A New Adaptive Model for Web Engineering Methods to Develop Modern Web Applications Karzan Wakil
Dayang N. A. Jawawi
University Technology Malaysia-Malaysia University of Human Development-Iraq Sulaimani Polytechnic University-Iraq
University Technology Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
[email protected]
[email protected]
Based on the above stipulation, then it is imperative to pose a question concerning the likelihood of extending the existing web structure to offer the needed compatible support.
ABSTRACT With the evolution of modern web applications, several web engineering methods proposed to develop web applications. The modern web applications are; Rich Internet Application (RIA), Semantic Web Application (SWA), Ubiquitous Web Applications (UWA), and Intelligent Web Applications (IWA), with each of them having new features. The problem is that current web engineering methods cannot support new features of modern web applications. However, some of them extended for new concern of web applications but have limited, meaning these methods have a lack of adaptability to support features from modern web applications. In an attempt to solve this gap, we have defined a new adaptive model for the web engineering methods that can support the new features of modern web applications. This model very efficient in the process development and will be to increase the usability of the methods.
Another directional exploration within the field of the adaptability and user model-based interface is the Adaptive Hypermedia (AH). These AH create a single-user model and engage it to a particular user-adaptation, such as, to accustom the hypermedia’s page content to the objective and knowledge of the user, or to propose the most appropriate links to consider. The applications of adaptive hypermedia systems are diverse with the hyperspace being logically huge with the hypermedia utilization being anticipated to be employed by users with diverse aims, knowledge, and backgrounds. Of late, adaptability has been confirmed being as escalating aspect of web applications. The users enjoy highly apposite pages which enable them to become acquainted with context or user properties, courtesy of adaptive web applications. A typical illustration of adaptability is the user behavior-based recommendation. On the whole, adaptability is considered orthogonal to three perceptions: content, navigation configuration, as well as presentation [1] as evident in Figure 1 below.
CCS Concept Software and its engineering → Software organization and properties
Keywords Adaptive Model; Web Engineering; Web Applications.
1. INTRODUCTION Several issues exist that ought to be taken into consideration in the development of a web application, and they are subjected to frequent changes in due course, perhaps by the web present trends or the accessibility of novel technologies. The need for context adaptability (such as content service meant for a special audience), plus the demand to essentially design this context utilizing rich semantics-founded models are among the key concerns cropping up within the last few years. With the audience being addressed by the application designer in a high-level and frequently domainexplicit approach (such as “premium users”), the existing frameworks do infrequently provide settings to enhance and widen this context model accessible. Also, ordinarily, the web application per se does by now exist while its adaptation logic and use ought to be pulled out with such extra concerns.
Figure 1. Modeling Aspect in Web Engineering [2] There are many adaptability factors in the software engineering domain and web application domain, including, for example, adaptability with a different device, adaptability with a different browser, as well as adaptability methodologies, and so on. Web engineering adaptability is orthogonal to three views generally: content, navigation structure, and presentation [3]. Web engineering methods have weaknesses regarding adaptability with support features of modern web applications. Several methods have been extended or combined with other methods to support RIA such as Combined UWE with RUX-Method [4], extended UWE [5]; and extended WebML for RIA [6], Hera [7] is a methodology for designing semantic web information and systems. Hemida,2013 proposed a new method that can support Semantic and RIA [8], in the recent work Wakil and Jawawi extended
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https://doi.org/10.1145/3178461.3178468
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IFML to develop new concern of web applications [9]. The problem is that no single web engineering method can support all features of the modern web applications. In this paper, we define a new adaptive model inside web engineering methods to design modern web applications.
facilitating web application configurations generally [13]. The objective of AMACONT is to allow web designers to come up with web application adapted to the varying needs of the users, besides the device aptitudes and context data like the location of the users. As such, it is comparable to other web application design methods like SHDM, WebML, WSDM, UWE, OO-H, OOWS, and Hera-S for a survey on these web modeling approaches [14].
