ISSN 20751117, Russian Journal of Biological Invasions, 2010, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 60–67. © Pleiades Publishing, Ltd., 2010. Original Russian Text © Yu.Yu. Dgebuadze, V.G. Petrosyan, S.A. Bessonov, N.N. Dergunova, S.S. Izhevsky, V.Yu. Maslyakov, O.V. Morozova, N.G. Tsarevskay, 2008, published in Rossiiskii Zhurnal Biologicheskikh Invasii, 2008, No. 2, pp. 9–19.
A General Concept for Development of a ProblemOriented Internet Portal on Alien Species Invasions in the Russian Federation Yu. Yu. Dgebuadzea, V. G. Petrosyana, S. A. Bessonova, N. N. Dergunovaa, S. S. Izhevskyb, V. Yu. Maslyakovc, O. V. Morozovac, and N. G. Tsarevskayac a
Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071 Russia; email:
[email protected] b Moscow State Forest University, Moscow, 119337 Russia c Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 109017 Russia Received May 26, 2008
Abstract—A general concept for creation of a problemoriented Web portal on alien species invasions in the Russian Federation (http://www.sevin.ru/invasive) is described. The portal contains the information model for representing taxa that fits in its metadata structure the metadata structure of the continental, regional, and various national public centers of North America, Europe, Africa, Asia, and Australia. Functional tasks, organizational and functional structure of the Web portal, and conceptual framework of the integrated data base (DB) for various taxa are considered by the example of plant and insect quarantine species. It is shown that the generalized DB structures of the portals of the Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the international public centers on various organisms (fish, mammals, birds, insects, plants, etc.) can be represented as three blocks—taxonomic, geographic, and bibliographic. A verbal description of the functional capabilities of the Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution web portal is given. DOI: 10.1134/S2075111710020025
dors, the scales of invasions, the vectors and effects of invasive species on Russian ecosystems, and develop ment of a conceptual model for assessing the invasion risks in the Russian Federation. This model implies the following types of work: (a) identification of donor and recipient ecosystems and invasion corridors; (b) detection of the main invasion vectors; (c) determination of invasion intensity (the pressure of recruits of invasive species on aboriginal ecosystems); (d) assessment of the vulnerability of potential recipi ent ecosystems to invasions; and (e) estimation of the invasion potential of invasive species (biological char acteristics of species determining their potential for expansion and naturalization under new conditions) (Panov et al., 2007). The exceptional importance of informational support for assessing the risk of alien species invasion when working along these directions is completely evident. The studies performed so far have demonstrated the need for developing stateoftheart methods for monitoring invasions, namely, modern software and bioinformatics methods, which are to provide for online data acquisition for the control of alien species. Nonetheless, the informational component of the research into biological invasions of alien species in Russia still remains insufficiently developed. Note that
INTRODUCTION The problem of alien species invasions is currently among the important directions in basic and applied research at many Russian scientific institutions (Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Insti tute of Geography, Zoological Institute, Komarov Botanical Institute, Tsitsin Central Botanical Garden, Papanin Institute of Biology of Inland Waters, Bioengineering Center, and Institute of Oceanology, all affiliated with the Russian Academy of Sciences; Institute of Biology and Murmansk Institute of Marine Biology, Kola Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences; Azov Institute of Fish Industry; AllRussia Institute of Plant Quarantine; Saratov Division of the Institute of Lake and River Fisheries; AllRussia Institute of Phytopathology, Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences; and others). Individual research teams at these institutions are involved in studying various aspects of this problem, frequently within one group of organisms (phyto pathogenic microorganisms, plants, nematodes, insects, fish, mammals, genetically modified organ isms, etc.). The studies of alien species invasions as a source of ecological hazard, recently initiated in this country, provided for clarification of the main invasion corri 60
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Fig. 1. Geographic distribution of Web resources of continental, regional, and national public centers on alien species invasions.
