a new species of dicranocentrus (collembola ...

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Volume 117, Number 5, November and December 2006

Harris, R. A. 1979. A glossary of surface sculpturing. Occasional Papers in Entomology 28: 1-33.

A NEW SPECIES OF DICRANOCENTRUS (COLLEMBOLA: ENTOMOBRYIDAE) FROM CHINA1

Marsh, P. M 1979. pp. 144-313. In, Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico. Vol. I. Symphyta and Apocrita (Parasitica) Krombein, K. V.; Hurd, P. D.; Smith, D. R.; Burks, B. D. (Edited). Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington, District of Columbia, U.S.A. 1198 pp. Muesebeck, C. F. W. and L. M. Walkley. 1951. Hymenoptera of America North of Mexico: Synoptic Catalog. Agricultural Monographs 2, p.172. Roman, A. 1910. Zur Schlupfwespensammlung des schwedischen Reichmuseums. Entomologisk tidskrift 31, p.138. Sharkey, M. J. and R. A. Wharton. 1997. pp. 19-37. Morphology and Terminology. In, Wharton, R. A., P. M. Marsh, and M. J. Sharkey (Editors). Manual of the New World Genera of the Family Braconidae (Hymenoptera). Washington, D.C. Special Publication of the International Society of Hymenopterists. No. 1. Washington, District of Columbia, U.S.A. 439 pp. Shaw, M. R. and T. Huddleston. 1991. Classification and Biology of Braconid Wasps. Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects. Volume 7. Part II. 7:1-126. Shaw, S. R. 1995. pp. 431-463. In, Hanson, P. E. and I. D. Gauld, eds. The Hymenoptera of Costa Rica. Oxford University Press. Oxford, Great Britain. 893 pp. Shaw, S. R. 1997. pp. 403-408. Subfamily Rogadinae s.s. In, Wharton, R. A., P. M. Marsh, and M. J. Sharkey (Editors). Manual of the New World Genera of the Family Braconidae (Hymenoptera). Washington, D.C. Special Publication of the International Society of Hymenopterists, No. 1. Washington, District of Columbia, U.S.A. 439 pp. Shaw, S. R. and P. M. Marsh. 2004. Two new Eastern North American species of the Aleiodes coxalis (Spinola) species-group (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Rogadinae) reared from Geometridae. Zootaxa 656: 1–10. Shenefelt, R. D. 1975. Pars 12. Braconidae 8, Rogadinae. pp. 1163-1262. In, Vecht, J. van der and R. D. Shenefelt (Editors). Hymenopterorum Catalogus (nova edito). Dr. W. Junk. The Hague, The Netherlands. 1262 pp. Whitfield, J. B. 1992. The polyphyletic origin of endoparasitism in the cyclostome lineages of Braconidae (Hymenoptera). Systematic Entomology 17: 273-286.

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Yitong Ma,2 Jianxiu Chen,3 and Felipe N. Soto-Adames4 ABSTRACT: A new species, Dicranocentrus chenae, from Guangxi, South China is described. The new species is most similar in the arrangement of dental spines to D. cubensis Mari Mutt, 1979 from Cuba and D. gapudi Mari Mutt, 1985 from the Philippines, but differs from them in the number of internal teeth in the ungues. A table of the main characteristics of Asian species is provided. KEY WORDS: Dicranocentrus chenae, new species, Collembola, Entomobryidae, Guangxi, China

The genus Dicranocentrus Schöhtt, 1893 belongs to the family Entomobryidae and is characterized by possession of 6-segmented antennae and body scales. The distribution of the genus is clearly holotropical and 59 species have been described from all over the world. Unfortunately, the original description of some species was incomplete and their specimens were poorly preserved, so it is impossible to determine accurately the taxonomic status of these species (Mari Mutt, 1979). About half of the 52 well-described species have been reported from tropical Asia, although little attention so far has been paid to the Chinese fauna. Only D. indicus Bonet 1930 has been reported from Taiwan, and there are no reports of Dicranocentrus from the mainland of China. Herein, we describe a new species of Dicranocentrus from Guangxi Province, mainland China. Throughout the description, the following abbreviations are used: Ant., Th. and Abd. stand for antennae, thorax and abdomen, respectively. Dicranocentrus chenae, sp. nov. (Figs. 1 - 23) Body Length: Up to 3.4mm. Color: Ground color pale yellow. Eye patches dark blue (Fig. 1). Head: Antennae short, 0.47-0.52x body length and 2.4-3.1x longer than cephalic diagonal; length ratio of Ant. V/VI 1.5-1.8; Ant. V and VI annulated except proximal part of Ant. V (Fig. 2); Ant. V and Ant. VI sometimes merged into one segment; apex of Ant. VI with 2-3 bent, finger-like setae and a pin seta (Fig. 3). Eyes 8+8, G & H smaller than others. Dorsal cephalic chaetotaxy as in Fig. 4: A1 and Ps absent; S2 usually present; group P with 6 setae (Mari Mutt, 1979), a row of short ciliate setae present along posterior margin of head (Figs. 4, 5). Labral setae 4/5, 5, 4, all smooth; distal margin of labrum with 4 broad, oval papillae, each papilla with one small seta (Fig. 6). External differentiated seta of labial appendage short, barely reaching half the papillar length, and subequal in ______________________________ 1