The paper is organized as follows: Section 2 explains the background work for modeling adaptability in the web engineering area in addition to adaptability in hypermedia. In section 3, we will describe the adaptability model in existing web engineering methods. Section 4 highlights new features from modern web applications. In section 5 we define the new adaptive model inside web engineering methods to support all the features of modern web applications. In Section 6 we design a case study for implementing the new adaptive model. In the last section, we present some concluding remarks and points for future research.
In another study by Grossman et al. 2011, an approach impacted by related areas of model-compelled design, conceptual business processes modeling and workflows, semantic method depictions and matching of services via limitation satisfaction, was proposed. By being employed correspondingly, these approaches can aid to efficiently sustain, instance-founded choice and component of web services, throughout runtime and enhances this to offer selfmodifying adjustment when conditions vary [15]. Another study by [16] assessed the existing literature on AH. The researcher focused on various established methods and approaches involved in AH. The study equally introduced various aspects of categorization of AH systems, methods and approaches, besides offering a description of the most significant among them.
2. BACKGROUND Even though adaptability is deemed a significant aspect in web engineering which lacks sufficient literature support in adaptability model concerning web engineering techniques, in their study, Wakil and Jawawi proposed a literature review on MDWE; they founded about 3% of subsequent studies focusing on adaptability [10]. This chapter of the study examines the MDWE publications besides the adaptability web uses associated with modeling adaptability, and eventually examine the hypermedia adaptability plus the models associated with the designing of web applications via adaptability models.
From the investigation and data analysis concerning the developing process of Adaptive Web Hypermedia Systems and Adaptive Applications, from the developed activities by the multidisciplinary team and the characteristics of interface for web applications, it was possible to outline a task flow to be accomplished by the designer during the Interface Design Process for Adaptive Web Applications (IDPAWA). This paper shows a model and guidelines for the IDPAWA proposed to guide and aid the designer in making decisions during the interfaces development. The model schematically describes five steps of an interactive process: analysis, concept, development, prototype, and test. To support the model, eight guidelines were developed to deal with the requirements and configuration of adaptive techniques [17].
In a study by Rojas (2008), Adaptive Primitives (a set of conceptual primitives) have been delineated in a way that permits the expression of renowned adaptive methods at top concept levels. A user modeling application has highly supported the delineation of such primitives. Nonetheless, various modeling techniques facilitate multiple options to integrate adaptive methods in OOWS navigational plans, founded on the integrated adaptive primitives. As a measure of sustaining the adaptive features modeling, the definition of a requisites model is considered, facilitating the design of adaptability prerequisites, besides the information prerequisites affiliated to the application users. Eventually, the introduction of various transformation guidelines is considered, with the aim of promoting the outlining of such prerequisites to the theoretical modeling stage [11]. In their study, Jiang et al. 2008 recommended for the engagement of MAWA, an approach for the model-driven design of adaptive web applications. MAWA is highly dependent on the adaptive web application as well as the major components of the creative activity. It utilizes a frequentative, incremental modeling approach, as well as highlighting the adaptive method, comprised of user and context models. Furthermore, the adaptive classifications and methods are highlighted in MAWA, typically engaged in sustaining the execution of the adaptive behaviors. The MAWA integrated code generation technique enables the designers to come up with the applications swiftly and efficiently [12].
A self-adaptive software system modifies its behavior at runtime in response to changes in the system or its execution environment. The fulfillment of the system requirements needs to be guaranteed even in the presence of adverse conditions and adaptations. Thus, a key challenge for self-adaptive software systems is assurance. in [18] explores state of the art for using M@RT to address the assurance of self-adaptive software systems. It defines what information can be captured by M@RT, specifically for assurance, and puts this definition into the context of existing work. They then outline key research challenges for assurance at runtime and characterize assurance methods. The chapter concludes with an exploration of selected application areas where M@RT could provide significant benefits beyond existing assurance techniques for adaptive systems. Furthermore Mannava and Ramesh, 2012 proposed Genetic Algorithm based Design Pattern. This system provides tools for adaptive service composition and provisioning. They introduced a composition model where service context and exceptions are configurable to accommodate needs of different users. Then allows for reusability of a service in different contexts and achieves a level of adaptive and contextualization without recoding and recompiling of the overall composed services. The proposed system will compose web services based on user request using Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) [19].
