A Distributed Intelligenge Paradigm for Knowledge Management

UNIVERSITY OF TRENTO DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY 38050 Povo – Trento (Italy), Via Sommarive 14 http://www.dit.unitn.it

A DISTRIBUTED INTELLIGENCE PARADIGM FOR KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT

Matteo Bonifacio, Paolo Bouquet, and Alberto Manzardo

2000 Technical Report # DIT-02-0068

.


       !#"$%"$&(' )+*-,.*0/1!2 "3"$('40 57KML NP6$OQ8:LFRP9AVYX@%L[BCZ=?\]9 S^GQ_H` ˜b 6Fn Gj8:¨%9PL]¨$`HD$SUKlVML gãEHZUOjZ^qjVl_kGQ`HVMEZf`Hb^SUGjVYGQX ¨®qQVlqjXAbUEkcZN qj©r`HZ^qQ`kLNP©rq+LSUq+LL EWEWTWb^b–VYVYNPXVlL SUSUEQcHL bhLNPb^b^_kL cHXS^L0VGQ2 OjEHVlLLKMVuEkL[b?NªQLVln b?b^jGv X2 GQL EkXZfqjVYNP©ªL LS 9WEkGJIKlL[NPOjLFqjZqbAq+EHOQV 2 KMLFS^L[ZfGQ_HSAXLjvPGQS^OWq+EHVMpL[N­qjEkN­SUL`kS^Ly ZfXL GjEQEebUZfL L;NÿeQ_kVlEþLEkqXLjI–v+bUq—cHL]b^T—ckqjq+Klb$_kL¨GQG+Zf¨®b^L VubASUZWLqQSUbFXAL cZfZf`•b^VM©rL ©rXqjVrqJ?•NPb^XLùL[VlZ%b?©rj±rn q+GjEHD ShVlE¨`eL L Zfb^S^bªckceLb^q+cHG+`kLbUZcHEkVMLOjLS0EHL GQckNõS^q+L[b^EeZoG:NC±(vkXbUbUGQcHcHEPLL y S„kAZ^VMqJ_HNPb^L L ckEkShLXSXL[Gjb^ZPEWcH9db^L LEHEù>WGJbA¦qIZ KM3^qjL EHNPZhGjOQq3VYL]ZfX;L `kGQ53S^EkGPbUZfckNPb^VlqJ_kb^bX_Pb^bUVMVMEWVlGjTQb^ELLn–S^NP¨L|–VM©SUcHL L L$Z–EkqjKMZ^VlEk©ªVlGQN­ErVlbEkG+I–LB¨ OQqj9dq+Z–EHb^VMbUGJTjcHIL L3KlKlrL[KYNPqjVMOjX*EP9 L y G+©ª¨ L 2qjEHGjb^VlEkc Orb^EHL[LXAcHOQG+EHb^GQVYKlqJGQbUOjVlGQVYXEq+K–q+Ekq+Ee`N Nã9dEHXGJGjIEkXKML LNP`POQbU_kL$q+/L K–>HbUXAGWckGQq+KMEkZOjbUL Gþ2 ­Zf_k©rZfbU=qqj9WVlE y VMZ^EHLOþEWbUq+XGjb^VMEWGjbUE:L/>dq+bUEkZªNÿqjX VlEWXbUL[LZ^SAZ^qjV 2 XºKlbULVlGQb^EÿcHSU`kGjS^_kGPOjXcóL[Z^Z q+n Eóa q+Z$`H`HqSUGjSUL `kZ^S^_HVYqJKlb bUL­a0SUa L`HD SUEPLyy VMkžEHVMOþEHLL©rb^GdS^q—L[GQ&XKMZ­GjZUOQb^q—EHGþVMpbUb^L SUckNÿqjq+EkbFbUZfcH¨b^L²GjcHSUL²TJ© q+D$KM_HbUg