Received on January 8, 2006. Accepted on March 30, 2006.

2

Department of Biology, Nantong University, Nantong 226007 China. E-mail: [email protected]. cn.

3

Department of Biology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093 China. E-mail: [email protected].

4

Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405 U.S.A. E-mail: [email protected]. Mailed on February ??, 2007

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diameter to normal setae (Fig. 7). Apical seta of maxillary palp subequal in length, but slightly wider than subapical seta (Fig. 8). Posterior setae of labial triangle forming an irregular row; with 0-4 ciliate, and 8-12 smooth setae internal to e; L1 & L2 smooth (Fig. 9). Thorax: Macrochaetae as in Fig. 10. Trochanteral organ with 38-57 setae (Fig. 11). Tibiotarsus with numerous ciliate setae of different sizes, a few blunt, weakly ciliate setae, and 2-4 columns of smooth setae on metatibiotarsi and 1-2 such smooth setae on pro- and mesotibiotarsus (Fig. 12). Tenent hair acuminate, 0.68-0.80 times as long as inner edge of unguis. Unguis with one pair of inner teeth. Unguicular outer tooth usually present (Fig. 13). Abdomen: Macrochaetae of Abd. I-IV as in Fig. 10, chaetotaxy of central area of Abd. IV sometimes asymmetrically variable (Figs. 14-16). Length ratio of Abd. IV to Abd. III at dorsal midline as 1.5-1.6. Tenaculum with 4+4 teeth and 7-12 weakly ciliate setae on corpus (Fig. 17). Ventral tube scaled on both faces, anterior face with 26-40 weakly ciliate setae on each side (Fig. 18); posterior face with 6-12 small ciliate setae and 95-128 weakly ciliate to smooth setae (Fig. 19); lateral flap with 6 small ciliate setae and 57 smooth setae (Fig. 20). Dental lobe with a large ciliate blunt seta and a row of ciliate setae. Inner edge of dentes with one row of 15-19 chestnut-coloured, simple spines (Fig. 21). Ratio of length of uncrenulate dens to mucro 3.0-5.0. Mucro bidentate; basal spine short, without denticles, tip reaching subapical tooth (Fig. 22). Scales chestnut-coloured, hyaline, heavily striated (Fig. 23). Ecology: In deciduous forest leaf litter. Etymology: The new species is dedicated to Ms. Chen Qin, who collected the specimens. Types: Holotype female, China, Guangxi, Guiping County, Xishan Mountain. VII-14-1996, Collection number C8544, Collected by Ms. Chen Qin. Paratypes: 18 females on slides, same date as holotype. Deposited in the Department of Biology, Nanjing University, P. R. China. Remarks: The new species is quite distinct from the only other Chinese (Taiwanese) species, D. indicus. D. chenae has dental spines and several smooth tibiotarsal setae, while D. indicus lacks dental spines and smooth tibiotarsal setae (Table 1). D. chenae n. sp. belongs to the D. sundanensis species group (Mari Mutt 1979) and closely resembles D. luzonensis Mari Mutt 1985, D. gapudi Mari Mutt 1985, D. solomonensis Mari Mutt 1979 and D. lawrencei Mari Mutt 1979. The new species can be distinguished from D. luzonensis, D. gapudi, D. solomonensis by having 5 macrochaetae on Abd. I (6, 3, and 3 macrochaetae in the other species, respectively) and from D. lawrencei by the presence of dental spines (Table 2). The arrangement of dental spines in Dicranocentrus chenae n. sp. is most similar to the Cuban species D. cubensis Mari Mutt, 1979 and the Philippine species D. gapudi Mari Mutt, 1985 but differs from them by the characters listed in Table 3.


