A Magnificent Obsession A Tribute to Professor TR ...

Trans. Indian Inst. Met.

LEAD ARTICLE

Vol. 61, No. 2-3, April-June 2008, pp. 63-72

Six Decades of Metallurgical Education and Research: A Magnificent Obsession A Tribute to Professor T.R. Anantharaman C. Suryanarayana Department of Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL. 32816-2450, U.S.A. E-mail: [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION Professor Tanjore Ramachandra Anantharaman was born in Tamil Nadu, India, on November 25, 1927. He obtained his B.Sc. (Hons.) degree in Chemistry from Madras University in 1947, D.I.I.Sc. in Metallurgy from the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore in 1950 and M.Sc. in Metallurgical Chemistry from Madras University in 1951. Subsequently he went to the University of Oxford in UK for his doctoral research. He received the D.Phil. (Oxon) degree in 1954 and was later awarded the D.Sc. (Oxon) degree in 1990 in recognition of his outstanding research contributions to many areas of Metallurgy and Materials Science.

Professor Anantharaman has nearly 200 scientific publications to his credit. He has co-edited the Proceedings of three International Conferences, edited a book on Metallic Glasses in 1984, and co-authored a book in 1987. As part of his recent involvement in studies related to India’s Scientific and Technological Heritage, he wrote a masterly monograph on the Iron Pillar at Delhi, which has been translated into Hindi and Tamil. Appreciation has come to Professor Anantharaman in the form of several national and international awards: ·

Kamani Gold Medal of the Indian Institute of Metals in 1960.

Professor Anantharaman held very prestigious positions in his professional career spanning nearly six decades. He was a Research Associate at the Max Planck Institut für Metallforschung, Stuttgart, Germany (1954-56); Assistant Professor of Metallurgy at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore (1956-62); and Professor of Metallurgy at the Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi (1962-87). He served BHU as Head, Department of Metallurgical Engineering; Dean, Faculty of Engineering and Technology; Director, Institute of Technology; Member, Executive Council; Rector and Acting Vice-Chancellor. After retiring from BHU in 1987, he worked as Director, Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology (Deemed University), Patiala (1989-92) and also as CSIR Emeritus Scientist (1987-89, 199395) and INSA Senior Scientist (1995-2000), spending the 19932000 period at the National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi. He was also a Visiting Scientist/Visiting Professor in Germany, UK, USA, Belgium, and participated in several international conferences in USA, Japan, France, Switzerland, Russia, China, and the Czech Republic.

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National Metallurgists’ Day Award of the Union Ministry of Steel and Mines in 1964.

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Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research for Engineering Sciences in 1967.

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Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry Award for Individual Initiative in Science and Technology in 1972.

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Homi J. Bhabha Award for Applied Sciences by the University Grants Commission and Hari Om Trust in 1974,

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VASVIK Award in Materials Science in 1978.

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Nehru Fellowship of the Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund during 1979-81.

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Election as President of the Indian Institute of Metals in 1979.

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Bhatnagar Medal of the Indian National Science Academy in 1982.

Professor Anantharaman is perhaps the best known metallurgist of India. His contributions to metallurgical education and research have been most significant, prolific, and unparalleled. To quote from the Distinguished Alumnus Award citation of his Alma Mater at Bangalore in 1982, “Through his distinguished contributions to metallurgical education and research, by nurturing the Center for Advanced Study in Physical and Mechanical Metallurgy at Varanasi, and by inspiring generations of students, Professor Anantharaman has had profound influence on the growth of metallurgy in independent India. The primary credit for the outstanding profile of present-day Indian metallurgical research rightly belongs to him”.

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Distinguished Alumnus Award of the Indian Institute of Science in 1982.

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Tata Gold Medal of the Indian Institute of Metals in 1983.

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Materials Science Prize of the Indian National Science Academy in 1987.

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Sorby Award of the International Metallographic Society for his life-long contributions to Metallography in 1989.

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Eminent Teacher of Metallurgy Award on the occasion of the Golden Jubilee of the Department of Metallurgy, Bengal Engineering College, Howrah in 1990.

64 | A Tribute to Professor T.R. Anantharaman

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Outstanding Teacher of an Engineering Institution National Award conferred by Indian Society of Technical Education and Uttar Pradesh Government in 1991.

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IIM Platinum Medal, the highest conferment of the Indian Institute of Metals, in 1996.

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Professor G. P. Chatterjee Memorial Award of the Indian Science Congress Association in 1997.

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Distinguished Services Award of the Department of Metallurgical Engineering, BHU, Varanasi, on the occasion of its Platinum Jubilee in 1998.

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Dr. B.C. Roy National Award for “Eminence in Philosophy” in 2001

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First-Ever Lifetime Achievement Award in Metallurgy, instituted by Union Ministry of Steel and Mines in 2004.

In recognition of his numerous contributions to the Science of Metals, Professor Anantharaman has been elected Fellow of the Indian Academy of Sciences (1964), the Indian National Science Academy (1972), the Institution of Metallurgists, London (1968), Indian National Academy of Engineering (1987 - its Foundation Year) and the ASM International (1990). He is an Honorary Member of the Indian Institute of Metals, Ehrenmitglied (Honorary Member) of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Metallkunde (German Society for Metals) and Corresponding Member of the Royal Belgian Academy of Overseas Sciences.

2. PROFESSOR ANANTHARAMAN AT OXFORD AND STUTTGART (1951-1956) Professor Anantharaman was awarded the only Rhodes scholarship of 1951 available to India to pursue his doctoral work at the University of Oxford in U.K. He was the first Indian to work in the Metallurgical Chemistry Laboratories (Metallurgy did not have its own Department at that time) of Professor W. Hume-Rothery. The faculty in this unit consisted of a Lecturer (Hume-Rothery) and a Research Fellow (J.W. Christian) and Professor Anantharaman was asked to work on “Investigations of the Martensitic Transformation and Structural Irregularities in Pure Cobalt” under the supervision of Dr. Christian, who later became a Professor in the Department of Metallurgy and Science of Materials at Oxford. Research facilities in the field of physical metallurgy at that time were primitive and meager (even in Oxford) and the best instruments the research students had at their disposal were an X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and optical microscopes. Professor Anantharaman once mentioned that a temperature gradient in a hot specimen had to be created by spitting on one end of the specimen! The transmission electron microscope (TEM) and the scanning electron microscope (SEM) did not make their entry still; they started becoming popular instruments for research only in the 1960’s. Professor Anantharaman’s doctoral studies involved determination of stacking fault densities in cobalt by analyzing their effects on X-ray line breadth and peak positions. In many ways, this work was seminal. Even though the concept of faulting in crystals was known, only the growth faults were known to be present in HCP metals at that time. But, Professor Anantharaman had postulated during his doctoral work, for the first time, and established reasonably Trans. Indian Inst. Met., Vol. 61, Nos. 2-3, April-June 2008

convincingly, the coexistence of both growth and deformation faults in HCP crystals. Since TEMs were not available, the only way to understand stacking faults was via X-ray peak breadth analysis. In spite of the limited resources available, and no pressure to publish research papers (the culture of publish or perish did not invade the academia at that time), Professor Anantharaman had published 3 papers from his Thesis during his Oxford days and a few more later. Incidentally, one of these three has been one of his mostcited papers according to ISI. He was awarded the D.Phil. (Oxon) degree in 1954 and then went on to the Max-PlanckInstitut für Metallforschung in Stuttgart, Germany as a postdoctoral researcher, where he continued till 1956. Professor Anantharaman engaged himself in completely different type of research activities at Stuttgart, a trait that will become clear at a later period, when he started venturing into completely new fields of investigation. (And this happened even towards the end of his very active professional career, when he began working on a new interpretation of the icosahedral and decagonal phases, which exhibit the forbidden crystal symmetries.) Working closely with Professor Konrad Schubert, Professor Anantharaman got actively involved in determining phase diagrams of complex alloy systems and crystal structures of the different phases present in them. Similarly, working with Professor Volkmar Gerold, he had also begun researches in precipitation reactions in aluminum alloy systems. His many subsequent visits to Stuttgart led to a highly fruitful collaboration with many other faculty members there including Professors Werner Köster, Hans Warlimont, and others and establishment of formal exchange programs between the research groups at BHU and those at Stuttgart, Erlangen, and Berlin in Germany. This association stood Professor Anantharaman in good stead and he encouraged many of his young colleagues who did not have a Ph.D. to pursue their doctoral researches in Germany. And it was in Stuttgart that he met his first wife Margaret (nee Hema), who came to India and lived with him until 1977, when she passed away in an untimely and premature way. As many who have come into contact with Professor Anantharaman know, he is fluent in German.