cHL­VMqjZGj`H¨`•`HXG+SUGjGQb^EWL qjbUEWXA/L b^c&>dVYq+bU¨KZGdXVMIE÷_kVuZ^bUL qQcHNÿXºGjb^_P_eGjb¦Eq+K]`H9WSUT—EkGJqjGJTWKlI_kVYNdLjKuyy n L VlbUNHZOjOjLÿL qQEHZ­LSAqõqJbUVl`HTQS^L­GPNP`H_eSUGPXºbXL IZUZ Vlv%b^ckIGjcH_PVlbKMLùXb^GjcHEeL ZfVYNPaLa SUVMD EHOþE1žb^VMckEHL LùEkqjq+`Hb^`H_HSUSUGQL qQXAGjc ¨ ¨NPGP_kXX_kb^Z^VMGjL NEGjIEVlb^b^cHckGQL3_Pb0XGj`kEeS^Z?GJbUTdVubUVY_PNPb^VlEkVMTjOLFL LEHKMLGj©ª_kOjL cEQbAb^Z–GdG+GQZ¨KMZ–9dbUEHG­GJIXGQKlL[E NP?kOjOQL]_HS^`HL$SUG+Vlby qjZqSUL_kZUq 2 KlLF`HSUGPNP_kXºb[n X`HAckSUGPqj|–SUXcHqQL LZUXºZb^EkL XAS^LceVML pq+NþL[SAN qjb^XºGÿ2 bULXSUGjVlqjEkp X L Z^XNVYL[NPZ^L2 Z^ŸS V 2 9dXVlKMEHGjVub?GJEW&Ib^LqjKl>dL[Ekb]NPNÿOjZ^L `eS^L L[2 `HXGjV(Kl?eVYb^XcãXq+Vlb^b?qQùVMGjZ(E qjq Ekq+N`HEkSUN©ªGdNHL qjqj_kZ$EPXºq by VMZ^EHdO(Zfb^EkL ©rLOjZGjƒn b^VYfqJbUGQVlEHGQLE­bUcHVYZPa`Ha KMVYXVYVlZrb vhL b^>dcH`•LLSUZ^VMGj©KM_PL b^EWVMb^GjVMEãEHO VMZª§q Zfb^3?VMbUKlcHK–VlbUSAG N 2 ILùq— ¨Gj5 _Hb^EeckNCq+nób²ihb^SU_HVML S^Zy b^G(©ªLSUOjLbUcHLb?IG3VYZ^Z^_HL Z vQX q+KMKlL[Nªb^ckdL Žp…"=$%†'s)+S'/¨=“I.8K*'p.s“…X “…Ws".SKs|Pn DFEHGJIKlL[NPOjL—Rd`kqQXLVYZP`HXSUGjL ZUEeZ^ZfVl_HGQKlEbUqjG+EW¨ bUL ZqQXXAGQc&©X©(GQ©_HEH©(Vlb?_P y VM3?Z$bUqjZ^EHGjOj©ªV 2LckKML GJ5Iûq+SUEeL©N KYqJb^3UL[qjN&XXbUL GZUZfVqù2 KMD$L 5g /L b^>Pck`Hq+SUb3L ZUVMZfZFVMGjVMEWE b^LG+Ee¨NPqL N:XGQqj©Z]©(bUcH_PL y EHL NPVub?OQ4L9dS^EHL `eGJIGWZfKlVlL[b^NPGQOjS^Lõqjb^EkLEeNãNHXZrGjbUEWG b^L2>dL[b Xn GQ©a LXbUGjcH©ªL ©GQ_H_PEkbUVuXb?Gj4©ª9WLEkGJG+I¨3Kuq y XGj©ª©(_HEHVlb?­XGQEQbUS^V 2 _PbUVlGQE`kS^GPXL[Z^Z Š ˆ b^XcHGjL ©ª©÷©(bU_HGEH/L Vlb^>PVM`HL KMZ GjVlqjbS^b^L cHL LVlšS >d9W`•EkLSUGJVMI©KlL[L NPEWb^OjVMLoEHIO Vlb^b^cHGdVMGjE$KYZób^ckbULckVMSqJXb÷GQEQL bUEk/L q >d2 bUKlZ L n aXGjb$EWbUb^S^cHV Lª2 _P©ªbUVlGjGQ©ªEùL`kEWS^b[GPvXb^L[ckZ^L Z^L Z^L(Z vHbUVMGdEkGjXKYSUZ$L qQq+ZfSUVML(EHOQOQKlVlùTQLXE Gj©ª2 ÿ`HKMZ?