mxc mxb mxa my s s s s . (5). The weighting coefficients a 0.3, b 0.7, c 1.2, and d 0.8 were empirically estimated. Thresholds t1, t2 and t3 have some default ...
Eurospeech 2001 - Scandinavia
$0XOWLFRQGLWLRQDO5REXVW)URQW(QG)HDWXUH([WUDFWLRQZLWKD 1RLVH5HGXFWLRQ3URFHGXUH%DVHGRQ,PSURYHG6SHFWUDO 6XEWUDFWLRQ$OJRULWKP %RMDQ.RWQLN=GUDYNR.DFLF%RJRPLU+RUYDW )DFXOW\RI(OHFWULFDO(QJLQHHULQJDQG&RPSXWHU6FLHQFH 8QLYHUVLW\RI0DULERU6PHWDQRYD0DULERU6ORYHQLD
ERMDQNRWQLN#XQLPEVLNDFLF#XQLPEVLERJRKRUYDW#XQLPEVL
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³$XURUD ´ GDWDEDVH WRJHWKHU ZLWK WKH +7. VSHHFK UHFRJQLWLRQ WRRONLW KDYH EHHQ FKRVHQ :LWK SURSRVHG PHWKRG DQ DYHUDJH LPSURYHPHQW LQ SHUIRUPDQFH RI UHODWLYH WR WKH FXUUHQW (76, $XURUD VWDQGDUGZDVDFKLHYHG
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
DGDSWLQJWKHUHFRJQLVHU¶VVWDWLVWLFDOPRGHOVWRQRLVHE\XVLQJ D GLVWDQFH PHDVXUH WKDW LV UREXVW WR QRLVH VRPH WHFKQLTXHV KDYH EHHQ SURSRVHG EDVHG RQ PLVVLQJ GDWD WKHRU\ E\ XVLQJ QRLVH UHVLVWDQW IHDWXUHV HJ V\VWHPV EDVHG RQ VSHFWUDO VXEWUDFWLRQ E\ LPSURYLQJ 615 DW WKH WUDQVGXFHU >@ 2XU UREXVWUHFRJQLWLRQPHWKRGSUHVHQWHGLQWKLVSDSHUFRQVLVWVRI VSHFWUDOVXEWUDFWLRQSULQFLSOHLQIUHTXHQF\GRPDLQSUHYLRXVO\ LPSURYHG ZLWK VSHFLDOZHLJKWLQJIXQFWLRQZKLFKRSHUDWHVRQ VSHHFKVLJQDOLQWLPHGRPDLQ
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
= 6 P =
1
P
Ç Q=P- 1 +
VJQ{[ Q } - VJQ{[ Q - }
Z P - Q
ZKHUHVJQ^\Q `LVDVLJQIXQFWLRQGHILQHGZLWKWKHIROORZLQJ HTXDWLRQ
Å+ [Q Ë VJQ{[Q } = ®- [Q <
Eurospeech 2001 - Scandinavia
)LJXUH%ORFNGLDJUDPRISURSRVHGIURQWHQGIHDWXUHH[WUDFWLRQZLWKQRLVHUHGXFWLRQSURFHGXUH 7KH VKRUWWHUP HQHUJ\ PHDVXUH IRU WKH 1OHQJWK ZLQGRZ HQGLQJDWWLPHPLVGHILQHGZLWKHTXDWLRQ>@
( 6 P = 1
P
Ç[
Q=P- 1 +
Q
,Q YRLFHG UHJLRQV RI WKH VSHHFK VLJQDO LV WKH HQHUJ\ UHODWLYH KLJK DQG WKH ]HUR FURVVLQJ OHYHO YHU\ ORZ ORZHU WKDQ LQ XQYRLFHG UHJLRQV 7KHUHIRUH LI ZH ZLVK WR ILQG VSHHFK UHJLRQV LQ WKH LQSXW VLJQDO ZKLFK FRQVLVWV RI YRLFHG DQG XQYRLFHGUHJLRQV ZHFDQGHILQHDIXQFWLRQ*6P DV
*6 P = ORJ
( 6 P = 6 P
3UHVHQWHG IXQFWLRQ *6P LV FRPSXWHG IRU HDFK IUDPH RI WKH LQSXW VSHHFK VLJQDO *6P KHOS XV WR ZULWH WKH IROORZLQJ ZHLJKWLQJIXQFWLRQ
