Jan 24, 2018 - This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. ..... of FRP materials, the AWJ technology also results in formation of ... Principles of Materials Science and Engineering, 2nd ed., McGraw.
Accepted Manuscript A review on machinability of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) and glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) composite materials Meltem Altin Karataş, Hasan Gökkaya PII:
S2214-9147(17)30204-0
DOI:
10.1016/j.dt.2018.02.001
Reference:
DT 290
To appear in:
Defence Technology
Received Date: 4 October 2017 Revised Date:
24 January 2018
Accepted Date: 2 February 2018
Please cite this article as: Karataş MA, Gökkaya H, A review on machinability of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) and glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) composite materials, Defence Technology (2018), doi: 10.1016/j.dt.2018.02.001. This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT A Review on Machinability of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) and Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) Composite Materials Meltem ALTIN KARATAŞa, Hasan GÖKKAYAb Abant İzzet Baysal University, Gerede Vocational School, Bolu. b
Karabük University, Engineering Faculty, Karabük.
Abstract
RI PT
a
TE D
M AN U
SC
Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composite materials are heterogeneous and anisotropic materials that do not exhibit plastic deformation. They have been used in a wide range of contemporary applications particularly in space and aviation, automotive, maritime and manufacturing of sports equipment. Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) and glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) composite materials, among other fiber reinforced materials, have been increasingly replacing conventional materials with their excellent strength and low specific weight properties. Their manufacturability in varying combinations with customized strength properties, also their high fatigue, toughness and high temperature wear and oxidation resistance capabilities render these materials an excellent choice in engineering applications. In the present review study, a literature survey was conducted on the machinability properties and related approaches for CFRP and GFRP composite materials. As in the machining of all anisotropic and heterogeneous materials, failure mechanisms were also reported in the machining of CFRP and GFRP materials with both conventional and modern manufacturing methods and the results of these studies were obtained by use of variance analysis (ANOVA), artificial neural networks (ANN) model, fuzzy inference system (FIS), harmony search (HS) algorithm, genetic algorithm (GA), Taguchi’s optimization technique, multi-criteria optimization, analytical modeling, stress analysis, finite elements method (FEM), data analysis, and linear regression technique. Failure mechanisms and surface quality is discussed with the help of optical and scanning electron microscopy, and profilometry. ANOVA, GA, FEM, etc. are used to analyze and generate predictive models.
AC C
EP
Keywords: Composite materials, fiber reinforced polymer composite materials, CFRP, GFRP, machining, wear, surface damage.
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 1. Introduction
TE D
M AN U
SC
RI PT
More than fifty thousand material types have been used in the design and production of a wide range of engineering applications [1, 2]. These materials range between those which were available even centuries ago (copper, cast iron, brass, etc.) and the recently developed advanced materials (composites, ceramics and high performance steels, etc.) [2]. Composite materials are defined as a combination of two or more synergic micro-constituents, which differ in physical form or chemical composition [3, 4]. The structure of composite materials consists of two components, namely matrix and reinforcement, and the three dimensional region with specific characteristics between these two constituents is known as the interphase region. The interface, on the other hand, constitutes the boundary between the constituents with its two-dimensional structure (Figure 1) [5]. The two-phased structure of composite materials, consisting of the reinforcement phase surrounded with the matrix phase, enables utilization of the superior characteristics of both materials [6, 7]. Matrices involve metallic, polymer or ceramic materials whereas reinforcements are in the form of fibers, particles or crystal filaments (whiskers) [2, 6]. The matrix of fiber-reinforced materials are chosen among different kinds of resins (epoxy, phenolic, polyester, vinyl ester, etc.) while the reinforcement is selected among glass, carbon or aramid (kevlar). In general, reinforcements (fibers) act as the main load bearing element, whereas the matrix encloses the fibers and protects them in the desired direction. Matrices act as load transfer elements between the fibers and protect the structure against harsh environmental conditions such as high temperature and humidity [8].
Figure 1. Schematic illustration of composite material structure [5].
AC C
EP
Carbon fiber reinforced composite materials, in which carbon fiber is used as the reinforcement element, can involve polymer matrix, metal matrix, ceramic matrix or carbon matrix. Carbon and glass fiber reinforced polymer composites have been commonly preferred in the space and aviation industry [9, 10]. Increasing number of aircraft components involve CFRP composite constituents due to their superior characteristics such as high strength and stiffness, low weight and high fatigue resistance [11-18]. These applications may involve small components such as doors and clips as well as large ones as wing flaps and the main body. The components made of carbon fiber reinforced composite materials used in Airbus 350 aircraft are shown in Figure 2 [11].
Figure 2. Large-size CFRP composite components used in Airbus 350 [11, 19, 20].
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
M AN U
SC
RI PT
The failures arising from the machining of CFRP composite materials were found to reduce the strength and fatigue life of the components [3, 21]. Occurrence of varying failure mechanisms such as fiber pull-out, fiber break, matrix smearing and delamination result in rejection of numerous components (Figure 3) [22]. The dominant failure mechanism during the drilling of composites is reported as delamination [23, 24].
Figure 3. Surface failures resulting from machining of FRP composite materials with conventional and modern cutting tools [11, 25].
TE D
Researchers in general have sought to determine the optimum cutting parameters to avoid the failures such as fiber rupture, resin-fiber de-bonding, stress concentration, micro-crack formation and deformations around drilling region, that occur during the drilling or cutting of GFRP and CFRP materials. In the present review study, the machinability characteristics and approaches for GFRP and CFRP materials were addressed and the outcomes of the studies conducted in this respect were compared.
EP
2. Machinability of Fiber Reinforced Composites
AC C
Fiber reinforced polymer composite materials have been applied in several fields for years due to their high specific strength and modulus [26, 27]. Because of the strength and stiffness of a composite buildup depends on the orientation sequence of the plies, the layer orientation of fiber reinforced polymer composite materials needs to be designed correspondingly. While the fibers in a unidirectional material run in one direction and the strength and stiffness is only in the direction of the fiber; the fibers in a bidirectional material run in two directions and the strength and stiffness is in two direction of the fiber. The layers should require 0° plies to respond to axial loads, ±45° plies to react to shear loads, and 90° plies to react to side loads (Figure 4). Since the strength design requirements are a function of the applied load direction, ply orientation and ply sequence have to be true [28].
RI PT
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
Figure 4. Fiber orientation types [28, 29].
