A Semantic Geographical Knowledge Wiki System ... - UCSB Geography

6&,(1&(&+,1$ 7HFKQRORJLFDO6FLHQFHV x5(6($5&+ 3$3(5x

0D\   9RO 6XSSO, − GRL V

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

*$2@ ,Q WKH DERYH LQWURGXFWLRQZHXVHWKHWHUP vJHRVSDWLDOw *HQHUDOO\vJHRVSDWLDOwUHIHUVWR JHRPHWULFDOHQWULHVDQG UHODWLRQVKLSV ZKLOH vJHRJUDSKLFDOw DOVR FRQVLGHUV JHR JUDSKLFDO DWWULEXWHV >@ ,Q *HR:LNL VLQFH JHRJUDSKLFDO HYHQWVDQGJHRJUDSKLFDOODZVDUHWDNHQLQWRDFFRXQWLQDGGL WLRQ WR JHRVSDWLDOHQWLWLHVDQGUHODWLRQVKLSV ZHWHQGWR XVH vJHRw WR VWDQG IRU vJHRJUDSKLFDOw 0RUHRYHU WKH RQWRORJ\ LQ*6:LVGHILQHGIRUPDOO\DVWKHIRXQGDWLRQWRLPSOHPHQW *HR:LNL

 *HRRQWRORJ\DQGJHRVSDWLDOVHPDQWLFZHE

 0DVKXSVDQG*RRJOH0DSV$3,

*HRRQWRORJ\ DQG *HRVSDWLDO 6HPDQWLF :HE *6:  KDYH EHFRPH KRW WRSLFV LQ JHRJUDSKLFDO LQIRUPDWLRQ VFLHQFH >y@ ,Q LQIRUPDWLRQ V\VWHPV DQ RQWRORJ\ UH IHUVWR vDIRUPDOH[SOLFLWVSHFLILFDWLRQRIDVKDUHGFRQ FHSWXDOL]DWLRQw >@ 7KH PDMRUFRPSRQHQWV RI DQ RQWRO RJ\LQFOXGHD[LRPVFODVVHVLQGLYLGXDOVDWWULEXWHVDQG UHODWLRQVKLSV ,Q JHRJUDSKLFDO GRPDLQ DOO JHRJUDSKLFDO REMHFWV DUH SDUWV RIWKH (DUWKu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vSURYLGHV D FRPPRQ IUDPHZRUN WKDW DOORZV GDWD WR EH VKDUHG DQG UHXVHG DFURVV DSSOLFD WLRQV HQWHUSULVHV DQG FRPPXQLW\ ERXQGDULHVw >@ *HR VSDWLDO 6HPDQWLF :HE IRFXVHV RQ HQFRGLQJ JHRVSDWLDO VH PDQWLFVWRSURFHVVYDULRXVTXHULHV5HI>@LGHQWLILHGWKUHH GLPHQVLRQV RI LQIRUPDWLRQ RQ WKH *6: SURIHVVLRQDO QD

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vSURFHVV PHGLDWLRQw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uV SHUVRQDOL]DWLRQV :KHQ *RRJOH 0DSV LV LQWHJUDWHG ZLWK *HR:LNL WKH PDS PDNHUuV SHUVRQDOL]DWLRQV FDQ EH SURYLGHGE\WKH VHPDQWLFZLNLDQGWKXVJHRJUDSKLFDODQDO\ VHVDUHVXSSRUWHGLQDGGLWLRQWRORFDOLW\YLVXDOL]DWLRQ)LJXUH  GHPRQVWUDWHV WKH FRQFHSWXDO DUFKLWHFWXUH RI WKH PDVKXS FRPELQLQJ*HR:LNLDQG*RRJOH0DSV



*$2@   *HRJUDSKLFDO HYHQWV VXFK DV KXUULFDQHV DQG HDUWK TXDNHV KDYH SDUWLFXODU VSDWLDO GLVWULEXWLRQV DQG UHODWLYHO\ ODUJHVSDWLDO H[WHQWVVRWKDWZH FDQ LGHQWLI\ DQGQDPH WKHP  *HRJUDSKLFDOODZVPD\EHQRWLQDJUHHPHQWZLWKHP SLULFDOUHDOLW\>@7KH\DUHDEVWUDFWHGZLWKDVVXPSWLRQVE\ JHRJUDSKHUVRUVFLHQWLVWVLQUHODWHGDUHDV7\SLFDOH[DPSOHV LQFOXGH&KULVWDOOHUuV&HQWUDO3ODFH7KHRU\'DYLVu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v%HLMLQJLVWKHFDSLWDOFLW\ RI&KLQDwZKHUHWZRSODFHQDPHVDQGDELQDU\UHODWLRQVKLS DUHLQYROYHG:H WKXVXVH WKHWHUP vSODFHEDVHGw >@ IRU VXFK

