A digital image set for testing camouflage, concealment and deception evaluation methods Alexander Toet 23 October 1998
Report TM-98-A057
TNO Human Factors Research Institute Kampweg 5 P.O. Box 23 3769 ZG Soesterberg The Netherlands Phone: (+)31-346-356237 Fax: (+)31-346-353977 E-mail:
[email protected]
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2
CONTENTS
Page
SUMMARY
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SAMENVATTING
4
1 INTRODUCTION
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2 THE CCD 1 IMAGE SET
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2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
General information
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2.1.1
Image registration
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2.1.2
File structure and image formats
6
The MB image set
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2.2.1
Registration details
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2.2.2
Contents of the MB directory
7
The Panel image set
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2.3.1
Registration details
10
2.3.2
Contents of the panels directory
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The Training image sets
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2.4.1
Registration details
17
2.4.2
Contents of the Training.1 directory
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2.4.3
Contents of the Training.2 directory
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3 CONCLUDING REMARKS
24
REFERENCES
25
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Report No.:
TM-98-A057
Title:
A digital image set for testing camouflage, concealment and deception evaluation methods
Author:
Dr. A. Toet
Institute:
TNO Human Factors Research Institute Department: Perception
Date:
November 1998
DO Assignment No.:
A98 / KL / 316
No. in Program of Work:
786.1
SUMMARY This report presents the CCD 1 image dataset, that can be used to validate computational and psychophysical methods to validate the effectiveness of camouflage, concealment and deception (CCD) techniques. The dataset consists of digital color images, representing – a Mercedes-Benz 290GD (4x4) jeep, placed in front of a treeline, both with and without camouflage, at 5 different viewing distances (ranging from about 65 m to 1265 m), – rectangular wooden panels, painted with different camouflage patterns, placed in front of a treeline, in diffuse and direct lighting conditions, and – military trucks and equipment, both with and without CCD measures, at short viewing distances (50 – 80 m), with additional ground truth (like viewing distances, target dimensions, meteorological visiblity etc.). This image data set has been collected as a contribution to the collaborative effort of the NATO Research and Technology Organisation SCI-12 on Camouflage Evaluation Techniques, and will be regularly updated with (i) new imagery, when it becomes available, and with (ii) the results of psychophysical experiments (on the imagery in the data set).
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Rep. No. TM-98-A057
TNO Human Factors Research Institute Soesterberg, The Netherlands
A digital image set for testing camouflage, concealment and deception evaluation methods A. Toet
SUMMARY This report presents the CCD 1 image dataset, that can be used to validate computational and psychophysical methods to validate the effectiveness of camouflage, concealment and deception (CCD) techniques. The dataset consists of digital color images, representing – a Mercedes-Benz 290GD (4x4) jeep, placed in front of a treeline, both with and without camouflage, at 5 different viewing distances (ranging from about 65 m to 1265 m), – rectangular wooden panels, painted with different camouflage patterns, placed in front of a treeline, in diffuse and direct lighting conditions, and – military trucks and equipment, both with and without CCD measures, at short viewing distances (50 – 80 m), with additional ground truth (like viewing distances, target dimensions, meteorological visiblity etc.). This image data set has been collected as a contribution to the collaborative effort of the NATO Research and Technology Organisation SCI-12 on Camouflage Evaluation Techniques, and will be regularly updated with (i) new imagery, when it becomes available, and with (ii) the results of psychophysical experiments (on the imagery in the data set).
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Rap. nr. TM-98-A057
TNO Technische Menskunde Soesterberg
Digitale beelden voor het testen van evaluatiemethoden voor camouflage en misleiding A. Toet
SAMENVATTING Dit rapport beschrijft de CCD 1 dataset, die gebruikt kan worden voor het evalueren van computertechnieken en psychofysische methoden voor het vastellen van het effect van camouflage- en misleidingstechnieken. Deze dataset is verzameld als bijdrage aan de gezamenlijke inspanning van de NATO Research and Technology Organisation SCI12 inzake Camouflage Evaluatie Technieken, en zal regelmatig worden bijgewerkt met (i) nieuw beeldmateriaal, wanneer dat beschikbaar komt, en met (ii) de resultaten van psychofysische experimenten (op de beelden in de dataset). De dataset bestaat uit digitale kleurenbeelden, voorstellende – een Mercedes-Benz 290GD (4x4) jeep, geplaatst voor een bosrand, met en zonder camouflage, op 5 verschillende kijkafstanden (vari¨erend van 65 m tot 1265 m), – rechthoekige houten panelen, voorzien van verschillende camouflagepatronen, voor een bosrand geplaatst, zowel met diffuse belichting als ook in direct zonlicht, en – militaire vrachtwagens en materiaal, zowel met als ook zonder toepassing van camouflage- en misleidingstechnieken, en op korte afstand (50 – 80 m), samen met informatie over de opnamencondities (zoals de kijkafstand, de afmetingen van de afgebeelde doelen, het meteorologisch zicht etc.).
