Sport Management Education Journal, 2007, 1, 40-52
Examining the Body of Knowledge in Sport Management: A Preliminary Descriptive Study of Current Sport Management Textbooks Brenda G. Pitts Georgia State University
Karen E. Danylchuk The University of Western Ontario This study examined the current textbooks in sport management using the quantitative content analytic research method. Sport management books selected for examination were limited to those written in English published from 1990 through to November 2006 inclusive. Of the 129 books representing 14 categories analyzed, the greatest number of books was in the categories of management (n = 36) and marketing (n = 27). These categories were followed by law (n = 13), finance (n = 9), and event management (n = 8). The majority of the books (88%) were authored. Among the authors and editors, 79% were male. The majority of books (85%) did not indicate a target audience. The average year of publication of all books was 2001, with almost three-quarters (73%) being published from the year 2000 onwards. The number of publishers was 40, of which the vast majority was in the United States.
Dr. Earle F. Zeigler, one of the pioneers of the North American Society for Sport Management (NASSM), noted in 1987 that, “any profession must have a sound body of knowledge to undergird it if it is to survive with its professional status fully recognized by society” (p. 15). Academics have been challenged to assess the body of knowledge in sport management by several sport management scholars in order to determine its state and facilitate efforts for improvement (e.g., Barber, Parkhouse, & Tedrick, 2001; Chelladurai, 1992; Cuneen & Parks, 1997; Danylchuk & Judd, 1996; Fielding, Pitts, & Miller, 1991; Mahony & Pitts, 1998; Olafson, 1990; Parkhouse, Ulrich, & Soucie, 1982; Parks, 1992; Paton, 1987; Pitts, 2001). A body of literature is supposed to reflect and define a field (Fielding et al., 1991). In the sport management field of study, there are sport management curriculum standards that define sport management and the sport business industry (National Association of Sport and Physical Education [NASPE]/NASSM, 1993, 2000). However, early sport management scholars have suggested that the body of literature did not sufficiently reflect the defined ___________ Address correspondence to: Karen Danylchuk, School of Kinesiology, 3M Centre, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 3K7. Email:
[email protected]
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field of study or the sport business industry, and that research methodologies utilized were somewhat limiting (Olafson, 1990; Paton, 1987; Mahony & Pitts, 1998; Slack, 1996; Soucie & Doherty, 1996). More recently, research examining some of the sport management literature has shown that, while the literature has improved, it continues to lag behind the defined field of study and industry, and while research methodologies have increased in number and sophistication, they continue to lag behind other fields of study (Barber, Parkhouse, & Tedrick, 2001; Fishburn, 2006; Joo & Jackson, 2002; Mondello & Pedersen, 2003; Mowrey, 2003; Parkhouse, Pitts & Quarterman, 2005; Pedersen & Pitts, 2001; Pitts, 2001, 2002, 2005; Pitts & Pedersen, 2005; Quarterman, Jackson, & Chen, 2006; Quarterman, Pitts, Jackson, Kim, & Kim, 2005). Early research on the body of literature in sport management focused on the few sources where research was published: doctoral studies (Parkhouse et al., 1982), research studies (Paton, 1987), Journal of Sport Management (JSM) articles in particular time periods (Lambrecht, 1991; Barber, Parkhouse, & Tedrick, 2001), and conference abstracts and journal articles not restricted to JSM (Soucie & Doherty, 1996). These studies focused on the types of research being conducted. Recent research efforts have focused on research reported in sport management journals and conference proceedings, advancing the effort toward a comprehensive examination of the literature. For example, Pedersen and Pitts (2001) and Quarterman, Pitts, Jackson, Kim, and Kim (2005) examined Sport Marketing Quarterly; Mondello and Pedersen (2003) examined the Journal of Sports Economics; and Barber et al. (2001), Joo and Jackson (2002), Pitts and Pedersen (2005), and Quarterman, Jackson, and Chen (2006) examined the Journal of Sport Management. One study examined conference proceedings of three associations (Mowrey, 2003). One consistent finding of these studies is that research in sport management has failed to include full representation of sport management curriculum content areas and of segments of the sport business industry (Pitts & Pedersen, 2005). Specifically, the research revealed a disproportionate focus on intercollegiate athletics, a few professional sports (e.g., baseball, basketball), and on some management and marketing topics, especially in the North American content. The international content tends to be focused on different areas—governance in EASM and tourism and leisure in SMAANZ. Although the analysis of the content of the academic publications in the field of sport management is not new, it is not comprehensive. The existing research is, however, a good start in developing a comprehensive assessment of the literature. One source of information in the literature is textbooks. In any course of study, the textbook is usually the tool most commonly and consistently used by teachers and students in their work toward learning. Textbooks are used as the primary source of information about a topic, thus greatly influencing how content is delivered. The influence of a textbook can be far-reaching because the information is used in the classroom, field, and research. Textbooks tend to be of particular importance in undergraduate level instruction, whereas graduate level courses often focus more on research articles found in academic journals.