/L bU>S^_kEkXq—b^Td_HVMSUOQL qJN y b^DFVMGjEHAE GJI9dKlEHL[GJNPIOjLþKML NP«&OQL$qjEk©rq+OQq+L`kSAZ Zv•qj`HEkKYq—N& X qJb^cHb^L LõOjGQS^S^GQVMKlp Lþq+b^GjVM¨ŸGjE9QLZ?LbUS^`k_kVlEHXb^Oó_HSUbUL cHZ L n XNPGjL©ªSAZ?©(bAq+_HEkEHNkVlq b?2i KM9WLrEkb^GJG ITWKlL[VYZ^NPVuOjbUGjLdOb qjbUX G&XL[G+Z^bUZ^cHV 2 LSKlLXq+GQEk©N©(_HEP_Pyy EHVubUVlL[Zn Tb^J_eqJq+bUaVlKHTQa q+L(EeVYD$N$Z«.b^GjL[_HXASZ^cHPX EHZ?qjGQbUZ^KlLL]GQ©OjZfVYn0b^X_eq+|–NPKQcH­b^L(GdVMGQEù`kKMq+Z®b^`•cHb^ceLL3S0qJNPb ¨L GPXTjXqjL _kE(KlZ^GQL Z^`H_HZ©ª`HGj`•LE&EWGjbS^Ekbb LG+I=¨%…"q+X=EùGQ$&EkVl%(EHX'*Ek)L +`PG+'yy WR'“…WR'/E'/10£.=0MLY"=&IVlb^cHVME q&XGQ©ª©_HEHVlb?ÿqjEkª N =…"!$&%('*)+S'`L1X 0'+8WR.=0MLY"=bUcHSUGj_HOQc&©ªL q+EkVlEHOùEHL OjG+bUVMq+b^VMGjE qjXSUGQZUZNHVrqsLSULEWb XGQ©ª©_HEHVlb^VML Z n

t¦u ›¬«#­ 9¦˜®Y¯õ›B° VMVlE y q+Ed²XGQEQbUL/d> b n

Iq+SUVML%NPihL b^GQGKlEk$2 X_eL L–Zf`PZ^L[bUq+NZ b^VYVMEZ³Z^?e_kD$L XAN$c£« Iv+qjVlq+b^Z SUcHLGQZ^_PXGPGjboXEkVYVlq+EWZ^KMVMb^VuNHL b?LSfSU¨L L S^q+NVMEkEHqQN OZ IcWVY_kNPVlb^©ªLcEWqjb^b^E(cHVlb?LjEkv `HLL _HbUNkSUcHZ LdOQb­EHzVl:Sp }Úµ8bUL qQµWNãX‚fVl‚ºb^bnocegqjqJEkb _PN bh9dVlEHVlbU©ªGJZPKMVML X`HNPVuKMbªOQGjLVlq+bUSUq+VMLZy b^OjVMLGjEkE÷LSASUq+L KMeWVlp _HVlEHVMSUO]L ZùIqãckq+Z^b GjVMS^Z bZ^`•Gj¨(L X`H(V ?eSUXLy€qj`HEkSUGdNªXq L 2 ZUZfZfVMb^EHSAOeqjXv–b^b^VMEHckO]q+bq—I–VYZq—$b^GóIckZ^q—q+ b VM2 Z]L XGQqõEQXbUL/Gj>dSU`Hb^_e_kq+Z­K nFG+i¨ |–9dckEHL(GJSUIL KMZ^L _HNPKlb0OQLG+¨dS Vl9db?EHVM:EQGJbUG+I_H¨KlVlL[b^bUVMNPcHGjOjLELVM`kVMZ®EQS^b^GbUceL2 OQqJKlL SUboq+©b^b^cHVMn GjLE~¯-\ EkvJnPEHVuVMb?EHFOþG+1¨ q:9WZfEkVMGJEHIOQKlKuL y `HZ?XbUq+VlS^L[E _kXLX2 b^LG+_H€¨ SUXL$9dGQEH}cHLQGJLn IOeSULn KMEWL q0bUNPKlOQbU:q=L3>P`H`HGjKYSUqjEHGPXGQNPL ©Nþ_kjXVYv+L[ZNqjE(TjILGQSUVlEWb^:cHb^GjVMckE