In their study, Niederhausen et al. 2009 presented methods for enhancing an existing framework in web applications, with orthogonal components for increasing adaptability besides enhancing the user context configuration with semantics. To get rid of this, the researchers utilized aspect-oriented methods in designing adaptability from one end as well as technologies and concepts from the semantic web for creating and obtaining a rich framework alternatively. That demonstrated by considering AMACONT, although these methods are appropriate for
After our investigation, we found several adaptive models presented in web engineering methods and hypermedia areas.
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Some of them developed a web application in the interface, and some of them developed in content and navigation model, each adaptive model solved the problem primitively or deeply, but continuously web engineering methods need an adaptive model to develop modern web applications.
3. ANALYZING ADAPTIVE MODEL IN WEB ENGINEERING METHODS This part of the study evaluates the web engineering’s adaptive models as well as a number of web applications’ adaptive models. Nonetheless, this section elucidates the work of adaptive techniques besides the support methods in various angles in their regions. Furthermore, this section will highlight on the efficiency of web application developments. Dolog provided some strategies to be employed in the adaptive navigation of modeling as well as the structure of adaptive content in web applications. The state machines are obligated towards the modeling of the adaptive navigation. The variation points and variable components’ resolution is defined by restraints on states and alterations by assessing the qualities of the user. It is these constraints that establish the likelihood of accessing a given link, with the state being considered as a target state, as well as the state is entered among others [20]. In this study, Rojas (2008) proposed a ModelDriven method in the establishment of Adaptive Web Applications. This application incorporates conventional design approaches of web engineering with ascertained perceptions from the AH area.
Figure 2. The updated taxonomy of adaptive hypermedia technologies [16] Various modeling techniques facilitate multiple options to integrate adaptive methods in OOWS navigational plans, founded on the integrated adaptive primitives. As a measure of sustaining the adaptive features modeling, the definition of a requisites model is considered, facilitating the design of adaptability prerequisites, besides the information prerequisites affiliated to the application users. Eventually, several transformation guidelines are introduced with the aim of enhancing their prerequisites’ traceability to the theoretical modeling stage [20].
By engaging OOWS design technique in web applications, the researcher describes several theoretical primitives (Identified as Adaptive Primitives) that facilitate articulating renowned adaptive methods at a top abstraction range. A user modeling proposal has considerably sustained the delineation of these primitives. Nonetheless, several modeling techniques provide various options to integrate adaptive techniques in OOWS navigational plans, founded on the integrated Adaptive Primitives [11].
The use of both presentational and navigational qualities is becoming a critical prerequisite in the modern proposals of Web applications, with the objective of facing the range and multiplicity of the projected users. By incorporating information from adaptive hypermedia[22] as well as web engineering [23]. Significant adaptability is considered an escalating aspect within a web application. Adaptive web applications facilitate additional apposite user pages by being acquainted of the context and user qualities. An illustration of adaptability is the suggestions founded on user traits. On the whole, adaptability is considered orthogonal to three perceptions: content, navigation configuration, as well as presentation as evident in Table 1. As a measure of non-invasively creating adaptive components of web applications, the table below offers the assessment customization among various engineering technologies.
Since adaptive methods influence the appearance of the webpage’s constituents and hyperlinks, normally illustrated in the application’s navigational plan, adaptive primitives are incorporated within an already definite navigational plan. Envisioning this plan as an analysis of the application domain’s configuration schema, categorization of the application’s projected users is integrated within this structural delineation. Nonetheless, as an approach to facilitating the modeling choices that are capable of being acquired from the novel theoretical configurations, there has been an incorporation of a requisites model for adaptive web applications, entailing the requirements of the prerequisites of adaptability of the message meant for the users, founding the adaptability. In order to sustain the requirements’ traceability, several transformation guidelines have been delineated, facilitating the systematic acquisition of the resultant theoretical delineation of each adaptability prerequisite respective of the integrated adaptive primitives [21].