attention has been repeatedly attracted to the need for expanding information science studies connected with invasive species in Russia (Dgebuadze, 2002, 2003; Maslyakov, 2002), and attempts to improve the situa tion have been made (Panov et al, 2000, 2004; Maslyakov, 2003). However, the available develop ments are of limited regional character and poorly match the current international information systems. Thus far, Russia lacks any public problemoriented information centers with Internet portals that would unite the efforts of research, educational, and bureau cratic institutions in development of public informa tion resources on alien species invasions with a Web interface. Our analysis of the world Internet resources has demonstrated that the existing numerous problem oriented Internet portals and integrated databases (DBs) on alien species invasions are nonuniformly distributed over the globe. Figure 1 shows the Web resources of continental, regional, and national public centers on alien species invasions. It is evident from Fig. 1 that the Internet portals and integrated databases abroad are geographically concentrated on the east coast of North America (United States and southeastern Canada) and more or less uniformly cover Europe (seven centers), whereas Central Africa, India, Australia, China, and Japan have one center each (the main centers are shown in figure). These centers differ not only in their geo graphic coverage but also in the specific practical tasks they are intended to solve. In particular, the United States has five national scale centers—Federal Nox ious Weed Database (http://www.invasivespecies.org), Center for Invasive Plant Management (http://weed center.org/), Alien Plant Invaders of Natural Areas (http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/), government site (http://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/), and Invasive Spe cies Forecasting System (http://bp.gsfc.nasa.gov/)— RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS
and two centers of regional and concurrently worldwide 1
importance—Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG USA; http://www.issg.org) and Global Invasive Species 2
Database (GISD USA; http://www.issg.org/data base). The centers of national level are also located in Canada (Invasive Species in Canada, http://www.cwf fcf.org/invasive/chooseSC.asp), India (Invasive Spe cies in India, http://www.ncbi.org.in/inva sive/search/), Spain (Invasive Species in the Iberian Peninsula (InvasIBER), Spain, http://hidra.udg.es/invasiber), United Kingdom (Introduced Species in the British Isles, http://www.introducedspecies.co.uk/), China (Inva sive Species in China, http://www.chinabiodiver sity.com/shwdyx/technicalreporte/x1e.htm), and Japan (Ministry of the Environment of Japan: Alien Spe cies, http://www.env.go.jp/en/topic/as.html). The regional centers are located in France (Atlas of Exotic Spe cies in the Mediterranean Sea International (AESMSI), http://www.ciesm.org/online/atlas/), Denmark (North European and Baltic Network on Invasive Alien Species (NOBANIS), http://www.nobanis/org/), Baltic countries (Baltic Sea Alien Species Database International, http://www.ku.lt/nemo/mainnemo.html), and Japan (AsianPacific Alien Species Database (APASD), http://www.apasdniaes.dc.affrc.go.jp/menu/news.php/). 1
Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG) is a part of the Spe cies Survival Commission (SSC) of the World Conservation Union (IUCN). It comprises 146 scientific and political experts in invasive species from 41 countries. Its headquarters are in Auckland (New Zealand); in addition, it has three regional sec tions in North America, Europe, and South Asia. 2 The Global Invasive Species Database was created by ISSG as a part of the global initiative on invasion species under the Global Invasive Species Program (GISP). The information on species is delivered by experts worldwide and includes the biology and liv ing habits of each species, native and invaded areas, references, contact information, notes, and figures. Vol. 1
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The centers of continental level are located in Africa (Forest Invasive Species Network for Africa (FISNA), organized by seven African countries—Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Republic of South Africa, United Republic of Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia; http://www.fao.org/forestry/foris/webview/fisna/) and Australia (International Nonindigenous Species Database Network, http:// www.nisbase.org/). The Nonindigenous Species Database Network unites five data providers from the United States and Australia with a special focus on marine and aquatic alien spe cies. A center of European level (and of global level with respect to the covered countries) is the program ALARM (Assessing LArge scale Risks