KMq+GjSAOQqjNþHE&‚IGjISUGjOQcHsS qj9sL EHS^voL–VMqjp L EkqJTjbUN LVlGQSUVlE b VMIZ­cHEHLG+Erb²bUcHG L02 TdqjVM`HGj`H_kSUZ­GQqQqJb­XAcq+VYKMZKZ^bUX ckq+qJKMb­L NªVlb­_H`rVYZrbUG¨L[qjKYq+Z^SUV 2OjLKMLqjVMEkE N²`HXSUGQqQ©ªXºbU`HVMKlXL Lj> v GjSUOQq+EkVlp[qJb^VMGjEeZ0}·Zf_kXAcqQZ aa /‚ Š ˆ VuZfbL[XVMGjZEeEHNCG+vdb(b^cHqQLNPL -\ eWn:EkOjS^L L TWZ]VYVMZ^E VlGQEþb^cHGjLªSGjL SUTjOQL qjEEHVMp q qJbUXVlGQGQ©ªE&`H©rKlLq—b^ L S^VMZLy€EkNPG+L[bZfVMNPOjL EùZ^VMG+SU¨oq 2bUcHKlLSL$Š LEWb^VMSU˜L 9dEHGJIKlL[NPOjL$Zfb^SU_kXºbU_HSULjvkqjEkNb^cHVYZ bULSUqQ©rXºbUZCVlTdb^ceVlb?qJjb n ˆ b^q cHVM`HSUSUNG+v[¨VlL[b®Z^GJZ^VlTQGQLEkSUq+S^VYKNPL[OjZ•SUGjb^cH_HL`¢X_kqJbUZ^L LOQZÿGjVlSUEûVlL[ZVubAv[Z XGjL EeTjXLLSU`HPbUNHZ q—v # b^|–cHcHL3VMZZ^PXZ?GQbU_HL©KMN vP2 GjLÿSL q TjLS^EL[qjqªZ^GjXE GQ©¨Gj`kSùKlLqb^LFZf¨ _ q+2 VMKMy _HGQS^`PSL b^Š VM©rq+K_eZ^qjOjL&Gj¨ ˆ ?kb^VMEkGjq+E$KMKMbUjckvdqJ`eZb L 9dS^EHceGJq+I`kZdqjb^Kh_eZUq+XAKMVlcHp LL ©rN qj2 Z#VlEW©rbUGÿqj`Hq`HOQVMEHLOEHL SUKMGdqjX K0q+} KùZ^ck}qjVYNPS^VlL[GWNkZf‚$dEkXGQXSUEkq+Xb^L VY`PX ‚y b^_kqjKZ^XAckL©rqHn VYLZ­SAq+|–VMK0S^cHSUKlL L L[NHqj_k¨NPqQXVMXºEHV 2b OãKM bUS^ckL[XqJZfGjL[ob EWq+b^SA9WL XAEk>WcHGJbULI_kSAZq+KlL[K02NPckGjOjqjb^LûcZ }·2 VMq+E L EkLN E÷a ~&VlqQbUNPZã} «&TjSUGPX—LX i`HqJSUb^q+L L[S^Z^Nb^LcdEW2 bU q+zb^:8VMZ^GjL:QEeTWwj‚y Š VMž§0E3L VlEkEkG+bUZ^qJcH©ªb LgGj™S SU9dL(\]EHz;_HGJ:8Ice:kqrKMz8L ŠdNHz :SmoOj:jL%Lj{ SUSUS^ŠWLù\]KYqJz_Hb^:SL[ckN$:jqr³QNP‚;z VY:8Z^} X:HZ^VlLSz `HLrŠjKMVM\]}EHgVlL _kGQZEk_IY} XACeeWcH_Hq+VM_kLOjb˜XKMVMGjqª'/EH0&;zEH.!:8VML%(:j¹SPVY« ZfXckGQq+qjEkEkS^ZL[qjvNFOjVMNPS^EHL V(@Oqs`eLGW9dSUZfEHLVlb^EWGJGQIbóS^KMQL XvNHGjGQEkOjSLXckLVM`Pq—ZFTdbAZãEHVlEkGjOqjb Ekq–c N _kb^Z?L[bq+VM©ª© qù`HG+©rKMVM¨HXqJDFVub^bób^EHL GJbUS$q=I>dG+Klyy¨ L kÿNPL(OQL­EHL«&L[Nq+EeEHq+LOjI