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While the first textbooks on sport management tended to be focused on the administration of interscholastic programs, textbooks are evolving to reflect the attempts of academicians to cover sport management curriculum content areas. The general overview or survey type of textbook still remains, and continues to be published on an ongoing basis. However, other textbooks specific to subareas (e.g., sport marketing, sport economics, sport tourism) are becoming increasingly available. To date, however, no studies have specifically examined sport management textbooks. Therefore, assessing the content of textbooks is important to producing a comprehensive evaluation of all available literature in the field. The purpose of this study was to examine current sport management textbooks. Textbook studies in other disciplines have examined specific level books, ranging from elementary level science textbooks (Koulaidis & Tsatsaroni, 1996; Kulm, Roseman, & Treistman, 1999) to university course introductory textbooks (Griggs, Jackson, Christopher, and Marek, 1999; Quereshi & Sackett, 1977). As well, textbook characteristics that have been studied include their physical features, textbook structure, content presentation, textbook availability and academic achievement, impact on education, and treatment of issues relating to women and minorities, gender bias, and diversity (Beishuizen, Stoutjesdijk, and Van Putten, 1994; Feiner, 1993; Griggs, Jackson, Christopher, & Marek, 1999; Heyneman, Farrell, & Sipulveda-Stuardo, 1978; Kulm, Roseman, & Treistman, 1999; Palmer & Treagust, 1996). As the present study was preliminary in nature, the analysis was limited to a description of book authors, editors, guest or contributing authors, page length, publishers, date of publication, country of publication, and categorization into sport management content areas. In part, the significance of this present research is that it offers a first examination of textbooks in the sport management field. More significantly, this research is critical to evaluating the current state of books in the body of literature. This information is crucial to addressing the needs of the literature as the field develops. The findings will reveal strengths, weaknesses, and gaps that can be used to improve this area of the literature.
Method The quantitative content analytic research method was used in this study. This method consists of the systematic and replicable examination of symbols of communication, which have been assigned numeric values, and the analysis of relationships involving those values, in order to describe the communication and draw inferences about its meaning (Riffe, Lacy, & Fico, 1998). Sport management books selected for this study were limited to those written in English published from 1990 through to November 2006 inclusive. The focus of the study was traditional textbooks, although one might suggest that some of the books could be viewed as supplemental in nature. The identification of the books was conducted using personal and university campus libraries, publishers’ lists, as well as liaison with sport management colleagues. A total of 129 books were identified.