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1
INTRODUCTION
Camouflage measures attempt to minimise the distinctness of the visual target signature. This is usually achieved by covering the target with a material or paint scheme that has a pattern and colour which resembles that of the background. The camouflage pattern should break up the visible (and in case of man-made objects usually linear) contours of the target, to disrupt the grouping (or Gestalt forming) processes in the human visual system that mediate target detection and recognition. Concealment can be regarded as the ultimate form of camouflage, when the target is no longer visible. Deception techniques can be applied to alter the appearance of a target or to create false targets. In practice, camouflage, concealment and deception (CCD) techniques are applied in combination. The effectiveness of CCD measures can be assessed both through observer experiments (either in field tests or in photosimulation studies), and by computational methods using digitised imagery. Currently, several psychophysical methods are in use to assess the detectability of a target by human observers. Also, a range of different computational metrics has been proposed to quantify the visual distinctness of a target from digital imagery. The performance of these different techniques can be compared by applying them to a common image set representing military targets to which CCD measures have been applied. In practice this type of imagery is usually classified and not easily accessible. This report presents an unclassified image set called CCD 1, which consists of images of military relevant targets in a natural background, both with and without CCD measures applied. Although this datset is limited, it can be regarded as a first step towards the construction of a freely available standard image set that can be used to test both psychophysical and computational CCD evaluation techniques. In the future, the data set will be updated regularly with (i) new imagery, when it becomes available, and with (ii) the results of psychophysical experiments (using the imagery in the data set), that can be used to calibrate and evaluate the computational approaches. The CCD 1 dataset extends the previously issued Search 1 and Search 2 datasets (Toet et al. , 1997, 1998). These earlier datasets consist of (a) digital color images of different military vehicles in complex natural scenes, (b) the ground truth corresponding to each of these scenes, and (c) the results of psychophysical experiments on each of these images. They can be used to validate (a) digital metrics that compute the visual distinctness (contrast, conspicuity, or saliency) of targets in complex scenes, and (b) models of human visual search and detection. No CCD measures were applied to the targets in the Search 1 and Search 2 datasets. The CCD 1 dataset presented in this report augments these earlier datasets with imagery of targets to which CCD measures have been applied.
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Fig. 1
Main file structure of the CCD 1 image set.
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THE CCD 1 IMAGE SET
2.1
General information
The TNO-HFRI CCD 1 data set contains a collection of digital images of targets to which CCD measures have been applied, together with some additional ground truth. This image data set has been collected as a contribution to the collaborative effort of the NATO Research and Technology Organisation SCI-12 on Camouflage Evaluation Techniques. The dataset is unclassified and can be freely distributed for research purposes. 2.1.1
Image registration
The scenes are initially captured on mm color slides. A KODAK PCD Film Scanner 2000 (Scanning Station Version 4.23) is used to digitise the slides onto a KO DAK DIGITAL SCIENCE Photo CD Master Disc. This scanner digitizes pixels over a 35 mm frame of film whose dimensions are 36 mm 24 mm (1.42 0.94 inches). This translates to a scanning resolution of 2200 pixels/inch in both dimensions. The scene balance algorithm of the KODAK PCD Imaging Workstation 2000 was turned off. 2.1.2
File structure and image formats
All images on the TNO-HFRI CCD 1 CD-ROM are 24 bits (3 channels of 8 bits each) RGB color images, stored in tagged image file format (TIFF). This CD-ROM contains 4 different image sets, each contained in a seperate directory, as shown in Figure 1. The directory contains images of a jeep both with and without camouflage, and taken at a range of different viewing distances. The directory contains images of large wooden panels with different camouflage patterns, designed to match the local background. The directories and contain images of military vehicles and equipment, both with and without CCD measures applied. In the following sections the 4 individual image sets will be discussed in detail.