3. PROFESSOR ANANTHARAMAN AT THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE (19561962) After successfully completing his post-doctoral work at Stuttgart, Professor Anantharaman joined his alma mater, the Indian Institute of Science, in 1956 as an Assistant Professor. This was almost a decade after he had started his metallurgical education there in 1947. He used to be one of the most popular faculty members of the Department and an excellent teacher. Many of his students of that time still remember his pedagogic lectures. He started advising students for their research in the area of X-ray peak broadening and P. Rama Rao was his first student. He had also started working in the areas of “Development of Aluminum Alloys for Substituting Copper in Electrical Machinery”. It is in fact here in Bangalore that his thirty-year long professional research career had started. But, bigger and greater challenges were awaiting him in Varanasi, and therefore he, along with P. Rama Rao, moved to BHU, the

A Tribute to Professor T.R. Anantharaman | 65

sarva vidya ki rajadhani (the capital of all knowledge). It is under the challenging and trying circumstances at BHU that his full potential was realized and he had come to be known as a force to reckon with.

4. PROFESSOR ANANTHARAMAN AT BHU (1962-1987) When Professor Anantharaman joined the Department of Metallurgy at BHU as a Professor and Head of the Department in 1962, the Department was known as a premier center for metallurgical education. Thanks to the far-sighted vision of Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya, the founder of BHU, the first Department of Metallurgy in India came into existence in 1923 at Varanasi, under the able direction of late Professor N.P. Gandhi. The first two Heads of the Department of Metallurgy at BHU [Professor N.P. Gandhi (1923-1937) and Professor Daya Swarup (1937-1962)] determined the destiny of metallurgy at BHU (and the country as well!) for almost forty years and worked hard to build the Department at BHU to international standards and produce graduates to man the metallurgical industries of pre- and post-independent India. Impressive research was also carried out in the area of extractive metallurgy. The first Ph.D. degree in metallurgy in India was awarded by BHU in 1955, even though the Master’s degree program in metallurgical engineering started at BHU only in 1957. But, research in the area of physical metallurgy was virtually non-existent. Dr. U.V. Bhat, Dr. Rajendra Kumar, Mr. G.S. Upadhyaya, Mr. R.P. Wahi, and a few others were the faculty members teaching physical metallurgy courses and doing research in that area at BHU prior to 1962. Professor Anantharaman joined the Department of Metallurgy at BHU in 1962, declining a lucrative offer from the prestigious University of California at Berkeley in the USA, and practically initiated research in Physical Metallurgy area there. The funds for research were limited, the number of faculty was few, and the “culture” of research simply did not exist. From that abysmal stage, Professor Anantharaman had brought up the Department to international fame. He brought P. Rama Rao with him from Bangalore and thus research in the area of X-ray peak breadth analysis was started. Then slowly other areas of investigation were brought in with recruitment of talented faculty from within and outside the country. Research programs were started in emerging areas of metallurgy: Liquid Metal Calorimetry by Dr. Somnath Misra (who returned from the USA after obtaining his Sc.D. from MIT and working in the USA for a short period of time), Field-Ion Microscopy by Dr. S. Ranganathan (a Ph.D. from Cambridge, UK and with post-doctoral experience at the University of California at Berkeley in the USA), and Rapid Solidification Studies by Mr. P. Ramachandra Rao (after graduating with an M.Sc. (Met. Eng.) degree from BHU). Subsequent to obtaining the Ph.D. degree, Dr. P. Rama Rao branched out into starting work in the area of Mechanical Metallurgy. New equipment was built from the meager local resources and some equipment was also purchased. These included the Optical Metallographs, the Instron Testing Machine, Philips Transmission Electron Microscope, Philips Scanning Electron Microscope, and the list continued to expand with time. Soon the National Electron Microscope Facility was started at BHU in 1982, with funding from the

Department of Science and Technology, Government of India. Thanks to the untiring efforts of the young faculty members in the Department at that time (the average age of the faculty members was 25 years!), and under the able guidance of Professor Anantharaman, the Department made a name for itself in the areas of physical and mechanical metallurgy. With just himself and P. Rama Rao as a doctoral student, he submitted a proposal to the UGC in 1964 for the creation of a Center of Advanced Study in Physical Metallurgy. Even though this was turned down, he pursued this dream with his characteristic determination. The UGC recognized the Department under its Special Assistance Program in 1972, and was subsequently elevated to be the first-ever Center of Advanced Study in Physical and Mechanical Metallurgy in 1980. (In fact, this was one of the first Centers of Advanced Study in the Engineering discipline). This had brought in extra resources, new faculty and additional areas of research. The faculty and students in the Department made significant contributions to cutting-edge research in physical and mechanical metallurgy, which led to a number of awards – both national and international – being conferred on the faculty members. The list is too long to be provided here. The era of funded/sponsored research began in the late 1970’s and Professor Anantharaman had encouraged the faculty members at BHU to compete for these and the Department was awarded a number of research projects by the University Grants Commission, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Department of Science and Technology, and Steel Authority of India Limited, among others. Thus, in addition to being active in his teaching and research (and administration!), Professor Anantharaman was busy in recruiting new faulty members, sending the young non-Ph.D. faculty to overseas institutions for their doctoral work, giving encouragement to young faculty members for their growth, and retaining the faculty members to excel in their fields of research. The Department used to bring out cyclostyled Annual Reports and these were distributed globally to all important metallurgy departments in the world and prominent nonmetallurgy people too. With the winds of “Materials Science”, slowly but steadily, blowing into the country Professor Anantharaman started a Materials Science Group at BHU with people drawn from Metallurgy, Physics, Chemistry, Electronics, and other Departments. This has subsequently blossomed into a fullblown School of Materials Science and Technology. A number of international conferences were organized by the Department during his tenure at BHU. The first major Conference in the Department was organized in 1973 to coincide with the 50 th year of the establishment of the Department. This Golden Jubilee Symposium brought in such metallurgical luminaries as Cyril Stanley Smith, Bruce Chalmers, and Jack Christian which is a testimony to Professor Anantharaman’s success in leading his Department in a way as to attract the international spotlight. Such other conferences and his international contacts brought in prominent researchers from across the globe to BHU (in spite of the considerable difficulties one had to go through in reaching Varanasi). These included Andre Guinier, Pol Duwez, Erwin Muller, Morris Cohen, Robert Cahn, Konrad Schubert, Trans. Indian Inst. Met., Vol. 61, Nos. 2-3, April-June 2008


Volkmar Gerold, Hans Warlimont, Severin Amelinckx, Gareth Thomas, David Brandon, Hatsujiro Hashimoto, Sumio Iijima, and the list can go on and on. These visits by “who is who in Metallurgy” greatly helped the young faculty members to get an international perspective of metallurgical research, and appreciate what research at international level should be. The gifted faculty (and recognized by their own merit and scholarship) of BHU Metallurgy Department started slowly dispersing to other institutions by early 1980’s, manning the national laboratories and Universities, and enriching other Metallurgy Departments. It is no wonder now to find the “stamp” of Professor Anantharaman imprinted on many an institution in the country now. According to Professor P. Rama Rao “What happened during those momentous years was nothing short of a miracle. Professor Anantharaman’s charismatic personality attracted one after another, one way or another, outstanding performers as faculty members and talented students as research scholars. At a time when the concept of graduate schools in engineering in the country was practically unknown, Professor Anantharaman built one of the finest schools of research with incredibly low levels of funding and other resources”. What Professor Anantharaman achieved at BHU has few parallels in the engineering disciplines.