for biodiversity with tested Methods, http://www.alarm project.net/alarm) with headquarters in Leipzig (Ger many). It unites 28 European countries (11 from East ern Europe), 5 Latin American countries, Republic of South Africa, Philippines, and China. The studies will be focused on estimation and prediction of biodiver sity changes as well as on the structure, function, and dynamics of ecosystems. This is associated with main tenance of ecosystems and includes the interconnec tions between the society, economy, and biodiversity. ALARM will be the first research initiative with a crit ical mass necessary for studying various aspects of combined action of different factors and the corre sponding consequences. DAISIE (Delivering Alien Invasive Species in Europe, http://www.daisie.se) is another program of regional European level; it covers 63 countries of this region, including different islands. Predominant in Russia are centers of a regional level; they are mainly associated with the Volga River basin, namely, the Invasive Problems of the Volga River (http://www.piramidamaxima.ru; Institute of Ecology of Volga river basin) and the Database of Freshwater Invasion (www.ibiw.ru/win/baza_bak.htm; Papanin Institute of Biology of Inland Waters) on invertebrates in the Volga reservoirs, as well as the database Invasive Species of Northwest of Russia and Adjacent Regions (http://www.zin.ru/projects/invasions/rus/index.html; Zoological Institute) and the Far East Center for Mon itoring of Marine Bioinvasions and Ballast Waters (http://www.imb.dvo.ru; Institute of Marine Biology, Far East Division, Russian Academy of Sciences). One more national level resource is the information Web portal Biodat (http://www.biodat.ru/db/intro). Thus, the Internet resources on invasive species are evidently deficient in Russia. Our analysis of the metadata structure in the exist ing international public centers demonstrates that it can be represented as three blocks—taxonomic, geo graphic, and bibliographic. We used this conceptual model for developing a Web portal. Recently, several programs and projects contrib uted to improvement of the situation with the distribu tion and scale of the databases on invasive species in Russia. Among the first steps in development of public
Internet resources on invasions is creation of a prob lemoriented portal of a national level, Alien Species in Russia, with the sevin.ru domain (Severtsov Insti tute of Ecology and Evolution). The main goals and tasks for the Internet portal are to inform the population, concerned ministries and agencies, legislative bodies, and scientific community about the problems connected with alien species inva sions; to coordinate the activities of various specialists and institutions within one center on studying inva sions; and to organize a unified information space on the problem of alien species invasions on the territory and water area of Russia. GENERALIZED CHARACTERIZATION OF THE METADATA AND FUNCTIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE INTERNET PORTAL ON ALIEN SPECIES IN RUSSIA The Web portal (IBM i235 cluster of servers; Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution) contains an integrated database in an InterBase SQL server for mat, multiprocessor version 7.1. The Web and SQL servers interact via Web modules. The hypertext inter face pages contain the results of processing of regular and free queries to the database as well as special graphical and text forms for new queries to the data base. The full version of the problemoriented Internet portal on biological invasions contains the following sections (Fig. 2): —Specific features of invasions of individual groups of living organisms (plants, insects and other invertebrates, fish, mammals, birds, etc.) and invasion into individual ecosystems; —Prediction of possible invasions; assessment of the invasionassociated losses, including biocenologi cal, economic, and sociopolitical; approaches and methods for reducing the negative consequences of invasions; —Development of information support on alien species; and —Legislative aspects. The homepage of the Web portal is shown in Fig. 2. DB conceptual structure (by the example of North 3
Eurasian adventive species. The first version of the DB on adventive species of vascular plants compiles the data for Eastern Europe. The need for creating an integrated DB on alien species in Russia is ever increas ing. The fraction of invasive species in the regional flo ras is on average about 20%; note that this percentage is considerably higher in cities (see http://www.sevin.ru/invasive/dbases/plants.html). An increasing role of the adventive component and a con siderable number of new findings served as a reason for 3 Adventive
species is a synonym of the terms alien species and invasive species, more frequently used in botanical literature.