TE D
M AN U
SC
In aircraft industry, carbon fibers are widely used to reduce the weight of the structural components, to reduce emissions, to improve the fuel efficiency, and the load bearing capacity of the airplanes [30]. It is a known fact that in the aircraft industry that there are more than hundred thousand mounting holes on a single small aircraft and more than a million holes on larger ones [31-34]. Thus, from manufacturers’ point of view, drilling process constitutes the 40% of all machining operations during the assembly (riveted, bolted) of components [24, 34-36]. However, failures such as fiber rupture, resin-fiber de-bonding, surface irregularities, micro-crack formation and deformations around drilling regions are commonly encountered during the machining of CFRP composite materials due to the presence of two or more phases [32, 37]. Accordingly, the machinability of composite materials has been addressed differently from the machinability of conventional materials [3, 22, 38, 39]. Such surface failures may have significant adverse effects on the product surface quality, which prompts the researchers to conduct continuous studies for their elimination or mitigation [32, 34-36, 40-43]. It is reported in the conducted studies that the surface quality depends on the cutting parameters, tool geometry and cutting forces [23, 24]. Therefore, correct selection of cutting parameters is essential in the machining of polymer matrix composites [24, 32, 35].
AC C
EP
The studies on CFRP composite materials revealed that the failures that arise during their machinability reduce the strength and fatigue life of the material [3, 21]. Moreover, the drilling process becomes a challenging issue during assembly [44]. The most serious failure arising from the drilling of composite materials is reported to be delamination on hole surfaces (Figure 5) [23, 24, 45-58]. Theoretical and experimental studies reveal that, hole entry and exit regions are the most delamination-sensitive areas [54, 57, 59-65]. Thrust force is regarded by some of the researchers as the underlying reason for emergence of this failure mechanism [38, 66].
Figure 5. Illustration of the delamination failure emerging as a result of drilling [23, 67, 68].
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 2.1. Machinability of CFRP and GFRP Composite Materials with Conventional Manufacturing Methods
M AN U
SC
RI PT
Composite materials are regarded as difficult-to-machine materials due to their heterogeneous structures. Conventional machining methods such as turning, milling, planning, drilling, etc., are typically used in the machining of these type of materials [69]. Due to anisotropic and heterogeneous structures of composites, machining of such materials with conventional machining processes often results in material failures such as matrix cracking, fiber pull-out, swelling and delamination (hole surface failure) [3, 18, 69-77]. Failure behaviors do not only arise from the heterogeneous and anisotropic structure, but also from the machining methods and their interactions [78-80]. In addition; due to their heterogeneous structure, machining of polymer composite materials with conventional methods gives rise to structural and health-related issues such as delamination, reduced tool life, fiber pull out, matrix smearing and unhealthy dust formation [45, 57, 81, 82]. Despite their high hardness and abrasiveness (at times even harder than some of the tool materials), due to their brittle nature, crushing of fibers is implemented via conventional machining methods, to avert the plastic deformation of the tool [45, 83, 84]. The low machinability of CFRP composite materials generally leads to various machining failures including delamination, burrs, and sub-surface failures [13, 85-94].
TE D
Typical finishing and surface integrity-related problems are commonly encountered during the machining of CFRP composite materials with conventional solid machining tools. Occurrence of various failure types such as fiber pull out, fiber break, matrix smearing and delamination end up with rejection of a vast number of work pieces [22]. High rejection rates for airplane components reaching 60% arising from delamination related failures have been reported in the aircraft industry [3, 15, 22, 34, 57, 59, 95-97]. Also, narrow working spaces cannot be reached with conventional solid tools due to the spindle size of machine tools, and tool changing times for worn out milling and drilling tools result in extended machining times [11]. 2.1.1. Drilling, Cutting and Milling of CFRP and GFRP
AC C
EP
In their study on drilling-induced surface failures on CFRP and GFRP composite materials and the effects of drill bit geometry and cutting parameters, Durão et al. reported that, low feed rates reduce the axial forces, which in turn reduces the delamination initiation risk, thus proving to be suitable for drilling of composite layers. They also reported that delamination results are affected by the tool geometry, and accordingly twist drills with 120º point angle should be used for minimum delamination (Figure 6) [36].
Figure 6. Drills: (a) Twist 120°; (b) Twist 85°; (c) Brad; (d) Dagger; and (e) Step [36]. In their study on measurement of wear criteria with regard to cutting temperatures, hole surface topography and cutting forces during drilling, Ramirez et al. reported flank wear and burr formation as a result of the conducted drilling process [98]. Eneyew and Ramulu stated in their study, in which they used PCD drill for the drilling process, that the compressive force increases with increasing feed rate and decreases with increasing cutting force. Various researches reveal that a good hole surface quality is obtained with high cutting speeds and low feed rates [99]. Gaitonde et al. used cementite carbide (K20) twist drill in their high speed drilling process and reported a decrease in delamination tendency as a result of increasing cutting speed. They also suggested the use of a low feed rate-point angle
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
TE D
M AN U
SC
RI PT
combination [3]. Grilo et al. applied the drilling process with different drill bits (SPUR, R950, R415) and observed no delamination on the entry-surfaces of the holes, whereas uncut fibers were found on the hole-exits. Additionally; the lowest levels of delamination were obtained with SPUR drill bit [100]. Kılıçkap stated that, during drilling, delamination on the hole exit was higher than the one on the hole entry at a rate of 13-30%, and reported that the lowed delamination factor was observed with low cutting speed and low feed rate values [32]. According to the test results obtained by Ekici and Işık, the failure factor was reduced after the use of high cutting speed and low feed rate values. The results of their study also indicate that increasing values of cutting tool point angle and the number of cutting edges also increased the failure factor. The lowest failure factor was observed with 90 m/min cutting speed and 0.06 mm/rev feed rate with a drill having two cutting edges with 60º point angle [101]. Abrào et al. reported that thrust force was increased with increasing feed rate, while cutting speed barely influenced the thrust force, and that tool wear resulted in increasing levels of thrust force [34]. As for the milling of CFRP and GFRP composite materials, Karpat et al. attempted to mill CFRP composite materials with differing fiber orientations (0°, 45°, 90° ve 135°) with a PCD milling tool, and according to the test results, the radial forces emerging in the milling of composite materials with 0° orientation were higher than those emerging in the milling of composites with 45° fiber orientation. In this research the highest tangential forces were found to be those observed in the milling of composites with 135° fiber orientation; whereas the lowest ones were those observed during the milling process of composites with 45° orientation (Figure 7) [102].