*$2,B1&KLQD@@DQGWKHFDSLWDORI>>LVBFDSLWDOBRI&KLQD@@%HLMLQJLV&KLQD¶VVHFRQGODUJHVWFLW\DIWHU>>6KDQJKDL@@%HLMLQJLVUHFRJQL]HGDV WKHSROLWLFDOHGXFDWLRQDODQGFXOWXUDOFHQWHURI&KLQD7KHFLW\KRVWHG>>WKH2O\PSLF*DPHV@@ 'HPRJUDSKLFV  7KHSRSXODWLRQRI%HLMLQJ0XQLFLSDOLW\GHILQHGDVWKHWRWDOQXPEHURISHRSOHZKRUHVLGHLQ%HLMLQJIRUPRQWKVRUPRUHSHU\HDUZDV>>KDVBSRSXODWLRQ@@DW WKHHQGRI *HRJUDSK\  %HLMLQJ¶VJHRJUDSKLFDOH[WHQWLV>>KDVBIRRWSULQW(1 (1 @@ >>&DWHJRU\&LW\@@

)LJXUH  6HPDQWLF ZLNLDQQRWDWLRQV RIWKHHQWU\ v%HLMLQJw

 >>h@@ 7KHWH[WZLWKLQVTXDUHEUDFNHWV>>h@@LVWUDQVIRUPHGLQWR OLQNV WR WKH :LNL SDJH ZLWK WKH QDPH VSHFLILHG LQVLGH WKH EUDFNHWV+RZHYHUWKHVHPDQWLFUHODWLRQVKLSVEHWZHHQWKHP DUHQRWQHFHVVDU\  >>$%@@ ,Q >>$%@@ DQQRWDWLRQV v$w UHIHUV WR D ELQDU\ UHOD WLRQVKLS GHILQHG HDUOLHU VXFK DV vFURVVHVw RU vLVBFDSLWDOBRIw DQG v%w UHSUHVHQWV WKH REMHFWV LQYROYHG LQ WKH UHODWLRQVKLS RU D QXPHULFDO YDOXH DWWULEXWH )RU H[DPSOHVXSSRVLQJWKHVXEMHFWRIDZLNLSDJHLV%HLMLQJ ZH FDQ XVH WKH IROORZLQJ DQQRWDWLRQV VXFK DV >>KDVBSRSXODWLRQ@@ >>LVBFDSLWDOBRI&KLQD@@ DQG >>QRUWKZHVW7LDQMLQ@@ WR UHSUHVHQW WKUHH SURSHUWLHV RI WKHHQWU\RI%HLMLQJ  >>&DWHJRU\;@@ >>&DWHJRU\;@@ VSHFLILHV WKH FRQFHSW WKDW D SODFH RU D FRQFHSW VXEMHFWEHORQJV WR ,Q *HR:LNL HDFK SDJH FDQ EH DVVLJQHG WR RQH RU PRUH FDWHJRULHV DQG HDFK FDWHJRU\ LV DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK D SDJH LQ WKH v&DWHJRU\w QDPHVSDFH 7KH FDWHJRU\SDJHVFDQEHXVHGWREURZVHFRUUHVSRQGLQJSDJHV

DQGWRRUJDQL]HHQWULHVKLHUDUFKLFDOO\*HR:LNLSURYLGHVD QXPEHURISUHGHILQHG FDWHJRULHV VXFK DV SODFH JHRJUDSKL FDO IHDWXUH JHRJUDSKLFDO HYHQW DQG D VHW RI JHRJUDSKLFDO IHDWXUHW\SHVWRKHOSXVHUVWRRUJDQL]HZLNLSDJHV $VVKRZQLQ)LJXUHWKHJLYHQOLQNVWR>>6KDQJKDL@@DQG >WKH2O\PSLF*DPHV@@GRQRWFDUU\DQ\VHPDQWLFV\HW 7R VWDWH WKDW %HLMLQJLVWKHFDSLWDO FLW\ RI &KLQD WKH HGLWRU FDQ VLPSO\ H[WHQG WKH OLQN WR >>&KLQD@@ E\ ZULWLQJ >>LVBFDSLWDOBRI&KLQD@@ 7KLV DVVHUWV WKDW v%HLMLQJw KDV D SURSHUW\ FDOOHG vLVBFDSLWDOBRIw ZLWK WKH YDOXH v&KLQDw 0RUHRYHU WKH IRRWSULQW FI vKDVBIRRWSULQWw  RI %HLMLQJ LV UHSUHVHQWHG E\ WKH JHRJUDSKLFDO FRRUGLQDWHV DQG FDQ EH YLVXDOL]HGRQ*RRJOH0DSV)LJXUH  $V PHQWLRQHG HDUOLHU SODFHV DQG SODFHLQYROYHG UHODWLRQ VKLSV DUH NH\ FRPSRQHQWV RI JHRJUDSKLFDO NQRZOHGJH LQ *HR:LNL ,Q XVHUJHQHUDWHG ZLNL SDJHV WKHVH UHODWLRQVKLSV DUH H[SUHVVHG E\ vKDVBSURSHUW\w RU vKDVBVXESURSHUW\w DQG FRUUHVSRQGLQJOLQNVFDQEHEURZVHGDFFRUGLQJWRWKHLUVHPDQ WLFFRQWHQW)RUH[DPSOHZKHQVHDUFKLQJWKHHQWU\%HLMLQJD QXPEHURISDJHVFDQEHREWDLQHGEDVHGRQWKHVHPDQWLFUHOD WLRQVKLSVLQDGGLWLRQWRWKHRUGLQDU\K\SHUOLQNV)LJXUH 



*$2