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Fig. 2 Schematical representation and some characteristic measures (in cm) of the Mercedes-Benz 290GD (4x4) jeep that is used as a target vehicle in the MB image set. 2.2 2.2.1
The MB image set Registration details
The MB image set contains side views of a Mercedes-Benz 290GD (4x4) jeep, taken at 5 different viewing distances (50, 100, 470, 815, and 1265 m; see Figure 2). The images are taken both before and after the application of camouflage nets to the vehicle. The images are taken at the Military Airbase in Soesterberg, The Netherlands. The scenes are captured on Kodak 5045 EB 100 mm color slides using a Canon T70 camera. The camera is equipped with 100, 200, and 300 mm lenses, and a 2 converter. At the time of registration of the uncamouflaged vehicle images, the sky was completely overcast (diffuse lighting of the scene), with a meteorological visibility of about 15 km. During the registration of the camouflaged vehicle it started to rain, and the visibility dropped to about 4 km. Figure 2 shows a schematical representation and presents some characteristic measures of the Mercedes-Benz 290GD (4x4) jeep that is used as a target vehicle. 2.2.2
Contents of the MB directory
The file structure of the directory MB is shown in Figure 4. The directory MB contains the subdirectories originals and 256. The images in the subdirectory originals represent the target section of the original pixels). The images in this directory all have slides (that were digitised to different sizes. Corresponding images of the vehicle with and without camouflage were
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close-up without camouflage
close-up with camouflage
100 m without camouflage
100 m with camouflage
470 m without camouflage
470 m with camouflage
815 m without camouflage
815 m with camouflage
1265 m without camouflage
1265 m with camouflage
Fig. 3 Images of the target vehicle in the MB image set, both with (left column) and without (right column) camouflage, at 5 different viewing distances (close-up, and 100, 470, 815, and 1265 m).
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Fig. 4
File structure of the MB directory of the CCD 1 image set.
scaled and translated (using Photoshop 4.1) to correct for misregistrations due to changes in viewing location and focus between registrations. The files in this directory are named _.tif, where is an identifier that indicates whether the vehicle was camouflaged ( c) or uncamouflaged ( u), and the identifier indicates the viewing distance (1 = 25 m, 2 = 100 m, 3 = 470 m, 4 = 815 m, and 5 = 1265 m). The subdirectory 256 contains images of size pixels that are created by stretching the images in the subdirectory originals to the minimal dimensions that just enclose a square window (using bi-cubic interpolation), and by extract ing the central center region from the result. The naming convention of the files in this directory is similar to the convention used for the files in the directory originals, exept that these files also have the extension 256, to indicate the fact that their dimension is pixels. Hence, the files in this directory are named __.tif.
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2.3 2.3.1
The Panel image set Registration details
The images in the panel set represent rectangular wooden panels, painted with different camouflage patterns, and placed in front of a treeline (see Figure 5). The patterns on the panels are designed to match the foliage in the background. Five different patterns 1 are deployed: a solid green pattern, a wavelet pattern, a SCAPP pattern, a graylevel co-occurrence pattern, and a natural pattern. The panels are placed parallel to the tree line (approximately facing Southward), at a height of about 1.5 m above the ground. The panels are 3 m wide and 2 m high. They are slightly tilted ( deg) forward to minimise reflection from the ground and shadow casting.
The scenes are captured on Agfachrome RSX 200 Professional mm color slides, using a Canon EOS 100 FN camera, equipped with a 28–105 zoom lens. All images are taken with the zoom lens at the 105 mm setting, at a viewing distance of 160 m. In the field it appeared that the mean luminance of the panels was higher than the mean luminance of the background, at least in direct sunlight. Table I shows the result of some pilot measurements of the visual conspicuity of the target panels in the field. With an overcast sky (no direct sunlight on the panels) there is not much variation in the conspicuity of the different panels. In this case the conspicuity values range between 10 and 16 degrees at the viewing distance of 160 m, corresponding to a distance in the frontoparallel plane ranging from 28 to 46 m. In the overcast conditions, the natural panel is the most conspicuous one. When the panels are front lighted by direct sunlight, both the natural and the graylevel co-occurance panels are extremely conspicous ( degrees). The conspicuity of the other panels is similar in both lighting conditions. It should be noted that the measurements reported here were hastily made in the field, without sufficient repetitions (both within and between observers) to warrant statistical significance. However, the results do show a significant difference between the natural and the graylevel co-occurance panels and the other panels in the conditions of the experiment.
