ShapiroSmirnova Sig Wilk Sig

Historical Values

152

2.44

2.40

2.20

0.000

0.000

Cultural Values

152

2.38

2.33

2.56

0.002

0.026

Value Judgements Towards the Historical Properties of the City

152

2.55

2.50

3.45

0.000

0.000

Value Judgements Towards the Cultural Properties of the City

152

3.59

3.65

3.00

0.016

0.014


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FREQUENCY ANALYSIS General Information about Visitors Attending the Survey When the age group of the survey participating in the study was examined, it was seen that 56.6% of them would be in the age range of over 41, 30.2% in the 2940 age group and 13.1% in the 17-28 age group. 11.2% of the participants are in low income group, 67.8% in middle income group and 21.0% in high income group. When looking at household widths, 50% consists of participants with core family structure (2-3 persons including the number of individuals living in the household). The educational status of the participants is 36.2% university graduate, 38.8% high school graduate and the remaining 25.0% is secondary education graduate. 60.5% of those who participated in the survey are retired, not working and students, 23.7% are public and private sector employees and 15.8% are selfemployed. 59.9% of participants were from the Mediterranean region and 40.1% were from other regions. Participants reported marital status as 72.4% married, 17.8% unmarried and 9.8% divorced and widowed. When you look at the answers given by the 152 respondents who answered the questionnaire, the first question is coming to Elmali? In addition, 53.9% of the respondents said that they came for the first time, while the rate of those who came to Elmali more than once was 26.3%. Among the respondents, 69.1% stated that they visited Elmali on a daily basis, 17.1% for a few days and 14.8% for one week or more (Table 3). TABLE 3. Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Visitors Age

n

%

17-22 years

8

5.3

23-28 years

12

7.9

29-34 years

23

15.1

35-40 years

23

15.1

41-46 years

36

23.7

47 and over years

50

32.9

Total

152

100.0

Marital Status

n

%

Single

27

17.8

110

72.4

9

5.9

The Married Divorced Widowed Total

6

3.9

152

100.0

194


House Width 1 person 2-3 person 4-5 person 6-7 person 8 ve üzeri person Total

n 36 76 35 3 2 152

% 23.7 50.0 23.0 2.0 1.3 100.0

Education Status Primary Education Secondary Education High School Associate Degree Undergraduate Postgraduate Total

n 14 24 59 17 31 7 152

% 9.2 15.8 38.8 11.2 20.4 4.6 100.0

n 82 30

% 53.9 19.7

Third Time For The Fourth Time Fifth Total

17 18 5 152

11.2 11.8 3.3 100.0

Income Status 1,404 TL and below 1,405-2,790 TL 2,791-3,340 TL 3,341-5,094 TL 5,095 TL and over

n 17 64 39 21 11

% 11.2 42.1 25.7 13.8 7.2

Total

152

100.0

Region Status The Mediterranean Region Aegean Region Central Anatolia Region Marmara Region Black Sea region Eastern Anatolia Region Total

n 91 16 23 11 6 5 152

% 59.9 10.5 15.1 7.2 3.9 3.3 100.0

Number of Visits First Time Twice


Job Public Employee Artisan Freelance Worker Private Sector Employee Student Retired Non-working-Housewife Total

n 15 9 15 21 16 38 38 152

% 9.9 5.9 9.9 13.8 10.5 25.0 25.0 100.0

Visit Time Daily 1-2 Days 3-4 days One week 10 Days and over Total

n 105 16 10 11 10 152

% 69.1 10.5 6.6 7.2 6.6 100.0

Gender Male Female Total

n 57 95 152

% 37.5 62.5 100

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HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL VALUES OF ELMALI The most important historic value of the visitors coming to Elmali is Ömer Pasha Mosque with an average of 2.76 and a standard deviation of 0.511. In the second place, the historical value with prescriptive value is 2.509 and the standard deviations of 0.614 standard deviations (Elmalili Hamdi Yazir Museum and Elmali Museum), (Table 4). TABLE 4. Significance Levels of Historical Values of Elmali Historical Values 1. Museums 2. Ömer Pasha Mosque 3. Archaeological Excursions 4. Historical Elmali Houses 5. Historical Bakircilar Bazaar

N % f % f % f % f % f %

Not Important Very Important Important 10 43 99 6.6 28.3 65.1 6 24 122 3.9 15.8 80.3 39 51 62 25.7 33.6 40.8 20 52 80 13.2 34.2 52.6 22 58 72 14.5 38.2 47.4