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Fig. 2. Homepage of the Web portal.
compiling the data, representing odd bits of informa tion about locations of various species. Only on the basis of creation of an integrated DB will these data provide clarification of the time when a species invaded a particular region, the frequency of its inva sion, stability of populations, further expansion of invasive species, and the periods of its active spreading in various regions. The DB contains any locations of the species beyond their native areas, including down to single findings on railway embankments or city or town streets. Presumably, the majority of these find ings will not be confirmed in the future, and the recorded species will disappear. However, some spe cies can start actively expanding; therefore, it is important to record the time of their invasion, which will in the future make it possible to monitor its further spreading and to make necessary predictions on new invasions. When defining the conceptual DB structure, we took into account the need for functional support for solving online and predictive problems. The main problems are the following: —Automation of data acquisition (data systemati zation and creation of the informational background for GIS); —Study of the composition and structure of adventive flora (fauna) and assessment of the degree of adventization of both the overall territory of Russia and individual administrative regions; RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS
—Compilation of registers of adventive species for areas of various scales; —Clarification of the patterns of alien species dis tributions on individual territories (trends in distribu tion of invasive species and assessment of their involvement in various types of communities); —Estimation of ecological effects of alien species; and —Selection of the characteristics for development of a prediction system for potential invasions. The developed generalized DB structure on differ ent types of organisms is represented by three blocks. Taxonomic block contains the data on species com position of the flora, including synonyms, and various morphological, ecological, and geographic species characteristics. The specific morphological and bio logical features of species and their areas were described for large flora and fauna regions of Russia. Geographic block compiles the data on sampling sites and provides for inputting any information on the schematic map via geographical coordinates of the examined sites. Bibliographic block contains the information about the data sources. In general, the conceptual model of metadata is oriented to an adequate representation of the alien species and intended for solving a wide range of problems at various hierarchical levels of the system management. Vol. 1
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This is illustrated below by the main attributes of the DB on plant alien species AliS (Morozova, 2002). Its taxonomic block contains the data on the flora species composition, including the synonyms, and various morphological, ecological, and geographic species characteristics. The nomenclature list of taxa is based on the classification by Cherepanov (1995). The availability of such a monograph for working with the DB is necessary; however, this list is not “absolute.” Options for editing reference tables are provided. The reference table for synonyms, which is updated when necessary, is linked to the list of invasive species. When describing the specific morphological and biological features of species and their areas, we used the consol idated floristic data (Flora evropeiskoi chasti SSSR, 1974–1996; Nikitin, 1983; Opredelitel’ rastenii Meshchery, 1986, 1987; Sosudistye rasteniya Tatar stana, 2000; Tsvelev, 1976, 2000) and various original publications. Its geographic block compiles the data on sampling sites and provides for inputting any information on the schematic map via geographical coordinates of the examined sites. The primary information is based on the data about a “finding,” i.e., the site where a species was encountered. Its bibliographic block contains the information about the data sources. The DB can be filled with both published data and data from herbaria. In the case of herbarium findings, the herbarium is indicated as well as the author of the finding and spe cies determination and the number of herbarium spec imen. The DB has the option for repeated fixation of an already recorded finding and the disappearance of a species during repeated examinations. In addition to the main tables, the DB contains several reference tables used as vocabularies; this helps avoid misprints and input of incorrect and erroneous terms. The following data are contained in the DB for each species: Taxonomic status: (a) Latin name according to Cherepanov (1995), except for the species published or introduced to Russian territory after 1995; (b) com mon Russian name; (c) attribution to family; and (d) synonyms. Morphological characteristics: mean size of the plant aboveground part, description of the main char acteristic features of species, and, for the majority of species, the sizes and descriptions of individual organs. Specific biological features: specific features of plant seasonal development, biomorph and life form according to Raunkier (1934), time of flowering, and specific features of characteristic ecotopes. Distribution: type of main habitation area (based on the system of phytochoria by Takhtadzhyan (1978) and characterization of area types according to Mésel