AC C
EP
Figure 7. Details of slot milling experiments: (a) Experimental test setup, (b) Zero rake and helix angle PCD cutting tool [102]. Surface measurement results of Erkan and Işık’s work indicate that surface roughness was improved with increasing cutting speed whereas it deteriorated with increasing feed rate [103]. In their another work, in which they conducted surface roughness measurement with varying cutting directions, Erkan and Işık reported that the surface roughness values obtained from the channels milled with 45° machining direction were higher than those obtained after milling with 90° machining direction. In these studies, the average surface roughness values were reported to be increasing with increased feed rate, while it was reported to decrease with increasing cutting speed. The change in cutting speed was found to have no effect on the average surface roughness [104]. After their contour milling process Takmaz et al. reported that the most effective parameter on average surface roughness was the number of the cutting edges, which was followed by the cutting speed and the cutting depth. In their work, the lowest average surface roughness was obtained as 2.14 µm with 4 cutting edges at 60 m/min cutting speed, 0.08 mm/rev feed rate, 6 mm cutting depth [105]. Wang et al. investigated that mechanisms of orthogonal cutting in conventional edge trimming of unidirectional Gr/Ep using PCD tools with various geometry. They stated that chip formation, cutting forces, and the surface morphology in edge trimming of unidirectional Gr/Ep were highly dependent on fiber orientation [106].
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 2.2. Machinability of CFRP and GFRP Composite Materials with Non-traditional Manufacturing Methods
M AN U
SC
RI PT
Damage-free machining of polymer matrix fiber reinforced polymer composite materials with conventional machining methods such as drilling, cutting, milling, grinding, etc. is a highly challenging process even under proper conditions, due to the issues such as heterogeneity and thermal sensitivity [107]. Regardless the type of the used manufacturing method, CFRP composite materials, like all layered (laminated) composites, undergo numerous failures such as matrix defects (gap, porosity), fiber cracks, interface cracks, delamination, impurities, etc. as a result of their machining with conventional (traditional) (turning, milling, drilling, etc.), or non-traditional (water jet machining (WJM), abrasive water jet machining (AWJM), ultrasonic machining (USM), electrochemical machining (ECM), electrical discharge machining (EDM), laser machining (LJM), chemical machining (CHM), photochemical machining (PCM), etc.). In general, the working principle of modern manufacturing methods is characterized with their high specific energy and low chip formation rate. The advantages of modern manufacturing methods over traditional methods can be listed as high precision, high surface quality for complex geometries, no requirement for work tools, burr-free surfaces, etc. [108]. 2.2.1. WJM, AWJM, LJM and EDM of CFRP and GFRP
EP
TE D
Many studies have been carried out on water jet (WJ) and abrasive water jet (AWJ) machining of CFRP and GFRP composite materials [11, 44, 95, 107, 109-125]. The experimental results of WJ and AWJ applications implemented by Shanmugam et al. indicate that, an increase in the cutting speed of water jet induces an increase in the maximum crack length; while an increase in the jet pressure decreases the maximum crack length (Figure 8) [109].
AC C
Figure 8. Cross-sections of beginning of cracks while cutting with waterjet [109]. According to Hashish; kerf width on the machined material increased with increasing cutting speed, and cutting speed did not have any effect on the upper surface (compared to lower). Also; jet-lag angle was reported to be increasing with increasing AWJ cutting speed [11]. Phapale et al. stated in their study that, no delamination was observed after the use of low water pressure, abrasive-mass flow rate and stand-off distance; and high values for these parameters resulted in higher levels of delamination [110]. The experimental results of Mayuet et al. showed that SEM/SOM analyses were applicable for determination of delamination formation mechanism; that the type of used abrasive is likely to be the most effective parameter in delamination formation; that thicker layers could be machined by use of higher pressures; and that, higher abrasive-mass flow rate with average flow range is likely to result in less damage [111]. In their experimental study, Alberdi et al. applied abrasive water jet machining (AWJM) to machine two different types of CFRP composites (M1 and M2), and the experimental results showed that M1 (6 mm) could be machined faster than M2 (12 mm), which was attributed to the fiber/volume ratio and/or the stress module [112]. Ibraheem et al. reported that; traverse
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
AC C
EP
TE D
M AN U
SC
RI PT
feed rate, stand-off distance, AWJM pressure and abrasive-mass flow rate are the effective parameters in the drilling of CFRP composite materials; that, AWJM pressure has considerable effect on the material strength; and that, AWJM pressure should be reduced as a means to avert the adverse effects of the pressure on material strength [113]. The experimental results obtained by Doreswamy et al. showed that, jet pressure, stand-off distance and feed rate have more effect on upper (top) kerf width (TKW) as compared to lower (bottom) kerf width (BKW). It was also concluded in their research that, kerf width increased with increasing jet pressure and stand-off distance, whereas it decreased with increasing feed rate. They also reported that abrasive concentration was not effective on the kerf width, and that no delamination was observed on AWJ machined surfaces with optimized machining parameters [114]. Lemma et al. applied vibrating and non-vibrating cutting processes with an AWJ machine tool and investigated the effects of these two processes on average roughness of CFRP composite materials. The results of their study revealed that the surface quality was improved at a significant rate of 20% by use of a vibrating cutting head as compared to the use of a non-vibrating head; and they also reported that the highest roughness value was obtained with 6 Hz vibrational frequency and 2º vibration angle [115]. Azmir and Ahsan stated that, the lowest surface roughness value was obtained with 22.5º cutting direction, 276 MPa jet pressure, 1.5 mm stand-off distance, 7.5 g/s abrasive-mass flow rate, 1.5 mm/s traverse rate, and by use of aluminum oxide abrasive. They also stated that, fiber/volume ratio did not have a significant effect (8%) on the average surface roughness value [116]. In another study of Azmir and Ahsan, increasing jet pressure and decreasing stand-off distance were found to decrease the surface roughness values; the average surface roughness was increased to a certain limit with the increase in abrasive-mass flow rate; low traverse feed rate would yield a better surface quality; and the cutting direction comparatively affected the surface roughness. After the tests conducted to determine the effect of machining parameters on kerf width, researchers reported that abrasive particles with high hardness were likely to cause lower kerf widths, and upper kerf width was in general larger than lower kerf width. They also proposed that increasing jet pressure would induce formation of a wider channel which would in turn result in larger upper and lower kerf widths. The researchers concluded that, kerf width increased with increasing stand-off distance; kerf width converged to 1 with increasing abrasive-mass flow rate, and as in the case of average surface roughness, lower traverse feed rate also resulted in lower kerf width. They determined that, differing cutting directions, as surface roughness, have negligible effect on kerf width [117]. Miller et al. carried out a research on the difficulties and failures encountered in vertical milling (PCD (polycrystalline diamond), DA (diamond abrasive) and carbide tools) AWJ cutting and drilling of CFRP composite materials under dry conditions. Results of their study indicate that, in the drilling of CFRP composite, compressive force and torque increased with increasing feed rate and decreased with increasing cutting speed. They also reported that, AWJ cutting time and cutting depth were primarily dependent on feed rate; and the combined use of high feed rate with low abrasive-mass flow rate yielded a comparatively uneven surface finish quality [118]. Miron et al. obtained a high dimensional accuracy of ± 0.05 and 7,243 µ m average surface roughness in the drilling of CFRP composite with AWJ machining and observed abrasive residuals in the material (Figure 9) [119].
