A review of recent research on multifunctional

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ScienceDirect Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 5580–5590

www.materialstoday.com/proceedings

ICMPC 2017

A review of recent research on multifunctional composite materials and structures with their applications Jagath Narayana ka, Ramesh Gupta Burelab,* a

b

PhD Student,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Shiv Nadar University, Dadri, U.P, India Assistant Professor,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Shiv Nadar University, Dadri, U.P, India

Abstract

In the last few years the research activity in multifunctional composite materials and structures (MFCMS) is remarkably increased. This paper is a review of journal publications that are related to multifunctional composite materials and structures. MFCMS are meant for performing a variety of functions apart from the primary structural function which provides structural functions such as strength, stiffness, stability while non-structural functions provides energy harvesting, self-healing capability, sensing and actuation and sometimes acts as a protective layer etc. Many of the recent developments focused on the applications of MFCMS such as High Altitude Airship (HAA), morphing aircraft wings, energy harvesting, nanomaterials & nanostructures, smart structures, coupled field analysis, biomechanical etc. This paper also focused on the nonlinear mechanics of MFCMS because High Altitude Airship type of problems comes under geometrically and materially nonlinear case, so to analyse this type of problems one of the effective method called Variational Asymptotic Method is used. This method solves the problem by splitting the 3-D nonlinear problem into 1-D analysis through the thickness and 2-D nonlinear shell analysis. This paper concludes with a discussion of future scope and difficulties in design and analysis of multifunctional composite structures. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and/or Peer-review under responsibility of 7th International Conference of Materials Processing and Characterization. Keywords:Multifunctional composite materials;Multifunctional structures;Laminated composites; Nano composites

* Corresponding author. Tel.: 0120-3819100Extn: 293 E-mail address:[email protected] 2214-7853© 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and/or Peer-review under responsibility of 7th International Conference of Materials Processing and Characterization.

Jagath Narayana k et al./ Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 5580–5590

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1. Introduction Multifunctional composite structures are meant for performing a variety of functions apart from the primary functions. Multifunctional materials (MFS), Multifunctional composites (MFC) and Multifunctional structures (MFS) are the sub branches of Multifunctional material systems (MFMS) [1]. The need of excess components is eliminated by combining of one or more functional capabilities of subsystems with the total structure so that the total system mass and volume can be reduced and improves the overall efficiency of the system [2]. In the recent years the need of multifunctional materials and structures is increased in many fields due to its multiple structural functions or both structural and non-structural functions [3], Fig [1] represents the functional capabilities of Multifunctional composite materials and structures as shown in below Table 1. Table 1. Illustration of MFM, MFC and MFS [1, 2] MFM

MFC

MFS

Examples

PZT

Epoxy/Carbon fiber

Shark denticles

Functions

Sensing and actuation

Mechanical strength and electrical conductivity

Reduce the drag by providing anti-biofouling

Fig 1. Structural and non-structural functions of MFCMS

2. Design and fabrication The design of MFCMS is a challenging task because of its complex structures whereas the selection of materials for the fabrication and the process of fabrication plays very important role to get the required functional capabilities, by preserving the initial structural functions and adding the additional non-structural functions [3]. The design of multifunctional materials and structures can be implemented by the integration of functional devices which exhibits the additional functions within the structural materials [4]. Y. Xiao, W. Qiao et al. [4] demonstrated the embedded thin film lithium energy cells which are used to store the energy. These energy cells are designed with in the laminated composites and the difficulty in design of embedded devices which reflects the structural function of composite also discussed (see Fig 2). Experimental and numerical results showed the effect of slipping and as well as the frictional forces developed on the crack propagation of embedded composite laminate.