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Dicranocentrus chenae, sp. nov. Figs. 1 – 12. 1. Habitus; 2. Antenna; 3. Apex of Ant. VI; 4. Dorsal cephalic chaetotaxy of head; 5. Seta of posterior margin of head; 6. Labrum; 7. Differentiated seta of external labial papilla; 8. Maxillary palp; 9. Labial chaetotaxy; 10. Semi-diagrammatic dorsal chaetotaxy of Th. II-Abd. IV; 11. Trochanteral organ; 12. Posterior view of tibiotarsus, showing smooth setae and blunt, weakly ciliate setae.

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Table 1. Main differences between Dicranocentrus indicus and D. chenae _____________________________________________________________ indicus chenae _____________________________________________________________ Dental spines absent 15-19 Tibiotarsal smooth setae absent 7-14 Apex of tenent hair slightly clavate acuminate Macrochaetae on Abd. IV absent usually 6+6 _____________________________________________________________

Dicranocentrus chenae, sp. nov. Figs. 13 - 23. 13. Hind foot complex; 14-16. Variation of chaetotaxy of Abd. IV; 17. Tenaculum; 18. Anterior face of ventral tube; 19. Posterior face of ventral tube; 20. Lateral flap of ventral tube; 21. Inner view of dental base; 22. Mucro; 23. Scale.


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Table 2. Main characteristics of the species from Asia and its vicinity. species cercifer chenae n. sp. deharvengi fasciatus fraternus gapudi gemellus

1 ? s g g g s g

2 ? 5 6 4 4 6 3

3 ? 2 2-3 3-4 3 2 2

4 ? 2 2 2-3 2 2 2

5 + + +

6 A A C C C A A, C

7 + + + -

halophilus

g

0

2

1

-

C

-

indecisus indicus

g s?

6 3

3 2

2 2

-

? C

-

inermodentes janetscheki javanus lawrencei litoreus luzonensis nepalensis orientalis pilosus problematicus salatiganus singularis solomonensis spinosus sundanensis

s s? s s g s g s g g s g s m s

3 4 3 5 0 3 3 2 6-7 3 3 2 3 5 5

2 2 2 2-3 2 2 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 2

2 2 3 2 1 2 2 3 4 2 3 2 2 2 3

+ + + + + +

C C A A C A C A A C A C A A A

+ + + + +

thaicus violaceus yoshiius

g g s

6 4 5

2 2-3 3

3 2 3

+

A, C C C

-

8 India China Nepal Thailand India Philippine Islands Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea Nepal India, Nepal, China (Taiwan) Micronesia Nepal Indonesia Solomon Philippine Islands Philippine Islands Nepal Malaya Nepal Vietnam Indonesia India Solomon Islands India Malaya, or Malasyia Vietnam Thailand Nepal Thailand

List of Characters. 1. Dorsal cephalic chaetotacic groups: m = marias, g = gracilis, s =s undanensi (after Mari Mutt, 1979); 2. Number of macrochaetae on Abd. I; 3. Number of macrochaetae on Abd. II; 4. Number of macrochaetae on Abd. III; 5. Smooth setae on tibiotarsus: + means present, - means absent; 6. tenent hair: C = clavate, A = acuminate; 7. Dental spines: + means present, - means absent; 8. Distribution. Characters compiled from Mari Mutt (1977, 1978, 1979, 1981a, 1981b, 1985a, 1985b, 1988), and Mari Mutt and Bhattacharjee (1980).

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Table 3. Differences between Dicranocentrus chenae and similar species ________________________________________________________________ cubensis gapudi chenae _______________________________________________________________ Tibiotarsal smooth setae

absent

present

present

Tenent hair

clavate

acuminate

acuminate

unknown

0.77

0.47-0.52

5+5

6+6

5+5

3

3

2

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CHANGES IN ABUNDANCE OF NATIVE AND ADVENTIVE COCCINELLIDAE (COLEOPTERA) IN ALFALFA FIELDS, IN NORTHERN NEW JERSEY (1993-2004) AND DELAWARE (1999-2004), U.S.A.1 W. H. Day2 and K. M. Tatman2

Bonet, F. 1930. Sur quelques Collemboles de 1’Inde. Eos (Madrid, Spain) 6: 249-273.