Table 1, present customization structures from web engineering approaches are evident, OOH and WebML are excellent methods sustaining context between the web engineering approaches, but WSDM is considered the most appropriate methods in supporting all the stages, as evident from the below table. The overall assessment confirms how methods in web engineering are unable to sustain the entire lifecycle and all aspects of the web engineering procedure.
Alternatively, technological hypermedia is categorized in two forms: adaptive navigation and adaptive presentation. The decisive factors highlighted by presentation model’s adaptability are inclusive of text presentation, multimedia presentation, as well as modality. Navigation model’s adaptability centered on various standards are inclusive of direct guidance link hiding, link sorting among others [16], as evident from Figure 2.
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of M@RT and MAPE elements along the adjustment technique seems to probably acquire or update the knowledge of system states, the setting and assurance condition. The applicable context information is monitored respective of the monitoring prerequisites in the adaptations (adaptation monitors) as well as the system itself (assurance monitors).
Table 1. Customization Modeling[11]
Adaptive applications and web hypermedia systems, from the established events by the multidisciplinary members and the qualities of web applications’ interface, it was probably to delineate a task flow to be achieved by the inventor during the IDPAWA. As evident from Figure 3, the initial phase in establishing the IDPAWA model was the task flow, due to the significance of comprehending the activities concerned with the adaptive web application’s interface design, as a measure of envisaging the whole developing technique. From a schematic approach, the model delineates five stages of an interactive method: investigation, commencement, establishment, model, and test. A total of 8 strategies were implemented to handle the prerequisites and design of adaptive approaches, hence sustaining the model [17].
Figure 4. MAPE-MART loop: The MAPE-K loop from autonomic computing extended with M@RT, and assurance instrumentation as foundational elements for the assessment of SASs [18] There exist several adaptive models, with a number of them designed to fit diversity in users, while several of them designed to offer sustenance in various devices. Nonetheless, regardless of these models, none of an adaptive support model corresponds to novel features from the current web applications. The subsequent section offers a method of preparing a novel adaptive model to overcome this setback.
4. NEW FEATURES FROM MODERN WEB APPLICATIONS Based on evolution features and complexity, there are different categorizations for both webs and web applications. An outline, based on the evolution of the web given by Aghaei et al., classified four generations which are: web 1.0; web 2.0; web 3.0; and web 4.0. The features of the generations are presented and contrasted. It came to the point that, since 1989, the web has undergone tremendous development and is adapting towards artificial intelligent methods. Further, it is seen as becoming a huge web of sophisticated, intelligent communications shortly [24]. Wakil and Jawawi, 2015 categorized modern web applications into four categories based on new features that comprise: Rich Internet Applications (RIA); Ubiquitous Web Applications (UWA); Semantic Web Applications (SWA); and Intelligent Web Application (IWA). The categorized web applications are made by inspecting the history and complexity features of these applications [25].
4.1 Rich Internet Applications (RIA) RIAs are web applications which use data that can be processed both by the server and the client. In addition, the client remains receptive while recalculating nonstop or updating components of the user interface based on the data exchange not being synchronous. RIAs give a comparable look-and-feel approach as desktop applications to the client, while the word "rich" means specifically the contrast with the previous generation of web applications. RIAs can be essentially described as a variation of interactive operating controls; the option of on/off line uses of the application; and the transparent utilization of the client and server computing power; as well as the network connection [26].
Figure 3. Interface designer’s task flow during the IDPAWA[17]. Some researchers have demonstrated the function of M@RT as facilitators of reassurance techniques for individual adaptation [18], Figure 4 offers an expansion of the MAPE-K loop, with complementation of assurance objectives on each phase of the loop [TVM+12], while M@RT replaces the knowledge base. Therefore, the present study appropriately identifies the feedback loop represented in this figure as MAPE-MART loop. Interaction
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brain activity recognition, these mainly concentrate on thinking and mining at present. IWA includes Web mining, Semantic Web, Web personalization and Intelligent Agents respectively as shown in Table 2.