RI PT
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
Figure 9. Illustration of CFRP composite test material [119].
AC C
EP
TE D
M AN U
SC
CFRP composite specimens were subjected to AWJ cutting operation by Unde et al. and the effect of machining parameters on material removal rate (MRR), delamination factor, kerf width and average surface roughness (Ra) were investigated. Following the tests, the resultant delamination factor after machining with 45º fiber orientation was found to be higher than those obtained with 60º and 90º fiber orientations [95]. Arisawa et al carried out a study on availability of a more practical method in terms of machining efficiency and tool life for machining of CFRP composite materials by any machining technology (AWJM, end mill, electroplated diamond tool) with varying machining parameters. In end milling operation the average surface roughness value was observed to gradually deteriorate and exceed 3 µ m after an increase in feed rate from 200 mm/min to 1000 mm/min. Also they achieved an average surface roughness of 1.5 µ m with 2000 mm/min feed rate using the tool they developed in their study. In the same study a fine surface quality with 4 µ m average surface roughness and without delamination was reported after the performed AWJM operation. The optimized drill geometry developed during the research was reported to yield machined surfaces with up to 22 times better surface quality as compared to prior operations. It was also determined that it was possible to extend the tool life as much as the number of holes which is at least four times higher than other tools [44]. Kakinuma et al. performed an experimental analysis on machinability with ultra-fast feed drilling (UFFD), ultrasonic vibration assisted drilling (UVD) and AWJ drilling of CFRP composites in terms of material properties; measured the cutting forces with a 3-component dynamometer and measured the delamination damage with an optical microscope. The results obtained after the fast drilling process indicated that it was possible to yield a hole-exit surface with significantly reduced delamination by setting a feed rate higher than 3000 mm/min. In the preliminary drilling tests, delamination and burr formation were found to occur on hole exit surfaces rather than the hole entries. The researchers applied axial ultrasonic vibration for the drilling of CFRP composite material and reported a reduced friction between the work piece and tool. Results of the AWJ drilling operation on CFRP composite material indicated that the use of high water pressure was likely to result in severe failure [120]. As for average surface roughness and machining time, UFFD yielded a better surface quality in a shorter machining time as compared to AWJ machining. They concluded that UFFD method yielded better results in terms of overall surface quality, geometric accuracy and machining time for machining of CFRP composite materials [120]. Patel and Shaikh conducted a review study on AWJ machining of CFRP composite materials. Due to its main characteristics, they evaluated the use of AWJM method for machining of polymer matrix composite materials which have been used in a wide range of industrial and domestic applications. Despite being regarded as the best alternative in machining of FRP materials, the AWJ technology also results in formation of undesired conical and rough kerf walls, which however can be minimized through selection of optimal AWJ parameters for machining [107]. Several studies have been carried out on laser machining of CFRP and GFRP composite
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
RI PT
materials [126-140]. Leone et al. investigated that laser cutting of 0.5 mm thickness CFRP laminates using multi-passes scanning technique with the aim to obtain the maximum cutting speed together with a narrow kerf and a limited HAZ (Heat Affected Zone). They pointed out that the effective cutting speed depends on scanning speed and pulse power and they indicated that for the adopted source and the selected process parameters, cutting speed varies in the range 5.6-11.5 mm/s [129]. Takahashi et al. had an experimental investigation of CFRP composite processing with a high-power pulsed fiber laser was conducted. They indicate that the cutting quality mainly depends on the hatching distance and the processing quality was improved with an increase of the hatching distance for each scanning speed. Also they concluded that the hatching distance and scanning speed have significant effects on the cutting quality and processing rate [128].
SC
Chaudhury and Samantaray presented the review article on role of Carbon Nano Tubes (CNT) for enhancing surface quality through EDM. They stated that since many authors have studied the feasibility of machining CNT composites through EDM, the performance of such machining process is found to be higher in terms of surface finish and controlled MRR which will be helpful for application of CNT in engineering application [141].
M AN U
3. Conclusions
Researchers have reported that, in the machining of CFRP and GFRP composite materials with conventional machining methods (turning, milling, drilling, etc.) , increasing feed rate resulted in higher compressive forces; and higher hole surface quality could be obtained as a result of increased cutting speed and reduced feed rate. Some other researchers, on the other hand, obtained the lowest delamination factor with low cutting force and low feed rate. In general, average surface roughness was found to be reduced with use of high cutting speed and low feed rate.
AC C
EP
TE D
It is stated in various researches on the machining of CFRP and GFRP composites with nontraditional manufacturing methods (WJM, AWJM, LJM, EDM, etc.) that, increasing cutting forces, in WJ and AWJ method, caused an increase in the maximum crack length; whereas increasing jet pressure resulted in reduced maximum crack lengths; jet-lag angle was increased with increasing cutting speed and a better surface quality was obtained with increased cutting speeds. Conducted researches revealed that, kerf width increased with increasing jet pressure and stand-off distance, and decreased with increasing feed rate. It was determined that the use of high pressure and low feed rate values were required to minimize the kerf angle and roughness values. It was also reported in other researches that, the surface quality of holes drilled with AWJ method were improved by use of low water pressure, stand-off distance and abrasive-mass flow rate. Researchers obtained better surface quality within shorter machining periods with UFFD method as compared to AWJ machining.
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 4. References Ashby MF, Jones DRH. Chapter 1 - Engineering Materials and Their Properties. Engineering Materials 1 (4th Edition). Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann; 2012. p. 1-12.
[2]
Mazumdar S. Composites manufacturing: materials, product, and process engineering: CrC press; 2001.
[3]
Gaitonde V, Karnik S, Rubio JC, Correia AE, Abrao A, Davim JP. Analysis of parametric influence on delamination in high-speed drilling of carbon fiber reinforced plastic composites. Journal of materials processing technology. 2008;203(1):431-8.
[4]
Mohan NS, Ramachandra A, Kulkarni SM. Influence of process parameters on cutting force and torque during drilling of glass–fiber polyester reinforced composites. Composite Structures. 2005;71(3–4):407-13.
[5]
Mitchell BS. An introduction to materials engineering and science for chemical and materials engineers: John Wiley & Sons; 2004.
[6]
Rahman M, Ramakrishna S, Prakash JRS, Tan DCG. Machinability study of carbon fiber reinforced composite. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 1999;89– 90:292-7.