Table I Visual conspicuity (in degrees visual angle) of the panels measured in the field, at a viewing distance of 160 m. Pattern Solid Green Graylevel Co-occurance Natural SCAPP Wavelet
1
Diffuse
Sunlight
11 13 16 10 13
12 11 55 55 11
For security reasons, no detailed information will be provided on these patterns.
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Solid Green
Graylevel Co-occurrence
Natural
SCAPP
Wavelet
Empty Scene
Fig. 5 Images of panels painted with different camouflage patterns, placed in front of a treeline, and an empty scene (lower right), taken in sunny conditions, with a 105 mm lens at a viewing distance of 160 m.
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Solid Green
Graylevel Co-occurrence
Natural
SCAPP
Wavelet
Empty Scene
Fig. 6
As Figure 5, for overcast conditions.
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Solid Green
Graylevel Co-occurrence
Natural
SCAPP
Wavelet
Empty Scene
Fig. 7 As Figure 5, where the panels have been covered by a randomly selected part of the background.
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Solid Green 40% reduced
Graylevel Co-occurrence 25% reduced
Natural 20% reduced
SCAPP 35% reduced
Wavelet 25% reduced
Empty Scene
Fig. 8
As Figure 5, where the brightness of the panels has been reduced.
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Fig. 9
File structure of the panel directory of the CCD 1 image set.
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2.3.2
Contents of the panels directory
The file structure of the directory panels is shown in Figure 9. The main directory panels contains the subdirectories originals, 512, and 256. The images in the subdirectory originals are of size pixels and represent the original digitised slides. The files in this directory are named _.tif, where is an identifier that refers to one of 5 different camouflage patterns (b = Blank, g = Graylevel co-occurrence, n = Natural, s = SCAPP, and w = Wavelet), or to the absence of a artificial pattern: e = Empty scene, no billboard placed; and is an identifier that indicates how the scene was illuminated (1 = sunny, 2 = overcast; see respectively Figs. 5 and 6). This directory also contains the file chart.tif, that represents an image of a GretagMacbeth ColorChecker Color Rendition Chart, which can be used to calibrate the digitised images. The subdirectory 512 contains images of size pixels that represent the target sections taken from the corresponding images in the subdirectory originals. This subdirectory is itself subdivided into the directories originals and processed. The subdirectory originals contains the folders overcast and sunny. The images in these directories correspond to the main directory originals that were registered under the corresponding lighting conditions. These directories are finally subdivided into the directories targets and backgrounds. The images in these directories repre pixels large target sections of the corresponding original target and sent the background images. The files in these directories are named ___.tif, where and are identical to the abovementioned identifiers, is an identifier that indicates whether the image represents a scene containing a target ( t) or an empty scene ( e), and the extension 512 indicates the size of the square images (in pixels). The subdirectory processed contains the folders backcut and tgtreduc. The images in the directory backcut have been processed in Photoshop 4.1, such that the visible area of the panels has been covered by a randomly selected part of the background (see Figure 7). The purpose of this operation was to create panels that are covered with patterns that are optimally tuned for the local background, and that can only be detected because of the discontinuities on their edges. This is probably the optimal camouflage result that may be obtained in practice. The naming convention for the files in this directory is identical to that used for the files in the subdirectory originals, except that the extension bc has been added to indicate that these images were produced by cutting and pasting a part of the background over the target support. The images in the directory tgtreduc have been processed in Photoshop 4.1, such that the brightness of the visible area of the panels has been reduced to match the brightness of the local background (judgements done by eye; see Figure 8). The purpose of this operation was to create panels that blend in optimally to the local background, and that can not simply be detected because of their luminance contrast. The naming convention for the files in this directory is identical to that used for the files in the subdirectory originals, except that the extension tr has been added to indicate that these images were produced by reducing the luminance over the target support. pixels that are created by subThe subdirectory 256 contains images of size