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Fig 2. Carbon fiber reinforced plastic composites embedded with solid-state thin-film lithium energy cells [5]

M. Akbar and J. L. Curiel-Sosa[5] presented the piezoelectric embedded aircraft wing box used to harvest the energy for large scale structures by the dynamic bending responses. This design is implemented on jet aircraft wing box which is having piezo electric layer stacked in the laminated composite. The difficulty for the structure is the weight increment by the addition of piezo layer this problem is handled by the appropriate optimization method. The result showed the improved electric power of 25.24 KW is generated for 14.5 m wing span when compared to previous literature result. M.U. Saeed, B.B. Li et al. [6]designed the micro channels which are embedded within the laminated composite structure (see Fig 3). These channels are used to store and transport or circulate the fluid to the desired location. The microchannel exhibits non-structural functions such as cooling and sensing. The design of microchannel developed by two methods one is by removal of solid wired within the structure to form the hollow holes and the other one is non-removal of hollow tubes. The non-removable hollow tubes results showed good fracture resistance or in simple words fracture is deviated from the hollow microchannel when compared to the other type of design process (see Fig 4).

Fig 3. Fluid passage and load support design of a multifunctional sandwich panel [6]

P. Ladpli, R. Nardari et al. [7]presented the embedded lithium ion battery materials in CERP (composite reinforced polymers) which maximizes the utilization of material when compared to standard lithium ion pouch cells (see Fig 5). R. D. Farahani, M. Dubéet al. [8] reviewed the 3-D printing techniques for multifunctional composites which include the methods such as micro stereo lithography, extrusion based, powder based and inject printing techniques by using metal and carbon based nanomaterials (see Fig 6 (a) (b) ). These methods improved the printability and functional capabilities such as electromechanical sensitivity, mechanical strength and electrical conductivity.


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Fig 4.a) crack tip blunting ; b) crack tip deflection [6]

Fig 5. Comparison of standard Li-ion pouch cells with MES Composites (Multifunctional Energy Storage Composites (MES) improve the shear resistance of the battery core) [7]

C. J. C. Heath, I. P. Bond et al. [9]introduced the electronic adhesion by creating the very high potential difference in the electrodes which generates attractive force providing good attachment and exhibits good structural functions in the fibre reinforced polymer composite structures. M. Zhang, C. Hou et al. [10] presented the synthesis methods of on-pot green to fabricateinterlocked graphene Prussian blue composites (PB) which are useful for biosensors and super capacitor electrodes as high performance materials. PB composite material is used because of its low toxic nature and low cost which are suitable for the large scale industries. Graphene oxide is reduced to control the toxicity by using iron and glucose as co-reducing agents.M. H. Gabr and K. Uzawa [11] describedthe usage of submicro titanium/alumina (TIAL) particle as reinforcement which can produce the polyamide multifunctional composites. The properties are varies with the concentration of alumina/titanium, by incorporating TIAL the strength and flexural modulus are improved by 22% and 75% respectively.

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Fig 6.a) Powder-bed technology through layer-by-layer fabrication of a 3D structure; b) Extrusion-based fabrication [8]

3. Structural and non-structural functions M. H. Malakooti, B. A. Patterson et al. [12]reported the zinc oxide (Zno) nanowires growth on the surface of a woven aramid fabric which arealigned vertically. Zno provides the significant improvement in elastic modulus and tensile strength of the composites by 34.3% and 18.4% respectively. The large deformation of nanowires leads to electric charge accumulation between the carbon electrodes and creates a potential difference.B. K. Deka, A. Hazarika et al. [13]described the growing ofCuo (copper oxide) nanowires on the surface of woven carbon fiber (WCF) to improve the capacitance (as a supercapacitor) and mechanical properties (see Fig 7). The specific capacitance of Cuo-WCF based super capacitor is increased drastically when compared to base WCF based supercapacitor.

Fig 7.Structural components of the WCF based supercapacitor(GF-glass fiber, WCF-woven carbon fiber) [13]


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V. S. C. Chillara, L. M. Headings[14]introduced the Multifunctional laminated composite structures having pressurized fluid layer as one of its laminae (see Fig 8 (a) (b)). This layer is used to change the shape of structure form curved geometry to flat by applying pressure on pre-stress fluid layer. This methodology is used in aircraft morphing wings and automobiles by incorporating the morphing panels into the vehicle body to reduce the additional components of total structure there by decreasing the mass and volume of the composite structure.