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Measures As the purpose of this study was to provide a thorough preliminary descriptive analysis of the sport management textbooks, various aspects were deemed to be important and were utilized for analysis-- authorship/editorship (number and gender), target audience (undergraduate, graduate), book length (front matter, body pages, back matter), book format (chapters, papers, cases), publication information (country of publication, number of sport management books published), and content area. The books were grouped into content areas as identified by an assessment of categories from previous studies as well as the NASPE-NASSM Sport Management Curriculum Standards content areas. Therefore, data for this study included books in 14 content categories—ethics, event management, field experiences/internships, international sport, management, organizational theory, performance appraisal and program evaluation, sport economics, sport facility management, sport finance, sport governance, sport law, sport marketing, and sport tourism. It should be noted that in a few instances, certain books appeared to overlap with another category, such as international sport and sport governance. However, the researchers placed the book in the category deemed most appropriate based on content. Coder This study involved four trained individuals (two sport management professors and two sport management graduate students) who worked independently of each other to code every textbook included in the study. According to Riffe et al. (1998), a content analytic method can use one, two, or several coders, depending on time and financial constraints. The rationale for using these four coders was that they were involved in the field of sport management and the coding for the pilot study, and were comfortable and familiar with the protocol and code guidelines. In order to test inter-coder reliability, the coders first independently examined five textbooks. After intercoder reliability coding was completed, the collection of textbooks was divided into two groups, where each student coder examined seven content areas.
Results A total of 129 books published from 1990 through to November 2006 were analyzed. The following sections outline the specific findings from the content analysis. Categories of Books Of the 129 books analyzed representing 14 categories, the greatest number of books were in the categories of management (n = 36) and marketing (n = 27) (see Table 1). These categories were followed by law (n = 13), finance (n = 9), and event management (n = 8).
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Table 1 Number of Books by Content Area _______________________________________________________________ Content Area Number of Books _______________________________________________________________ Management 36 Sport Marketing 27 Sport Law 13 Sport Finance 9 Event Management 8 Sport Economics 7 International Sport 6 Sport Tourism 5 Ethics 5 Organizational Theory 4 Facility Management 3 Performance Appraisal and Program Evaluation 3 Field Experience/Internships 2 Sport Governance 1 ______________________________________________________________ Total 129 Authorship/Editorship The majority of the books (88%) were authored books whereas the remaining books (12%) were edited (see Table 2). Among these authors and editors, 79% were male, 20% female, and 1% “unknown” (i.e., the gender could not be determined based on the name). Of the edited books, 12% of them had contributing authors, with the number of contributing authors ranging from one to 128, representing an average of 43. Of the contributing authors, 73% were male. Target Audience The majority of books (85%) did not indicate a target audience (see Table 3). For those books whose authors and/or editors indicated a target audience, however, eight books were targeted at the undergraduate audience, three at the graduate level, and eight at both undergraduate and graduate levels. Book Format The books comprised an average of 341 pages, of which 14 were front matter pages, 300 were body pages, and 25 were back matter pages (see Table 4). In addition, the books averaged 15 chapters/papers/cases.
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Table 2 Book Authorship and Editorship _______________________________________________________________________ Authors Guest Authors Content Area Male Female Total Authored Edited Male Female Total _______________________________________________________________________ Management 53 18 71 31 5 152 40 194 Sport Marketing 38 6 44 21 5 158 54 212 Sport Law 17 5 22 13 1 30 38 68 Sport Finance 11 0 12 8 1 0 0 0 Event Management 11 2 14 8 0 0 0 0 Sport Economics 12 1 13 7 0 0 0 0 International Sport 12 1 13 6 0 0 0 0 Sport Tourism 14 2 16 6 0 0 0 0 Ethics 6 4 10 5 0 0 0 0 Organizational Theory 5 0 5 4 0 0 0 0 Facility Management 5 0 5 3 0 0 0 0 Performance Appraisal 3 1 4 3 0 0 0 0 Field Experience 3 3 6 2 1 45 14 59 Sport Governance 0 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 _______________________________________________________________________ Total 186 47 235* 114 15 444 160 533* Percentage 79% 20% 88% 12% 73% 26% _______________________________________________________________________ * Total values for male & female Authors & Guest Authors also include unknown author gender counts not included in table.
