A Scalable and Fault-Tolerant Architecture for Internet Multicasting Using Meshes J.J. Garcia-Luna-Aceves, Saravanan Balasubramaniyan, and Ramesh Balakrishnan Department of Computer Engineering University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 jj,saro,
[email protected] ABSTRACT
!"# $ %& ' ()'%*#'$+ -,/.102 #03.' 4,5' (6 7+ ".89 %':;:IHJ!K: % FL 9CM 9 5 KB F& /# '-%& ' (L 4G,,5 9%% %N %K#''+'O '> %N.0P, :#$' ( ++ 4 '%+%K%-,QR /( :D,,5 9%%$ (ST( >:!9 - ' 4,!6 4(> + -SU ,Q"# $:8' 129>+" '-O $ =C $ V ( >:IHXWY CZ:5 #F'%6: % -,[B \ @9 - ' ] 4, 6 4(> + ^"#' '-%&N+ % % S5C';%.%& F ) _ ,5 $ 4#`"#' '-%&G 9 %)%N 7 4,59 #0' (L > ' (+%& 9 5 R ""# ':8>' 2 +" '- '> QC' ' D( >:% H@aF%' (b%'"5_ #$O $ D9c5:89 '+ % SI +OdE9 >,Q+ %_e/# '-%&K%'( 4#_ ' (P 4,; %F:AE9_f,9#$'dE 0@ '%) 7 +:4 ,b(E' %&) OdE -,P' 5 -,\C @*&gP_fhKgi 4,PjkFSC'@ )C9#$#_ A1 OC @9c+:#' %` 9_e.%-,@/# '-%& ' ("' @ F 9 -H
1.
INTRODUCTION
" >,5 $ 4#]/# '-%&2+1,5 #^ %&.#''%-,!.0bhF 9 _ ' (=l m1Sno^9> %'%& %)T 26-p& F #U >+:8 % q ( >:/,,1 %%' (.4%-,)> K$,9 1 r9 %s U T $t1^ >(>5_ ` T 9 -S T% :4O '> /% 4,59 %^ ,) 'dE9 %IC' 105+%N>%&Ku+#'$ '> sS` 4,3L 9_e.4%-,b > ' (\%& 9_ 5 >H+I1, 0S L]/# '-%&7O 9 "$%) ":5 9B9 , ::5 E+ 2"# ':8>' * >+/ $ '> sS1 ,L"# '-%& _ ' (" %2vw"# $ %& %R N% xO K%-,\9c1 %'dE9#'06R
/# '-%&F > ' (\' = >+: 9 G C A1%K ,3f 9 9"ly>SUz1S { S8|1SIy-}1SUyy9o~H +>,5d> (>9%79 '%DC AC%%::8 -,
'
:4 [.0 h)9B9 %]WF,1_ d -,N %-O T Op& %;WG( 0XvwhGWGGW)x7 4,59 @G GH*)mm>5y9_f_ y9_f|>nzH
Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. To copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. NGC ’02 Boston, Massachusetts, USA Copyright 2002 ACM 1-58113-619-6 ... 5.00.
B CO ,' (2,5 '%'> %^ < >5 9 T"%&^6AET FR CO ,""# '_ -%&:AE9 %T,,5 9%%-,7 F ( :sHTg@ %:89 r4-#$#0SEC ) >5 9 Ip>' %2/# '-%&( :sS"%&,K%2OdE9 * "#'_ '-%& ' (2 N 4$%:%GC9 ;p>' %N N 9_'p&$ %FL/# '-%&
>5 ' (+ >S4 Np>' ' (\+9 '%'%)'(#0;d1#' 9 .#$K w'#$5 %L 4,3 L6 4( + 2+/ '-O '> !C ' ;( >:sH='%7$%"' dE ,V.10 %' (\/# '-%&G+ % %N O 9 N 4 ; %F%G 2.4%'2 >5_ ' (%& = ,' 1 O_e+ % >5 $ (D% + % H
1 9 '> z %+6O ' %\> @:: >IHbr %&@:5 >:8>% #'%@B ;"# '_ -%&)+ % %NC 9c1G >,1_e6 9fC A5%/.4%-,V> . >>,5-%&"#$' A5%\l Sy-1SyOzOo~H=JV %-C Qr %&b::5 EB 39%&.#''%' ( ,6$ $ ' ( "# $ %&b+ % %;9uL ' #'0]' ]C -,% (+ %;/ Q _ 9 9-STC9 \ > %"4-dE\"# $:#'\' 9 B %6 4,D- [' 5_ 9 9N >(>b:8$ _~ _e:8$ N F"#' ':8$ N#'' A1% HG5 _ '> b/> #'' 9%N "6&bE"RB w¡ w~¢\£4¡¢ e¢-¤ ¢>¥sveg;WFx8:4AE*, #''dE9 07g;WF=C "*&gP_fhKgvw:5 _ #^$ , :89 4,9 1G"# $ %&-Ss,9 %7+1,OxKl }Oo ,Qjk'#.'#'06I >5_ ' (=' B 6 '> R ª '-%&" > ' (Q:5 #$% H?@> #0
-t +9 1F'+:8>%-,3> = / ' (P: >#'%2%-,='%) 4 03"%&): Od1,5L 9/,'%& %K @A1 OC !, %& ' '> % C ' Qr @ '+>Hg@ %5_e.4% ,?"# $ %& ' (V9> %'%& %\ =: >#) %&.#''% 4,6$ $ /# '-%&@+ %9% S ,P' _e+ %\ > ' (L% + % H WX/# '-%&N( :;%N> K G"# ':#'+8¤¢¡ S ,@- +)3( :'%+b > +' P/# '-%&"( : 4 - !.8"%-,!%2P#$ ,6O A@C \p&$ ' (@ "( :sH+F#'>.5_ #'#0V $tL/# '-%&/,,5 9%% %/ V.8+%-,Q ;$,9 1 0 "# $ %&P( >:% HWN# 9 4O $d> #0S> 3/6 0::5 E9% .4%-,6> \#$ #s,5 r49 % @.8G%-,3vw>H (H'S1 F>,,5 %%&_e:4
:: >@r %&:5 >:8>% ,@' 35'+:#'2g@# $ %&/l'y { oRxH
Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188
Report Documentation Page
Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to a penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number.