(Mésel et al., 1978); expansion of species beyond the main area; and specific features of species introduc tion (to the territory of Russia): first data on its find ing, beginning of mass expansion, and specific features of spreading pathways. The scheme of zoning used in The Flora of Eastern Europe (Flora evropeiskoi chasti SSSR, 1974–1996) was used for characterizing the distribution of species in the European part of Russia. Each species is characterized according to the way of immigration: (1) xenophyte (a species accidentally introduced by man) and (2) ergasiophyte (a species deliberately introduced or reverting to a wild state). Economic state: quarantine or cultivated species. Concrete findings of individual species: administra tive region, site, description of location, ecotope, pop ulation, phenophase, date of finding (if the date is not indicated, the year of publication is given), and refer ence. Species characterization according to the degree of naturalization: characteristics will be given for individ ual regions (administrative divisions); development of this block is in progress. Bibliography: references from the bibliography block of the database. This DB structure makes it possible to construct a schematic map of species expansion on the basis of the recorded findings and to assess the changes in the area occupied by a species. This is illustrated by description of a quarantine species Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. (Nikitin, 1983; Flora evropeiskoi chasti SSSR, 1994; Moskalenko, 2001). Typical Web pages (Figs. 3, 4) are generated from the database (InterBase SQL server) with the help of the created CGI program. Insect invasive species in the European part of Rus sia. The DB of the Web portal contains information about the insect alien species of European Russia and neighboring countries. The need for such a DB within the Web portal is due to several reasons. The number of invasive insect species on the territory of European Russia is rather large, including poorly studied and unstudied species. Many adventive species are of sig nificant economic importance and are included in the list of quarantine species. Having settled on a new ter ritory, any invasive species in a certain way interferes with the homeostasis of the native biocenoses. Devel opment and introduction of modern methods for con trolling alien insect pests require generalization of possibly a large volume of data. Creation of the methodical background for predicting alien species invasions is a topical problem, and this requires a com prehensive analysis of the history of previous inva sions. The role of adventive insects increases not only in agrosystems, both open (field) and closed (green house), but also in forest communities. The alien species naturalized on Russian territory include neu tral, hazardous, and especially dangerous (quaran tine) species (see http://www.sevin.ru/inva
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Fig. 3. The Web page describing the systematic position, synonyms, and geographical distribution of Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.
Fig. 4. The Web page describing the specific morphological and biological features of Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.
sive/dbases/insects.html). Evidently, some alien spe cies will not be able to naturalize under new conditions for one reason or another. However, even in these cases, the fact of invasion and development of primary RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS
foci should be recorded and input into the DB. Some species, initially displaying no economic or ecological danger, increase their population and actively expand. It is most important to record the time and site of any Vol. 1
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Subsystem for managing generalized databases on alien species of the RF
Subsystem for database input and accumulation on the basis of clientserver technology
Subsystem for data presentation and processing on the basis of SQLquery and WEBinterface
Subsystem for creation– generation of reports with the help of WEBinterface
Subsystem for connection with database in the Internet
Subsystem for generation of thematic skeleton maps
Subsystem for Biostatistics: multivariate classification, timeseries analysis and prognosis formation
Fig. 5. Conceptual structure of the subsystems constituting the Web portal on alien species invasions in Russia.