Table 3 Target Audience of Books _______________________________________________________________________ Content Area Undergrad Grad Both Not Indicated _______________________________________________________________________ Management 1 0 0 35 Sport Marketing 1 0 3 23 Sport Law 1 0 1 11 Sport Finance 1 1 0 7 Event Management 0 0 1 7 Sport Economics 0 0 2 5 International Sport 1 0 0 5 Sport Tourism 2 2 1 0 Ethics 0 0 0 5 Organizational Theory 0 0 0 4 Facility Management 0 0 0 3 Performance Appraisal 0 0 0 3 Field Experience/Internships 1 0 0 1 Sport Governance 0 0 0 1 _______________________________________________________________________ Total 8 3 8 110 % of Total 6% 2% 6% 85%
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Table 4 Book Page and Chapter Information _______________________________________________________________________ Content Area
Average # Average # Average # Total Average # Front Pages Body Back Pages Pages Chapters _______________________________________________________________________ Management 17.1 408 20.1 452 23.8 Sport Marketing 15 293 23.4 331 14.2 Sport Law 20 583 29 632 34.7 Sport Finance 16.6 371 34.7 411 18.8 Event Management 7 181 9.5 215 11.7 Sport Economics 12.8 287 14.5 315 11.8 International Sport 16 199 37 252 12 Sport Tourism 14.5 276 21.5 312 13.5 Ethics 11 228 14.5 253.5 12.5 Organizational Theory 10 294.5 25.5 330 11.5 Facility Management 16 251 40 307 13 Performance Appraisal 7 176 8 234 7.5 Internships 17.5 276 60 323.5 10.5 Sport Governance 18 375 7 400 14 _______________________________________________________________________ Average 14.2 299.9 24.7 340.6 15 Total 198.6 4198.5 345.7 4768 209.5 % Total 4% 89% 7%
Publication Information The average year of publication of all books was 2001, with almost threequarters of them (73%) being published from the year 2000 onwards. The number of publishers was 40, of which the vast majority was in the United States (78%), while others were in the United Kingdom (14%), Australia (4%), and Canada (2%). Most publishers published at least one book, while a few publishers produced several books, such as Human Kinetics (20%), Fitness Information Technology (13%), and Routledge (7%).
Discussion Findings revealed that almost three quarters (73%) of the books were published from the year 2000 onwards. When the collection of data for this study began two years ago, 97 books were identified. However, within the past two years, an additional 32 books were added to the list for a total of 129; the majority was new books, whereas a few were books that had not been originally located. This dramatic increase in the number of books was encouraging and suggested that sport management educators have a number of books from which to choose, and that the trend might continue. From the aspect of book category, however, the number of books in each content area varied from one (e.g., governance in sport) to 37 (management). In
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fact, in 11 of the 14 content areas, the number was fewer than 10. Some might argue the content areas are disproportionately balanced to the needs of the field, whereas others might argue that the field is becoming defined by the research that is being conducted. Regardless of one’s perspective, the field could develop strategies to enhance those content areas with low numbers in order to provide academicians with appropriate curriculum resources. One strategy might be to encourage scholars who are experts in these areas to consider writing a textbook. Many scholars, however, who might be considered experts in a specific area, particularly those in the United States, have already authored or edited textbooks. The encouragement of young scholars who have yet to establish tenure and promotion at their universities to do the same might be risky in light of the ongoing higher value placed on peer reviewed journal articles versus textbooks. Caution must be exercised when interpreting the results of the categories of textbooks. The larger picture should take into consideration other sources of information available to academicians in all content areas, such as journals specific to the area and even content specific conferences. For example, three sport marketing journals are being published, and the Sport Marketing Association (SMA), founded in 2002, has already held four conferences. According to the mission statement of SMA, it “endeavors to develop beneficial relationships between sport marketing professionals and academicians through expansion of the field’s body of knowledge and multiple forums for professional interaction” (SMA, n.d.). It is also important to examine recent trends. For example, Mahony and Pitts (1998), in their investigation of research outlets in sport marketing, noted that there was one book on finance in sport and no journal in that area. In that short period of time, there has been