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Fig. 10 Camouflaged (left) and uncamouflaged (right) YA 4442 4 ton truck (viewing distance 50 m). sampling the images in the subdirectory 512 by a factor of 2, using bi-cubic interpolation. The naming convention for the files in this directory is identical to that used for the files in the subdirectory 512, except that the extension 512 has been replaced by the extension 256 everywhere. 2.4 2.4.1
The Training image sets Registration details
The images in the Training.1 and Training.2 sets represent different military vehicles and fuel tanks, placed in a complex rural environment, with and without CCD measures applied (see Figs. 10–24). The images are registered during CCD training courses of the Royal Netherlands Army, (CCD Instruction Group, Reek, The Netherlands). mm color slides, The scenes are captured on Agfachrome RSX 200 Professional using a Canon EOS 100 FN camera, equipped with a 50 mm lens. Most of the images are taken at a viewing distance of about 50 m. Some are registered at larger viewing distances (for exact registration details of individual images see the Excel data sheet contained in the information folder on the CCD 1 CD-ROM’s). The images in the Training.1 set were recorded on a rainy afternoon, with a meteorological visibility of about 8 km. The images in the Training.2 set were recorded on a sunny afternoon, with a meteorological visibility of more than 10 km. 2.4.2
Contents of the Training.1 directory
The file structure of the directory training.1 is shown in Figure 25. The main directory training.1 contains the subdirectories originals and targets. The images in the subdirectory originals are of different size, and represent the original digitised slides. The corresponding image with and without CCD measures applied have been registered in Photoshop 4.1, and the common overlapping area has been saved. The files in this directory are named __.tif, where is an identifier that merely refers to the fact that there is always a target in the middle of the
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Fig. 11 Camouflaged (left) and uncamouflaged (right) YA 4440 4 ton truck (viewing distance 50 m).
Fig. 12 41 m).
Camouflaged (left) and uncamouflaged (right) truck (viewing distance
Fig. 13 Camouflaged (left) and uncamouflaged (right) YAD 4440 truck (viewing distance 50 m).
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Fig. 14 Camouflaged (left column) and uncamouflaged (right column) YAZ 2300 4 ton truck (viewing distance: upper row 85 m; lower row 50 m).
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Fig. 15 Camouflaged (left) and uncamouflaged (right) YAZ 2300 10 ton truck (upper row 91 m; lower row 50 m).
Fig. 16 Camouflaged (left) and uncamouflaged (right) YAD 4440 4 ton truck (viewing distance 50 m).
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Fig. 17 50 m).
Camouflaged (left) and uncamouflaged (right) fuel tanks (viewing distance
Fig. 18 50 m).
Camouflaged (left) and uncamouflaged (right) YAD 440 (viewing distance
Fig. 19 Camouflaged (left) and uncamouflaged (right) YAZ 2300 truck (viewing distance 50 m).
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Fig. 20 Camouflaged (left) and uncamouflaged (right) YAZ 2301 truck (viewing distance 50 m).
Fig. 21 Camouflaged (left) and uncamouflaged (right) YA 444402 4 ton truck (viewing distance 50 m).
Fig. 22 Camouflaged (left) and uncamouflaged (right) YA 444402 4 ton truck (viewing distance 30 m).
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Fig. 23 Camouflaged (left) and uncamouflaged (right) YA 444402 4 ton truck (viewing distance 27 m).
Fig. 24 Concealed (left) and unconcealed (right) Mercedes-Benz 290GD (4x4) jeep (viewing distance 50 m)
Fig. 25
File structure of the Training.1 directory of the CCD 1 image set.
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Fig. 26
File structure of the Training.2 directory of the CCD 1 image set.
scene, is a label to indicate the particular scene, and is an identifier that indicates whether CCD measures were applied to the target (= no CCD applied or uncamouflaged; = CCD applied or camouflaged). pixels, and represent the target The images in the subdirectory targets are sections of the images in the subdirectory originals. The files in this directory are named __.tif, where is an identifier that merely refers to the fact that the image represents a target section, and the other identifiers have the same neaning as for the directory originals.
2.4.3
Contents of the Training.2 directory
The file structure of the directory training.2 is shown in Figure 26. The structure of this directory, and the naming conventions for the individual images therein, are the same as those for the directory training.1 (see previous section).
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CONCLUDING REMARKS
The image collection effort will continue. New imagery resulting from this effort will be included in future updates of the CCD 1 dataset. A range of psychophysical observer experiments will be performed on the images in the CCD 1 dataset in the near future. The resulting relative visual target distinctness measures will also be included in future updates of this dataset.
