A Review on Bioactive Compounds against E.coli and Salmonella typhi

Lasbela, U. J.Sci.Techl., Vol. VI, pp.181-185, 2017

ISSN 2306-8256

REVIEW ARTICLE

A Review on Bioactive Compounds against E.coli and Salmonella typhi Zahra1, Muhammad Sharif Jamali1, Muhammad Hashim Jan1, Zahid Mehmood1, Khalid Mehmood1, Shazia Saeed2, Ali Akbar3 * 1 Institute of Biochemistry, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan 2 Department of Botany, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan 3 Department of Microbiology, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan ABSTRACT:- The mechanism of infectious diseases causing to humans are at peak level ascribed by bacterial pathogens i.e. Salmonella typhi and E.coli. The continuous strategies of various bacterial diseases to mortals ensure the pathogenesis of life threatening drug resistant bacterial attacks reveals failure treatment by abuse, misuse of antibiotics. This natural phenomenon must be controlled subsequently by subjecting the inhibited activity of multidrug resistant bacteria to certain bioactive compounds found in different plants and microbes that diminish the microbial pathogenicity. Endophytes with bioactive compounds exhibit probable petition in cosmetics, industries, food, medicines and agriculture. As nature has provided medicinal properties that catches the attention of researchers for further biotechnological analysis. Keywords: Salmonella typhi, E.coli, MDR, Biotechnology, Bioactive compounds.

by farming practices, hospitals waste and waste water treatment for plants. The evaluation unveil great presence of pathogenic E.coli in external environment. Through this distribution serves as dominant reservoir. Animals are also special reservoir pf dispersing resistant strains to new places through fecal contamination associated to humans (Carroll et al., 2015). Just like E.coli, Salmonella typhi being gram negative in nature is the main cause of typhoid fever by adaptation of S.enterica serovar paratyphi A, B, C which termed as typhoidal Salmonella serovars. The greatest ratio of typhoid fever is seen in Asia (Raffatellu et al., 2008). The important medicinal plants are being used in medical field as well as home remedy for the treatment of different microbial diseases (Pandey et al., 2013). Phytochemical components in plants help to treat human infectious diseases against multidrug resistant bacteria. (Ushimaru et al., 2007). Plants being used as good source of therapeutic agents for centuries in developed and developing countries. The phytochemical components found in plants are due to secondary metabolites (Chandra et al., 2013). In plants the root, stem, bark and leaves play a vital role in producing bioactive secondary metabolites which keeps human body active by fighting against human pathogenic bacteria (Anulika et al., 2016).

INTRODUCTION

The

plants and microbes are convenient source of bioactive compounds which are used as imitated therapeutic agents against various infectious diseases caused by gram negative bacteria E.coli and Salmonella typhi. Certain endophytic microbes like actinomycetes, bacteria and fungi are known as good source of producing bioactive compounds. The medicinal, industrial and agricultural applications found in endophytic bacteria is owing to presence of different bioactive compounds i.e. insecticide azadirachtin, phenols, quinols, flavonoids, polyketones, peptides, terpenoids, steroids, alkaloids etc. (Singh et al., 2017). The antibacterial, antifungal and antitumor properties are achieved by endophytic bacteria aside its activity towards plant growth, the anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic potential and many other pharmaceutical values have been studied in Asian medicinal plant centella asiatica (Rafat et al., 2012). Fruits also consists of phenolic compounds e.g. tannins, stilbenes, flavanols and anthocyanidins. These phenolic compounds are characterized for their antcarcinogenic and antioxidant properties (Slatnar et al., 2012). The antimicrobial resistant E.coli emancipated in surroundings is also done *Corresponding author: [email protected]

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Bangladesh and Brazil with 25% to 40% of diarrhea cases are seen that causes death especially in children. The distinguishing conditions caused by EPEC due to pathogenesis are vomiting, malaise, fever etc. Because of pathogenic character of EPEC in 1970s the challenge for the treatment was taken which showed the pathological process (Chen et al., 2014).

Bacterial infection The pathogenic bacteria with diverse structure, metabolism and multiplication rate make them unique in nature. These pathogenicity are becoming the cause of morbidity and mortality death among humans. The increased rate of diseases like Tuberculosis, Pneumonia, Meningitis, typhoid and diarrhea etc. are common (Singh et al., 2014). The appearing and reappearing of globally causing infectious diseases are due to clinging and conquering of microbial pathogens construct infectious problem to host cells (Wilson et al., 2002). The plants are on targeted level due to attack of bacteria. The easiest way of penetrating the bacteria in to plant body is through soil termed as soil borne diseases more than four hundred and fifty different species of plants are effected by Raistonia solanacearum results in dying and wilting in plant population of banana and tomato etc. (Huang et al., 2010). The impact of natural outbreak of infectious diseases are easily distinguishable due to multi nature bacterial effect among humans and animals (Jani et al., 2017).

Clinical pathology of Salmonella typhi The pathogenic character of Salmonella typhi being gram negative in nature is spreading fatal disease typhoid. The serotype species of Salmonella causing paratyphoid which causes six lacs deaths all over the world. This disease proliferate easily. The crucial informant are food handlers, contaminated water and food with infected person’s feaces. That’s why humans are good host for Salmonella typhi. (Smith et al., 2008). In Asia Typhoid fever remained major outbreak. In nineteenth century the Typhoid fever was reported. The test for Typhoid is however done to recognize the species through urine samples, stool, blood and bone marrow. Due to complicated treatment measures of Typhoid test among populations the sever conditions of acute illness of high fever greater than thirty eight degree Celsius being observed in effected individuals of Typhoid victims with fatal results and staying for long time in hospitals which creates an issue of management lose (Khan et al., 2012).