1. REPORT DATE
3. DATES COVERED 2. REPORT TYPE
2002
00-00-2002 to 00-00-2002
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
5a. CONTRACT NUMBER
A Scalable and Fault-Tolerant Architecture for Internet Multicasting Using Meshes
5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER
6. AUTHOR(S)
5d. PROJECT NUMBER 5e. TASK NUMBER 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER
7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)
University of California at Santa Cruz,Department of Computer Engineering,Santa Cruz,CA,95064 9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER
10. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S ACRONYM(S) 11. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S REPORT NUMBER(S)
12. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
Approved for public release; distribution unlimited 13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 14. ABSTRACT 15. SUBJECT TERMS 16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF:
17. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT
a. REPORT
b. ABSTRACT
c. THIS PAGE
unclassified
unclassified
unclassified
18. NUMBER OF PAGES
19a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE PERSON
8
Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8-98) Prescribed by ANSI Std Z39-18
f )+ %5_f.%-,G"# '-%& $ (SO 9 s 4 K.'#$,' ( 4,F6' _ ' ' (="# '-%&P( >:.0[ %&.#$'%$ (D> b \"#' ':#$
' (+ 9%FB F 7( :sSsb 5¥ w~¤ 6&6'%F9%&.#''% , R * ( >:"r %&-SE 4,/"# ':#'#'>(0; 4ON: Od1,5 %NN#'-%&F> K:4 > -?%>5 ; !-[ 'dE 6$ [ ;/# '-%&L( >:IH +: >#*%-,b ; %&.#''%V 4,Q6' 1' Q /"#' '-%& +9%b:QO +: % 6AE :; /+9%; > -,3 4, ' #'4,P#'#% 9%L ,! 'dE %L' V 6( :%"+ ".89 % 6+ %IH=W
% :4O \: 9>#,r4 9%/OC
:4A>9 %"O R C , ,@C' ' b"+ %sH 6&"E/BB w¡& w~¢G£4¡¢ e¢-¤ ¢>¥>veg;WFx'%U%-,).0G 9 % + - 7 ,P6$ $ ;L"# '-%&+ %@B F ;"#' '-%& ( >:b$ PC'; 90\ ,P +:4O $9$: >Hg;WF?c5 9 4,% .%'6 'dE9 _e' $ ,[::5 EVB " \ - '> G/# _ %&L 9%"' 1,9-,D$ D \9 9_e.4%-,D Qvejk#)l zOo 4,Q%-,V / 9r -,Q$ D%.%-t K 'dE9 _e' $ , /# '-%&": >#'%bvw>H (H'S*&gP_&g l |5S}OoN 4,kKg;l'y9oRx +9 4.#'2 K9 -O $ b*"# $ %&N+ %9% H ` %&-S8 b 'f0 /%&9 -O F N"#' '-%&( >:sS1(>'dEG'7 +>SE% #' 9N2%9 %GB K /( >:ISI ,=%%'(> V !,,1 %%F \,5 R0 //# '-%&F( :IH)'%F' 5B 6O '> =$%G6>,5"-d'#$.#'/$ Ff 1 9-S%2 4O%>5 % 4,+ 'dE %- 2p&' \ G/#_ '-%&7( >:IHLW>%&2>.5' %) L,,5 9%%K "( :! 4,