Similar to the features offered in desktop applications, e.g., sturdiness, dynamic adaptation subject to users’ profiles and multimedia, RIA offers such features and competencies [27].RIA also highlights the behavior of applications by permitting novel operations, such as data distribution; partial page computation; and disconnected work [28]. RIA focuses on client and server, as well as Rich User Interface and Rich Client.
Table 2. Features of newest web applications[25] Features
4.2 Ubiquitous Web applications (UWA)
Client/Server, Rich UI, Rich Client Anywhere, Anytime, Anyplace, Anymedia, Anydevice, Adaptation, Context-aware Ontology, Rich UI, RDF, semantic hyperlink, behaviour Web Personalization, Web Mining, Semantic Web, Intelligent Agents
A Web application that undergoes the anytime/anywhere/any media syndrome is called the UWA. This means that an ubiquitous web application should be planned from the beginning considering not only its hypermedia nature but also the reality that requires it to run “as is” on various platforms. These platforms include mobile phones; Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs); fullfledged desktop computers; and so on. This suggests the different competencies of devices consisting of display size, local storage size, a method of input, network capacity, and so on. which have to be taken into consideration with any ubiquitous web application. Considering the needs and preferences of specific users, new prospects are offered regarding location-based, time-based, and personalized services. Accordingly, an ubiquitous web application must be sensitive towards the environment it is operating in. For example, this necessitates, from one point of view, being contextaware; while another point of view suggests that it must support personalization[29].
Web applications RIA UWA SWA IWA
5. DESIGN A NEW ADAPTIVE MODEL In this section, we define a new adaptive model for the support of modern web applications. However, some existing works have extended web engineering methods or defined new web engineering methods for the support of RIA or semantic web (as explained in the previous chapter), also we enhanced UWE for developing new homepage modules [32, 33]. However, as yet, there is still no single web engineering method to support all features from modern web applications. With the evolution of web technology, new features will appear. Hence, in order to solve this problem, we have defined a new adaptive model to support all features.
4.3 Semantic Web Applications (SWA) A collection of standards and languages are used as a technique of observing the Semantic Web architecture. Another interpretation is through software applications and components which establish functionality based on these standards and languages. The components are usually used as Semantic Web infrastructure when applying functionality in applications. A review of Semantic Web applications is explained in literature with the components [30].
Figure 5 shows our new adaptive model that can develop modern web applications. This model analyses the type of web applications and defines the features. Furthermore, this model can change the specification from one feature to another feature. It can also define one or more features from more than one type of web application. For example, if our application is RIA this model can define client and server features.
Publishing RDF and de-referencing content belong to the basic infrastructure components. Per convention, URIs can also be used regularly to regain content relating to the resources they identify, even though URIs serves as unique identifiers. For serving content via HTTP (where HTTP clients provide lookup functionality), web servers afford the infrastructure for serving content via HTTP. For purposes of referencing and lookup from the Web, the Semantic Web possesses the basic infrastructure. Content returned as the outcome of HTTP lookups is either processed as XML parsers and APIs (in the case of non-RDF content) or RDF parsers and APIs. No such standardized specification existed for processing RDF content when the W3C created a requirement for manipulating XML documents (the Document Object Model).
Figure 5. New Adaptive model to develop features of modern web applications The adaptation of navigational and presentational characteristics is becoming a high priority requirement in current projects of web applications, aimed at facing the multiplicity and diversity of the intended users. By integrating knowledge from adaptive hypermedia and web engineering research fields, the present thesis seeks to promote the systematic development of adaptive web applications. This is performed through the introduction of a Model-Driven approach that incorporates adaptive methods and techniques that are being successfully implemented in traditional hypermedia systems
4.4 Analyzing Intelligent Web Applications (IWA) Our analysis reveals that IWA will progressively transform because of semantic web accessibility on a large scale that originates from the next generation SWA. New challenges will emerge that can meet innovative infrastructure so as to speed up the semantic web applications execution to gain different advantages.
The requirements of web engineering methods are as follows: Adaptive model in content model. Adaptive model in Navigation model. Adaptive model in presentation model. Adaptive in code generation. Transformation model for adaptive model.