Total 152 100 152 100 152 100 152 100 152 100

196


n

Arithmetic Mean

Standard Deviation

152

2.59

0.614

Ömer Pasha Mosque

152

2.76

0.511

Archaeological Excursions

152

2.15

0.804

Historical Elmali Houses

152

2.39

0.711

Historical Bakircilar Bazaar

152

2.33

0.717

Museums

Judgement that ‘it is an important value for the historic Elmali municipality that it possesses’ states that it has the highest participation with a mean of 4.58 and a standard deviation of 0.880. The judiciary with the second highest and highest attendance is on the foreground with the average of 4.53 and the standard deviation of 0.754 ‘The Elmali has well preserved its historical heritage’ (Table 5). TABLE 5. Participation in the Judiciary towards Visitors of Elmali Historical Values of Levels Historical Value Judgements

N %

1

2

3

4

There are many museums in Elmali.

f %

19 12.5

36 23.7

43 28.3

Elmali has important historical monuments.

f %

4 2.6

4 2.6

Elmali has preserved its historical heritage well.

f %

1 0.7

It is an important value for Elmali who has a history.

f %

5 3.3

5

Total

31 20.4

23 15.1

152 100

12 7.9

42 27.6

90 59.2

152 100

1 0.7

15 9.9

34 22.4

101 66.4

152 100

2 1.3

4 2.6

30 19.7

111 73.0

152 100

Absolutely Disagree-1

Absolutely Agree -5

n

Arithmetic Mean

Standard Deviation

There are many museums in Elmali.

152

3.02

1.247

Elmali has important historical monuments.

152

4.38

0.935

Elmali has preserved its historical heritage well.

152

4.53

0.754

It is an important value for Elmali who has a history.

152

4.58

0.880

Historical Value Judgements

Considering cultural value, it is Vahab-i Ümmi Tomb with a mean value of 2.74 and a standard deviation of 0.485, which is important for the cultural values in visiting the Elmali. This cultural value is followed by Abdal Musa with an average of 2.66 and a standard deviation of 0.597 with Elmalili Hamdi Yazir Museum,


197

an average of 2.66 and a standard deviation of 0.503. Cultural values having the lowest prescription were determined as Seren Honey with an average of 1.59 and a standard deviation of 0.740 with an exhibition average of 1.88 and a standard deviation of 0.837 (Table 6). TABLE 6. Significance Levels of Cultural Values of Elmali Cultural Values

N %

1. Cultural Trip

f %

7 4.6

38 25.0

107 70.4

152 100

2. Elmalili Hamdi Yazir Museum

f %

10 6.6

31 20.4

111 73.0

152 100

3. Niyazi Misri

f %

29 19.1

48 31.6

78 49.3

152 100

4. Vahab-i Ümmi Tomb

f %

3 2.0

34 22.4

115 75.7

152 100

5. Abdal Musa

f %

2 1.3

48 31.6

102 67.1

152 100

6. Sinan-i Ümmi Tomb

f %

10 6.6

33 21.7

109 71.7

152 100

7. Exhibition Fair

f %

85 55.9

44 28.9

23 15.1

152 100

8. Traditional Elmali Foods

f %

27 17.8

62 40.8

63 41.4

152 100

9. Seren Honey

f %

63 41.4

44 28.9

45 29.6

152 100

Cultural Values of Elmali

Not Important

Important

Very Important

n

Arithmetic Mean

Standard Deviation

1. Cultural Trip

152

2.66

0.565

2. Elmalili Hamdi Yazir Museum

152

2.66

0.597

3. Niyazi Misri

152

2.30

0.772

4. Vahab-i Ümmi Tomb

152

2.74

0.485

5. Abdal Musa

152

2.66

0.503

6. Sinan-i Ümmi Tomb

152

2.65

0.601

7. Exhibition Fair

152

1.59

0.740

8. Traditional Elmali Foods

152

2.24

0.735

9. Seren Honey

152

1.88

0.837

Total

198

A Critical Review of Social Sciences: Theory and Practice TABLE 7. Participation in the Judiciary towards Visitors of Elmali Cultural Values of Levels

Cultural Value Judgements Elmali is an attractive city in terms of architecture. Elmali is an attractive city in terms of the cultural values it has. Elmali is a mystical city. Being an attractive city from Elmali architecture. There are many exhibitions in Elmali. There are many festivals in Elmali. There are many hand workshops in Elmali. Elmali is an important value in terms of Sufism. Elmali is the city of information. Elmali is an artistic city. Elmali is the city of knowledge.

N % f % f % f % f % f % f % f % f % f % f % f %

1

2

3

18 11.8 1 0.7 2 1.3 12 7.9 39 25.7 28 18.4 39 25.7 2 1.3 14 9.2 21 13.8 5 3.3

13 8.6 10 6.6 6 3.9 24 15.8 40 26.3 34 22.4 34 22.4 3 2 4 2.6 30 19.7 3 2

17 11.2 12 7.9 26 17.1 29 19.1 52 34.2 60 39.5 56 36.9 4 2.6 18 11.8 21 23.8 14 9.2