5. RESEARCH CONTRIBUTIONS PROFESSOR ANANTHARAMAN

OF

Professor Anantharaman made pioneering and outstanding contributions to metallurgical research and development. His research accomplishments encompass a broad spectrum of topics in Physical Metallurgy and Material Science. However, his most creative efforts have centered on path-breaking contributions to Rapidly Solidified Alloys and Metallic Glasses. Along with his many gifted doctoral students he had designed and developed new techniques for rapid solidification processing and discovered a number of metastable phases. He has directed major National Projects on Microstructural Characterization, Metallic Glasses, and Rapidly Solidified Iron Alloys. Professor Anantharaman’s research contributions can be broadly grouped under the following four categories: 1.

Imperfections in Metallic Structures,

2.

Structural Changes in Metals and Alloys,

3.

Rapidly Solidified Alloys, Metallic Glasses, and Quasicrystals, and

4.

Archaeometallurgy.

Professor Anantharaman has published nearly 200 research papers in different areas of metallurgy and materials science, authored books, and edited the Proceedings of International Conferences. According to the Science Citation Index, his research papers have been cited over 1300 times by others in the field of metallurgy and materials science. Details of his important publications (books, edited conference proceedings, and research publications classified into the above categories) may be found in Appendix A. Details of the doctoral theses submitted under his supervision at BHU are listed in Appendix B. In addition to his research interests in metallurgy and materials science, he had an abiding interest in Yoga, Science Trans. Indian Inst. Met., Vol. 61, Nos. 2-3, April-June 2008

and Spirituality and frequently drew comparisons between metallurgical transformations and the changes that take place in the human mind. Thus, he gave a seminar on “Meditation as a Monotectoid Reaction” at the University of Sussex in Brighton, UK in 1973 and expanded this theme to his N.P. Gandhi Memorial Lecture in 1973 as “Transformations – Metallurgical and Mental”. He gave the Daya Swarup Lecture in 1990 on Trinity. Let us now look at the research contributions of Professor Anantharaman in some detail. We will consider this under the above-mentioned four categories. It may be most pertinent to mention here that Professor Anantharaman had summarized his most significant contributions to the field of metallurgy and materials science during the 1992 Distinguished Materials Scientist Lecture he had delivered to the Materials Research Society of India, which was published in the Bulletin of Materials Science, Vol. 15, No. 6, 1992, pp. 483-501. 5.1 Imperfections in metallic structures This topic was the first love of Professor Anantharaman since his doctoral days at the University of Oxford and continued to engage the attention of him and his students till the 1970’s, i.e., for about twenty years. But, great strides have been made and major and significant breakthroughs in this field were achieved during his stay at BHU. Since imperfections such as dislocations and stacking faults affect the X-ray reflections in several different ways, Professor Anantharaman and his students were able to make significant contributions to the theoretical treatment of X-ray diffraction effects and also to the experimental evaluation of these imperfections. These included a new method for measuring the integral breadths of X-ray reflections, a general method of analysis for the separation of domain size, lattice strain, and stacking fault contributions from the X-ray line breadths of different structures, and a modified Fourier method of analysis using a single X-ray diffraction line. He and his group at Varanasi evaluated the effects of different types of faults – growth and deformation faults, and also the extrinsic faults – in a number of plastically deformed and rapidly solidified metals and alloys with FCC, BCC, HCP and DHCP structures. The work in this area resulted in 5 Ph.D. theses and over 50 research publications. Since research in the field of physical metallurgy was virtually non-existent in most of the Universities and research laboratories in India at that time, X-ray line breadth analysis was a harbinger of conscious pursuit of metallurgical research in India. These researches infused confidence in the faculty and students and led to research publications in prestigious journals such as Acta Metallurgica, Acta Crystallographica, and Philosophical Magazine. 5.2 Structural changes in metals and alloys The importance of structural changes in metals and alloys hardly needs to be emphasized for metallurgists and materials scientists. They are the corner-stone in developing novel and improved materials for use in both traditional engineering industries and modern technological establishments. Professor Anantharaman had international collaborations in these areas with scientists in Stuttgart, Germany; London, UK; San Diego, CA, USA; and Leuven, Belgium. Professor Anantharaman’s contributions in this area included


establishment or refining of binary phase diagrams, determination of crystal structures, study of precipitation phenomena in aluminum alloys, and investigation of tempering responses in low-alloy steels. His studies in the area of precipitation hardening have been remarkable since their start at the Indian Institute of Science in Bangalore in the early 1960’s due to the use of electron microscopy techniques. He and his students and collaborators developed novel methods of thin foil specimen preparation techniques and studied the precipitation processes. It should be recalled that the technique of electron microscopy was just beginning to be used even in advanced countries such as UK, USA, and Germany, but Professor Anantharaman used this technique to understand phase transformations in Aluminum alloys even in the early 1960’s. Therefore, Professor Anantharaman’s work in electron microscopy could be considered a trail blazer in India. His passion for electron microscopy led to his use of the million-volt TEM at Imperial College in London, UK, and continued into the 1980’s when he was instrumental in establishing the National Electron Microscope Facility at BHU. Extensive studies on precipitation hardening in aluminum alloys included study of side bands in X-ray diffraction patterns, spinodal decomposition in some aluminum alloys, and establishment of metastable solvus as well as coherent spinodal curves in the Al-Zn system. The work in this area led to 3 Ph.D. theses and over 40 research publications. 5.3 Rapidly solidified alloys, metallic glasses and quasicrystals Professor Anantharaman’s contributions to the field of rapidly solidified alloys in general and metallic glasses, in particular, have been very impressive and most significant. After spending an extended period of time in 1965 at the California Institute of Technology (CalTech) with Professor Pol Duwez, inventor of the Rapid Solidification Processing Technique, Professor Anantharaman returned back to Varanasi in the Fall of 1965. Excited about the potential of the technique and the bright future it will have in developing novel materials, he had initiated studies on rapidly solidified alloys at BHU. Even during his stay at CalTech, he had sent the initial designs of the “gun” technique to P. Ramachandrarao, who was just enrolled in the Ph.D. program at BHU. The “gun” was ready by the time Professor Anantharaman returned to BHU, and the first shot was fired in India to synthesize metastable materials produced by rapid solidification at rates exceeding 106 K/s. The initial enthusiasm was sustained for a long time with the discovery of a number of metastable phases, development of novel techniques to rapidly solidify metallic melts, and proposal of novel concepts to predict formation of metastable phases. This activity from BHU under the guidance of Professor Anantharaman received worldwide acclaim, and BHU was recognized as an important center for rapid solidification studies. The publication activity in this field from BHU has been intensive and most impressive, and Professor Anantharaman himself was directly involved with graduating 4 Ph.D. students, publication of over 80 research papers in prestigious journals such as Nature, Acta Metallurgica, Journal of Applied Crystallography, and Philosophical Magazine, some authoritative reviews, and two books in this field. His students and collaborators became important contributors on their own subsequently. In fact,

five out of ten of his most cited publications are in the field of rapidly solidified alloys, including a paper he published in the prestigious international journal “Nature”. It should be realized that BHU was one of the first few centers outside CalTech to launch studies on rapidly solidified materials and it maintained its pre-eminent position for a long time afterwards. It is also useful to recall that the time period of mid-1960’s at BHU was just a couple of years after Professor Anantharaman had joined the Department of Metallurgy at BHU. The facilities for research were very meager and the funding available for research was also minimal. There was no equipment worth mentioning at that time for research in the general field of physical metallurgy, since the emphasis till that time was mostly on Extractive and Process Metallurgy. There was not even a transmission electron microscope to carry out miscrostructural details at high magnifications. The only useful equipments for research in this field at that time, for the first two Ph.D. students, were the Philips X-ray diffractometer and a Leitz optical microscope. A Philips EM300 transmission electron microscope was acquired later in 1974, and a JEOL JEM 2010 and a couple of scanning electron microscopes for the use of later students. Therefore, it is remarkable that with limited equipment, but with lot of ingenuity, the BHU group was able to make an impact in this field from the beginning. Special mention here should be made of the multi-institutional “National Project on Metallic Glasses”, in which BHU, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore; University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad; and Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL), Hyderabad were partners with the first three institutions conducting academic-oriented research and the last organization involved in industrial trials with various designs for transformer cores using metallic glass ribbons. The discovery of “quasicrystals” was formally announced in 1984, even though the research investigations at BHU came tantalizingly close to their discovery in 1978. A paper was published by the BHU group in the international journal Materials Research Bulletin. This ordered phase, with tenfold symmetry and periodicity was later recognized as a decagonal quasicrystalline phase. Because of the vast experience the BHU metallurgy faculty members had, it was easy for them to embark on this new topic rather quickly. A new criterion was proposed for the synthesis of quasicrystals. Several new discoveries were also made. Even though Professor Anantharaman got himself actively engaged in research in this area in the initial days, he later on went in a completely different direction trying to explain these forbidden symmetries in crystals on the basis of twinning using the concept of Linus Pauling, and also on the basis of large unit cells. He had also collaborated with scientists at the University of Oxford in this field. 5.4 Archaeometallurgy Coupled with his interests in Indian spirituality and heritage, Professor Anantharaman took special interest in the field of archaeometallurgy, especially as it related to Indian subjects. His interest in archaeometallurgy grew from the late 1980’s. His first major task in this direction was to publish a book on the historic Delhi Iron Pillar. He often commented that while the Iron Pillar has been studied for more than a century, there was no book on the Pillar and that he embarked to do Trans. Indian Inst. Met., Vol. 61, Nos. 2-3, April-June 2008