Apart from the broadly divergent quality of the information, it consists of the following features. Semantic Web applications must highlight relevant issues connected with the Semantic Web’s scale and heterogeneity [31]. Although intelligent web applications in the future will operate on a large scale on human
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The links for logging in or out, for registering and to the user’s account page are always shown. This also holds for the album search box. Here only focused on content model as shown in Figure 7, the content model visualizes the domain relevant information for the Web system that mainly comprises the content of the Web application. In our example, the information is provided by the classes Album, Artist, and Song. A UML class diagram and UML plain classes are used to model the content.
To ensure the success of this model, we added to the structure of web engineering methods. As explained above, adaptability should be covered in all models including the domain model, navigation model and presentation model. We will combine the adaptive model for all models to subsequently achieve a new model that can support all features from web applications, as shown in Figure 6.
Figure 6. The New Adaptive model for the Web engineering method
6. CASE STUDY In this section we implement our framework by using a simple case study, a Simple Music Portal application already done by [34], we will extend this application for adaptive application based on our framework.
Figure 7. Content model for Simple Music Portal [34] In the following, we design an adaptive model for above sample for supporting multi-web applications that explained in figure 5. The adaptive model allows application for different web applications as shown in Figure 8.
The following example shows a very simple music portal web application that allows users to buy albums which then can be downloaded as archive files containing MP3s. The following list gives a short informal description of the use cases and requirements.
A distinction is made between users and registered users. Only registered users can buy or download albums. A user becomes a registered user by logging in. Unregistered users can register with a username that has not been taken by another user and a freely chosen password. Every user can search for albums by their name. Other search methods are not offered. The search result is presented as a list of matching albums that provides links to a detail page for each album. The album detail pages show the title of the album, the name of the artist, the list of songs and the album’s price. If the user has already bought the album, then a download link is shown. Otherwise, there will be a link for buying the album. Only full albums can be downloaded. In this simplified example, each album has only one artist. This restriction is done to reduce the complexity of the navigation and presentation models. It would be easy though to add support for multiple artists by adding an index in the navigation model and an anchored collection in the presentation model, respectively. Each registered user has a credit account that is used to buy albums. Credit card payment can recharge the credit account. To do this, the user has to enter her credit card data and the amount to recharge with. This data is validated and the user has to confirm the transaction before the credit card is charged and the user’s credit account is recharged. The details of credit card handling are not 6 modeled in this example. If a user is logged in, she can navigate to an account page that shows the user’s credits and the list of albums she has bought in the past.
Figure 8. Adaptive model for Simple Music Portal There are a number techniques for merging of models exist as explained in [35], based on the information of that technique we combined Figure7 and Figure8, the result is shown in Figure 9, the result becomes to adaptive content model for Simple Music Portal, in the following figure we explain how to support RIA features.
Figure 9. Adaptive content model for Simple Music Portal
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As shown above Figure (Figure 9) Features of RIA are; Client and server, this type of application help the application access by client user and from server, when we need to implementation adaptive model for Simple music portal, feathers changed to client and server operations.
CSCWD 2008. 12th International Conference on, 2008, pp. 386-391: IEEE. [13] M. Niederhausen, K. Van Der Sluijs, J. Hidders, E. Leonardi, G.-J. Houben, and K. Meißner, Harnessing the power of semantics-based, aspect-oriented adaptation for AMACONT. Springer, 2009.
7. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
[14] W. Schwinger et al., "A survey on web modeling approaches for ubiquitous web applications," International Journal of Web Information Systems, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 234-305, 2008.
In this paper, we defined a new adaptive model for support of new features of modern web applications. One of the gaps in web engineering methods is that there is no adaptive model which can support all features from modern web applications. After the appearance of new features of modern web applications, researchers should be prepared to extend existing web engineering methods or else combine two or more methods or define new methods. Hence, this problem has not been solved because web technology and web applications are continuously evolving. In this work to solve the problem, we have defined a new adaptive model for developing modern web applications, especially IWA. To future work, we recommend extending a tool to design and implement the new adaptive model. Moreover, researchers can implement different features from among the newest web applications such as RIA, SWA, UWA, IWA, and mobile applications.
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