t1 %& %*#$ #'#0\ ," > % p&' 6 "# '-%&: .0\: Od1$,' (7 C @ )( :b,,1 %% H W 9 \>.' ; ' 5B 6O '> 6B N2(>'dE9 P( >: ' 6) 1/.89 TC-05% H F ::5 E+ %'%& %%G$+:#' + -,"B Tg gQS1~H >H'S1 >5 9 % %::8 $ (//# '-%& ' (//%&.$ 6 G6::' (%:' (\*"#' '-%& ,F:AE9 %^C ' +F+9%IH^WN "' _e+ %2 >5 $ (): ># ".8%-,+> P 6' _e+ %L _ ' (Q:5 #G'%" L+/%&".8P#'>:5_~R 3O+ dE9 0V$ %& -S 9dE C9 b '-%&P > ' (V.#' %@ 3' %'%& -SG$ ,9 7 ;:5 dE K >5 9 %2R >i9 ' (b/# ':#'" :#$'-%" /# '-%&G,":AE9 % 4O -dE9 %K%@#':% H % M[.8 %&_e ;.4%'%b #'#/( >:
9 'dE9 % HWN ,' (#'0S' D 6 %&LG $%":4:8 -S* P #0 ' _e+ %6 >5 ' (" '%N%%+ ,P'%$ #'#''(> 41,5' (L ?/# '-%&6,3:4AE" Q#'# 6 > %+$ D @+ % L( >:IH'%F'%N-%'#0b,5> 2.0P-@ >5 9 NB C ,5$ (\ :AE9K 7 'dE9%/OdE9 7 !' 9 w 6' Q ++9%= b#'# % 9 )$ 9 B 9%K$ b "% +7+ %sS: Od1,5-,; 4OK6 >:0b @ :4O %2R ª%>5 %7 Q,5 %& ' 4O $ %"C $ D+9% % HQU=,_ %9 '.85 9 -S1 4, 4O%& % >+/ $ C' 6 >5 9 % (@7: >:8 : _ #~S*%%"Kg; l m1Sy-5SOoeST ; -t %&".89$ (=>,,5-,Q ), #'9 ,@R >"# $ %&N( :% H 5 9 + >S5 \%'+:#$0 >5 N, % $:5 '> ;*g;WF`S5C2%%+F 4ON#'#Ug;WF?+9%% (>9% % .0+ >5 9 %N ) %+ -,6 9#$$.#0@.06+- %T P _ , #'05' (": 9>#wH
3.1 Information Maintained in MAP
W >
'% -t -,6 "6$ $ P" '-%& ' (7.#$ v ~x.'##~vw%x 7 9%,5 % H 7- ,9%& $ '>
=vwwH >H'SI Q>,,5 %%N (Ox S /%&G%:8 R0Ss% )+' '";S- % %% )ve!¨ " x^ 4,/ ,'%& ) ,5 %& _
4O '> 3v # " xHTW >5 9 '%#'%L%%+-," 2A1 -C? G6::$ ( .89fC PK( :P>,,1 %% 4,L G>,,5 %%`O#'-%&> F 5_ GB ) 2( :sHKg;WG #'$9%)> b KR>#'#'OC' (b>,, '> 4# ,OL 9$
q ¡&1 £\ e+ ¥$SC'/6' ' % %'&)( q` ¡¢ £\6* 6A1 -C V( :%/ (V- 9fC A!O-,! L >5 9 -H3WN V 0!' V \Kg;
%:8 r % STB /- ,[ 9C:sSFvw.4x/ #$'%&/G />,,5 %%9%/B / +( :IS* 4,vw-x2 4( $ ,'-O $ () 4O%& % ,/ ) 9C1.8 s >5 9 %U1 > 4 :4 ' ': >S ,FC9 9
0K %U 9_e:2 '(>1.8 U >5 9 %` -,) >5 95 4 B _ C ,L/# '-%&,):4A>9 %*C $ 6)('dE L( >:s6H
-6> _f>:6 4,"C1.8 N >5 9 -t % >
* "R C ,b,O7R N 4( >:IH %'(98 : qL6&;R8¤9~ ¥ B ;+ e+ ¥$SC';%:8 r49% * >%&T' 9,5 `#'' A1%UC 7-/ %^ '(>1.8 % H`WG 0L' (98 : %:8 9'r %1.8< 7 4,@ 2 >%&KT 2#'$ A@R =7@ S8C$bC/, .1? 0 >A@ H U:, T .8OdET.#$9% S 9 %I9c5 ( B/CDE£5> f 6 ! GH F*7+9%% (>* 1' %` * `/# ':#'T ' %` 4, -2 0G%:8 r4 %s * 0Gf05:8 4,) %U9> -H`9 1 0 05:8G- \%:8 R0@\+&bH 2?¥ ~ ww¢ O£5E fS4 I-¢B;¡ K J wS4
G L' (P+ %!Ou+#'$ '> V' 5_ B 6 '> V+> (@ >5 9 %2'%7c:8 , ' (@ L: 9%%/`p&$ 5_ ' (\"#' '-%&K+ % % HKN> %F ' (Pg;WF% ,3 6 9'
'++-,$O F 9$(1.8 %' R 6 ' ;.8 F %& 90\
++ %Q 90QA5 -C
.0=+- %KK+&[32[¥ ~ w~¢-O£5E fH %:, %^:8 +'^ 96 FA1 OCD "# $ %&T+ % % ' !C'V %7> 9_e>:V 4,3C1.8 9 %6 T 4ON K+ /.89 %^ )( >:sH J ) 9 :5 %% %^ K' :5s dE 4OU-% %I (> % ' b %NOC b+9%bu+#'$ ' %) G 2u+#'$ '> %)T %N> 9_e>:
'(>1.8 P >5 9 % S)P% 4,5%Q6&]3 2?¥ ~ w~¢9 O£5E f+B 3#'# 7 9 ,3( >:% P#'#` %F 9$(1.8 F 9 % HNk*03#'#'-C$ (
9 %L QA1 -C+ %[u+#'$ ' %6B + 9 %+ b 4,DC:% C 0S1 N 5".89 p&$ 6 -t9%& %:! %K'%) -, -,SI.89-%" >5 9 %K6 03.8 .#'2 )p&>' ; 7+9%b, 9 #0@ G% 4,P < I ¢B3¡ K J wN
9 %\A1 -C ? D.8b' @ (9P"# '-%&P+9%IS%6CM :: E/' 1 1,5 ,7C +jk' / -q v~>x/ >5 9 %+ ;>,,5-,D = P >5 ' (=%& 9 5 @)Q( >: 5 >(>b% %&K: %R 2( >:b 6 2 9CX+ ".89
9 % S O 9 4 6 5 >(>L dE %F% %&: % 5 4,;vw.4x F 9 9-," ' 6)( :ISE.8 -% T+ %KuL#$$O $ "' R 6O $ 29c5 (-,K+ ( 9 % H J' 6 %:8 / %+ /.89 %':+' @2"# $ %&+ %sS >5 9
*'%% $,@ L.8
% ¥$4'`'N'% F/+ ".89 ' $ (?+9 '% %5 %6 4P 3% %& : +.89fC 9 6 N 5 9 ,% I-¢B¡ K J N 4,V 6 $(' ? I ¢B¡ K J $%/:4O L
+9%IHTW 9 6 0Gp>' @)/# '-%&( :\, #'0/ (> L K+ /1.8 % SU KK6 0b% 4,= I ¢B=¡ K J -C ,%2 ! K "( >:IH7f* 7 > K4%)> 9_e>:
'(>1.8 >5 9 %(>D#$# %/' 9 w %7 @ %\ '(>1.8 % HPf L >5 9
%FfC_f>:3 9$(1.8 %)' b 2 (9K+ %sS8)- Q% * , I-¢B ¡K J4 wL -C ,%+ >%; >5 9 % HeF P > 64%6 !> 9_ >:6 C+ %ISE'9+ %L 'dE9% I-¢BP¡ K J wS % 4NO FC ' PfC/>:% ^ "¡9¥' F 9 NN%'+:#06B C ,5%N I-¢Bb¡K J4 `#'> ( )+ %+ " %: 2vw:%& - >5 9 4OB C ,5-,P +& 1w¥'F L '% >5 9 xH$%N: 9 %%F $ 1 % '#s I ¢Bb¡ K J U - %N b G G"+ ".8 < >5 9 -H + > 7* I-¢BV¡K J4 %9 12.03 >5 9 G'%/P :#' Gv 7 M ~§ Nx%:8 0' (L )' 4,5-,\ 9# 0P > /v 7xS
)( :6,,5 9%%Gv M 5xU$, R05' () ( :L ).8^p&' -,SE '($ "4 5I-¢B+¡KJ4 IvExSE ,"G' 1T9> %'%& ' (FF#''%&* > % H G > :3,5 _ r4 ,@.0Qv M 5xS5 ) '(>' 3^ I ¢Bb¡ K J U N9 -O -,@ 6&/ 1w¥'/v >xH*W6&/ 5B¥'G'%B C ,5-,P ;7>:5_e.101_e:IS .8 %&_e ).4%'%K#'> (\ 2% 9%&K:4O ; OC ,5%F 2 '($ "` ) t1 %& 4O9 -O -,P Kc: %$ @^ )+ %sH f< >
N'%\w¥$) ,Q -t %K Lp>' D;"# $ %&2( : M Q.89-%@F; -t %&/R [O-,D%&+ 4,D%>+ %2> 9_e:V 2C : M 4S> "*% ,%^ Up>' L -t9%&vs§ M ~§ xT / N c5_e>:L >5 9 §3#$ (7 F% %&:4 + F -O %&) ^ G (>G( > : M 4H J > L 'dE9%3 I-¢B¡K J4 2R '(>1.8
>5 9
7=9> %'%& ' (b / :#'; v )M ~§ 7xSU/ % 9 ,5$ (\ + %GOC b%&O " 4,@ 7%&O /*' %G '(5.8 %)% B#'#$-C% q ¡I%& R ^ (9T( : M 4S^ :#'$9% % f1 s%: M 4S4%^> _ >:6 ) 9 N#'9RN ( :sHTG 9
T- P#'--dEF( > : M L #06^ 4,6> #06^'% ' b6 ¡T%&O >S54% 7-,L%& % FU % '(5.8 % 9-,L > ` 7R C ,@, B G )( :sH 3.4 Mesh Building Mechanism
=.4%'\p>' ' ([+ 4 '% %5 %P @ 3% 9%& :4O +.89C b 6.4%'P+ %Pp&>' $ (= 4,Dt' ' (b+ $%+% STg;WF '+:#' + %/ >:#'K^ '%& ' % L.'#,\+ F 7p&%&G %4O -,V"# $ %&7 >S^C /$ 1dE#'d5' (@ 36 03 > % ' @ F: %% H U\.$#$,b+ 2 4 !6"# $ %&F 9"%:4 $ (@#'#` / _ 'dE %"G;( >:sS^ 'dE %"4-dEL 3.86(>'dE9 /#$ %&"fC