Fig 8.(a) Unactuated state of a fluidic pre-stressed composite; (b) actuated shape of the composite when the fluid channels are pressurized. (EMC - elastomeric matrix composite)

D. J. Hartl, G. J. Frank et al. [15]described the embedded microvascular networks as multifunctional structure which exhibits additional functions such as self-healing, thermal management. The performance depends on the space between channels, channel orientation, aspect ratio of channel cross section etc.P. B. Kaul, M. F. P. Bifanoet al. [16] introduced the tin capped multi walled carbon nanotube array composites aligned vertically, which are used for thermal management. Thermal conductivity is increased by the vertically aligned carbon nanotube when compared to normal thermal interface materials as shown in below Table 2. Table 2.The summery of investigations on multifunctional composite materials and structures to get additional functions. Investigator name

Structure or material

Functional source

Nonstructural function

David O. Olawale et al.[17]

Bio inspired in-situ triboluminescent composites

Emission of light form the crystals

Damage monitoring

D. Micheli et al. [18]

Layers of carbon plies and Kevlar fabric of polymer matrix

Shielding behavior

Shield from electromagnetic interferences

J. Lou et al. [19]

Bio inspired paper based reduced graphene oxide composites

Solar irradiation and decontamination technique

Purification of water and localized heating

Yoshikazu Ito et al.[20]

Multifunctional porous graphene

Heat localization

Yishou Wang et al.[21]

Multi field coupled sensing network

R. Wagner et al. [22]

Carbon-carbon hot structure material system

Eddy current sensors and piezo electric sensors Thermal protection system

Steam generation Heath monitoring of composite bolted joint Heat shield for outer surface of planetary entry structures

4. Mechanics of multi-functional composite materials and structures S. Agrawal and D. Harursampath et al. [23] introduced the variational asymptotic method (VAM) to solve coupled problem of multi layered piezo composite beam. VAM is a novel tool to solve various multi physics problems it simplifies the problem and solves the problem without considering ad-hoc assumptions. VAM provides way to get asymptotically correct solution by taking the advantage of small parameters. VAM brakes down the problem of 3-D

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elastic beam into 2-D nonlinear cross sectional analysis and 1-D nonlinear analysis. Total energy of elastic body is integrated over cross section to obtain 1-D behavior then 1-D generalized variables are solved by using geometrically exact equilibrium equations of motion and 1-D kinematic equations which are obtained by substituting of constitutive law from cross sectional analysis in to 1-D analysis. S. Banerjee and S. Roy [24] Presented the analysis of piezoelectric cantilever sensor under static and dynamic load by using variational asymptotic method (VAM). Electro mechanical response is captured effectively under static and dynamic load of piezo sensor. This study is carried out on a single layer of piezo sensor and double layer of piezo sensor. VAM results showed a good agreement with ABAQUS 3-D simulation results. K. Chau Leet al. [25] developed a first order 2-D theory for functionally graded piezo electric shells (FGP) by using VAM. Dimensional reduction is carried out by using small parameters. The electro static fields of FGP shells vary through the thickness and differ essentially from homogeneous piezoelectric shells. S. Sawarkar, S. Pendhari et al. [26]analyzed the displacement and stress for piezoelectric laminate by using new approach with the mathematical integration through the thickness direction which is free from all assumptions and the model is mixed with first order differential equations. V. M. Sreehari, L. J. Georgeet al. [27] analyzed bending and buckling of smart composite plate by using inverse hyperbolic shear deformation theory (IHSDT). Hamilton principle is used to form the governing equations of laminated plate which is perfectly bonded with piezoelectric material on the top and bottom surface of the structure. MATLAB program is developed based on the finite element formulation. The effectiveness of piezo patch attached at center instead of piezo layers are presented. Li, Eric, Zhongpu Zhanget al. [28] demonstrated the SFEM (smoothed finite element method) to analyze multifunctional structural composite by asymptotic homogenization technique. SFEM computational efficiency is high compared to conventional FEM.M. N. Rao, S. Tarun et al. [29] presented a shell element for nonlinear analysis of piezo electric laminated composite plates and shells. Second order nonlinear constitutive equations are used in the variational approach for finite element model. The analysis showed the difference between linear and nonlinear constitutive models when the applied electric field is large. Shell four-node piezo linear element (SH4PL) and shell four-node piezo nonlinear element (SH4NPL) are used to analyze the structure and compared results showed that transverse bending and twisting deflections are better predicted by the present nonlinear theory.M. C. Ray [30] developed the governing equations and boundary conditions for the smart nano beams which are integrated with flexo-electric nano actuator layer 5. Characteristics H. Kim and M. Gonzalezet al. [31] demonstrated the use of mimic printed circuit board which carries both structural load and electric current within the system. The failure modes and fatigue life are measured experimentally to investigate the capability of these embedded systems within the composite structures. Dog bone model with copper traces specimens are used to measure the fatigue life which is a function of loading level. S. Yoo, E. Kandare et al. [32]reviewed the thermo-physical properties of polymer based composite materials (PCM). Thermal conductivity and thermal expansion coefficients are determined. The inter-laminar properties of these laminated composites which are fabricated with micro-PCM and epoxy showed very good physical and thermal properties. Thermal conductivity varies with loading values of PCM. Crystallization properties are determined by using differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). L. de Castro Folgueraset al. [33] investigated the electromagnetic properties of multilayered multi-functional composites which are used as conductors or radiation absorbing materials. The electromagnetic properties are evaluated by using waveguide technique in the X-band (8.2 to 12.4 HZ) which measures the reflection of microwave radiation and 90 to 99% energy of the incident radiation is being absorbed in the multi-functional material made up of nonwoven glass fiber pre-impregnated with formulation based carbon block.