L SUZ$XGjb^EkckXq+Lb(`PbAVM©ZbU`•ckGQqJZ^bFL²q+GQKMEKlGJI¢Vubª_kqZOjb^L GùEHNPLSAL q+qjKKZ?IbUS^Vlb^_ec Xºb^X_kGjS^EHLQy n XqLNH`HVrb^qs_kLqjSUK LEWqjEkbN&`kq+Z^SALqj©rNHq+VlOQEW©ùb^VYX3n ckLb^L S^GQOjL EHLVlb?jn0~¯EÿZ^cHGjS^b v•IhL(EHLL[N › «C¦R= ¯jœP¥k= »0™œd›®¦ï=^;dLb^`•_kLqjEkKNP¨ L qQEWXºbUb GjvSAqjZ0EkZ^N&_kXAVlbUcÿZ]qQSUZ]L`H`HSU_HL SUZ^`eLEWGWbUZfq+LQy v 2 qQ*X 9dOjSUGj_HEkNqjZUZf_k©`Hb^VMGjEkZ vkq—TJq+VMKMq 2 KML$S^L[ZfGQ_HSUXL Z vPq+EkNZ^G GQ™E Š ˆ KMqjVlS^EkL–Oj_HEHVYGjZ?bdEkLb^KlZ^_k¨?VMnNHqjLK0aSUL L Z²KlNFL ©ªq:q+`kLXqjEWGQSfbUEkbCZ Z^¨LSU2 GjeWL[©_HXLGQEeVl©bUXZ LjL XvhGjXq+EWGQEdbUEkL/¼ Z?>dbUb 9dVubUnEH_P|–GJb^IVMceTjKMqJLÿL bNPG+VYOQZ˜¨ LjbUvd©b n L EWbUq+KhS^L `HSUL Z^LEWbUq+b^VMGjE:IVubUcHVMEõq+EþVMEWb^LSU`HSULy ˆ ZfRdLL bUXsZ Gj5Ekq NC2 vQGjVubh_Hb®VMZ%bU`•cHLGQZUZ^Z^qjV 2©KML–Lb^NPGGj©rVl©rqjq+VlEOQVlqjEkZLb^qjcHZ%L–©r`•GQq+ZUEdZfA V 2 3RKM9dLhEHVMEWGJb^ILKlSUL[`HNPSUOjLL y b^a VMTjZL$qXXGQGQEQEkbUZ^/L L>deWbU_HZhLbUEecHXS^LjGQvj_Hb^OjcHcL]Iq 2cHZfVYXAb^c­SAqjbUXcHbhVMXZGQNHEkGjX©rL `Pq+bhVMEGj¨™VYZ–9dEHSUL GJqjINkKlq L[2NPKMOjLjL n Xq+ErXGjEkXS^Lb^LKM 2 LTdVlL IhL[NªqjZ q$Z^PZ?bUL©ûGj¨•`•GQZUZ^V 2 KMiL %(";K*.!% 9WEkGJIKlL[NPOjLFZfLbUZ n ˆ |–XVYcHq+KVlSA`HNCS^veGPKlL[XL q+ZUSUZEHVlGjEk¨OªOjqjL `HEH`•LL SAq+qJSAbUZ VlEHvHOeGjv%EùXb^SUckVubUL3VMXGjVlp EHVlL$EHO ceq+q+EkEkNCNõv•qjS^L Z–TdbUVlcHL ILVlZ^EHG+O y Vl`HEWS^b^GPL XS^L `kZUS^ZLGjb^VM¨eTjOjLL XEHGjLEWSAqJb^LbU>WVlEkbAOZ0`HqjSUEkGjNC`•vsGQGjZ^E&VubUVlb^GQcHEkLZ G+IbUVucHbUcHLS0VlEckVMq+EQEkbUNLSUv`HqjSUZLb^bUVMcHTjLL XXAckGjEWq+bUEH/L OQ>dLªbUZ VlEdn Tj|–GQckKlTQLL `HZ0SUb^G ck2 LrKMLb^© SAq+G+EkB¨ Zf¨9dLEHS3GJqjIEkKMNÿL NPb^OQcHLhLbUSUqjqjXEkXZfL ¨ZULZfSdGjy¨ b^2©cHGjL[SUb^q+Gjc(EH_HZ^VMOQEHdcOe© nI2 cHGjVYKMVMXAX c&`HZfS^dGQ© `eGW2 