Pathogenicity of E.coli E.coli is one of gram negative bacteria which consists of Enterohemorrhagic E.coli and Enteropathogenic E.coli that are known as gastrointestinal pathogens causing different diseases such as hemorrhagic colitis, hemolytic uremic syndrome and diarrhea. (Topping et al., 2012). In 1885 E.coli was reported by German medical specialist Theobald Escherich and was obtained through faeces of infant. It was considered as harmless saprophytes but soon after the E.coli start showing pathogenicity by causing gastro intestinal infection, sepsis etc. Each year 2000000 deaths occur due to infection caused by pathogenic E.coli. Enteroaggregative E.coli (EAEC), Enterohemorrhagic E.coli (EHEC), Enteroinvasive E.coli (EIEC), Enterotoxigenic E.coli (ETEC), Enteropathogenic E.coli (EPEC) are various strains of diarrhoeagic E.coli (Weintraub et al., 2007). In 1950s and 1940s the first causative agent of infant diarrhea among different E.coli strain was Enteropathogenic E.coli (EPEC). This problem is seen in developed and developing countries including South Africa, Mexico,

Adaptation of MDR by bacteria The microbial infections are controlled by antibacterial agents. Misuse of antibacterial drugs by humans induces Multidrug drug resistance but have been reached to alarming level. The multidrug resistance are considered as natural process. Poor quality drugs are the root for developing MDR. Getting resistance by bacteria is assignable to ability of bacterial cell wall which develop impermeability of cell membrane towards drugs to stay it away from targeted point. Death is provoked when resistant bacteria do not show response to antibiotics (Usha et al., 2010). In 70% of bacteria the drug resistant vulnerability is observed that causes many infectious diseases. The complication of drug resistance for ciprofloxacin increases from 182

3 to 17.1% in USA in the year 2000 to 2010 (Damte et al., 2013). The drawback of multidrug resistance is proceeding which has become world health problem due to less production of new antimicrobial drugs. According to one estimation by government of British three hundred million deaths will occur till 2050. This matter needs to be reconcile by providing new treatment factors through new researches. (Vega et al., 2015)

endosymbiotic groups are known as endophytes. E.g. fungi and bacteria. The parasitism, antagonism and mutualisms interaction between plants and microbes are well known for their biotechnological interest due to production of Phytohormones, pharmaceutical drugs and enzymes (Gouda et al., 2016). Human beings are surrounded by natural benefits. Since ancient era researchers are in seek of discovery to assess the biotechnological values of microbial organisms that are overloaded with certain bioactive compounds and secondary metabolites termed as endophytic microbes. The bioactive compounds from endophytic fungi show potent antibacterial activity (Schulz et al., 2002). Endophytic fungi such as Dothideomycete sp, P. longicolla, Cordyceps memorabilis, Fusarium solani, Saussurea involucrate, Cylindrocarpon sp, Cladosporium sp, P. chysanthemicola, Fusarium sp, Leptosphaeria sp, Phaeosphaeria avenaria shows antibacterial activity against Salmonella typhi, A. fumigatus, Cryptococcus neoformans, C. albicans, Candida tropicalis, S. epidermidis, Shigella flexneri, Staphylococcus, Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherichia coli, Enterococus shirae, Micrococcus luteus (Sudha et al., 2016). The majority of antimicrobial medicines are produced from fungi and bacteria. 75% of the antibiotics were secluded in between 1950-1960 from actinomycetes. Two hundred and fifty secondary metabolites are obtained by marine sponges each year. (Santhi et al 2017). Bacillus, Burkholderia and Pseudomonas belong to soil bacterial genera endophyte which produce secondary metabolites that serves as immunosuppressant agents, insecticidal, antiviral, antifungal, volatile organic compounds and anticancer compounds (Ryan et al., 2007).

Medicinal Bioactive compounds in plants The plants play a key role for survival and maintenance of good and healthy life to the people at different regions of the world. Thousands of years ago various plants have been used as medicinal purposes. The medicinal plant formulation has been depicted in ancient era Egypt circa 1550 BC and also in Babylon circa 1770 BC (Rajat et al., 2017). The easily degradable and nutritionally safe antimicrobial agents can be achieved by natural plant extracts. There are certain medicinal plants which show enormous antibacterial activity against E.coli, Salmonella and S.aureus depending on type of microbial organisms and plant extracts. Food poising bacteria can be extinguished with great vigor by the help of different plant extracts (Mostafa et al., 2017). Antibacterial resistance is difficult to minimize which results in extended illness and reduced effectiveness of antimicrobial drugs. To overcome this issue new therapeutic source in the form of plant extracts may help the widespread infectious diseases in developing countries (Wikaningtyas et al., 2016). Food borne pathogenic diseases can be superintend through herbal plants. Many bioactive compounds in the form of antioxidant, antibacterial and natural preservative quality are seen in plant extracts. Various phytochemical compounds thiols, phytosterol, saponin, phenolic, phytoestrogenic polyphenol, isothiocyanate and carotenoids are found in plant extracts (Jarrigawattanachaikul et al., 2016).

CONCLUSION The revolutionized premises of endophytic plants and microbes i.e. bacteria and fungi have proved many biological complications related to human health issues and also play a key role in the field of biotechnology. By omitting the multidrug resistant (MRD) in E.coli and Salmonella tphi. The nature source play a vital role because nature has blessed an outstanding bioactive compounds which helps to evaluate the pharmaceutical approach towards getting best

Endophytic microbes The microorganism’s kindred with plants and plants as a source of therapeutic agents in the form of bioactive compounds are in use since centuries. Many microorganisms as 183

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