[7]
Smith WF. Principles of Materials Science and Engineering, 2nd ed., McGraw Hill1990.
[8]
Mallick PK. Fiber-Reinforced Composites : Materials, Manufacturing, and Design. 3rd ed. ed. 2008, Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis. 2008.
[9]
Bayraktar Ş. Assesment of Delamination on Drilling of Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites and Metal Stacks. 7th International Symposium On Machining, Marmara University, Istanbul, 2016.
TE D
M AN U
SC
RI PT
[1]
[10] Soutis C. Fibre reinforced composites in aircraft construction. Progress in Aerospace Sciences. 2005;41(2):143-51. [11] Hashish M. Trimming of CFRP Aircraft Components. 2013 WJTA-IMCA Conference and Expo, Houston, Texas. 2013.
EP
[12] Saleem M, Toubal L, Zitoune R, Bougherara H. Investigating the effect of machining processes on the mechanical behavior of composite plates with circular holes. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing. 2013;55:169-77.
AC C
[13] Wang C, Liu G, An Q, Chen M. Occurrence and formation mechanism of surface cavity defects during orthogonal milling of CFRP laminates. Composites Part B: Engineering. 2017;109:10-22. [14] Singh AP, Sharma M, Singh I. A review of modeling and control during drilling of fiber reinforced plastic composites. Composites Part B: Engineering. 2013;47:118-25. [15] Liu D, Tang Y, Cong WL. A review of mechanical drilling for composite laminates. Composite Structures. 2012;94(4):1265-79. [16] Rubio JCC, da Silva LJ, de Oliveira Leite W, Panzera TH, Ribeiro Filho SLM, Davim JP. Investigations on the drilling process of unreinforced and reinforced polyamides using Taguchi method. Composites Part B: Engineering. 2013;55:338-44. [17] Kim D, Beal A, Kwon P. Effect of Tool Wear on Hole Quality in Drilling of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic–Titanium Alloy Stacks Using Tungsten Carbide and
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Polycrystalline Diamond Tools. Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering. 2016;138(3):031006. [18] Che D, Saxena I, Han P, Guo P, Ehmann KF. Machining of carbon fiber reinforced plastics/polymers: a literature review. Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering. 2014;136(3):034001.
RI PT
[19] M'Saoubi R, Axinte D, Soo SL, Nobel C, Attia H, Kappmeyer G, et al. High performance cutting of advanced aerospace alloys and composite materials. CIRP Annals - Manufacturing Technology. 2015;64(2):557-80. [20] Jacob A. Hexcel’s Composites Ready to Fly on the A350 XWB. [Internet] 2013; [cited 2016 Nov 16]; Available from: http://www.reinforcedplastics.com/view/31812/hexcels-compositesready-to-fly-on-thea350-xwb/i 2013.
SC
[21] Persson E, Eriksson I, Zackrisson L. Effects of hole machining defects on strength and fatigue life of composite laminates. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing. 1997;28(2):141-51.
M AN U
[22] Alberdi A, Artaza T, Suárez A, Rivero A, Girot F. An experimental study on abrasive waterjet cutting of CFRP/Ti6Al4V stacks for drilling operations. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology. 2015:1-14. [23] Davim JP, Reis,P. Drilling carbon fiber reinforced plastics manufactured by autoclaveexperimental and statistical study. Materials&Design. 2003:24. [24] Bayraktar Ş, Turgut Y. Elyaf Takviyeli Polimer Kompozit Malzemelerin Delinmesi Üzerine Bir Araştırma. 3rd National Symposium on Machining Manufacturing. 2012.
TE D
[25] Hashish M. Waterjet Trimming and Drilling of CFRP Components for Advanced Aircraft. SME, 2014 Technical Paper. 2014. [26] Babu GD, Babu KS, Gowd BUM. Effect of machining parameters on milled natural fiber-reinforced plastic composites. J Adv Mech Eng. 2013;1:1-12.
EP
[27] Sakuma K, Yokoo Y, Masafumi S. Study on Drilling of Reinforced Plastics (GFRP and CFRP): Relation between Tool Material and Wear Behavior. Bulletin of JSME. 1984;27(228):1237-44.
AC C
[28] Advanced composite materials-Chapter 7. [Internet] 2016; [cited: 22.02.2016]; Available from: http://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/handbooks_manuals/aircraft/amt_airframe_han dbook/media/ama_ch07.pdf [29] Machining carbon fibre materials. [Internet] 2010; [cited: 14.02.2016]; Available from: http://www.sandvik.coromant.com/SiteCollectionDocuments/downloads/global/technic al%20guides/en-gb/C-2920-30.pdf. [30] Unde P, Ghodke R, editors. Investigations of delamination in GFRP material cutting using abrasive waterjet machining. Fourth Int Conf Adv Mech Aeronaut Prod Tech– MAPT; 2015. [31] Arul S, Vijayaraghavan L, Malhotra SK, Krishnamurthy R. The effect of vibratory drilling on hole quality in polymeric composites. International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture. 2006;46(3–4):252-9.
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT [32] Kılıçkap E. CETP Kompozitlerin Delinmesinde Oluşan Deformasyona Delme Parametrelerinin Etkisinin İncelenmesi. 2nd National Design Manufacturing and Analysis Congress. 2010: p. 77. [33] El-Sonbaty I, Khashaba U, Machaly T. Factors affecting the machinability of GFR/epoxy composites. Composite structures. 2004;63(3):329-38.
RI PT
[34] Abrao A, Rubio JC, Faria P, Davim J. The effect of cutting tool geometry on thrust force and delamination when drilling glass fibre reinforced plastic composite. Materials & Design. 2008;29(2):508-13. [35] Tsao C, Hocheng H. Effect of tool wear on delamination in drilling composite materials. International journal of mechanical sciences. 2007;49(8):983-8.
SC
[36] Durão LMP, Gonçalves DJS, Tavares JMRS, de Albuquerque VHC, Aguiar Vieira A, Torres Marques A. Drilling tool geometry evaluation for reinforced composite laminates. Composite Structures. 2010;92(7):1545-50. [37] Abrao A, Faria P, Rubio JC, Reis P, Davim JP. Drilling of fiber reinforced plastics: A review. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 2007;186(1):1-7.
M AN U
[38] Koenig W, Wulf C, Graß P, Willerscheid H. Machining of Fibre Reinforced Plastics. CIRP Annals - Manufacturing Technology. 1985;34(2):537-48. [39] Velayudham A, Krishnamurthy R, Soundarapandian T. Acoustic emission based drill condition monitoring during drilling of glass/phenolic polymeric composite using wavelet packet transform. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2005;412(1–2):141-5. [40] Hocheng H, Tsao C. Comprehensive analysis of delamination in drilling of composite materials with various drill bits. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 2003;140(1):335-9.