*6 P < W Å D ¢ [P ¿ E ¢ [P W Ê * P < W ¿ 6 \ P = ¿ F ¢ [ P W Ê *6 P < W ¿®G ¢ [ P W Ê *6 P 7KH ZHLJKWLQJ FRHIILFLHQWV D E F DQG G ZHUH HPSLULFDOO\ HVWLPDWHG 7KUHVKROGV W W DQG W KDYH VRPH GHIDXOW YDOXHV EHIRUH WKH SURFHVVLQJ RI WKH VSHHFK VLJQDOLVVWDUWHG7KHVHYDOXHVDUHWKHQDXWRPDWLFDOO\XSGDWHG E\WKHIROORZLQJHTXDWLRQV
W = PD[*6 P + PLQ*6 P
W = PD[*6 P + PLQ*6 P W = PD[*6 P + PLQ*6 P 6SHFWUDOVXEWUDFWLRQEDVHGRQPLQLPXPVWDWLVWLFV ,QRXUDSSURDFKQRLVHLVDVVXPHGWREHVKRUWWHUPVWDWLRQDU\ ,IVSHHFKLVDOVRDVVXPHGDVVKRUWWHUPVWDWLRQDU\DQGQRLVHLV DGGLWLYH DQG XQFRUUHODWHG WKHQ ZH FDQ UHSUHVHQW WKH QRLV\ VSHHFKVLJQDODV>@
\ Q = V Q + h Q ZKHUHVDQGhDUHVSHHFKDQGQRLVHFRPSRQHQWVUHVSHFWLYHO\ )XUWKHUPRUHZLWKJLYHQ_<w _DQRLV\VSHHFKVLJQDOSRZHU VSHFWUXP DQG_Nw _DQHVWLPDWHRIQRLVHSRZHUVSHFWUXP LW LV SRVVLEOH WR HVWLPDWH WKH SRZHU VSHFWUXP _6w _ RI WKH RULJLQDOXQFRUUXSWHG VSHHFKDV
_ 6w ) | =| < (w ) | - | 1 (w ) | ,QRUGHUWRUHIOHFWWKHXQFHUWDLQW\RIWKHHVWLPDWH_Nw _ LWKDV EHHQIRXQGWKDWWKHHVWLPDWH_Nw _ VKRXOGEHZHLJKWHGE\DQ RYHUVXEWUDFWLRQIDFWRUGHSHQGLQJRQWKHIUHTXHQF\w DQGRQ WKHVLJQDOWRQRLVHUDWLR6LQFHHTXDWLRQ GRHVQRWJXDUDQWHH WKDW _6w _ LV DOZD\V SRVLWLYH LW LV QHFHVVDU\ WR LQYROYH D IORRULQJ IDFWRU 7KHVH WZR FRQFHSWV ± RYHUVXEWUDFWLRQ DQG IORRULQJ ± DQG WKHHVWLPDWRUIRU_Nw _ GHVFULEHGLQ>@OHDG WR WKH IROORZLQJ DOJRULWKP 7ZR VPRRWKHG SRZHU VSHFWUD RI _<w _ DUHGHWHUPLQHGDFFRUGLQJWRWKHHTXDWLRQV
_ @ » Lp ± & = Ç I FRVª ( M - )² Ê L Ê ½ Õ = L
M
M
&HSVWUDOFRHIILFLHQWVOLIWHULQJ
7KHSULQFLSDODGYDQWDJHRIFHSVWUDOFRHIILFLHQWVLVWKDWWKH\DUH JHQHUDOO\ GHFRUHODWHGDQGWKLVDOORZVGLDJRQDOFRYDULDQFHVWR EHXVHGLQWKH+00V>@+RZHYHURQHPLQRUSUREOHPZLWK WKHP LV WKDW WKH KLJKHU RUGHU FHSVWUD DUH QXPHULFDOO\ TXLWH VPDOODQGWKLVUHVXOWVLQDYHU\ZLGHUDQJHRIYDULDQFHVZKHQ JRLQJ IURP WKH ORZ WR KLJK FHSVWUDO FRHIILFLHQWV ,W LV FRQYHQLHQWWRUHVFDOHWKHFHSVWUDOFRHIILFLHQWVWRKDYHVLPLODU PDJQLWXGHV
O Qp & = + VLQ & Ê L Ê O
L
L
ZKHUH O LV WKH OLIWHULQJ FRHIILFLHQW DQG LQ RXU FDVH LW LV VHW WR O
5HFRJQLWLRQH[SHULPHQWVDQGUHVXOWV 7KH ³$XURUD ´ GDWDEDVH DQG LW¶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