ZfGjVlKYb^ZVMGjqjEeS^ZL(vJq+q Ee2 N$KML$VlEWb^GbULOQSU`HqjVlS^E&Lb^qrVMTjLdKYq+bUSZ ˆ CHZfL GjL_kErSfbUqjcZ%vVMEWNPb^VMTjSUVlLEeSAZfZ^VYVuPX b?QeWv•_kSUq+L KMNHVubU_HVlEkL[Z%NHqjG+Ek¨X-q &9dqjEHEkGJN&IKMcHL LNPb^OQL LS^GQZfPOjLZfb^EkLL©Vlb?n%g–qjS^qJL y ZfZfVYdX© qjKl2 KMjGjv%KMVYbUXFcHb^LùGù©ªqrqj©ªEdÿL q+bUEkGÿVlEH©rOqjZfEWPþZfb^LSU©1LKYqJVYbUZVlGQbUEkcHZ^L(cHNPVl` VMSUL b^ckXºb0q+bGj_PKMVlbAIE X9dGjZª©ªqL G+Z^qj¨ ©b^cHLL3NP©rGj©rqjEWqjVlE`en GW|–Z^ckZ^V qJ2 b KlL$VMZI–b^G]q—PZ^Zhq—Qb^v[G²qSUOjL VMqQTjNL E3qjEkZfdNù© S^L 2 `HGjS^KMVYL[XPVl¨Ú`Hb^SUcL vZUZf¨VMGjGjS­E GjGj_H¨SZ^`HGd_HXSUVMqj`eKGWZfZ^LQ_ v2q c L[XºXbUGQVlEQTdbUVlb?/L j>dn4 b^IGjVlSb?cHjqLvdbU©q3cHLZfL S–GPEWXIbUVMq+qjL]KKHqQ©`kZ^q+Z^GP_HSANPqj©ªL NHK·L]vdVlOQbUq©ùcHLFXvQGQqF¨EW_Hb^bUEk/LqQNk>dZq+9(b©ªb^GjG LSUVlEW2L bUEQL$qjbUKqL XNXGQGQ_kEkKlZ^ZfKMLL ;L XeWG+b^_H¨VMTjLq$EkL]IXVML NPGjZ–L SUEPKYGjN y¨ Gj_HSNPL[Z^XS^VM`PbUVlGQESUL©rq+VMEù_HEkXAckqjEHOjL[NCn XZ^dGQZfOjk b^EHL VlVu© b^bUVMcHTj5HVlLEvqQq+bUZfEecH`•NóVML Z]Xb^¨bUcHSAZ q+LÿvQ©ªq+L`kL ©ªIh`eLL[GQSUq+RS OjSA9sVMZ vsEHqjOqùZ%D$`e˜q q+« 5QSANPqjVYNPZfZ?PVMbUOjZfS^©b^V 2 L ©ù_P2 bUvCL L[NXTdGQVMVlL©EWIbUL[LL Z­KMNÿKlVMqãOjVlEÿL NPEkVuVMXbAZfLZy b^ISUL V 2 _PSULb^¨L[LNõSVMb^EWGób^L qõKlKMVlOQZ^PLZ?EkbUXLL©7`eq+ISAcHqjL NPS^VMvLOj© 9dEH} GJ§0I~?KlmhL[NP‚ƒn OjLÿk VMVuZùbUcõNPVYbUZ?cHbUVMS^ZV 2 bU_PLbUSUL © N 2 Lb?ILLEÿZfGPXVYq+KoqjXb^GQSUZ veL[qjXAc Z^GPXVYq+K qjXºbUGjS 2 L VlEHOùVMEWTQGjKMTjL[N VM9dErEHGJb^cHIL0KML `HNPSUOQGdLXL NPZUGjZ%©rG+¨qjVlXEkGjZEkb^Zfckb^VlS^b^GQ_H_Hb^OjVMEHc&˜O Ek9dLEHOjGJGjIb^VYKMqJL bUNPL OQN&L qj2 EkN&XGjZ^_Ek2Z^VMc NHL LXSUb^VlVMEHTjOL VMEQbU|–LSUcH`HL²SULNPb^LVMTjTQLFLKMGj`•`HLSA©ªZf`•L EQL b$Xb^GjVMTj¨–L[D$Zn «!ZfPZfb^L ©ªZ 2 qjZ^L NÿGjEÿb^cHL§~?m `•`HSAGQqjZ^XL b^Z$Vlb^qVMGjOjEHSUL L