just that. After a very thorough review of the available literature, Professor Anantharaman produced a masterpiece called “The Rustless Wonder – A Study of The Iron Pillar at Delhi”. His was the first book on this historical object. In this book, he had traced the entire history of the Pillar and all the previous scientific studies on the Pillar, with his own critical summary of the available results. Apart from writing the book, he also took active interest in lecturing on the Delhi Iron Pillar and other heritage objects of India. Of late, he is very much interested in the subject of Wootz steel. While writing an interesting article on the big gun at Tanjore, he particularly recollected the time in his youth that he used to visit the gun, which was placed on a mound then, and play around it. His passion for details is very much evident in these publications, as he goes about detailing and critically assessing the available literature and data to place the subject in a proper perspective. In summary, Professor Anantharaman "is one of those people who transcended the modern version of a Professor and gave the impressions of a true Guru; someone wise, visionary, and inspirational”. The hallmark of academic leadership is to give rise to new leaders. That quite a few, who worked in the halo of Professor Anantharaman, became subsequently leaders in their own right separates him out as one-of-a kind leader.

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A3.

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2. 3.

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9. 10. 11.

This article is based on several articles that have appeared on Professor Anantharaman at different stages and in different publications. It is a pleasure for me to thank the authors of these publications, especially Professors P. Rama Rao, S. Ranganathan, and R. Balasubramaniam, who have graciously allowed me to borrow information from their articles.

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APPENDIX A

15.

PUBLICATIONS OF PROFESSOR T R ANANTHARAMAN

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A1. 1.

2.

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A2. 1.

2.

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BOOKS Anantharaman T R (ed.), Metallic Glasses: Production, Properties & Applications, Trans Tech Publications, Aedermannsdorf, Switzerland (1984). Anantharaman T R and Suryanarayana C, Rapidly Solidified Metals: A Technological Overview, Trans Tech Publications, Aedermannsdorf, Switzerland (1987). Anantharaman T R, The Rustless Wonder - A Study of the Iron Pillar at Delhi, Vigyan Prasar, New Delhi (1996).

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18.

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EDITED CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS Anantharaman T R, Malhotra S L, Ranganathan S and Rama Rao P, (eds.), Metal Sciences - the Emerging Frontiers, The Indian Institute of Metals, Calcutta (1979). Suryanarayana C, Prasad P M, Malhotra S L and Anantharaman T R, (eds.), Light Metals: Science and Technology, Trans Tech Publications, Aedermannsdorf, Switzerland (1985).

Trans. Indian Inst. Met., Vol. 61, Nos. 2-3, April-June 2008

RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS

A3.1 Imperfections in Metallic Structures

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I consider it an honor and privilege to write this article as a tribute to Professor T.R. Anantharaman on the occasion of his 80th birthday. I have been fortunate to be his student during my master’s and doctoral programs at BHU and his colleague for over 20 years at BHU. Professor Anantharaman has been instrumental in shaping my metallurgical career and I thank him for all his help, guidance, and mentorship.

Krishnan R, Anantharaman T R, Pande C S and Arora O P, (eds.), Advanced Techniques for Microstructural Characterization, Trans Tech Publications, Aedermannsdorf, Switzerland (1988).

20. 21. 22.

Anantharaman T R and Christian J W, “The Existence of a Macroscopic Shear in the Transformation in Cobalt”, Phi1. Mag., 43 (1952) 1338. Anantharaman T R and Christian J W, “The Measurement of X-ray Line-Breadths”, Brit. J. Appl. Phys., 4 (1953) 155. Anantharaman T R and Christian J W, “The Measurement of Growth and Deformation Faulting in Hexagonal Cobalt”, Acta Cryst., 9 (1956) 479. Anantharaman T R, “Lattice Parameters and Crystallographic Angles of Hexagonal Cobalt”, Curr. Sci., 27 (1958) 51. Anantharaman T R, “Stacking Faults in Close-Packed Metallic Lattices - I, The Nature and Origin of Stacking Faults”, Curr. Sci., 27 (1958) 238. Anantharaman T R, “Stacking Faults in Close-Packed Metallic Lattices - II, The Measurement of faulting Parameters”, Curr. Sci., 27 (1958) 287. Anantharaman T R, “Study of X-ray Line-Broadening due to Plastic Deformation in Face-Centred Cubic Metals”, Golden Jubilee Research Volume, Indian Inst. Sci. Bangalore, (1959) 280. Anantharaman T R, Christian J W, Pergeter F W, and Spreadborough J, “Stacking Faults in Metals and Alloys”, Trans. Indian Inst. Metals, 13 (1960) 119. Anantharaman T R, “Structural Irregularities in Mechanically Deformed Cobalt”, Trans. Indian Inst. Metals, 13 (1960) 374. Rama Rao P, and Anantharaman T R, “Stacking Faults in a GoldCadmium Alloy (Au80Cd20)”, Curr. Sci., 30 (1961) 379. Anantharaman T R, “The Influence of Grain Size and Deformation Stacking Faults in Brass Filings”, Acta Met., 9 (1961) 903. Rama Rao P and Anantharaman T R, “Elastic Anisotropy and Lattice Strain in Deformed Cobalt Powder”, Phil. Mag., 7 (1962) 705. Rama Rao P and Anantharaman T R, “A Method of Determining Domain Size and Lattice Strain in a Deformed Metal”, Curr. Sci., 31 (1962) 144. Rama Rao P and Anantharaman T R, “The Structure of Nickel Fillings”, J. Sci. Ind. Res., 21 (1962) 199. Anantharaman T R, “X-ray Study of Structural Irregularities in Deformed Metals”, Curr. Sci., 31 (1962) 181. Rama Rao P and Anantharaman T R, “Incidence of Heavy Deformation Faulting in FCC Alloys”, Acta Met., 10 (1962) 1192. Rama Rao P and Anantharaman T R, “X-ray Line-Breadth Analysis of Growth and Deformation Faulting in Hexagonal Close-Packed Structures”, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., 58 (1963) 314. Rama Rao P and Anantharaman T R, “X-ray Line-Breadth Analysis of Deformed Metallic Structures”, Z. Metallkde., 54 (1963) 658. Mahapatra R K, Rama Rao P and Anantharaman T R, “X-ray Line Broadening in Cold-Rolled Copper”, Trans. Indian Inst. Metals, 16 (1963) 221. Lele S and Anantharaman T R, “X-ray Line Broadening in ColdWorked Magnesium”, Phys. Stat. Sol., 5 (1964) K121. Mukherjee M K and Anantharaman T R, “Stacking Faults in Deformed Gold Alloys”, Curr. Sci., 33 (1964) 744. Sastry D H, Rama Rao P and Anantharaman T R, “Stacking Fault Densities in Silver-Antimony Alloys”, Phys. Stat. Sol., 8 (1965) K95.


23.

24. 25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.

32.

33.

34. 35. 36.

37. 38.

39. 40.

41.

42. 43.

44.

45.