an increase to nine sport finance books and an International Journal of Sport Finance. Furthermore, there are seven sport economics books, with some of their content similar to the sport finance books, and also a Journal of Sports Economics. On the other hand, there are specific content areas that have few textbooks, such as sport governance with only one textbook. This book, however, was recently published to address the demand in this content area. There is a large outlet for textbook publication. Although the majority of publishers are located in the United States, it is encouraging to note that there is a gradual increase in the number of books being published in other places, such as the United Kingdom and Australia. It is common practice for publishers in countries outside of the United States to have offices in the United States to both distribute and market their materials. This easy access to sources coupled with content from other countries is important in ensuring that academicians may offer their students a global perspective in the field of sport management. Although females make up roughly half of the population in general and have been increasing in number in all segments of the sport industry, the results of this study reveal that the same cannot be said for the gender of the authorship/editorship of sport management textbooks. Over three-quarters (79%) of the books are authored and/or edited by males. This finding, however, is similar to the findings of previous research on sport management journals.
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For example, Pedersen and Pitts (2001), in their study of the Sport Marketing Quarterly, found that 78% of the authors were male, 20% were female, and the gender of the remaining authors was unknown. In a more recent study that examined the Journal of Sport Management, Pitts and Pedersen (2005) found that 61% of the authors were male, 36% were female, with the gender of the remaining authors unknown. A much larger disparity was found by Mondello and Pedersen (2003) in their investigation of the Journal of Sport Economics where 95.3% of the authors were male and 4.7% female. The authors of this current study and of previous studies did not attempt to determine the reasons for these disparities, but it would represent one area for future investigation. A plausible explanation of the difference in representation of the genders of authors/editors, however, is that the numbers are somewhat reflective of the gender make-up of the sport management professoriate, that is, a much higher number of males than females (Pitts & Pedersen, 2005). This is evidenced in the 2006 NASSM membership, where the gender breakdown is 63% males and 37% females according to membership statistics. The field should perhaps give consideration to the imbalance in the number of male and female authors/editors of textbooks. As females are needed as role models and textbooks should be reflective of a diverse population, it would be encouraging to see a greater number of books written or edited by females in the future. However, it is noteworthy that there appears to be an increase in the number of female authors/editors of sport management textbooks in recent years as there were 28 female authors/editors of books written since 2000. These female authors/editors were found across the broad spectrum of categories, namely management, marketing, performance appraisal, international sport, governance, event management, finance, economics, tourism, ethics, law, and field experience. Future research can only determine whether this is an upward trend. Again, the value placed on writing a textbook versus writing peerreviewed articles becomes a factor in any young scholar’s career path, regardless of gender. Two other aspects of this study’s content analysis were audience and book format. The majority of the books (85%) did not indicate a target audience, which was surprising to the researchers as one would expect that this type of information would be contained in the preface of the books. Target audience identification is useful for academicians in identifying course curriculum materials. The same may be said for the number of pages even though the researchers acknowledge that most people recognize that quantity is secondary to quality. In regard to the format of the books, results indicated that books in the categories of management, sport marketing, and sport law had a substantial number of guest authors and chapters relative to the other categories. This makes sense if one considers that these types of books would typically cover a broad spectrum of topics and would draw on experts in these areas. For example, a sport marketing book would be composed of different chapters, each corresponding to different marketing areas. The author/editor might invite experts in each of these areas to write a chapter/case in the book.