SUq+Z b]n½TJqjC S^VMVMSULZfb?b&G+Gj¨¨–qjXAKlceK q+v]KMKlIhL L:EHOjEHL[L Z]L ¨N÷GjS$b^GSUL Z^bUL q8q+9jSAL:XAcHVlL EWSUbUZ]G q+qQEkXºN y cHXZ^GdGQGJX_H½I VMEWqjbK$9WEkbUZ?GJcHbUS^ILþ_kKlXL[Zfb^GPNP_HXOjSUVMLL qjZ KFVYv]ZrqQ`HZfOj`•S^L GPL EHXXLL bUSAZUZùqJZfbUL[G+L Z¨N qjXq+EkGjEkOQN÷N EHVlSUb^SUGjVMLKMGj`HL E#Z SUnL qjZ^LEk~¯EWNE b^L[VM`kNþEdq+TjS^bUL[b^cHZ?VYS^bUXGQVl_kOW_HKMqJqjOjb^S c L v b^OjqjVML ZUGjZ^EkEe_HXZ²©ªLqjZfVlEHPZrOZfZ^b^GPL b^©¢XcHVYL q+qjKX`HGjKM`•L ©ªL qjq+S^©(EHSAZ _HVMEHEHqjOþZVlb?q] Z^dXqQZfGQb^Z­EkL Zf©rqþb^LZKMKMv–LKYqJEkqþb^Z­VMGjNPb^E$VYGõZ?bUGjS^S^¨eVL[2XqjGQ_PNó©ªbUL Gj©NóSU_HOQVMEHqjEQEHVlbUb^LVMVMp KML KlqJZ Vlyy v L `HqQSULXAcbUVlTQXL(Gj©ª`•L©SAZf_k`•EHL VuXb?b^ VMTj2 LL Vl} EHD O SUSªq:z Z^:SGP:jXj{ VYŠsq+KgXS^GQGJIEQbUvE /L >dg b­q+§0Ee_HNãOj_HqjVYEãNãVMz EW:8b^:kLS^8z y Š k LEHOQLS$z:S:j³W‚ºn CHSUGj© qXGjOQEHVlb^VMTjL]`eGQVlEWb–G+¨®TdVMLI$vPqZfL[XGjEeN­XAckqjKlKMLEHOQL0VYZ /L >P`HKYq+VMEHVMEHOªcHGJI÷OQS^GQ_H`kZ–Gj¨®VMEkNPVMTWVYNP_kqjKMZXq+EXGQ©ª©_HEHVYXq+b^L IKYq+VlS[b^vWcHqQGQZ^_PZ^b(_H©ªZ^ckVlEkq+SUO3VlEk©rOq+bU`HcH`HL²VMEHVMO(EWb^`HLS^SUGP`HXSUL LZUbUZfVlTQL[L²Z qjXZGjEWq$bU©ªL/>dL bUqjZ Ern­b^~¯G(Eþ©`kqjL[Sfq+bUEHVMVMXEH_PO y

©ªXGjq8Ee9dZ?VlbUEHLOeKMKMv•q+b^qVMGjNPE­VYZ?GjbUS^¨ V VM2 EW_Pb^bUL L S^N&`HSUVMLEWbUb^VlL TQKlL0KMVlOQ©rLqjEk`kXZL(q+Z^EePZ?N­bULGj©-¨ ©rq+q+`H`k`•`HL VlqjEkSUOZ0`kqjZ0S^Gjq y XL ZU|–Z^L cHZ VMSA2 NCLv%b?Ih¨SUL GjL©.ENPq(V q•bUL L XAS^cHL EWEkb–GjKMVMGjEkOjNPVYVMXTdqjVMKhNH_k`•q+GjKYVMZEWbq+EeGjN¨TdXGjVlL ©ªI$©v%_Hb^ckEkLùVubUVlSUL[LZ`Hn y S^©L[L[ZfL q+EQEHbAVMEHqJbUOVlGQEHEÿLOQGjG+¨b^VMVYEWqJbUb^VlLGQSUE`HSU`HLSUbUGdVlTQXL²L ZUXZfGjL[EWZbUX L/q+>dE bq+2 EkLªNÿq²bUTJcHq+L­KMVMq+N Ee2 q+qjKMdZ^Z^VYZVYZF¨GQG+S¨ S^NPL[VMZfZfb^L[SUq+V SA2 XA_Pcb^L[VMENùb^VlEWcHb^L(L