Rama Rao P and Anantharaman T R, “Impact of Thermal and Mechanical Treatment on Faulting in Hexagonal Cobalt”, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., 61 (1965) 230. Rama Rao P and Anantharaman T R, “Imperfections in CopperSilicon Filings”, Phys. Stat. Sol., 9 (1965) 743. Rama Mohan A P, Rama Rao P and Anantharaman T R, “X-ray Study of Recovery in Copper Solid Solutions”, Trans. Indian Inst. Metals, 18 (1965) 173. Rama Rao P and Anantharaman T R, “A Modified Fourier Method for the Study of X-ray Line Broadening in Deformed Metals”, Trans. Indian Inst. Metals, 18 (1965) 181. Lele S and Anantharaman T R, “On the Evaluation of Domain Size and Stacking Fault Probabilities in Hexagonal Close-Packed Crystals”, Curr. Sci., 34 (1965) 607. Singh S D and Anantharaman T R, “X-ray Analysis of Imperfections in Deformed Rhodium”, Curr. Sci., 35 (1966) 583. Sastry D H, Rama Rao P and Anantharaman T R, “X-ray Study of Cold Worked Silver-Antimony Alloys”, Trans. TMS-AIME, 236 (1966) 1291. Lele S and Anantharaman T R, “Influence of Crystallite shape on Particle Size Broadening of Debye--Scherrer Reflections”, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., 64 (1966) 261. Lele S and Anantharaman T R, “Integral Breadth analysis of X-ray Diffraction Broadening in Deformed HCP Structures”, Indian J. Technol., 4 (1966) 253. Singh S D and Anantharaman T R, “X-ray Line Broadening in FCC Metals - I. Aluminium”, Trans. Indian Inst. Metals, 20 (1967) 72. Rao C V S H N, Lele S, and Anantharaman T R, “X-ray Study of Imperfections in Untransformed Hexagonal Cobalt”, Trans. Indian Inst. Metals, 20 (1967) 80. Lele S and Anantharaman T R, “X-ray Study of Cold-Worked Magnesium”, Z. Metallkde., 58 (1937) 57. Singh S D and Anantharaman T R, “Imperfections in Deformed Palladium”, J. Less-Common Metals, 12 (1967) 251. Lele S, Anantharaman T R and Johnson C A, “X-ray Diffraction by Hexagonal Close-Packed Crystals with Extrinsic Stacking Faults”, Phys. Stat. Sol, 20 (1967) 59. Lele S and Anantharaman T R, “Deformation Faulting in Titanium, Zirconium and Hafnium”, Phil. Mag., 15 (1967) 1035. Lele S and Anantharaman T R, “X-ray Study of Cold Work and Recovery in some HCP Metals and Alloys”, Z. Metallkde., 58 (1967) 461. Lele S and Anantharaman T R, “Domain Size Distribution in Deformed Ruthenium”, Acta Cryst., A24 (1968) 654. Lele S, Prasad B and Anantharaman T R, “X-ray Diffraction from Double Hexagonal Close-Packed Crystals with Deformation Stacking Faults”, Acta Cryst., A25 (1969) 471. Anantharaman T R and Vasudevan R, “X-ray Evidence for Stacking Faults in the D.H.C.P. Phase of the Nickel-Titanium System”, J. Less-Common Metals, 20 (1970) 263. Gupta R K and Anantharaman T R, X-ray Study in Cold and Work Recovery in Tungsten”, Curr. Sci., 40 (1971) 307. Gupta R K and Anantharaman T R, “Shape Analysis of X-ray Diffraction Broadening From Deformed Tungsten”, Z. Metallkde., 62 (1971) 732. Gupta R K and Anantharaman T R, “X-ray Diffraction Study of Deformation in HCP Rare Earth Metals”, J. Less-Common Metals, 24 (1971) 353. Anantharaman T R, Rama Rao P and Lele S, “Some Recent Advances in X-ray line Profile Analysis of Imperfections in Metallic Structures”, Proc. International Symp. “Recent Developments In Metallurgical Science and Technology”, (Physical Metallurgy Volume), Indian Inst. Metals, Calcutta (1972) 407.

46.

47.

48. 49.

50.

51.

Gupta R K and Anantharaman T R, “X-ray Diffraction Study of Deformed Mo-Re Alloys”, Proc. Symp. on High Temperature Materials, Hyderabad (1972) p. 407. Anantharaman T R, Rama Rao P and Lele S, “X-ray Study of Stacking Faults in DHCP Structures”, Proc. Indo-Soviet Conference on Solid State Materials, Bangalore (1972). Singh S D and Anantharaman T R, “X-ray Line Broadening in FCC Metals-II. Iridium”, Trans. Indian Inst. Metals, 25 (1972) 1. Gupta R K, Rama Rao P, Anantharaman T R, “A Study of Cold Worked Titanium-Aluminium Alloys by X-ray Diffraction”, Z. Metallkde., 63 (1972) 118. Anantharaman T R and Prasad B, “X-ray Study of Imperfections in the Double Hexagonal Close-packed Alloy Ni3Ti”, Trans. Indian Inst. Metals, 25 (1972) 118. Lele S, Prasad B and Anantharaman T R, “General Theory of X-ray Diffraction from HCP and FCC Crystals with Stacking Faults”, Indian J. Technol., 11 (1973) 470.

A3.2 Structural Changes in Metals and Alloys Phase Diagrams and Phase Transformations 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7. 8.

9.

10.

11.

12. 13.

14.

15.

Sreenivasan G R and Anantharaman T R, “The Formation and Decomposition of the Alpha-Massive Phase in Copper-Zinc Alloys”, Trans. Indian Inst. Metals, 13 (1960) 175. Schubert K, Anantharaman T R, Ata H O K, Meissner M G, Poetzschke M, Rossteutscher W and Stoiz E, Einige Strukturelle Ergerhnisse an Metallischen Phasen, Naturwissenschaften, 47 (1960) 512. Srinivasa Rao S and Anantharaman T R, “The Occurrence of a Hexagonal Phase in Quenched 60:40 Brass”, Naturwissenschaften, 48 (1961) 712 Srinivasa Rao S and Anantharaman T R, “Accurate Evaluation of Lattice Parameters of Alpha Brasses”, Curr. Sci., 32 (1963) 262. Sharan R and Anantharaman T R, “Effects of Misch Metal Additions on the Properties of Aluminium and its Alloys”, Trans. Indian Inst. Metals, 17 (1964) 89. Meissner H G, Schubert K and Anantharaman T R, “The Constitution and Structure of Manganese-Gallium Alloys”, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., 61 (1965) 340 Anantharaman T R, “The Structure of Gamma Phase in the Niobium-Tin System”, Phys. Stat. Sol., 10 (1965) K3. Claeson T, Luo H L, Anantharaman T R and Merriam M F, “Order-Disorder Transformations at 2:1 Composition in the Cadmium-Mercury System”, Acta Met., 14 (1966) 285. Jayaraman A, Anantharaman T R and Klement W, Jr., “Melting and Polymorphism of Zn3As2 and Cd3As2 at High Pressures”, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 27 (1966) 1605. Sharan R and Anantharaman T R, “Modification of AluminiumSilicon Alloys by Misch Metal Additions”, Curr. Sci., 36 (1967) 568. Pillai N R and Anantharaman T R, “Elements of V Group Elements as Modifiers of Aluminium-Silicon Alloys”, Trans. TMSAIME, 242 (1968) 2025 Srinivasa Rao S and Anantharaman T R, “Constitution of Brasses below 500°C”, Z. Metallkde., 60 (1969) 312. Srinivasa Rao S, Suryanarayana C and Anantharaman T R, Metallographic and X-ray Studies of Phase Transformations in DE Brasses, Indian J. Technol., 9 (1971) 11 Mishra K B and Anantharaman T R, “Impact of Copper on the Tempering of Nickel-Chromium Steels”, Curr. Sci., 41 (1972) 320. Mishra K B, Sarma D S and Anantharaman T R, “Influence of Copper on Tempering a Low-Carbon Chromium Steel with and without Small Nb or Ti Additions”, Metallography, 7 (1974) 523.