TE D
[41] Mohan N, Kulkarni S, Ramachandra A. Delamination analysis in drilling process of glass fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP) composite materials. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 2007;186(1):265-71.
EP
[42] Davim JP, Reis P, Antonio CC. Experimental study of drilling glass fiber reinforced plastics (GFRP) manufactured by hand lay-up. Composites Science and Technology. 2004;64(2):289-97.
AC C
[43] Palanikumar K, Rubio JC, Abrao A, Correia AE, Davim JP. Influence of drill point angle in high speed drilling of glass fiber reinforced plastics. Journal of Composite Materials. 2008;42(24):2585-97. [44] Arisawa H, Akama S, Niitani H. High-Performance Cutting and Grinding Technology for CFRP (Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic). Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Technical Review. 2012;49(3):3. [45] Murphy C, Byrne G, Gilchrist M. The performance of coated tungsten carbide drills when machining carbon fibre-reinforced epoxy composite materials. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture. 2002;216(2):143-52. [46] Ramulu M. Machining and surface integrity of fibre-reinforced plastic composites. Sadhana. 1997;22(3):449-72. [47] Ho-Cheng H, Dharan C. Delamination during drilling in composite laminates. Journal of Engineering for Industry(Transactions of the ASME). 1990;112(3):236-9.
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT [48] Park KY, Choi JH. Delamination-free and high efficiency drilling of carbon fiber reinforced plastics. Journal of composite materials. 1995;29(15):1988-2002. [49] Svensson N, Gikhrist M. Mixed-mode delamination of multidirectional carbon fiber/epoxy laminates. Mechanics of Composite Materials and Structures an International Journal. 1998;5(3):291-307.
RI PT
[50] Gilchrist M, Kinloch A, Matthews F. Mechanical performance of carbon-fibre and glass-fibre-reinforced epoxy I-beams: II. Fractographic failure observations. Composites science and technology. 1996;56(9):1031-45. [51] Gilchrist M, Svensson N. A fractographic analysis of delamination within multidirectional carbon/epoxy laminates. Composites Science and Technology. 1995;55(2):195-207.
SC
[52] Tsao C-C, Chen W-C. Prediction of the location of delamination in the drilling of composite laminates. Journal of materials processing technology. 1997;70(1-3):185-9.
M AN U
[53] HoCheng H, Chao Y, Puw H, editors. General model for thrust force-induced delamination in drilling of composite laminates. Applied Mechanics Division, AMD, Machining of Advanced Materials; 1995: American Society Of Mechanical Engineers. [54] Jain S, Yang DC. Effects of feedrate and chisel edge on delamination in composites drilling. Transactions-American Society of Mechanical Engineers Journal of Engineering for Industry. 1993;115:398-. [55] Jain S, Yang D. Delamination-free drilling of composite laminates. Journal of Engineering for Industry-Transactions of the ASME. 1994;116(4):475-81.
TE D
[56] Zhang L, Wang L, Liu X. A mechanical model for predicting critical thrust forces in drilling composite laminates. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture. 2001;215(2):135-46. [57] Stone R, Krishnamurthy K. A neural network thrust force controller to minimize delamination during drilling of graphite-epoxy laminates. International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture. 1996;36(9):985-1003.
EP
[58] Linbo Z, Lijiang W, Xin W. Study on vibration drilling of fiber reinforced plastics with hybrid variation parameters method. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing. 2003;34(3):237-44.
AC C
[59] Wong T, Wu S, Croy G, editors. An analysis of delamination in drilling composite materials. 14th national SAMPE technical conference; 1982. [60] Furness R, Ulsoy AG, Wu C, editors. Feed, speed, and torque controllers for drilling. American Control Conference, 1993; 1993: IEEE. [61] Sadat AB. Machining of composites. Wiley Encyclopedia of Composites. 1990. [62] G. Hamatani, Ramulu M. Machinability of high temperature composites by abrasive waterjet, Machining Composites, ASME Winter Annual Meeting (edited by M. Taya and M. Ramulu), PED-Vol. 35/MD-Vol. 12, p. 49. ASME, New York. 1988. [63] Xu Q, Krishnamurthy K, Lu WF, McMillin BM. Neural network controller for force control in end milling operations. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Dynamic Systems and Control Division (Publication) DSC. 1994;55:563-72. [64] DeVor R. A mechanistic approach to predicting the cutting forces in drilling: with application to fiber-reinforced composite materials. Urbana. 1995;51:61801.
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT [65] Sadat AB, Chan W, Wang B. Delamination of graphite/epoxy laminate during drilling operation. Journal of Energy Resources Technology. 1992;114:139. [66] Chen W-C. Some experimental investigations in the drilling of carbon fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP) composite laminates. International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture. 1997;37(8):1097-108.
RI PT
[67] Ismail SO, Dhakal HN, Popov I, Beaugrand J. Comprehensive study on machinability of sustainable and conventional fibre reinforced polymer composites. Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal. 2016;19(4):2043-52. [68] Sankar BR, Umamaheswarrao P, Reddy AA, Kumar PK. Drilling of Composite Laminates-A Review. 2014.
SC
[69] Chouhan H, Singh D, Parmar V, Kalyanasundaram D, Bhatnagar N. Laser machining of Kevlar fiber reinforced laminates–Effect of polyetherimide versus polypropylene matrix. Composites Science and Technology. 2016;134:267-74. [70] Woo S-C, Kim T-W. High-strain-rate impact in Kevlar-woven composites and fracture analysis using acoustic emission. Composites Part B: Engineering. 2014;60:125-36.
M AN U
[71] Fu S, Yu B, Duan L, Bai H, Chen F, Wang K, et al. Combined effect of interfacial strength and fiber orientation on mechanical performance of short Kevlar fiber reinforced olefin block copolymer. Composites Science and Technology. 2015;108:2331. [72] Hwang H-S, Malakooti MH, Patterson BA, Sodano HA. Increased interyarn friction through ZnO nanowire arrays grown on aramid fabric. Composites Science and Technology. 2015;107:75-81.
TE D
[73] Ghafarizadeh S, Chatelain J-F, Lebrun G. Finite element analysis of surface milling of carbon fiber-reinforced composites. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology. 2016;87(1-4):399-409. [74] Ismail SO, Ojo SO, Dhakal HN. Thermo-mechanical modelling of FRP cross-ply composite laminates drilling: Delamination damage analysis. Composites Part B: Engineering. 2017;108:45-52.