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Fig 9. (a) The composite device with PZT nanowire interphase (b) The device with nanowires for actuation (c) The nanowire interface cross sectionusing an optical microscopy [42] Table 3.The summery of investigations on multifunctional composite materials and structural Characteristics. Investigator name

Structure or material

Additional function

D. H. Sung, G. H. Kang et al. [34]

Carbon nanotube glass fiber epoxy composites

Thermal energy harvesting

F. J. Baeza et al. [35]

Carbon Nano fiber and fiber composites

Damage monitoring

Characteristics Electrical resistivity and thermal conductivity are investigated Strain and electrical properties

S. H. Jang et al. [36]

Spherical nickel powder (SNP) composites

Electrical energy

Tensile strength and electrical conductivity

Cucinotta et al. [37]

Sandwich composite materials

Damage monitoring

Optical measurement

W. Su et al. [38]

Multi-functional aero elastic wings

Strain and frequency

S. Geier et al. [39]

Composite morphing wing

Electrical energy harvesting Laminar flow of air through larger areas of wing (gapless surfaces)

Stiffness, erosion shielding

L. Valentini et al. [40]

Graphene based bionic composites

Crack surface repairing

Flexural strength and modulus of elasticity

B. Zhang et al. [41]

Z-pinned composite laminates

Health monitoring of structure

Delamination growth

M. H. Malakooti et al. [42] (see Fig. 9)

Zno Nano wires and carbon nanotube fiber reinforced polymers

Reduction of stress concentration at interfaces

Seifert et al.[43]

Carbon nanocomposite beam

Strain energy minimization

Displacement and strain Electrical resistance and Strain

6. Applications Y. Ding, J. Zhu et al. [44] demonstrated the use of multifunctional materials in nanocomposites. Graphene nanoribbons are introduced into polyurethane sponges which are used in supercapacitor applications. X. W. Yin, L. F. Cheng et al. [45] presented the ceramic matrix composites which are useful in the apllication of hot engine structures,electronic devices and exibits multifunctionalities such as crack healing, electromagnetic shielding, self lubrication and energy absoption. Perez-Rosado, Ariel et al. [46] introduced the robotic birds or flapping wing aerial vehicles. The wings deforms while flapping and generate necessary aerodynamic forces which are required to flight. The solar cells used to increase the payload capacity by harvesting the electrical energy. This type of mechanism is one of the advanced technology used in aerospace application as shown in above Table 3. J. Wilson et al. [47] devoloped the concept of multifunctional foot in athletic moment. The structure design helpful to bear impact load and provides felxible movements. S. Seyedin, J. M. Razal et al. [48] introduced the elastometric fibers which are electrically conductive. This type of structures or materials are used in intelligent textiles which is a strain sensing component of the structure. Q. Wei, F. Xu et al. [49] devoloped core shell coaxial structure by dissolving two different materials drawn through coaxial capillary action. This type of core shell structures are usefull in healing, anti-bactorial drugs and bio-