16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

Mishra K B, Sarma D S and Anantharaman T R, “Influence of Copper on the Tempering Behaviour of a Nickel-Chromium Steel”, Trans. Indian Inst. Metals, 28 (1975) 64. Mishra K B, Sarma D S and Anantharaman T R, “Influence of Deformation on Tempering of Low-Carbon Chromium and Chromium-Copper Steels”, Z. Metallkde., 67 (1976) 219. Hammad A M, Padmanabhan K A and Anantharaman T R, “Deformation of Commercial Aluminium in the Temperature Range 300- 700K - I. Flow Characteristics”, Trans. Indian Inst. Metals, 30 (1977) 327. Hammad A M, Padmanabhan K A, Van Tendeloo G and Anantharaman T R, “Deformation of Commercial Aluminium in the Temperature Range 300-700K - II. Electron Microscopy”, Trans. Indian Inst. Metals, 30 (1977) 338. Hammad A H M, Padmanabhan K A, Van Tendeloo G and Anantharaman T R, “Deformation of Al-2 wt% Ge and Al-4 wt% Ge Alloys in the Presence of Precipitation of Varying Amounts”, Z. Metallkde., 78 (1987) 103. Hammad A H M, Padmanabhan K A, Van Tendeloo G and Anantharaman T R, “Deformation of Al-Si and Al-Fe High Purity Alloys in the Presence of Precipitation of Varying Amounts”, Z. Metallkde., 78 (1987) 113.

Precipitation-Hardening Studies 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

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12.

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Ramesam J and Anantharaman T R, “Ageing Characteristics of Some Ternary and Quaternary Alloys Based on Indian Commercial Aluminium”, J. Indian Inst. Sci., 43 (1961) 158. Ramesam J, Ramakrishna Rao M and Anantharaman T R, “Electron-Metallographic Studies of Precipitation in an Al-Zn-Mg Alloy”, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., 55 (1962) 121. Ramakrishna Rao M and Anantharaman T R, “A Replica Technique for the Electron-microscopic Study of Copper-base Alloys”, J. Sci. Ind. Res., 21B (1962) 39. Ramesam J, Ramakrishna Rao M and Anantharaman T R, “The Ageing Sequence in an Aluminium-Zinc-Magnesium Alloy”, Naturwissenshaften, 49 (1962) 344. Merz W, Anantharaman T R and Gerold V, “Struktur and Eigenschaften von Aluminium-Zinc Mischkristalle mit GuinierPreston Zonen”, Phys. Stat. Sol., 8 (1965) K5. Wahi R P and Anantharaman T R, “Ageing Characteristics of Some Aluminium-Zinc-Magnesium Alloys”, Trans. Indian Inst. Metals, 19 (1966) 41. Wahi R P, Kutumba Rao V V P and Anantharaman T R, “Kinetics of Clustering in an Aluminium-Zinc-Magnesium Alloy”, Indian J. Technol., 6 (1968) 8. Wahi R P, Bhattacharya D L and Anantharaman T R, “A Modified Technique for Preparing Disc Specimens for Transmission Electron Microscopy”, J. Sci. Instrum., 1 (1968) 1231. Wahi R P and Anantharaman T R, “Side Bands in DebyeScherrer Patterns of Aluminium-Zinc Alloys”, Scripta Met., 2 (1968) 681. Wahi R P and Anantharaman T R, “Study of Reversion in Aluminium-Zinc Alloys Containing 20 and 30 at % Zinc”, Curr. Sci., 38 (1969) 1. Anantharaman T R, “The Solvus for the Transition Phase in Aluminium-Zinc Alloys and its Impact on the Latter’s Rhombohedral Distortion at Different Ageing Temperatures”, Scripta Met., 3 (1969) 899. Satyanarayana K G, Wahi R P and Anantharaman T R, “Effect of Microaddition of Magnesium on Side-Band formation in Aluminium-Zinc Alloys”, Curr. Sci., 39 (1970) 335. Wahi R P, Kutumba Rao V V P and Anantharaman T R, “On the Variation in Some Physical and Mechanical Properties with Zone Size in Aluminium-Zinc Alloys”, Trans. Indian Inst. Metals, 23 (1970) 20. Wahi R P and Anantharaman T R, “The Metastable Miscibility Gap and Reversion in Al-Zn Alloys”, Trans. Indian Inst. Metals, 24 (1971) 61.


15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

Wahi R P, Rama Rao P and Anantharaman T R, “Comments on the Proposed Formation of Stacking Faults in an Al-Zn Alloy during High Temperature Ageing”, Scripta Met., 5 (1971) 97. Satyanarayana K G, Wahi R P and Anantharaman T R, “On the Occurrence of Two Hardness Peaks in Al-Zn Alloys Based on Indian Commercial Aluminium”, Trans. Indian Inst. Metals, 24 (1971) 12. Satyanarayana K G, Jayapalan K and Anantharaman T R, “A Study of Metastable Equilibrium in Al-Cu Alloys”, Curr. Sci., 42 (1973) 6. Anantharaman T R and Satyanarayana K G, “The Metastable Solvus for Guinier-Preston Zones in Aluminium-Zinc Alloys”, Scripta Met., 7 (1973) 189. Anantharaman T R, Ramaswamy V and Butler E P, “Effect of Matrix Precipitation on Cellular Growth Kinetics in an Al-28 at.% Zn Alloy”, J. Mater. Sci., 9 (1974) 240.

A3.3 Rapidly Solidified Alloys, Metallic Glasses, and Quasicrystals 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6. 7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

Anantharaman T R, Luo H L and Klement W Jr., “Nonequilibrium Structure in Gold-Germanium Alloys”, Trans. TMSAIME, 233 (1965) 2014. Luo H L, Klement W, Jr., and Anantharaman T R, “Effects of Liquid Quenching on the Constitution and Structure of SilverSilicon and Gold-Silicon Alloys”, Trans. Indian Inst. Metals, 18 (1965) 214. Anantharaman T R, Luo H L and Klement W, Jr., “Formation of New Intermetallic Phases in Binary Eutectic System by Drastic Undercooling of the Melt”, Nature, 210 (1966) 1040. Ramachandrarao P and Anantharaman T R, “Impact of Liquid Quenching on Aluminium-Silver Alloys”, Curr. Sci., 37 (1968) 124. Suryanarayana C and Anantharaman T R, “Formation of an Intermediate Phase in Aluminium-Germanium System”, Curr. Sci., 37 (1968) 631. Suryanarayana C and Anantharaman T R, “Metallography of Rapid Solidification”, Trans. Indian Inst. Metals, 2l (1968) 67. Ramachandrarao P and Anantharaman T R, “New Metastable Phases in Silver-Germanium and Gold-Germanium Alloys quenched from the Melt”, Trans. TMS-AIME, 245 (1969) 886. Ramachandrarao P and Anantharaman T R, “Solidification Substructures in a Tin-Lead Alloy Quenched from the Melt”, Trans. TMS-AIME, 245 (1969) 890. Ramachandrarao P and Anantharaman T R, “Study of X-ray Line Breadths in Some FCC Metals Quenched from the Melt”, Trans. TMS-AIME, 245 (1969) 892. Ramachandrarao P and Anantharaman T R, “Formation of Faulted Close-Packed Structures in Silver-Germanium Alloys Quenched from the Melt”, Phil. Mag., 20 (1969) 201. Suryanarayana C and Anantharaman T R, “Impact of Quenching from Melt on Equiatomic Aluminium-Germanium Alloy”, Curr. Sci., 39 (1970) 123. Furrer P, Anantharaman T R and Warlimont H, “ElectronMicroscopic Evidence for Heavy Faulting in Silver-Germanium Alloys on Rapid Solidification”, Phil. Mag., 21 (1970) 873. Ramachandrarao P, Rama Rao P and Anantharaman T R, “X-ray Line Broadening in Splat-Cooled Silver and Silver-Germanium Alloys”, Z. Metallkde., 61 (1970) 471. Ramachandrarao P, Garg P K and Anantharaman T R, “Rapid Quenching of Liquid Lead-Antimony Alloys”, Indian J. Technol., 8 (1970) 263. Ramachandrarao P and Anantharaman T R, “Influence of Cooling Rate on the Crystallization of a Gold-Germanium Alloy”, Trans. Indian Inst. Metals, 23 (1970) 58. Ramachandrarao P, Banerjee D and Anantharaman T R, “An Improved Piston-and-Anvil Technique for quenching Liquid Metals”, Met. Trans., 1 (1970) 2655. Anantharaman T R, On the Impact of Spark Erosion Treatment on the Structure of Cobalt”, Z. Metallkde., 61 (1970) 760.