invasion of each invasive species to monitor its further fate. All this initiated collection of data—odd bits of information about the character and pathways of introduction, expansion dynamics, and harmfulness of alien invasive species. Only being consolidated do these data provide for clarification of the invasion dynamics of new insect species, specific features of their adaptation to new conditions, specificity in for mation of the secondary area, and the pattern and degrees of their effect on natural and artificial ecosys tems. The conceptual scheme of DB comprising three main blocks (taxonomic, geographic, and bibliographic) is organized using a relational model and is a system of interlinked tables (http://www.sevin.ru/inva sive/dbases/insects.html). The current DB version contains only part of the published data on the occurrence of adventive species of insects and vascular plants. The authors of the DB will be grateful for any additional information about previously introduced (even not naturalized) species, naturalized and expanded species, and all instances of detection of new alien species on the territories of Russia and neighboring countries. We invite all inter ested persons to participate in filling the DB and cre ating a consolidated DB on adventive Russian flora and fauna. Main functional capacities of the Internet portal. The conceptual structure of the subsystems constitut ing the Web portal on alien species invasions is shown in Fig. 5. In particular, the Web site and informational portal are intended for solving the following functional prob lems: (1) information representation (standard Web technologies plus data visualization technologies);
(2) personalization (filters for particular users and user teams); (3) search (fulltext search and the corre sponding toolkit allowing the definitions of docu ments and other types of information content); (4) classification of information resources (tools for creation and maintenance of categories of information resources intended for different kinds of users); (5) integration (tools for access to distributed infor mation sources, such as relational DBs and text docu ments); and (6) subscripting of structured and unstructured data from file systems and DBs (MS SQL, InterBase, or MySQL) functioning under differ ent operating systems (Windows, Linux, or Unix). Solving several problems requires development of specialized software for data accumulation, process ing, and representation as map charts. The thematic maps are conventionally divided into the following types: (1) evidential, reflecting the fact of finding a mapped object at a particular site on Russian territory; (2) analytical, intended for reflecting indices or other parameters indicating the degree of abundance and distribution pattern of alien species calculated on the basis of the initial data; and (3) maps of dynamics, for example, of the species population size over a certain time period. The block Biostatistics, designed for solv ing prediction problems, is among the important com ponents of the Internet portal. The created DB on alien species in Russia has been used in the scope of the international project “Cre ation of the List of Alien Species of European Russia” for the North European and Baltic Network on Inva sive Alien Species (NOBANIS). NOBANIS (for the participants, see www.nobanis.org) unites the alien species inhabiting European Russia and a number of countries of Central and Northern Europe (Denmark, Faeroe Islands, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Green
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land, Iceland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Poland, and Sweden). As was already mentioned, an exceptionally large amount of attention has been paid recently to the the oretical and applied issues connected with the prob lem of alien species invasions on the territory of the Russian Federation owing to the efforts of the Russian Academy of Sciences and a number of branch institu tions. In particular, DBs on alien species were created; a system of monitoring was developed; and, what is especially important, a network of observation stations on the pathways of aquatic species expansion (http://www.sevin.ru/invasive/) was organized under several scientific programs (including the federal tar get programs of the Federal Agency for Science and Innovation, Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and Russian Foundation for Basic Research). However, a stable maintenance of these activities requires not only a specialized federal pro gram but also organization of an intersectional center for biological invasions. Taking into account the exceptional importance of this problem, many coun tries have already established such centers. REFERENCES Cherepanov, S.K., Sosudistye rasteniya Rossii i sopre del’nykh stran (Vascular Plants of Russia and Neighboring Countries), St. Petersburg: Mir i Sem’ya, 1995. Dgebuadze, Yu.Yu., Problems of Alien Species Invasions, in Ekologicheskaya bezopasnost’ i invazii chuzherodnykh organizmov (Ecological Safety and Alien Species Inva sions), Moscow: MSOP, 2002, pp. 11–14. Dgebuadze, Yu.Yu., National Strategy, State, Trends, Stud ies, Control, and Priorities for Alien Species Invasions on the Territory of Russia, in Invazii chuzherodnykh vidov v Golarktike (Invasions of Alien Species in the Holarctic), Borok, 2003, pp. 26–34. Flora evropeiskoi chasti SSSR (Flora of the European Part of the USSR), 9 vols., Leningrad (St. Petersburg): Nauka, 1974–1996.