Acknowledgement The author wishes to thank: – Sgt. Maj. Zohlandt (Royal Netherlands Air Force, Soesterberg Airforce Base) for his assistence with the selection of the site and the actual shooting of the MB vehicle images, – Maj. Nouwens (Royal Netherlands Army, Opleidingscentrum Manoeuvre, Amersfoort) for providing the MB target vehicle, – Elnt. J.H. Blom (Royal Netherlands Army, Instruktiegroep Camouflage en Misleiding, Genieschool, Reek) for continuing assistence with the collection of the CCD training imagery.
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REFERENCES Toet, A., Bijl, P., Kooi, F.L. & Valeton, J.M. (1997). Image data set for testing search and detection models (Report TNO-TM 1997 A-036). Soesterberg, The Netherlands: TNO Human Factors Research Institute. Toet, A., Bijl, P., Kooi, F.L. & Valeton, J.M. (1998a). A high-resolution image data set for testing search and detection models (Report TNO-TM 1998 A020). Soesterberg, The Netherlands: TNO Human Factors Research Institute. Toet, A., Bijl, P., Kooi, F.L. and Valeton, J.M. (1998b). Quantifying target distinctness through visual conspicuity. In Proceedings of the SPIE Conference on Targets and Backgrounds: Characterization and Representation IV, vol. SPIE-3375, #18. Bellingham, WA: SPIE. Toet,A., Kooi,F.L., Bijl,P., and Valeton,J.M. (1998c). Visual conspicuity determines human target acquisition performance. Optical Engineering, 37(7), 1969–1975.
Soesterberg, 23 October 1998
Dr. A. Toet (1st author, project leader)
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30 woorden abstract De CCD 1 image database bestaat uit een set digitale beelden die gebruikt kunnen worden om camouflage evaluatie methoden te testen. Descriptors Target Acquisition Visual Displays
Identifiers visual target signature camouflage
Managementuittreksel titel
: : auteur : datum : opdrachtnummer : IWP-nr. : rapportnr. :
TNO Technische Menskunde, Soesterberg
Digitale beelden voor het testen van evaluatie methoden voor camouflage en misleiding Dr. A. Toet 23 oktober 1998 A98 / KL / 316 786.1 TM-98-A057
Dit rapport beschrijft de CCD 1 dataset, die gebruikt kan worden voor het evalueren van computertechnieken en psychofysische methoden voor het vastellen van het effect van camouflageen misleidingstechnieken. Deze dataset is verzameld als bijdrage aan de gezamenlijke inspanning van de NATO Research and Technology Organisation SCI-12 inzake Camouflage Evaluatie Technieken, en zal regelmatig worden bijgewerkt met (i) nieuw beeldmateriaal, wanneer dat beschikbaar komt, en met (ii) de resultaten van psychofysische experimenten (op de beelden in de dataset). Er is tegenwoordig breed scala van rekenkundige en psychofysische technieken beschikbaar waarmee op basis van (gedigitaliseerde) beelden de effectiviteit van camouflage en misleidingstechnieken kan worden bepaald. De meeste van deze technieken zijn echter niet of onvoldoende uitgetest op natuurlijke en militair relevante beelden. De NATO werkgroep SCI-12 heeft tot doel alle bestaande technieken te inventariseren en evalueren. Om de verschillende technieken met elkaar te kunnen vergelijken is er dringend behoefte aan een gemeenschappelijke set goed gedocumenteerde beelden van militair relevante objekten waarop camouflage en misleidingstechnieken zijn toegepast. Dergelijke beelden zijn in praktijk niet vrij verkrijgbaar, aangezien ze doorgaans streng geclassificeerd zijn. De opzet van deze studie is het aanleggen van een ongeclassificeerde database, die vrijelijk gebruikt kan worden door alle NATO partners. De dataset bestaat uit digitale kleurenbeelden, voorstellende – een Mercedes-Benz 290GD (4x4) jeep, voor een bosrand, met en zonder camouflage, op 5 verschillende kijkafstanden (vari¨erend van 65 m tot 1265 m), – rechthoekige houten panelen, voorzien van verschillende camouflagepatronen, voor een bosrand geplaatst, met diffuse belichting en in direct zonlicht, en – militaire vrachtwagens en materiaal, zowel met als ook zonder toepassing van camouflage- en misleidingstechnieken, en op korte afstand (50 – 80 m), samen met informatie over de opnamencondities (zoals de kijkafstand, de afmetingen van de afgebeelde doelen, het meteorologisch zicht etc.).