Absolutely Disagree-1 Cultural Value Judgments Elmali is an attractive city in terms of architecture. Elmali is an attractive city in terms of the cultural values it has. Elmali is a mystical city. Being an attractive city from Elmali architecture. There are many exhibitions in Elmali. There are many festivals in Elmali. There are many hand workshops in Elmali. Elmali is an important value in terms of Sufism. Elmali is the city of information. Elmali is an artistic city. Elmali is the city of knowledge.

n 152

4

5

Total

48 56 152 31.6 36.8 100 47 82 152 30.9 53.9 100 40 78 152 26.3 51.3 100 56 31 152 36.8 20.4 100 14 7 152 9.2 4.6 100 19 11 152 12.5 7.2 100 16 7 152 10.5 4.6 100 34 109 152 22.4 71.7 100 49 67 152 32.2 44.1 100 48 32 152 31.6 21.1 100 36 94 152 23.7 61.8 100 Absolutely Agree -5 Arithmetic Standard Mean Deviation 3.73 1.352

152

4.31

0.922

152 152 152 152 152 152 152 152 152

4.22 3.46 2.41 2.68 2.53 4.61 3.99 3.26 4.39

0.957 1.206 1.106 1.131 1.124 0.755 1.226 1.360 0.970

Judging by cultural values, ‘Elmali is an important value in terms of Sufism’, it has the highest participation with an average of 4.61 and a standard deviation of 0.755. The judge with the second highest and highest participation is the


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judge ‘Elmali is the city of knowledge’ with an average of 4.39 and a standard deviation of 0.970 (Table 7).

CHI-SQUARE ANALYSIS An Analysis of the Relationships among Visitors’ visits to the Elmali Province and City Perceptions of the Historical and Cultural Values of Elmali Province. H A : There is a meaningful relationship between the number of visitors visiting Elmali and the city perceptions of historical values of the Elmali district. According to the Chi-Square test results obtained in the study, the hypothesis that ‘There is a meaningful relationship between the number of visits of visitors to Elmali and the city values of historical values of Elmali district’ is not supported at the level of significance of 5% (p = 0.05). H B: There is a meaningful relationship between the number of visitors visiting Elmali and the city perceptions of the cultural values of the Elmali district. According to the Chi-square test results obtained in the study, hypothesis established at significance level of 5% (p = 0.05) supported HB5 hypothesis and other hypotheses were not supported. So there is a meaningful relationship between the number of visits to visit Elmali and the number of exhibitions ‘Many Festivals are organised in Elmali’ (Table 8). TABLE 8. A Meaningful Relationship Between the Perception of ‘Many Festivals are Organised in Elmali’ with Visitor Numbers Visited to Elmali HB5

Many Festivals are Organised in Elmali. Chi-square test 2 3 4 5 Total 15 17 41 5 4 82 X 2=12.421 18.3% 20.7% 50.0% 6.1% 4.9% 100.0% df=4. Accept 4 2 7 30 42 70 P=0.014 18.6% 24.3% 27.1% 20.0% 10.0% 100.0% 28 34 60 19 11 152 18.4% 24.4% 39.5% 12.5% 7.2% 100.0% 1

First time Second and more Total

n % n % n %

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Within the context of cultural tours organised by Elmali Municipality, Ömer Pasha Mosque and Vahap-ı Ümmi Tomb are among the historical values in Elmali.

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As a result of what has been experienced, Elmali has been defined as a mystic destination and an important value for the historical past it has. In addition to this, the historical texture of Elmali’s possessions and the fact that the works of the people who are raised in the city are exhibited at different points of the city, created the ‘City of Knowledge’ perception. The influence of symposiums and commemorative events organised with the names of the scholars whom the city grows each year in the formation of this plague is great. Since a region that has such a rich history and cultural background is still unable to receive its share of the economic boom, it is thought that it could not be marketed adequately. For this reason, the experiential marketing effort of Elmali Municipality needs to be expanded not only in the local but also in the national level. Historical and cultural values are important for promotion in the work have come to the forefront. However, the district of Elmali is home to a great variety of historical and cultural values (Historical Elmali Houses, Historical Bakircilar Bazaar and Niyazi Misri etc.). The importance of promoting these remaining values should be emphasised. In this way, the market’s marketability and the share of the economy can be increased. The city that houses the historic Elmali Houses has not come to the fore with the judgements of visitor experiences and ‘being an attractive city from Elmali architecture’. However, ‘Historical Elmali Houses’, which have authentic structures and succeed in preserving most of its characteristic features to daylight, are marketable as the cases of ‘Safranbolu Houses’. This study was carried out in the Elmali district of the Southern Pearl. Within the scope of the cultural tours organised by the Municipality of Elmali in the study, the data obtained from the visit to Elmali district was included in the evaluation. The aim was to determine the evaluations of the next Elmali who saw the historical and cultural values in Elmali. However, the relationship between experiential marketing perceptions and experiential marketing has not been investigated in terms of experiential marketing efforts being attempted by Elmali Municipality. When doing study, the relationship between experiential marketing perceptions and experiential values can be further explored.

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