KlVlKMEWVMOjbULLKMEeKlVMXOjL3L EQZ^db]Zfq+b^OjL ©L EWbUIPZ Vl?eb^cHLVMKYE&NCnq~¯b^E&L[XA`kcHqjEHSfbUGjVMKMXGj_HOQKMrqjS LveEPq y EH_Hq 2GjEkKMKMNPL GjL NOQSVMX Xb^q+GjckK+©ªL3q+©OQKlVMLOj_HEWcWEkbUb]VMZCX G+q qJ¨%2b^VMKlKMGjGPL%EX b^q+‡G L KMKlEW3UTdZfGPVMq+S^XEkGQVMqjNEHKl©ªKMXGjLEHEWEWL b^b0LOjX >dG+q+b^bUE_kVMq+qjb^2 Kl;L KML­5–EHVlLSUEP?HL¨`Hb0GQSUS^GjL ©r¨ Z^Lq+bUEWL b^bUVMXAGjL cPEN y 39dEHGJIKML NPOQL 5Hn Ih}Úb^Lck~¯GjE q+_HSUb^OQL ckcÿVMEHZ­IGj`kbùLrq+Zf`•`•cHLLGQSAS_HZfGQKYIhNEkL&q+©ªKMNPKMãLGþEWVMbUEkEdVlGQG+TjEbGjKMTjqQbUcHL[NHNLªNPSU¨ VML qjE ZUXZb]b^ceb^bUcHqJck¾L bqJb$?eS^L[bUSUZfcHZfL[b­L²q+VYSAZfZ^XAb^Z^c_k_HNPLjq+ vSUL qQG+q Z¨ IGjZfGP`•cHXL VMVYNkXAq+c ‚KCnãqQbUZfcH~¯`•L²EkL ZfXSUb^bUL L[Z–Z^qjL NCG+q+¨%vSAXAXIc GQLùOj`HEHXS^VlGjL[b^EkVMZfGjL XEùEWLb^EWVYL b^Z–N SA`kqJVMbUq+EþLS^bb^GQckG+Eõ¨ VMZb^bUcHcH`kL$L&q+`•`HNPLSUL S3G ZUc XI–L[SUXºqjVM`Pb–Zb^IVMNPGjVuLEãbUTQcHLVMG+KlE y¨ S^©qL[_HZf¨GjL Klb^EQSUVl©rbAy€qJqjq+bUOjKVlL GQEQ¨ESAb3q+v©ªZ^q+PEkLZ?INbULGj©-ZRsS 9j9 L¨bUGQ¨XAGQS3c SVl©ªXqþGj`HEWcHKMb^LVMOjL©ª>dcHL bfy EQyKML2 bUTQVlqjEkLZ^KO&L N qjqSU9dXANPEHcHVMGJVlZfb^b^IL[SUXºKMV L 2bUNH_H_POjS^b^LL­L[N GjSUL¨3VlEP`Hq yy b^LKMKMVlOQLEkXLFD$« Z^dZfb^L ©n 5 ¿¼Á >A9 o¥ Â; 9 Ã4x?›®6¦ ­ ›¢¥H™› ²0¥Hš› ¯W›;hœP@ œP=f9b3bUXZ GQn ©`eqJb^V 2 KML(IVlb^có} Z^LbAZFG+¨U‚]KMGPXqjK ©ªGPNPL KMZFGj¨ ž Lb^b^VMEHO qjZ^VMNHL bUcHL b^L XAckEHVMX q+KMVubUVlL[Zv]«ÿi–R#q+SUL qãcHVMOjcHKM „kLd> V 2 KML&q+EkN㩪GPNP_HKYq+SrI–q—:b^G:¨GjSU©rq+KMVlp LùqþXGjKMKlL[XºbUVlGQEãGj¨ KML GdNHX Ojq+LKQVlS^EWL b^`HL S^OjL[SAZfqJL bUEWVlbUGQqJE­bUVl}GQ_kEkZ^ZVMEHqjO]EkXNFGjb^©ªG0`k©ªq+Gdb^V NH2 LVlKQKMVlb^b?cH$LS^L `HKMSUq+Gdb^XVMGjL EkZUZZA‚CGj¨jIW9 Vlb^EkcHGJGQI_PKuby b^SUXL L qjSUZ^KlKMqQGjL S^XºNrb^bUVMVlb^EHGQGEOrS^2b^L G­L`kb?q+b^IcHVMShLLªL qE\-`Hq] bU