18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23. 24. 25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.

32.

33.

34.

35.

36. 37.

38.

Suryanarayana C and Anantharaman T R, “Solidification of Aluminium-Germanium Alloys at High Cooling Rates”, J. Mater. Sci., 5 (1970) 992. Tiwari S N, Malhotra S L and Anantharaman T R, “Nonequilibrium Solidification in a Peritectic System”, Curr. Sci., 39 (1970) 477. Suryanarayana C and Anantharaman T R, “Metallography of Rapidly Solidified Aluminium-Germanium Alloys”, Metallography, 4 (1971) 79. Singh H P, Suryanarayana C, Misra S and Anantharaman T R, “Energetics of the Non-equilibrium Phases in the System LeadBismuth”, Z. Metallkde., 62 (1971) 52. Ramachandrarao P, Suryanarayana C and Anantharaman T R, “On the Origin of Metastable Intermediate Phases in SplatCooled Binary Alloys”, Met. Trans., 2 (1971) 617. Anantharaman T R and Suryanarayana C, “Review: A Decade of Quenching from the Melt”, J. Mater. Sci., 6 (1971) 1111. Suryanarayana C and Anantharaman T R, “Formation of Hexagonal Phases in D-E Brasses”, Met. Trans., 2 (1971) 3237. Tiwari S N, Malhotra S L and Anantharaman T R, “Quantitative Prediction of Solid Phases during Non-equilibrium Solidification in a Peritectic System”, Curr. Sci., 41 (1972) 9. Furrer P, Warlimont H and Anantharaman T R, “ElectronMicroscopic Examination of a Splat-Cooled Silver--Germanium Alloy”, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., A75 (1972) 103. Suryanarayana C and Anantharaman T R, “On the Structure of a Metastable Phase in the Lead-Bismuth System”, Solid State Commun., 12 (1973) 87. Suryanarayana C and Anantharaman T R, “Metastable Phases in the Aluminium-Germanium System”, Z. Metallkde., 64 (1973) 800. Suryanarayana C and Anantharaman T R, “On the Crystal Structure of a Non-Equilibrium Phases in the Gold-Silicon System”, Mater. Sci., & Eng., 13 (1974) 73. Chattopadhyay K, Ramachandrarao P, Lele S and Anantharaman T R, “Crystal Structure of a Metastable Aluminium-Nickel Phase Obtained by Splat Cooling”, in “Rapidly Quenched Metals”, (eds.) N. J. Grant and B. C. Giessen, M.I.T. Press, Cambridge, U.S.A. (1976) 157. Anantharaman T R, Chattopadhyay K and Ojha S N, “Undercooled Castings - A New Horizon in Foundry Technology”, Indian Foundry J., 23 (1977) 5. Anantharaman T R, Ramachandrarao P, Suryanarayana C, Lele S and Chattopadhyay K, “Structure and Constitution of Rapidly Solidified Aluminium Alloys - I. General Assessment”, Trans. Indian Inst. Metals, 30 (1977) 423. Anantharaman T R, Ramachandrarao P, Suryanarayana C, Lele S and Chattopadhyay K, “Structure and Constitution of Rapidly Solidified Aluminium Alloys - II. Annotated Bibliography”, Trans. Indian Inst. Metals, 30 (1977) 434. Suryanarayana C, Tiwari S K and Anantharaman T R, “A New Metastable Phase in the Aluminium-Magnesium System”, Z. Metallkde., 69 (1978) 155. Anantharaman T R, Ramachandrarao P, Suryanarayana C, Lele S, Chattopadhyay K, Sastry G V S and Davies H A, "Rapid Quenching of Aluminium Alloys" in Rapidly Quenched Metals III (ed.) B. Cantor, The Metals Society, London, 1 (1978) p 126. Anantharaman T R, “The Magic of Metallic Glasses”, Trans. Indian Inst. Metals, 32 (1979) xii. Tiwari S K, Chattopadhyay K, Suryanarayana C and Anantharaman T R, “Decomposition Studies of a Liquisol Quenched Al-33 at.% Mg Alloy”, Metallography, 12 (1979) 73. Anantharaman T R, Ramachandrarao P and Suryanarayana C, “Non-Equilibrium Solidification in Some FCC-DC Metal Binary Systems”, in “Metal Sciences - The Emerging Frontiers”, (eds.) Anantharaman T R et al., The Indian Institute of Metals, Calcutta, (1979) 25.

39.

Ramachandrarao P, Ranganathan S and Anantharaman T R, “Production and Characterization of Amorphous Alloys at Varanasi”, Bull. Mater. Sci., 2 (1980) 17. 40. Anantharaman T R, “Characterization of Metallic Glasses”, in Preparation and Characterization of Materials, (eds.) Honig J M, and Rao C N R, Academic Press, New York, (1981) p 477. 41. Ojha S N, Ramachandrarao P and Anantharaman T R, “Mechanism of Formation of Metastable Phases in Rapidly Solidified Aluminium-Germanium Alloys”, in Proc. Fourth International Conf. on Rapidly Quenched Metals, (eds.) Masumoto T and Suzuki K, The Japan Institute of Metals, 2 (1982) 1565. 42. Singh R K, Chattopadhyay K, Lele S and Anantharaman T R, “Impact of Substrate Temperature on Rapid Solidification of an Al-Cu Eutectic Alloy”, J. Mater. Sci., 17 (1982) 1617. 43. Ojha S N, Anantharaman T R and Ramachandrarao P, “Solidification of Undercooled Cd-Zn Eutectic Metals”, J. Mater. Sci., 17 (1982) 2644. 44. Bhatnagar A K, Bhanu Prasad B, Ravi N, Jagannathan R and Anantharaman T R, “A. Mossbauer Study of Amorphous Fe40Ni40B20”, Solid State Commun., 44 (1982) 905. 45. Anantharaman T R, “New-Generation Aluminium Alloys through Rapid Solidification Processing”, Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Medal lecture-1982, Proc. Indian National Science Academy, A49 (1983) 1. 46. Ojha S N, Ramachandrarao P and Anantharaman T R, “Studies in Undercooling of Hypoeutectic Silver-Germanium Alloys by the Glass Slag Technique”, Trans. Indian Inst. Medals, 36 (1983) 51. 47. Anantharaman T R, “Metallic Glasses: An Overview” in Metallic Glasses: Production, Properties and Applications, (ed.) Anantharaman T R, Trans Tech Publications, Aedermannsdorf, Switzerland (1984) p 1. 48. Suryanarayana C, Ramachandrarao P and Anantharaman T R, “High Strength Aluminium Alloys Through Rapid Solidification Processing” in Light Metals: Science and Technology, (eds.) Suryanarayana C, et al., Trans Tech Publications, Aedermannsdorf, Switzerland (1985) p 85. 49. Sastry G V S, Rao V V, Ramachandrarao P and Anantharaman T R, “A New Quasicrystalline Phase in Rapidly Solidified Mg4CuAl6”, Scripta Met., 20 (1986) 191. 50. Anantharaman T R, “Atomic Arrangements in Quasicrystals”, Inaugural Keynote Lecture in Proceedings of the 1987 International Workshop on Quasicrystals, Beijing, China; Trans Tech Publications, Aedermannsdorf, Switzerland (1987) p 55. 51. Rao V V and Anantharaman T R, “An Electron-Microscopic Investigation of the Transformation Behaviour of Al6Mg4Cu Quasicrystalline Alloy”, Mater. Sci. Eng., 89 (1988) 393. 52. Anantharaman T R, “Structure of the ‘Icosahedral’ Phase in Rapidly Solidified Aluminium-Manganese Alloys”, Curr. Sci., 57 (1988) 578. 53. Anantharaman T R, “New Materials through Rapid Solidification of Metals”, Proc. Ind. Nat. Sci. Acad., 54 (1988) 266. 54. Anantharaman T R, “Atomic Arrangements in Al-Mn and Al-Li-Cu Icosahedral Crystals”, Scripta Met., 22 (1988) 266. 55. Rao V V and Anantharaman T R, “Microstructure of Melt-Spun Al-24 at. % Mn Alloy”, Scripta Met., 22 (1988) 1399. 56. Rao V V and Anantharaman T R, “Icosahedral Al6Mg4Cu: Interpretation of X-ray reflections and Electron Micrographs”, Phase Transitions, 16-17B (1989) 1067. 57. Anantharaman T R, Crystal Structure and Five-Fold Diffraction symmetry of the Aluminium-Manganese Icosahedral Phase: A Reappraisal”, Curr. Sci., 58 (1989) 1067. 58. Anantharaman T R, The Study of Quasicrystals within the Framework of Classical Crystallography”, in Quasicrystals and Incommensurate Structures in Condensed Matter (eds.) Jose M Yacaman, Romean D, Castano U and Gomez A, World Scientific, London / Singapore (1990) p 199.