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Future Research While this research is useful in ascertaining the body of literature with respect to textbooks in the sport management field, some recommendations for future research are warranted. As this study was preliminary in nature, it is recommended that future analysis examine the specific content of each book with respect to various aspects, such as the sport industry segments addressed and the predominant gender focus. These types of studies can determine whether the state of literature is reflective of what sport management scholars believe to be the sport business industry. Furthermore, future studies should examine the format of the books with respect to exercises for students, such as practice questions and case studies. Finally, the cost of the books may be an important piece of information professors consider when adopting textbooks for courses. This study did not examine the reasons for disparity in the gender make-up of the authors, editors, and contributors. Future research should examine this disparity and might take a qualitative approach, such as interviews. As this study was delimited to books written in English, it would be useful to examine sport management textbooks that have been written in other languages in order to provide a broader perspective on the current state of textbooks available around the globe. It would also be interesting to determine whether any of the books have been translated into other languages. Finally, in order to determine changes and trends, it would also be useful for this study to be replicated every five years. As previously noted, there is a disproportionate balance of books in the various content areas. Replicating this study on a periodic basis will determine whether the underrepresented content areas are being addressed. As well, there appears to be an increase in the number of female authors/editors in recent years. Replication of this study will determine whether this increase represents an upward trend. As noted by Mahony and Pitts (1998), “specialization is critical for developing a unique body of knowledge” (p. 270), and a “profession is not worth its name if it is not based on a body of knowledge unique to its field” (Chelladurai, 1992, p. 217).
References Barber, E. H., Parkhouse, B. L., & Tedrick, T. (2001). A critical review of the methodology of published research in the Journal of Sport Management from 1991 through 1995 as measured by selected criteria. International Journal of Sport Management, 2 (3), 216-236. Beishuizen, J., Stoutjesdijk, E., and Van Putten, K. (1994). Studying textbooks: Effects of learning styles, study task, and instruction. Learning and Instruction, 4, 151-174. Chelladurai, P. (1992). Sport management: Opportunities and obstacles. Journal of Sport Management, 6, 215-219.
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Cuneen, J., & Parks, J. B. (1997). Should we serve sport management practice or sport management education? A response to Weese’s perspective. Journal of Sport Management, 11, 125-132. Danylchuk, K. E. & Judd, M. R. (1996). Journal of Sport Management readership survey. Journal of Sport Management, 10, 188-196. Feiner, S. G. (1993). Introductory economics textbooks and the treatment of issues relating to women and minorities, 1984 and 1991. The Journal of Economic Education, 24(2), 145-162. Fielding, L. W., Pitts, B. G., & Miller, L. K. (1991). Defining quality: Why should educators in sport management programs be concerned about accreditation? Journal of Sport Management, 5, 1-17. Fishburn, L. (2006). The initial findings of a systematic review into the motivations and behaviours of traveling sports spectators. Paper presented at the annual conference of the European Association for Sport Management, September 6-9, 2006, Nicosia, Cyprus. Griggs, R.A., Jackson, S. L., Christopher, A. N., and Marek, P. (1999). Introductory psychology textbooks: An objective analysis and update. Teaching of Psychology, 26(3), 182-189. Heyneman, S. P., Farrell, J. P., and Sepulveda-Stuardo, M. A. (1978). Textbooks and Achievement: What We Know. World Bank Staff Working Paper No. 298. www.vanderbilt.edu/peabody/heyneman/PUBLICATIONS/ 197801.pdf. Joo, J., & Jackson, E. N. (2002). A content analysis of the Journal of Sport Management: An examination of sport management’s premier body of knowledge. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 73(1), Supplement, p. A-111. Koulaidis, V., and Tsatsaroni, A. (1996). A pedagogical analysis of science textbooks: How can we proceed? Research in Science Education, 26 (1), 55-71. Kulm, G., Roseman, J. E., Treistman, M. 1999. A benchmarks-based approach to textbook evaluation. Science Books & Films, 35(4). Lambrecht, K. W. (1991). Research, theory, and practice. In B. L. Parkhouse (Ed.), The management of sport: Its foundation and application (pp. 27-38). St. Louis, MO: Mosby. Mahony, D. G., & Pitts, B. G. (1998). Research outlets in sport marketing: The need for increased specialization. Journal of Sport Management, 12, 259272. Mondello, M. J., & Pedersen, P. M. (2003). A content analysis of the Journal of Sports Economics. Journal of Sports Economics, 4(1), 64-73. Mowrey, R. J. (2003). An examination of international sport management research: Content analysis of NASSM, EASM, and SMAANZ conference presentations 2000-2002. Paper presented at the annual conference of the American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, April 2-6, 2003.