: %/ b 6 %&LG P+9%IHVg;WF 9+: %2 =:5 Od5$,5 3# 9 2:4O @ 4OG'%G 1,2,5'%Bp&>' N L K% %&G:4 C !C'!\ 9$d>9 2'%7#'' A>-,3 \ L+9%IH"L '%& ' 9+:#'-0-,@'%NdE9 0P%$+:#'/ 4,;'%N.4% ,;> 3 bc: ,' (" ' ( % 2 A1%7 6%9" > %/%-,V.0V@ 9 'dE9 " p>' [;"#' '-%&7+ %IH@W
>5 9 7 4p>' -,! +"#' '-%& +9%;%N" 9C+ ".8 -S >(>\ K% %&N:4O @.89fC ++ %V 4,Q + 9C+ /.89 -SI% 4,5%/ DA1 -C#'-,(+ \ \6 ¡G > 2> 3 L+ %b 2' $ -,3 \6& 1w¥'H*GA5 -C#$ ,(>+9 1-: 9% _f>:P '(>1.8 %-vB > %NC>%7,5 r49 '%N N' @ £¡¢O1A 9B f/¥ B x`#' (FC / H'S %N $ %&N 9c1_e:@'%> ;£4¡&¢O1 9R f \¥ B xSN:89 R +%GL,'%&_ Lt19 0S4C9 .032t9 ' %K#'#* %2:: : $ /> 9_e>:
'(>1.8 %U5 ` %:899 'dE1.8 N9c5'%& % "$%* *% '%&r4-,S> L*% 4,5%T
(EO 'dE+A1 -C#'-,(+ F \ / 9 F 4FB C ,5-,= +&;¡ J U "'-H J 7 >5 9 ` 9$d> %^ (> 'dE+9 1-SUr %& 9A1%`4,@#' >,50P,5> )",'%& Kt9 0H^fU4,P ,5> "> +# -,50SsK: 9 -,%) P,P@,5'%& 9Lt9 0@ ;#'# %/:: >:5 $ + 9$(1.8 % HPf74,V, +b,5$%& 6t9 0 # ->,10S \% #' 9 %6 ; 9 6 6 :8 ,? b 9c1 .89%&2,'%& 2 \ ",5 %& ' 4 ' = 9 -H)'%FC 0Ss+ >5 9
7 'dE9%"!+!¡ K J 9c54%& %7#'# %7:8>%%'.#'+C 05% +r 4,b 3# 9 4O ":4O ; + 7, % -,3,5 %& ' 4 ' IHNJ ;6&D¡K J4 - %2 6,5 %& ' 4O $ V >5 9 S^/% 4,5% \:8>% 'dE6A1 -C#'-,(+ ) 4O) 9 %2' %)C 0Q.A; P ' ' $O L ;+!¡ K J #' (; + 9C¦# 9 4O 6:4 4,-O ' %P =$,5 'r9 %\2 ; 9 %\ 46R +-, # 9 4O ):4O \%' (/C'6 26&P¡ K J I' ' $O .'#,5% ; C# 9 4O b:4O IHe)+ P 4 ? 3#' 4 @:4 '%6: 9% -S !6&[¡ K J F' ' $O \>% %+ @% %& # 9 4O 7: \ :8 -,H G T 4O`>5 U+9%K.'#$,' (N+9 '%, %I 4 41,)
9C #0/ Ly }F $+9%* % %&):4 5_e#$9 ( 3 1/.89 N:% HK"6-p& K#'#' ( ' P.'#$,' (7 )+ %6'%N % ,\.0+ G $ %& >5 ' (/.#'>S C'[,9%" L($d>@#' 4 \:4O %" 4,V+ %":4O %7 3 ,5 %& ' 4O $ 4@ Q%P(>1,%\ 3% %&;: % H
+9%\.'#$,' (2+ 4 '% /dE %T '% :%& - #'' A8HQF >S; #$ 0V >5 9 L% ,%" LL 9C] 9 -S ,9%/ /% 4,V L % "+ %IH6W LL #'' dE9%2 L%& + / >
R ª¡ 9¥' 7 =~¥$N ,3'%)R CO ,-,=.0b-¡ 9¥' 2 >5 9 ) #'#I' % '(>1.8 % 4O:4O $9$: 2' P K+ %IH W L % ' b %N: @ +.89 >+L~5¥$H5 9 +(9 %" 36& 1w¥'\%":4 "N \+ %V .'#$,' ( + 4 '%;Ss'2%9 4,%) L ) 4O2 > 5_
99 %' L )+ %@' ; %G# 9 2:4O P L +OdEF )>#$, # 9 2:4O IH #$,L# 9 :4O "'%* 9+d>-,/.8 % % _ %&/:4O D$%7. AE D 4,D; 9C¦ 6'%".'#7 9 6'%" ;C 0 B G K,9%& $ '> ; 9 "C'@ K 9C: @'%N.$# A1 -C + 9C% 9%&/: VOdE #::8-,3C V L#,!#_ 9 7:4 sHJ9 3b+ ¡ >5 9 G(>9 %K) L :4O 2 > / 6# 9 4O \: sS`7%$+:#0= t1 %& %K :%& - 6* ¡K > L L -STC' dE "'%" \9#$%&_ %&-S` @.'#$,! D# 9 +: Q @'- H
>5 9 % 4GO 2,-C %& -ivw$#$,xO 2$( -,b%NG'%