WDNHQ DV LQSXW IRU WKH PXOWLFRQGLWLRQ WUDLQLQJ PRGH 7KUHH GLIIHUHQWV VHWV RI VSHHFK GDWD DUH WDNHQ IRU WKH UHFRJQLWLRQ 7KH QRLVHV LQ VHW $ DUH WKH VDPH DV IRU WKH PXOWLFRQGLWLRQ WUDLQLQJ 6HW % QRLVHV VKDOO UHSUHVHQWUHDOLVWLFVFHQDULRVIRUXVLQJDPRELOHWHUPLQDO 6HW & VKRXOG VLPXODWH WKH LQIOXHQFH RIWHUPLQDOVZLWK GLIIHUHQWFKDUDFWHULVWLFV7DEOHUHSUHVHQWV$XURUD>@ EDVHGSHUIRUPDQFHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVVXPPDU\RISURSRVHG PHWKRG
Eurospeech 2001 - Scandinavia
)URQW(QG3HUIRUPDQFH&KDUDFWHULVWLFV6XPPDU\8QLYHUVLW\RI0DULERU
$XURUD0XOWLFRQGLWLRQ7UDLQLQJ5HVXOWV
$
%
&
3HUFHQWDJH
6WUHHW
$LUSRUW
6WDWLRQ
$YHUDJH
6XEZD\0
6WUHHW0
$YHUDJH
2YHUDOO
6XEZD\
%DEEOH
&DU
([KLELWLRQ
$YHUDJH 5HVWDXUDQW
&OHDQ
G%
G%
G%
G%
G%
G%
$YHUDJH
,PSURYHPHQW
$XURUD&OHDQ7UDLQLQJ5HVXOWV
$
%
&
3HUFHQWDJH
6WUHHW
$LUSRUW
6WDWLRQ
$YHUDJH
6XEZD\0
6WUHHW0
$YHUDJH
2YHUDOO
,PSURYHPHQW
6XEZD\
%DEEOH
&DU
([KLELWLRQ
$YHUDJH 5HVWDXUDQW
&OHDQ
G%
G%
G%
G%
G%
G% $YHUDJH
7DEOH$XURUDEDVHGSHUIRUPDQFHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVVXPPDU\RISURSRVHGPHWKRG
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
6HW$
6HW%
6HW&
2YHUDOO
0XOWLFRQGLWLRQ
&OHDQ2QO\
$YHUDJH
3HUIRUPDQFHUHODWLYHWR0HOFHSVWUXP 7UDLQLQJ0RGH
6HW$
6HW%
6HW&
2YHUDOO
0XOWLFRQGLWLRQ
&OHDQ2QO\
$YHUDJH
7DEOH%ULHIVXPPDU\RIDFKLHYHGWHVWUHVXOWV
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
5HIHUHQFHV >@ 5DPDFKDQGUDQ 5 DQG 0DPPRQH 5 ³0RGHUQ PHWKRGV RI VSHHFK SURFHVVLQJ´ .OXZHU $FDGHPLF 3XEOLVKHUV >@ .HUPRUYDQW & DQG0RUULV$³$FRPSDULVRQRIWZR VWUDWHJLHV IRU $65 LQ DGGLWLYH QRLVH PLVVLQJ GDWD DQG VSHFWUDO VXEWUDFWLRQ´ (XURVSHHFK¶ FRQIHUHQFH SURFHHGLQJV9ROXPHS >@ 'HOOHU -5 3URDNLV -* +DQVHQ -+/ ³'LVFUHWH 7LPH 3URFHVVLQJ RI 6SHHFK 6LJQDOV´ 0DFPLOODQ 3XEOLVKLQJ&RPSDQ\1HZ@ 0DUWLQ 5 ³6SHFWUDO 6XEWUDFWLRQ %DVHG RQ 0LQLPXP 6WDWLVWLFV´ ,Q 3URF (XURSHDQ 6LJQDO 3URFHVVLQJ &RQIHUHQFHSS6HSW >@ @ 3HDUFH ' ³$Q 2YHUYLHZ RI WKH (76, 6WDQGDUGV $FWLYLWLHV IRU 'LVWULEXWHG 6SHHFK 5HFRJQLWLRQ )URQW (QGV´7KH6SHHFK$SSOLFDWLRQV&RQIHUHQFH6DQ-RVH 0D\ WK
$Q DYHUDJH DEVROXWH SHUIRUPDQFH DFKLHYHG ZLWK SURSRVHG PHWKRG LV $Q DYHUDJH LPSURYHPHQW UHODWLYH WR WKH FXUUHQW(76,$XURUDVWDQGDUGEDVHOLQHV\VWHP LV
&RQFOXVLRQ
,Q WKLV SDSHU D PXOWLFRQGLWLRQDO UREXVW IURQWHQG IHDWXUH H[WUDFWLRQZLWKWKHQRLVHUHGXFWLRQSURFHGXUHLVSUHVHQWHG$ PHWKRGFRQVLVWVRIQRYHOZHLJKWLQJIXQFWLRQZKLFKLVXVHGWR