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National Association for Sport and Physical Education/North American Society for Sport Management. (1993). Sport management program standards and review protocol. Reston, VA: Author. National Association for Sport and Physical Education/North American Society for Sport Management. (2000). Sport management program standards and review protocol. Reston, VA: Author. Olafson, G. A. (1990). Research design in sport management: What’s missing, what’s needed? Journal of Sport Management, 4, 103-120. Palmer, B., and Treagust, D. F. (1996). Physical and chemical change in textbooks: An initial view. Research in Science Education, 26(1), 129-140. Parkhouse, B., Pitts, B. G., Quarterman, J. (2005). Examining the Sport Management Research: Past, Present, Future. Paper presented at the annual conference of the Sport Management Council of NASPE of AAHPERD, Chicago, IL, April 12-16, 2005. Parkhouse, B., Ulrich, D. O., & Soucie, D. (1982). Research in sport management: A vital rung of this new corporate ladder. Quest, 34, 176186. Parks, J. B. (1992). Scholarship: The other “bottom line” in sport management. Journal of Sport Management, 6(3), 220-229. Paton, G. (1987). Sport management research – What progress has been made? Journal of Sport Management, 1(1), 25-31. Pedersen, P. M., & Pitts, B. G. (2001). Investigating the body of knowledge in sport management: A content analysis of the Sport Marketing Quarterly. The Chronicle of Physical Education in Higher Education, 12(3), 8-9, 2223. Pitts, B. G. (2001). Sport management at the Millennium: A defining moment. Journal of Sport Management, 15, 1-9. Pitts, B. G. (2002). Examining sport management scholarship: An historical review of the Sport Marketing Quarterly. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 11(2), 84-92. Pitts, B. G. (2005). An Examination of Research on Sport Management Literature: An Historical Timeline and Analysis. Paper presented at the annual conference of the Sport Management Council of NASPE of AAHPERD, Chicago, IL, April12-16, 2005. Pitts, B. G., & Pedersen, P. M. (2005). Examining the body of scholarship in sport management: A content analysis of the Journal of Sport Management. The Sport and Related Topics Journal, 2(1), 33-52. Quarterman, J., Jackson, E. N., Chen, Yi-Jen. (2006). An analysis of leading contributors to the Journal of Sport Management: 1987-2002. The Sport and Related Topics Journal, 2(2), 22-35. Quarterman, J., Pitts, B. G., Jackson, E. N., Kim, K., & Kim, J. (2005). Statistical data analysis techniques employed in the Sport Marketing Quarterly 1992 to 2002. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 14(4), 227-238. Quereshi, M.Y., and Sackett, P.R. (1977). An updated content analysis of introductory psychology textbooks. Teaching of Psychology, 4(1), 25-30.
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Riffe, D., Lacy, S., & Fico, F. G. (1998). Analyzing media messages: Using quantitative content analysis in research. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Slack, T. (1996). From the locker room to the board room: Changing the domain of sport management. Journal of Sport Management, 10, 97-105. Soucie, D., & Doherty, A. (1996). Past endeavors and future perspectives for sport management research. Quest, 48, 486-500. Sport Marketing Association. (n. d.). Mission statement. Retrieved February 2, 2007. from www.sportmarketingassociation.com Zeigler, E. F. (1987). Sport management: Past, present, future. Journal of Sport Management, 1(1), 4-24.