ABSTRACT: Weekly and biweekly sweep net collections were made near Blairstown, New Jersey, and Newark, Delaware (both in the U.S.A.), for 12 and 6 consecutive years, respectively. At Blairstown, only one non-native coccinellid [Coccinella septempunctata (L.)] was common when this research was started in 1993, one [Propylea quatuordecimpunctata (L.)] had recently appeared, and two others [Harmonia axyridis (Pallas), Hippodamia variegata (Goeze)] were detected later during the 12-year study. All of these four species were adventive, having established themselves through commerce, three species at inland ports, and one near a coastal seaport. The most numerous adult lady beetles at both locations were two native species, Coleomegilla maculata (F.) and Hippodamia parenthesis (Say), and three adventive species, P. quatuordecimpunctata, C. septempunctata, and H. axyridis Six species were occasionally swept at Blairstown - one adventive species (H. variegata) and five native species [Cycloneda munda (Say), Coccinella transversoguttata Mulsant, C. trifasciata Mulsant, Hippodamia convergens Guerin, and Brachiacantha ursina (F.)]. All but the last species were also found at Newark. Lady beetle numbers varied considerably from year to year at both locations, demonstrating that long-term (10 years or more) research is required to correctly identify population trends. No coccinellid species decreased during the 12-year study at Blairstown—indicating that the once-common H. convergens and several species of Coccinella had become rare before the study started in 1993, and before three of the four adventive lady beetles had become numerous. The previous establishment of exotic parasites, previously reported to have reduced pea aphid numbers, was likely indirectly responsible for decreasing coccinellid diversity in alfalfa. Competition by the adventive C. septempunctata may also have reduced some coccinellid species prior to 1993, but such data for the northeastern U.S.A. have not been published, to our knowledge.

Mari Mutt, J. A. 1977. Fifteen new records and a new species of Collembola from the Dominican Republic. Florida Entomologist 60: 281-286.

KEY WORDS: Coccinellidae, changes in abundance, native, adventive, New Jersey, Delaware, U.S.A.

Antenna length: body length Macrochaetae on abd.I Inner teeth on unguis

Apex of subapical seta of unknown tapered pointed maxillary palp ________________________________________________________________

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30370175) and Jiangsu Provincial Department of Education (05KJB180099).

LITERATURE CITED

Mari Mutt, J. A. 1978. A new species and complements to the descriptions of nine African or oriental Dicranocentrus (Collembola: Entomobryidae). Journal Agriculture University Puerto Rico 65: 160-170. Mari Mutt, J. A. 1979. A revision of the genus Dicranocentrus Schött (Insecta: Collembola: Entomobryidae). Agricultural Experiment Station University Puerto Rico Bulletin 259. 79pp. Mari Mutt, J. A. 1981a. Two new Dicranocentrus from Nepal and A key to the Indian and Nepalese species (Collembola: Entomobryidae: Orchesellinae). Pan-Pacific Entomologist 57: 493-499. Mari Mutt, J. A. 1981b. New Genus, a new species, and complements to the descriptions of seven neotropical Dicranocentrus (Collembola: Entomobryidae: Orchesellinae). Journal Agriculture University Puerto Rico 65: 90-107. Mari Mutt, J. A. 1985a. Eight new species of Dicranocentrus and redescription for D. thaicus and D. pilosus (Collembola: Entomobryidae: Orchesellinae). Journal Agriculture University Puerto Rico 69: 297-322. Mari Mutt, J. A. 1985b. Two new species of Dicranocentrus from Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic (Collembola: Entomobryidae). Caribbean Journal Science 21: 105-110. Mari Mutt, J. A. 1988. A new Dicranocentrus from Thailand, redescription of D. fasciatus Yosii and records for two other species of Orchesellinae (Collembola: Entomobryidae). Journal Kansas Entomological Society 61: 179-185. Mari Mutt, J. A. and R. K. Bhattacharjee. 1980. Four new species of Dicranocentrus from northeast India and Nepal (Collembola: Entomobryidae: Orchesellinae). Pacific Insects 22: 162-170.

Most aphid-feeding coccinellids are large and brightly colored, unlike most other predators and parasites of aphids, so they have been recognized as important natural enemies of pest aphids for more than 150 years (Kirby and Spence 1860). Recently, interest in these beetles has increased, as several once-common native lady beetles have become rare (e.g. Wheeler and Hoebeke 1995, Ellis et al. 1999). Because several foreign coccinellids have become established in North America through commerce since the early 1970s, some of these new arrivals have been considered responsible for displacing native lady beetles in some areas (Turnock et al. 2003, Wheeler and Hoebeke 1995), but not in others (Wright and DeVries 2000). Many major pest insects have become established in North America via shipping, and although it is less well known, this also has happened with predators and parasites of insects (Sailer 1978). Changes in natural enemy dominance usually evolve over many years, requiring long-term studies to determine the eventual outcome (Day 2005). The research reported here was conducted in alfalfa, a relatively stable perennial crop, at two locations, over 6- and 12-year periods. The principal prey of lady ______________________________ 1

Received on January 16, 2006. Accepted on March 30, 2006.

2

USDA-BIRL, 501 Chapel Street, Newark, Delaware 19713 U.S.A. Email: [email protected]. gov. Mailed on February ??, 2007