(a) Primer sequences

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60. H19 promoter DMR. 40. 60. 60. IGF2/H19 ICR. 40. 56. 60. Assay name. Target size (bp). Primer type. Primer sequence (5' to 3'). IGF2/H19 ICR. 316. Forward.
Supplementary Table 1 . (a) Primer sequences, (b) and (c) PCR conditions (a) Assay name

Target size (bp)

IGF2/H19 ICR

316

H19 promoter DMR

255

Primer type Forward

LINE-1

Forward

aggaagagagTATGGGTATTTTTGGAGGTTTTTTT cagtaatacgactcactatagggagaaggctAACTTAAATCCCAAACCATAAC ACT aggaagagagTTTTTATTAAAGGTTAAGGTGGTGAT

Reverse

cagtaatacgactcactatagggagaaggctCAAAACAAAATCCCCACAACC

Forward

aggaagagagTTTATATTTTGGTATGATTTTGTAG

Reverse

103

Reverse Forward

Alu

261

Primer sequence (5' to 3')

Reverse

cagtaatacgactcactatagggagaaggctTCACCACCAAACCTACCCTAAA aggaagagagGYGGTGGTTTAYGTTTGTAATTTTAGTAT cagtaatacgactcactatagggagaaggctRCTCTATCRCCCAAACTAAAAT ACAATA

(b) Step

Temperature (C )

Time

Cycle

Concept

1

95

10 minutes

1

Denaturation

95

10 seconds

56-60

30 seconds

72

2 minutes

95

10 seconds

2a A

b c 3a

B

b

Denaturation 5

Annealing Extension Denaturation

C

30- 40

56-60

30 seconds

Annealing

c

72

90 seconds

4

72

7 minutes

1

Extension

5

4





Finish

Extension

To ensure higher accuracy and stringency of the regions amplified, two rounds of ‘denaturation-annealing-extension’ (step 2a-c, and 3a-c) were done.

A.,B

Annealing

temperature varied depending on the assay and they are summarized in (c).C Number of cycles varied as well depending on the assay and they are summarized in (c). (c) Assay

Number of cycles for step 3a-c in (b)

Line-1

Annealing Temperature Step 2b

Step 3b

30

58

61

Alu

40

58

60

H19 promoter DMR

40

60

60

IGF2/H19 ICR

40

56

60

Supplementary Table 2. Genomic coordinates for CpG unit analysed for IGF2/H19 ICR, H19 promoter DMR, Alu and LINE-1. CpG unit IGF2/H19 ICR IGF2/H19 ICR CpG1

IGF2/H19 ICR CpG5-8 IGF2/H19 ICR CpG11-12 IGF2/H19 ICR CpG13-14 IGF2/H19 ICR CpG21-22 IGF2/H19 ICR CpG23 H19 promoter DMR H19 promoter DMR CpG3 H19 promoter DMR CpG6 H19 promoter DMR CpG7-8 H19 promoter DMR CpG9 H19 promoter DMR CpG10 H19 promoter DMR CpG14 H19 promoter DMR CpG16

CpG

hg19 coordinates

CpG1 CpG5 CpG6 CpG7 CpG8 CpG11 CpG12 CpG13 CpG14 CpG21 CpG22 CpG23

chr11:2021264-2021266 chr11:2021208-2021210 chr11:2021206-2021208 chr11:2021204-2021206 chr11:2021201-2021203 chr11:2021151-2021153 chr11:2021147-2021149 chr11:2021139-2021141 chr11:2021134-2021136 chr11:2021030-2021032 chr11:2021022-2021024 chr11:2021010-2021012

CpG3 CpG6 CpG7 CpG8 CpG9 CpG10 CpG14 CpG16 CpG17 CpG18 CpG20

chr11:2019847-2019849 chr11:2019797-2019799 chr11:2019785-2019787 chr11:2019783-2019785 chr11:2019759-2019761 chr11:2019752-2019754 chr11:2019724-2019726 chr11:2019701-2019703 chr11:2019678-2019680 chr11:2019676-2019678 chr11:2019654-2019656

H19 promoter DMR CpG17-18 H19 promoter DMR CpG20 Alu Alu CpG6 CpG6 n/aa Alu CpG7 CpG7 n/aa Alu CpG16 CpG16 n/aa LINE-1 LINE-1 CpG1 CpG1 n/aa LINE-1 CpG2 CpG2 n/aa LINE-1 CpG3 CpG3 n/aa a n/a indicates the genomic coordinates for Alu and LINE-1 are not available (n/a) as they are repeat elements.

Supplementary Table 3. Maternal data description Maternal factor Preconceptional folate supplements

Definition

Analysed as a discontinuous variable, with ‘yes’ for more than 400mg/day of folic acid supplement intake at least 1 month during the 3 months before pregnancy. Periconceptional Analysed as a discontinuous variable, with ‘yes’ for more folate supplements than 400mg/day folic acid supplement intake at least 4 weeks during the first 12 gestational weeks Serum vitamin B12 Analysed as a continuous variable, measuring maternal serum vitamin B12 at 28 weeks of gestation (third trimester). Serum folate Analysed as a continuous variable, measuring maternal serum folate at 28 weeks of gestation (third trimester). Periconceptional Analysed as a discontinuous variable, with ‘yes’ for any alcohol quantity of alcohol consumption on a weekly basis before knowing they were pregnant Periconceptional Analysed as a discontinuous variable, with ‘yes’ for any smoking quantity of cigarettes on a weekly basis before knowing they were pregnant. Gestational diabetes Analysed as a discontinuous variable, with ‘yes’ for presence of gestational diabetes Maternal Analysed as a continuous variable. High correlations within macronutrients measures of carbohydrate, protein and energy intake (data obtained via validated food frequency questionnaire) were handled by using a principle components analysis to derive summary variables, whereby the first principle component obtained was used as the ‘macronutrient’ variable in the analysis. Maternal stress Analysed as a continuous variable, measuring maternal stress at third trimester. Ratio of serum Analysed as a continuous variable whereby the ratio was vitamin B12/serum calculated by dividing maternal serum vitamin B12 values folate with maternal serum folate values 28 weeks of gestation IVF Analysed as discontinuous variable, with ‘yes’ for twins conceived through IVF or ICSI, and ‘no’ for twins conceived without medical help. Placenta weight Analysed as a continuous variable. Total placental weight value was divided equally between co-twins when values for separate placental weight values were unavailable. Umbilical cord Analysed as a discontinuous variable, with cord inserted insertion within the 50% radius of the placenta were considered ‘Central’ cord insertion. Data for all continuous variables were converted to z-scores by subtracting the mean of the variables from the variable value, and divide by the standard deviation.

Supplementary Table 4. Univariate regression analysis of absolute within-pair methylation discordance associated with all IVF twins Region Coefficient P-value 95% Confident Interval LINE -0.4%* 0.016 - 0.7% - 0.1% Alu 0.2% 0.656 -0.7% 1.1% IGF2/H19 ICR -0.3% 0.636 -1.7% 1.0% H19 promoter DMR 0.7% 0.421 -1.1% 2.6%

Supplementary Table 5. Inter-individual variation in DNA methylation in Alu, LINE-1, IGF2/H19 ICR, and H19 promoter DMR Assay Alu LINE-1 IGF2/H19 ICR H19 promoter DMR

Group Naturally conceived IVF Naturally conceived IVF Naturally conceived IVF Naturally conceived IVF

Variance 1.06

P values (from F-test) 0.006

0.75 1.13

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