EP
[75] Chebbi E, Wali M, Dammak F. An anisotropic hyperelastic constitutive model for short glass fiber-reinforced polyamide. International Journal of Engineering Science. 2016;106:262-72.
AC C
[76] Gururaja S, Ramulu M. Modified exit-ply delamination model for drilling FRPs. Journal of composite materials. 2009;43(5):483-500. [77] Tagliaferri V, Caprino G, Diterlizzi A. Effect of drilling parameters on the finish and mechanical properties of GFRP composites. International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture. 1990;30(1):77-84. [78] Orifici A, Herszberg I, Thomson R. Review of methodologies for composite material modelling incorporating failure. Composite structures. 2008;86(1):194-210. [79] Echaabi J, Trochu F, Gauvin R. Review of failure criteria of fibrous composite materials. Polymer Composites. 1996;17(6):786-98. [80] Katnam K, Da Silva L, Young T. Bonded repair of composite aircraft structures: A review of scientific challenges and opportunities. Progress in Aerospace Sciences. 2013;61:26-42.
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT [81] Wern C, Ramulu M, Shukla A. Investigation of stresses in he orthogonal cutting of fiber-reinforced plastics. Experimental Mechanics. 1996;36(1):33-41. [82] Abrate S, Walton D. Machining of composite materials. Part I: Traditional methods. Composites Manufacturing. 1992;3(2):75-83. [83] Caprino G, Nele L. Cutting forces in orthogonal cutting of unidirectional GFRP composites. Transactions-American Society of Mechanical Engineers Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology. 1996;118:419-25.
RI PT
[84] KoPlev A, Lystrup A, Vorm T. The cutting process, chips, and cutting forces in machining CFRP. composites. 1983;14(4):371-6. [85] Voß R, Henerichs M, Rupp S, Kuster F, Wegener K. Evaluation of bore exit quality for fibre reinforced plastics including delamination and uncut fibres. CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology. 2016;12:56-66.
SC
[86] Bonnet C, Poulachon G, Rech J, Girard Y, Costes JP. CFRP drilling: Fundamental study of local feed force and consequences on hole exit damage. International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture. 2015;94:57-64.
M AN U
[87] Li N, Li Y, Zhou J, He Y, Hao X. Drilling delamination and thermal damage of carbon nanotube/carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composites processed by microwave curing. International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture. 2015;97:11-7. [88] Gaugel S, Sripathy P, Haeger A, Meinhard D, Bernthaler T, Lissek F, et al. A comparative study on tool wear and laminate damage in drilling of carbon-fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP). Composite Structures. 2016;155:173-83.
TE D
[89] Turki Y, Habak M, Velasco R, Aboura Z, Khellil K, Vantomme P. Experimental investigation of drilling damage and stitching effects on the mechanical behavior of carbon/epoxy composites. International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture. 2014;87:61-72. [90] Jahromi AS, Bahr B. An analytical method for predicting cutting forces in orthogonal machining of unidirectional composites. Composites Science and Technology. 2010;70(16):2290-7.
EP
[91] Haddad M, Zitoune R, Bougherara H, Eyma F, Castanié B. Study of trimming damages of CFRP structures in function of the machining processes and their impact on the mechanical behavior. Composites Part B: Engineering. 2014;57:136-43.
AC C
[92] Henerichs M, Voß R, Kuster F, Wegener K. Machining of carbon fiber reinforced plastics: Influence of tool geometry and fiber orientation on the machining forces. CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology. 2015;9:136-45. [93] Hosokawa A, Hirose N, Ueda T, Furumoto T. High-quality machining of CFRP with high helix end mill. CIRP Annals-Manufacturing Technology. 2014;63(1):89-92. [94] Hintze W, Hartmann D, Schütte C. Occurrence and propagation of delamination during the machining of carbon fibre reinforced plastics (CFRPs)–An experimental study. Composites Science and Technology. 2011;71(15):1719-26. [95] Unde PD, Gayakwad M, Patil N, Pawade R, Thakur D, Brahmankar P. Experimental Investigations into Abrasive Waterjet Machining of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic. Journal of Composites. 2015;2015.
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT [96] Karnik S, Gaitonde V, Rubio JC, Correia AE, Abrão A, Davim JP. Delamination analysis in high speed drilling of carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP) using artificial neural network model. Materials & Design. 2008;29(9):1768-76. [97] Khashaba U. Delamination in drilling GFR-thermoset composites. Composite Structures. 2004;63(3):313-27. [98] Ramirez C, Poulachon G, Rossi F, M'Saoubi R. Tool Wear Monitoring and Hole Surface Quality During CFRP Drilling. Procedia CIRP. 2014;13:163-8.
RI PT
[99] Eneyew ED, Ramulu M. Experimental study of surface quality and damage when drilling unidirectional CFRP composites. Journal of Materials Research and Technology. 2014;3(4):354-62.
SC
[100] Grilo TJ, Paulo RMF, Silva CRM, Davim JP. Experimental delamination analyses of CFRPs using different drill geometries. Composites Part B: Engineering. 2013;45(1):1344-50.
M AN U
[101] Ekici E, Işık, B. Experimental Investigation of Surface Damage in Drilling of Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composite Materials. International Advanced Technologies Symposium (IATS), 2009: p. 1-6. [102] Karpat Y, Bahtiyar O, Değer B. Milling Force Modelling of Multidirectional Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Laminates. Procedia CIRP. 2012;1:460-5. [103] Erkan Ö, Işık B. Investigation of Cutting Parameter Effects on Surface Roughness during Machining of Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic Composite Material. 5th International Advanced Technologies Symposium (IATS’09), 2009.
TE D
[104] Erkan Ö, Işık B. 0/90 Elyaf Oryantasyonuna Sahip Camelyaf Takviyeli Polimer Kompozit Malzemenin Farklı Kesme Yönlerinde Frezelenmesinin Yüzey Pürüzlülüğüne Etkilerinin İncelenmesi. 1st National Symposium on Machining , 2009. [105] Takmaz A, Erkan Ö, Yücel E. Cam Elyaf Takviyeli Plastik Kompozit Malzemenin Kenar Frezelenmesinde Kesme Parametrelerinin Yüzey Pürüzlülüğüne Etkilerinin İstatistiksel Olarak İncelenmesi. Düzce University Journal of Science & Technology, 2016;4(2).
EP
[106] Wang D, Ramulu M, Arola D. Orthogonal cutting mechanisms of graphite/epoxy composite. Part I: unidirectional laminate. International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture. 1995;35(12):1623-38.