%:8 %'.'#'0b* 7,-C %& - + ¡ >5 9 % \' 5B 7:%& - 6* ¡ 9 %F 6.'#$,b "+ %;C 3K'% . AE sHT+ 4 '%$%%#'$( #'0+, 9 *B 5 9 N 4N'%)L%9 4, -S4' @ 4OG K% 4,59 N > G'%N %:8> 5_ %'.#'PR 6.'#$,' (b \+ %V -CO ,%L @ " + - 9%& 6* ¡/ 9 /C [6,9 99 %L%>+\ 1,5@ +#'$ AVw$#'5 % 4ON G %N > $ @ / K+ %IH 3.5 Handling Topology Changes
3.6 Keeping Meshes Connected
W"# '-%&6+ % > %& 9 -,B @=( :[6-0.89 >+ :4O $ -,2,5^ dE9 0)'(>2#'$ AF ` 1,5*B'#' * >HU K% -% % Sg;WGM#'#'-C%+ 9C >5 9 %/ Lp>' 6+ %V.0Q%' ( "# $:#'" %)R 76( :IH"g@ % %K.'#') 4,3d '>% %)%>#,b.8/ > 9 ,bC => " 9 ) +w '#''O +" '- '> 6^,O7 5 >( -,@ 6> / 9 -Ss = F.'#$,% 6+ %; @ = K> #0b . '%K L -H10I' A1%)C VO -C
6O A1%)' _ ,5'- ; ; $ %&6 c5_e>: > \ L @ >5 9 P+ '# 6O -C %9%/ L 9 "7 6->,! \ -C P -Q 9
IH6N>5 9
!% ,%2 I ¢BV¡ J * @ >5 9
. SC'P% 4,5%)6& 1w¥'N " >5 9 @6A1' ("#'# )' 9 _ + ,$ L 9 % 4S32ES54I5S M8S S^.89fC . , V ;.8 + ¡9¥' % H!1%7 \% %&":4O V.89C5 9 ? 9 'dE %L =6& 1w¥'S+ F>,,5 %%-,b + >5 9 . S8 2' $ )N6& 1w¥'S5 7 >5 9 C'P4>,+B CO ,-,P F+ %\.'#,+ "-H 2A1 -C#'-,(+ - ' % F:4 P' B 6 '> Iv 9S M8S4IS2ES 5x.89fC 9 @ >5 9 = 4,P 9 . S N'%G6,): N^ +9%D.10!- 05' (3 \%&+:%/G 9 "$, r49 %7 (> C';N:4%% %N.89B ) -' (/ > . H N>5 9 . 9> %& 9 %L P£4¡¢O 9B f[¥ R ) >5 9 %+%' ( ):4O @' R 6O $ @ ' -,\' P )A5 -C#$ ,(>+9 1 4, %9 4,%\6&\¡ J "#'#s % 9_e:6 '(>1.8 %76 S ^9c5 :5 " 7> 3 2£4¡¢O 9B fb¥ B vB >5 9
5xH2P+b¡ K J ' %/ "£4¡&¢O1 9B f=¥ B %P 42 L 'd1' (@ 9 %7- .'#$, ]# 9 4O =: \'%@,5'%Bp&>' \C' ? b% %& : D IHDN>5 9 . #$%Q%:8 r49%" \6c5'" 5".89
:%F +C'b /%-O 3B 2# 9 /:4 3- Q:5 -, ! ,?%9 %++ Vn!,'%& ; %bvBC'['%by }= '+ %" % %&N: _e#' ( 8xH J b >5 9 862 'dE9%F \6&=¡ K J )r 4,5%G 4O) % '-%&P 9c1_e>:D ! 9 ?$%+ 9 VC$'%6# -,50 Q /£4¡&¢O1 9B fb¥ B wH/F / 9 86">,,%) %) >5 9 K$,9 _ r9 / ; +£4¡¢O 9B f!¥ B : $O 3 9 %\ 4,? \ 9 \$,9 1 r9 %\ 3>,,-, ; +£4¡¢O 9B f!¥ B *C ! 90!R C ,V ;+V¡ K J wH N>5 9
7"R C ,% K6&\¡ K J 8 7 % 9c1_e>:/ >
>fH
WN 9 2 'd1' (; ;6&D¡ J wST >5 9
>N,5'% OdE9 %2 4 %F 9c1_f>:@ + 9 Q%F' 4,5$ -,b.0@ %G '-%&F ' ( .#'N'%* > 74ISEC'6'% L : '. -,/#$'%&-HTe:
9$(1.8 % S5>QS b 4,D§^HQN>5 9 ,> 9:8 %L3,5$%& \G ,'%& 2 % S 9 N§3 :8 %N+,'%& 2 %G 4,6 >
L :8 %2}+,'%& " % HFN>5 9) >T>%9%F >5 9 ?> %G
:8 %" 6#'-%&+,'%& P b P,9%& $ '> [ 4,VB C ,5% /6&;¡K J4 I " >5 9 >QH*N> >YB CO ,% "+ ¡ K J T P >5 9 8@UH7N>5 9 8@ & %) 9c1_f>:b Q'% GC'='% > 6 £4¡&¢O1 9B f+¥ B 8 4,+9 A@P% ,%2 9(E 'dEGA1 -C#_ -,5(>+ F \ >5 9 8>iC'Q% 4,5%)K >1.8 5 >(>PC'\ - Q $ 1/ /%- !:5 %%) \r4 4,; L# 9 L: sH N> >* 9 ) 9$d1' (+ / (EO $d>"A1 -C#'-,5(>+ NR >