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compatable applications. M. B. Quadrelli et al. [50] demonstrated theidentification of effective materials, structures and the enrgy management system for the micro environment in the space system. Multifunctional systems in the space exploration enables the micro environment control. T. Stern and K. Steele [51]devoloped a multifunctional deployable structure for space power generation. The structure of composite beam roll-out array provides sheilding surface and effective thermal control surface there which reduces the mass and volume of the total stucture by avoiding of additional subsystems. C. Hu, J. Xue et al. [52] introduced the unconventional flame-retardant materials which exhibits not only compressible and ultralight charecterstics but also exhibits excellent flame-retardant properties, these materials are considered as multifunctional materials and used in flame-retardant applications. A. D. Alessandro et al. [53] presented nano-modified materials that cover a wide range of applications such as radiant systems, structural members, floors, geothermal plies etc.C. Wang, Y. Ding et al. [54] introduced polypyrrole foam materials which has excellent thermal, electrical and optical properties and used in various applications such as sensors, supercapcitors.S. Torquato et al. [55] Stated biological materials are unique nature’s multifunctional materials. The different optimization techniques are used to maximize the transport of heat and electricity and it is useful in electrical and thermal applications. Baum, Thomas C. et al.[56] developed Egyptian axe dipole (EAD) antenna using sandwich structure which improved the performance in the structural applications. Iannone, Michele et al. [57] described the multifunctional materials by using Fin-mechancia ,the improved functionalities such as self-diagnostic capability, process ability and environment effects are useful in aircraft applications.S. Kumar et al. [58] presented the polymer nano composites as multifunctional materials by improving the electrical conductivity and modulus of elasticity. These materials are used in bio medical applications. G. Bai et al. [59] investigated the luminescent ions-based composite materials. The additional functions are achieved by incorporating luminescent ions into different materials such as porous materials , flexible polymer materials etc. This type of doped materials are used in the applications such as biomedicine, sensors, and clean energy etc.S. Trigwell et al.[60] presented the carbon nanotube coating on carbon fiber composites used as health monitoring sensor applications. These materials are highly sensitive and useful in strain sensor applications.A. Solaet et al. [61] presented functionally graded materials (FGM) in orthopaedic applications. Bone is considered as natural FGM material so the FGM is the suitable material for bone implants. 7. Conclusion This paper reviewed the multifunctional composite materials and structures which includes different structural designs, new fabrication processes, multi structural functions, nonstructural functions, characteristics and mechanics of laminated structures by using different methods (Example VAM, SFEM). This paper also presented the different type of multifunctional materials such as Nano materials, polymer based composites, carbon/epoxy fiber composites. Addition of functional and non-structural functions improves the efficiency of the system and reduces the mass and volume of the total structure. The characteristics allow us to analyze the output results of the system. The future research on multifunctional structures and multifunctional composite materials is not limited to particular application such as automobile, aircraft structures because the requirement of multifunctional components are also more in the bio-mechanical, bio-medical, and space applications. In the space applications solar energy utilization, electromagnetic shielding and reduction of mass and volume of the system are the major additional functions which take the research further in this field. The journals published for experimental work and design work of multifunctional area are less compared to the analytical work. So there is a need to work on the mechanics of multifunctional composite materials and structures because based on the analytical results we can interpret the experimental work as well as the numerical simulation work and also useful in the optimization of the multifunctional system based on the required application. 8. References [1]A. D. B. L. Ferreira, P. R. O. Nóvoa, and A. T. Marques, “Multifunctional Material Systems: A state-of-the-art review,” Compos. Struct., 2016. [2] K. K. Sairajan, G. S. Aglietti, and K. M. Mani, “A review of multifunctional structure technology for aerospace applications,” Acta Astronaut., vol. 120, pp. 30–42, 2016. [3] R. F. Gibson, “A review of recent research on mechanics of multifunctional composite materials and structures,” Compos. Struct., vol. 92, no. 12, pp. 2793–2810, 2010.


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