AC C
[107] Patel S, Shaikh A. A Review on Machining of Fiber Reinforced Plastic using Abrasive Water jet. International Journal of Innovative Technology & Adaptive Management (IJITAM). 2013. [108] Shukla M. Nontraditional machining processes: Springer; 2013. [109] Shanmugam DK, Nguyen T, Wang J. A study of delamination on graphite/epoxy composites in abrasive waterjet machining. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing. 2008;39(6):923-9. [110] Phapale K, Singh R, Patil S, Singh RKP. Delamination Characterization and Comparative Assessment of Delamination Control Techniques in Abrasive Water Jet Drilling of CFRP. Procedia Manufacturing. 2016;5:521-35. [111] Mayuet PF, Girot F, Lamíkiz A, Fernández-Vidal SR, Salguero J, Marcos M. SOM/SEM based Characterization of Internal Delaminations of CFRP Samples Machined by AWJM. Procedia Engineering. 2015;132:693-700.
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT [112] Alberdi A, Suárez A, Artaza T, Escobar-Palafox GA, Ridgway K. Composite Cutting with Abrasive Water Jet. Procedia Engineering. 2013;63:421-9. [113] Ibraheem HMA, Iqbal A, Hashemipour M. Numerical optimization of hole making in GFRP composite using abrasive water jet machining process. Journal of the Chinese Institute of Engineers. 2015;38(1):66-76.
RI PT
[114] Doreswamy D, Shivamurthy B, Anjaiah D, Sharma NY. An Investigation of Abrasive Water Jet Machining on Graphite/Glass/Epoxy Composite. International Journal of Manufacturing Engineering. 2015. [115] Lemma E, Chen L, Siores E, Wang J. Study of cutting fiber-reinforced composites by using abrasive water-jet with cutting head oscillation. Composite Structures. 2002;57(1– 4):297-303.
SC
[116] Azmir MA, Ahsan AK. Investigation on glass/epoxy composite surfaces machined by abrasive water jet machining. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 2008;198(1– 3):122-8.
M AN U
[117] Azmir MA, Ahsan AK. A study of abrasive water jet machining process on glass/epoxy composite laminate. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 2009;209(20):616873. [118] Miller J, Eneyew ED, Ramulu M. Machining and Drilling of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic (CFRP) Composites. SAMPE Journal, Volume 49, No2. 2013. [119] Miron AV, Bâlc N, Popan A, Borzan CŞ, Bere P. Studies on Water Jet Cutting of 2D Parts Made From Carbon Fiber Composite Materials. Academic Journal of Manufacturing Engineering. 2013;11(2).
TE D
[120] Kakinuma Y, Ishida T, Koike R, Klemme H, Denkena B, Aoyama T. Ultrafast Feed Drilling of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Thermoplastics. Procedia CIRP. 2015;35:91-5. [121] Ramulu M, Isvilanonda V, Pahuja R, Hashish M. Experimental investigation of abrasive waterjet machining of titanium graphite laminates. International Journal of Automation Technology. 2016;10(3):392-400.
EP
[122] Hashish M. Precision drilling of composites with abrasive-waterjets. Am Soc Mech Eng Mater Div MD 1993;45:217–25.
AC C
[123] Arola D, Ramula M. Machining-induced surface texture effects on the flexural properties of a graphite/epoxy laminate. Composites. 1994;25(8):822-34. [124] Ramulu M, Arola D. Water jet and abrasive water jet cutting of unidirectional graphite/epoxy composite. Composites. 1993;24(4):299-308. [125] Hashish M. Machining of advanced composites with abrasive-waterjets. Manuf Rev 1989;2:142–50. [126] Zaeh MF, Byrne G, Stock JW. Peak stress reduction in the laser contouring of CFRP. CIRP Annals. 2017;66(1):249-52. [127] Pagano N, Ascari A, Liverani E, Donati L, Campana G, Fortunato A. Laser Interaction with Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymers. Procedia CIRP. 2015;33:423-7. [128] Takahashi K, Tsukamoto M, Masuno S, Sato Y, Yoshida H, Tsubakimoto K, et al. Influence of laser scanning conditions on CFRP processing with a pulsed fiber laser. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 2015;222:110-21.
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT [129] Leone C, Genna S, Tagliaferri V. Fibre laser cutting of CFRP thin sheets by multipasses scan technique. Optics and Lasers in Engineering. 2014;53:43-50. [130] Lima MSF, Sakamoto JMS, Simoes JGA, Riva R. Laser Processing of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composite for Optical Fiber Guidelines. Physics Procedia. 2013;41:572-80. [131] Ohkubo T, Tsukamoto M, Sato Y. Numerical Simulation of Laser Beam Cutting of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics. Physics Procedia. 2014;56:1165-70.
RI PT
[132] Fuchs AN, Schoeberl M, Tremmer J, Zaeh MF. Laser Cutting of Carbon Fiber Fabrics. Physics Procedia. 2013;41:372-80. [133] Patel P, Sheth S, Patel T. Experimental Analysis and ANN Modelling of HAZ in Laser Cutting of Glass Fibre Reinforced Plastic Composites. Procedia Technology. 2016;23:406-13.
SC
[134] Xu H, Hu J. Modeling of the material removal and heat affected zone formation in CFRP short pulsed laser processing. Applied Mathematical Modelling. 2017;46:354-64.
M AN U
[135] Oliveira V, Sharma SP, de Moura MFSF, Moreira RDF, Vilar R. Surface treatment of CFRP composites using femtosecond laser radiation. Optics and Lasers in Engineering. 2017;94:37-43. [136] Choudhury IA, Chuan PC. Experimental evaluation of laser cut quality of glass fibre reinforced plastic composite. Optics and Lasers in Engineering. 2013;51(10):1125-32. [137] Riveiro A, Quintero F, Lusquiños F, del Val J, Comesaña R, Boutinguiza M, et al. Experimental study on the CO2 laser cutting of carbon fiber reinforced plastic composite. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing. 2012;43(8):14009.
TE D
[138] Herzog D, Schmidt-Lehr M, Oberlander M, Canisius M, Radek M, Emmelmann C. Laser cutting of carbon fibre reinforced plastics of high thickness. Materials & Design. 2016;92:742-9.
EP
[139] Hejjaji A, Singh D, Kubher S, Kalyanasundaram D, Gururaja S. Machining damage in FRPs: Laser versus conventional drilling. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing. 2016;82:42-52.
AC C
[140] Takahashi K, Tsukamoto M, Masuno S, Sato Y. Heat conduction analysis of laser CFRP processing with IR and UV laser light. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing. 2016;84:114-22. [141] Chaudhury P, Samantaray S. Role of Carbon Nano Tubes in Surface Modification on Electrical Discharge Machining -A Review. Materials Today: Proceedings. 2017;4(2, Part A):4079-88.