>5 9 #>:5 -,5%U > ' 1^ *%- 7: %%U.10GB C ,1_ ' (3 36&¡ J b > +§C'[ 9:8 -,V \ c5 .8 %&,5'%& 9F / 9
\C \ > ,9 -,\,'%& Kt9 0H ++@¡ K J `B CO ,-,@ " 9 G§= > ' %N K#$'%&G #'#5 > %TC'" A/: *' " % L: 9%%' $ ,L.10
>5 9G HTG 9 T§\B C ,5% )+&+¡ K J ) %* 9c1_e:
>5 9 CB3C'3$ b 5 ;B C ,5%) 66&3¡ K J ^ + >
D HG 9 D R C ,%+ =+D¡ K J N 3 > [C$ % ,% PA1 -C#'-,(+ >,,5 %% ,\ / 9 . S1 G$ O_ FN6&3¡ J wSs 6 9 D S8 7 9 G 4OF% F'G 6&/¡ K J wH F2 >5 9 ^ 4O` 'dE9%U +9 1 B CO ,%"2 @ " >5 9 2 47>,Q #''9 L% 27 @+ ¡ K J wH\ 3 '%)C 03 +A1 OC#'-,5(>+ ) %K >5 9 . -O 0' (\ 7%&+:3T 2 >5 9 & %)$, r49 G (>bC$ N:4%%9% H5 9 . %& % 2# 9 K:4O ;%' (" A1 -C#'-,(+ K 4,b% 4,5%Kb6& 1w¥'2 5 >(>b '%): 6A1' (2#'# ' 9 +-,$O 9 %.89C5 9 . 4, %K¡9¥' H 3.8 Gratuitous Reply
F %'/#$ '> P9c5:89 '+ %4-dEF%-C @ 4O+>%&` %-O %*R # 9 :4O %`B'#wS.8 -%4 4O 4 & $ %&2 >5 $ (@.#'>S`C'!'%/@%' (>#'9_e: !.#'>H6JV '#'#$%& ) $%C @ @c+:#'B G7%$+:#'F >:8#$(0\%-C ' `'(H4z1H F#$' A5%C @ ;O -C->,\'/
`'(H4z7' 4,5'- F ) c5_ :+ > % ," 2 6 9< `.0" N 9 %+ :#0[+ 4 '% %6 %+ c5_e>: Q >5 9 2'%
>5 9 >C'D'%" ! +£4¡&¢O1 9R f Q¥ B wHbh)L ; 6%6 ( % 9:#0"+9 '%;S>' A1%T N,'%& s %
9$(1.8 9 B@ 4,L%' N G,'%& FI 9 BP'%#$9%%9
4 ! %K-C V,5$%& "'29> 9#$, %K ) 9 BV'%K%$ (; , 9 9 1" > \ Q - >5 9 2 ,? \ :8 %/ >
B & %,'%& F>,,5-,+C' P %,'%& F 2 > 3B;% G :#0 Q b,'%& 3t 0VR > P§^HF ; dE 0D >
4O\$%P.86 ! :8 @' 5r4 f0?' %+ :#'0[ V,5$%& t9 0@ A5%G 10@ %) '(5.8 %K,'%& 2 \ 7, % -, ,9%& $ '> ]'%@#' %%\ 4 ; t1#N [ %\-C ,5'%& 9! 4, HK b $%GC 0S8 ( O >%` :#07+ 4 '%X #':%U Nr4 4,) # 9 : %
K6 0b K-dE".8 9 Q:8%%$.#'" Pr 4,3,/ 6 " 5 " '-%&2 > ' (@.#$H6'%2+ 4 '% '%7%-,Q #0 C 2 6&/¡ K J - %I , %& ' 4O '> 2C' ' ":% S 9 C'%Vc9 %%'dE!OdE9 ->,Mvw' 9 +%P/%- Xt9 ' %x C#,P.8K(> 9 -,H
j
k
l
i
m
n
o
p
%!#! $( %)# $#"E
,9# 0DC9 @ 4,bpLO @ 1, %L' D P( :IHD;-dE (>
1,59_f, ( 2*/ :8>#'>(0b'%)z >#"O§TSC9 > '% K 1/.89
T#'' A1% 4,@§='% ) 1/.89 ` 1,9% H JV/ ! 7%'"#O '> %2 VQy >_e 1,L >:8#'>(0!-dE _ (L 1,5L,5 ( 7 SsC'3 %# %)' 3 >:8#$(>' %K 4O2
"d>9 0Q, % #0V 99 -,sH;6:89 R 6 69 9 $b _ , +%& 4,10!C @ \ 1".8 "F >#:4AE %/ -t -,V 6' ' QP( >:Q+ %= K L' = ":5 % L#$' A3B'#_ 9%^ ,2 :89 9 (>4,:4A>9 %^,9#$'dE -,K$ /, 9 9 1 % '>%G*%'"#O '> IH2d>O '>%N% '>%NC9 29 -, .0!4 ($ (; + 1/.89 KN 9 'dE9 %/ ,!%>5 % S*%.1p& _ ' (; + 9fC AQKy >b 1,5 %7 P 4,5>i#'' A3w'#' 9% H=WG#'# 2%'"#$ '> %N 3R GOdE9 7y->\%9 > ,% HG2: ) % '+9 B )TgP_eh2gYC%N%9 +m>/% > ,% H Number of receivers - 10, number of sender 1 6000
4.