59.

60.

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63.

64.

Pandey O P, Ojha S N and Anantharaman T R, “Rapid Solidification Processing of Metallic Glass Strip by the Planar Flow Casting Technique”, Trans. Ind. Inst. Metals, 44 (1991) 9. Pandey O P, Ojha S N, Sarma G M K, Dwarakadasa E S and Anantharaman T R, “High Speed Production of Aluminium Foils by the Planar Flow Casting Technique”, Indian J. Technol., 29 (1991) 173. Anantharaman T R, “Identification of the Basic Unit Cell for Icosahedral and Decagonal Phases in Aluminium Alloys”, Scripta Met. Mater., 28 (1993) 1555. Anantharaman T R, “X-ray Analysis of Quasicrystalline Phases and their Rational Approximants in Aluminium Alloys” in Experimental Methods of Phase Diagram Determination, (eds.) Morral J E, Schiffman R S and Merchant S M, TMS, (1994) p 173. Anantharaman T R and Adhavan E, “Extension of the Growth Model for Icosahedral Phases to Decagonal Phases”, Trans. Ind. Inst. Met., 47 (1994) 67. Anantharaman T R, “A Unified Approach to Complex Crystalline and So-called Quasicrystalline Phases in Aluminium Alloys”, Bull. Mater. Sci., 17 (1994) 717.

A3.4 Archaeometallurgy 1.

2.

Balasubramaniam R, Saxena A, Anantharaman T R, Rigeur S and Dillmann P, “A Marvel of Medieval Indian Metallurgy: Thanjavur’s Forge-Welded Iron Cannon”, Journal of Metals, 56(1) (2004) 17. Balasubramaniam R, Saxena A and Anantharaman T R, “Rajagopala – the Massive Iron Cannon at Thanjavur in Tamil Nadu”, Indian Journal of History of Science, 40 (2005) 269.

12.

13.

14. 15.

16. 17.

18. 19.

20.

21.

A3.5 Other Scientific and General Articles 1.

2. 3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

Anantharaman T R and Balachandra J, “Electrodeposition of Cadmium from Fluoborate Solutions”, J. Electro Chem. Soc., 100 (1953) 232. Anantharaman T R and Balachandra J, “Electrogalvanising from Fluoborate Solutions”, J. Electro Chem. Soc., 100 (1953) 237. Anantharaman T R, “Transformations - Metallurgical and Mental”, Steel Furnace Monthly, 9 (1974) 226 and Trans. Indian Inst. Metals, 27 (1974) GJ16. Anantharaman T R, “Engineering and Technology - Indian Perspectives” in Science and its Impact on Society - Indian Experience, Indian National Science Academy, New Delhi Seminar Proceedings, (1978) p 51. Anantharaman T R, “Metallurgical Education in India - Some Reflections” in Silver Jubilee Souvenir (the Indian Institute of Metals) Delhi Chapter (1975) p 5. Anantharaman T R and Ranganathan S, “Materials Technology - The Indian Scene”, IDGE Journal of the Institute of Engineers (India), 59 (1979) 113. Anantharaman T R, “Rapidly Solidified Alloys”, Baradananda Chatterjee Memorial Lecture-1979, Bengal Engineering College, Howrah (1980). Anantharaman T R, “Chromium-Bearing Metallic Glasses - The Super Stainless Steels of Tomorrow”, Keynote Address, Proceedings of the Symp. on Advances in Corrosion Control, CECRI, Karaikudi (1982) p 2i. Anantharaman T R, “Metallic Corrosion: Its Prevention and Control”, Inaugural Address, Proceedings of the Symp. on Advances in Corrosion Control, CECRI, Karaikudi (1982) p ix. Anantharaman T R, “Rapidly Solidified Metals”, Presidential Address (Section of Engineering Sciences) of the 69th Session of the Indian Science Congress, Mysore (1982). Anantharaman T R and Venkateswarlu D S, “Some Problems of R and D Management in India”, in Science to Instruments A Kaleidoscopic View, CSIO, Chandigarh and CSIR, New Delhi, (1983) p 119.


Anantharaman T R, “Metallurgical Education at Varanasi”, Proceedings of the Seminar on Perspectives in Metallurgical Education, IISc, Bangalore, Pages 25-32, 1983 (edited transcript of the lecture was also published in BHU-MET Diamond Jubilee Souvenir, (1983) p 13. Anantharaman T R, “Modern Techniques in Materials Research - Inaugural Address”, Proceedings of the National Workshop on Modern Techniques in Materials Research (eds.) Sanjay Gupta and Rao K V, IIT, Kanpur (1985) p 13. Anantharaman T R, “Metallic Glasses: The Indian Scene”, Trans. Ind. Inst. Metals, 39 (1986) 191. Anantharaman T R, “Challenges of the Amorphous State”, Inaugural Keynote Lecture, International Conference on “Metallic and Semiconducting Glasses”, Hyderabad, December 16-20, 1986; Key Engg. Mater., 13-15 (1987) 1. Anantharaman T R and Rao V V, “Quasicrystals: A New Species of Solid Materials”, Physics Education, 4 (1987) 82. Anantharaman T R, Ojha S N and Singh S N, “New Generation Steels Through Rapid Solidification Processing”, Steel India, 10 (1987) 1. Anantharaman T R, “Technology Development in India: Plea for a New Culture”, The Banaras Metallurgist, 8 (1987) 3. Anantharaman T R, “Engineering and Technology in India: Some Reflections on their Growth since Independence”, Third Professor Brahm Prakash Memorial Lecture, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, (1987) p 1. Anantharaman T R, “Metallic Structures: A Magnificent Obsession”, Materials Research Society of India Honour Lecture, Bull. Mater. Sci., 15(6) (1992) 483. Anantharaman T R, “Ethical Values and the Engineering Profession”, 35th Sir M. Visvesvaraya Memorial Lecture, Journal of the Institution of Engineers (India) (1992).

APPENDIX B Details of the Ph.D Theses submitted under the supervision of Professor T.R. Anantharaman 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

14. 15.

Rama Rao P (1964): Investigation of X-ray Line Broadening in Metals and Alloys. Lele S (1967): X-ray Study of Imperfections in Metallic Structures. Ramachandra Rao P (1968): Structural Studies in Metals and Alloys Rapidly Cooled from the Melt. Wahi R P (1968): Age Hardening Studies of Some Al Alloys. Prasad P M (1969): Studies on the Extraction of Cd, Ni and CuNi Alloys from Sulphides. Suryanarayana C (1970): Constitution, Structure and Energetics of Splat-Cooled Alloys. Pillai N R (1970): Role of Minor Additions on the Microstructure and Properties of Binary Eutectic Alloys. Prasad B (1970): Crystallography and Theory of X-ray Diffraction of Stacking Faults in Double HCP structure. Gupta R K (1971): X-ray Diffraction Study of Deformed Metals and Alloys Satyanarayana K G (1972): Precipitation and Reversion Studies in Al Alloys Mishra K B (1974): Tempering and Deformation Behavior of Martensite in Low Alloy Steels. Hammad A H M (1978): Studies of Hardening Phenomena in Metals and Alloys (co-advisor: Dr. K A Padmanabhan). Samuel F H (1979): Bainite and Martensite in Alloy Steels, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties (Co-advisor: Dr. D S Sarma). Ojha S N (1979): Studies in Undercooling of Metallic Melts (Co-advisor Dr. P Ramachandra Rao). Venkateswara Rao V (1990): Icosahedral Phases in Al alloys.