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Meüsel, H., Jager, E., Rauschert, S., and Weinert, E., Ver gleichende Chorologie der zentraleuropaischen Flora, Jena: 1978, vol. 2. Morozova, O.V., A Database on Plant Adventive Species (Alien Plant Species), in Ekologicheskaya bezopasnost’ i invazii chuzherodnykh organizmov (Ecological Safety and Alien Species Invasions), Moscow: MSOP, 2002, pp. 83– 94. Moskalenko, G.P., Karantinnye sornye rasteniya Rossii (Quarantine Weeds of Russia), Penza: VNII Karantinnykh Rastenii, 2001. Nikitin, V.V., Sornye rasteniya SSSR (Weeds of the USSR), Leningrad: Nauka, 1983. Opredelitel’ rastenii Meshchery (The Key to the Meshchera Plants), Tikhomirov, V.N., Ed., Moscow: Mos. Gos. Univ., 1986, Part 1. Opredelitel’ rastenii Meshchery (The Key to the Meshchera Plants), Tikhomirov, V.N., Ed., Moscow: Izd. Mos. Gos. Univ., 1987, Part 2. Panov, V.E., Dianov, M.B., and Lobanov, A.L., The Geo graphic Information System INVADER and the Prospects of Its Application in Creating National and International Databases on Invasive Species, Tezisy dokladov nauchnogo seminara, Murmansk, 27–28 yanvarya 2000 g. (Proceedings of Scientific Seminar, Murmansk, January 27–28, 2000), Murmansk: MMBI KNTs RAN, 2000, pp. 71–72. Panov, V.E., Lobanov, A.L., Dianov, M.B., and Shesta kov, V.S., The Significance of Public Information Systems and Databases on Alien Species, in Biologicheskie invazii v vodnykh i nazemnykh ekosistemakh (Biological Invasions in Aquatic and Terrestrial Ecosystems), Moscow, St. Peters burg: KMK, 2004, pp. 347–357. Panov, E.N., Rubtsov, A.S., and Mordkovich, M.V., New Data on Interrelationships of Two Bunting Species (Ember iza citrinella, E. leucocephala) Interbreeding in Zone of Their Ranges Overlap, Zool. Zh., 2007, no. 86. pp. 1362– 1378. Raunkier, C., The Life Forms of Plants and Statistical Plant Geography, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1934. Sosudistye rasteniya Tatarstana (The Vascular Plants of Tatarstan), Bakin, O.V., Rogova, T.V., and Sitnikov, A.P., Eds., Kazan: Kazan Gos. Univ., 2000.
Maslyakov, V.Yu., Topics in the Studies of Biotic Invasions of Alien Species on the Territory of Russia, in Ekolo gicheskaya bezopasnost’ i invazii chuzherodnykh organizmov (Ecological Safety and Alien Species Invasions), Moscow: MSOP, 2002, pp. 14–21.
Tsvelev, N.N., Zlaki SSSR (Cereals of the USSR), Lenin grad: Nauka, 1976.
Maslyakov, V.Yu., A Database on Introduced Species of Northern Eurasia (Structure, Content, and Information Sources), in Invazii chuzherodnykh vidov v Golarktike (Inva sions of Alien Species in the Holarctic), Borok, 2003, pp. 49–63.
Tsvelev, N.N., Opredelitel’ sosudistykh rastenii Severo Zapadnoi Rossii (Leningradskaya, Pskovskaya i Novgorod skaya oblasti) (The Key to Vascular Plants of Northwestern Russia (Leningrad, Pskov, and Novgorod Oblasts)), St. Petersburg: Izd. SPKhFA, 2001.
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Takhtadzhyan, A.L., Floristicheskie oblasti Zemli (Floristic Regions of the Earth), Leningrad: Nauka, 1978.
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