MESH CBT PIMDM
PERFORMANCE OF MAP 5000
Number of control packets
Number of receivers - 10 100 MESH CBT PIMDM
Percentage of packets received
95
90
4000
3000
2000
85
1000
80
0 0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Time
75
70 1
5
10
$ &% /A (') ( %- +* " "$ #-
Number of Senders
1/ $%% # 1- ! E " #- "
Number of receivers - 10, number of senders 5 16000 MESH CBT PIMDM
14000
12000 Number of control packets
Number of receivers - 50 100 MESH CBT PIMDM
95
Percentage of packets received
90 85
10000
8000
6000
4000
80 75
2000
70 0 0
65
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Time
, &% /A (') ( %- +* "($ "$ #- "
60 55 50 1
10
25 Number of Senders
1/ $%% # 1- ! E " #- " J!L +:4 ,3 L:89 B 6 +Ng;WG]C ! ":89 R _ 6 7*&gP_eh2g 4,QjkM%' (\§I¨G©[zbl zzOo~H/ %7C#'>(0=g@1, #'% ly noGl zoFl zy9o*R iF ($bU Q @( " / >:8#'>(>' % %-,' \9c5:89 '+ % H; >:8#'>(>' %@9 - , 8O
4,5> ( :% 4N,5'%& $. GdE9 ' %N 4,5> #'-O $ % ' 3L($d> ;:#$ > H F*,( %)O 7>,,5-,@.89fC 9 ;:4' %NTd>9 ' % C ;:5 >..'#' 0 v~ !KyOxHWG#'#8 F#$' A5%-vw ,(>9%x 2,5_ :#'9cV 4,!%&05++9 '>SUwH H$ST#'' A1%-vwwS p x2 ,v p9S x2-dEL +% +
dE9 0+z>} % 4,5%K ,@ 3. (1G:=OR 9 Ly >6% % H2/%9 4O $% % ,FC9 y- 'dE %` ,"y>S} y-%>5 % S> ,2} 'dE % ,=ySUy-/ Fz>}"% % H `'(H4L / , `'(H4+%-C K:4AEF,5 #''dE9 06 KB Fg;WF`S TgP_eh2g ,+jkDC L#'' A1%^w'# ,>+#0HIf*'%9#$ * 4 g;WF' d> %K.89 9 K 2%'+$#$O 2:4AE9K, #''dE9 0b Q*&gP_ h2g ,6jkFH F " N 9 4 4,S> OdE -,L$ ,L.10 g;WF['%NB G#$9%%N bTgP_eh2g ,bjkFH `$(% Hs}7 6n"%-C \%'(> #'' (!OdE -,[' 9 -,D' .'#$,' (Q 4,6' ' _ ' (2 %:8 9 'dEN"# $ %&+9% %*B g;WF`S5 ,6/# '-%& %B jk ,6*&gP_fhKgQS' 6 G:5 % GI 4,5>#$' A w'#$5 %)B Kd '>%)% '>%)C =, 9 F"# '-%&)+ L_ .89 % HF%$( 4#$' (+d>9 -,P( :%B F F: 9>#'%
Number of receivers - 10, number of senders 10
Number of receivers - 50, number of senders 25
30000
70000 MESH CBT PIMDM
MESH CBT PIMDM 60000
25000
Number of control packets
Number of control packets
50000 20000
15000
10000
40000
30000
20000
5000
10000
0
0 0
"$ #- "
200
%
400
600
$ /A
800 Time
') (
1000
1200
1400
%-.+*.#' $, r4 ,\:5 d1$%#0 ly |o~H/UP9>:8/C !jkM#'>:$ (SU,O6:AE9 %)' b Ljk c:8 $+9 1 %2C ;,5 ::8-,OR 9 L 90! -dE %-,D+ 6 4 y9+:%B )#$#I9c5:89 '+ % 9 4 P )-%2}L+9L_ .8 %GC =z>}+% 4,59 % S8' ;C'b-%",OL:4AE9 %N4,@ 6.8 ,1 >::8-,P%%> @% 4,2' LjkV9>+:4O -,) N >%g;WG3 4, TgP_eh2g Pb, " %-t 6G#':' (5HQGb#'>:' ( C%B 4,\' 3g;WF? 4,P*&gP_eh2gQH WYAE90[.8 r62+9%_e.4%-,?/# '-%& ' (!$%6 3.'#'0 LOd>>$,@#'>:$ (LT/# '-%&N,":AE9 %C ;dE 06%$+:#' :AE9_~B CO ,' (N+ 4 '%+% S- ` 4 2 9#'05' ( 1,5_ ' (b 7 >+:#'9c3 9_~ :4 /%9+ %2-:.#'+6' ' ' ( ' %& >%^#$:/ -,XC'#'/# '-%&` ' (N %^O +1,5r4-,SC'3 K 2::5 E9%F 9-,-,\B )*&gP_eh2g
/# '-%& ' (L.%-,\> ;% -,\ %2ly-m5SIy-|OoeH
6$ " > '.5 $ + '%*:4:89 25 9 -,)+ % % I K"# $ %&s > ' ( 9 % H g@ % %)O /+ 7%5 d1$d.#'2 ; 9% S.8 -%/*:4 ; _ , 4, 0S ,3 L,'%& '.5 -,3#'(> +%2 ,=+9 '%+% % ," 7.'#$,L+ %9%9 %2) " '+/ / >5 ' (@%& 9 "$%K.'#K 7+1,5'_ r4 ,!,/ ;4 ( %K' Q >:8#'>(0! 2( >:Q > %& 90H6WG% >5 7%$/#$ ' ! %# %79c5 +:#'R0Ss "%$( 4#$' (=OdE -,! %& $ (P/# '-%&F+ %9%G'%FB K%6#$#'9 F 4 ; /OdE _ >,K.$#$,5$ (N 4,K6$ $ ' ("#' '-%&U 9% SC'#$+ :4A>9 %- @.82, #''dE9 -,\' @ ):5 % K^B# % H
!#"$ %&'(*)& + ,-/.1032/4.6578#9%:2;? @B)A?#{ g]'fv]/ g/'`?`$4.1%=. 2B]9$`'#2/8(NBw9d&lnxg/)hi``$a/|lY2=19d-yb7x'H2/ 9$/:9X}~ui %/9$( .1' Np=8r 2/p#.1`%:2`2/ |& 8#9$2B.1'rr q# IBFQ
cTZcM@dZCN H 0] 9$% q3 u *&i'] .1'9$&)&9&'H~2m9$C9$B/.1'2/k`$ _'(fH9$ z/%/.1 ,'f4kq#!k Hb7'H/32/9$BB''962dy/b7~'H/2/39$l^/2'#9$v]2d9$|B/8] 8B0 ! r r r# U].1Bx9419$.a%B%g'em927'hi(f / jk%=& 9$ /a#-y'#}~9$'( N8] 2B .1`8#%B%B2B2m.1'.1'f,- N9# |#%=.119 `$2B |&9$z$}?#r r I:F=Q3
-@BA