Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences © 2007
Science in China Press Springer-Verlag
Tectono-chronologic constraints on a Mesozoic slip and thrust belt in the eastern Jiaodong Peninsula ZHANG HongYuan1,2, HOU QuanLin3† & CAO DaiYong 4 1
Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China; State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China; 3 Graduate School of China Acacemy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China; 4 Key Laboratory of Coal Resources (CUMT), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China 2
A major slip and thrust belt within the eastern Jiaodong Peninsula is located at the eastern terminal of the Qinling-Dabie-Sulu orogenic belt between the Sino-Korea Block and Yangtze Block. Although a lot of isotope chronologic data have been obtained regionally, little structural chronological research has been conducted in this region and this paper corrects that. Syn-deformational minerals were systematically selected from samples of the NE-ENE trending transpressional shear zones and transpressional nappes and carefully analysed using 40Ar/39Ar methods. Two tectonic events were defined with the first event resulting from early movement of transpressional nappes around 190 Ma ago. This accords with the period of syn-orogenic sinistral slip of the Tan-Lu faults and clockwise shear in the Eastern Qinling-Tongbaishan part of the Qinling-Dabie-Sulu orogenic belt. The second event involved strikeslip thrust movement of deep shear zones between 130Ma and 120Ma. This resulted from the onset of Mesozoic tectonic conversion in the eastern Jiaodong Peninsula. The sinistral strikeslip-thrusting in Jiaodong Peninsula and the extensional tectonism (toward ESE) in Liaodong Peninsula probably resulted in the clockwise rotation of Korea Peninsula in late Mesozoic. 40
39
the eastern Jiaodong Peninsula, tectono-chronology, Ar/ Ar, strikeslip and thrust belt.
The eastern Jiaodong Peninsula is located to the east of Jiaolai basin and between east longitude 121°00′ and 122°45′ and in the middle of north latitude 36°40′ and 37°35′, and regionally is the easternmost terminal of the Sulu Ultra-high Pressure Metamorphic Belt. The major rocks in the research area were divided into two parts by the Mouping shear zone, which is the pre-Cambrian gneiss rocks systems in the west and the Weihai-Rongcheng Ultra-high pressure rocks in the east. Several periods of Mesozoic rock bodies developed in the ultrahigh pressure rock systems[1]. Jurassic to Cretaceous clastic rocks, sandstone and volcanic sedimentary formations developed in the Jiaolai basin, southwest part of the research area. Research by former workers indicates that the ultra-high pressure rocks developed in the eastern Jiaodong Peninsula was the relics of the north boundary www.scichina.com
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of Yangtze craton which experienced ultra- deep conti― nental subduction and exhumation in the Triassic era[2 8]. These ultra-high pressure rocks were cut by deep shear zones into several fastigiated crystalline blocks[7,8] named respectively Shidao, Rongcheng, Mishan and Mouping Nappes from south to north (Figure 1). Simultaneously, the eastern Qinling and Tongbaishan of the QinlingDabie-Sulu orogenic belt experienced large-scale lateral squeezing and dextral sliping movement[6], while the Tan-Lu faults mainly generated events with left-lateral ― shearing[9 11]. Received June 17, 2005; accepted December 5, 2005 doi: 10.1007/s11430-007-2073-6 † Corresponding author (email:
[email protected]) Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40234050) and the Knowledge Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. KZCX1-07)
Sci China Ser D-Earth Sci | January 2007 | vol. 50 | no. 1 | 25-32
Figure 1 Map of geological regional framework, structural outline and analyses of quartz c-axis fabrics and geochronology (from [1,7,12] and 1, 2). (A) shows tectonic setting of the research area. QDSB represents Qinling-Dabie-Sulu orogenic belt between Sino-Korea craton and Yangtze craton in the Mesozoic era. (B) is the structural outline map in the research area and the analyses map of quartz c-axis and tectono-chronology. 1, Mesozoic intrusions; 2, Late Jurassic to Cretaceous clastic rocks, sandstone and volcanic sedimentary formations; 3, metamorphic rocks; 4, anticline; 5, syncline; 6, deep NE-ENE shear zones; 7, slip thrust structure; 8, occurance of foliations; 9, sample position and the values of our 40 Ar/39Ar chronological analyses; 10, zircon U-Pb chronological values by Guo et al. (2005); 11, extensional lineation. I, Shidao nappe; II, Rongcheng nappe; III, Mishan nappe; IV, Mouping nappe; F1, Shidao shear zone; F2, Rongcheng shear zone; F3, Mishan shear zone; F4, Mouping shear zone. a, Sample 01120708,YZ plane, from Haiyangsuo, equal area projection, 9-7-5-3-1%, in Shidao shear zone: firstly, shows the monocline symmetry with II-style pole density and exists zonal structure parallel to XZ plane, corresponding to the basal slip of quartz; secondly, shows the relic early IV-style density, corresponding to the prism plane slip. The sample totally shows Mesothermal deformation. b, Sample 01120905, XZ plane, from Qiandao, equal area projection, 4-3-2-1%, in Shidao shear zone: firstly, shows IV-type density and orthorhombic symmetry with two small circle surrounding Y axis, corresponding to the prism plane slip; there are also later I type density, representing the basal slip of quartz. The sample totally shows Mesothermal deformation. c, Sample 01120908, XZ plane, from Dashijia, equal area projection, 5-4-3-2-1%, in Rongcheng shear zone: typically shows IV-type density, and orthorhombic symmetry with two small circle surrounding Y axis, corresponding to the prism plane slip. The sample totally shows Mesothermal deformation. d, Sample 01121002, from Beiqishan, equal area projection, 5-4-3-2-1%, in Shidao shear zone: exists two types of pole density, orthorhombic symmetry with two small circle and IV type of pole density and monocline symmetry with II type of pole-density, representing the prism plane slip in earlier step and the basal slip later, respectively, and totally showing meso to low thermal deformation. e, Sample 01121005, from Moyedao, equal area projection, 5-4-3-2-1%, in Shidao shear zone：exists two types of pole density. They are orthorhombic symmetry with two small circle and IV type of pole density and monocline symmetry with II type of pole-density, representing the prism plane slip in earlier step and the basal slip later, respectively, and totally showing meso to low thermal deformation. f, Sample, 01121402, XZ plane, at Yan-Wei road landmark 171 km west to Shangzhuang, equal area projection, 4-3-2-1%, in Mouping shear zone：exists the I-type pole-density and shows monocline symmetry, corresponding to the basal slip of the quartz, and totally showing low thermal deformation. g, Sample 01121406 from 2 km east to Dajieshi, equal area projection, 3. 1-2. 2-1. 3-0. 4%, in Mishan shear zone: shows small circle girdle and orthorhombic symmetry, representing the prism plane slip, and totally showing meso thermal deformation. h, Sample 01121006, Xz plane, from Wanglian, equal area projection, 3. 4-2. 6-1. 8-1%, in the Rongcheng nappe: exists two types of pole density. They are orthorhombic symmetry with small circle and IV type of pole density and monocline symmetry I-type of pole-density, representing the prism plane slip in earlier step and the basal slip later, showing meso to low thermal deformation in general. i, Sample 01121101, XZ plane, from Xilongjia, Rongcheng, equal area projection, 4. 9-3. 6-2. 3-1%, in Rongcheng shear zone: exists none so typical small circle girdle surrounding the Y axis; there are two types of pole density with monocline symmetry. One is on both side of the X axis, belonging to VII-type of pole-density and representing the prism plane slip; the other one is on the X axis, belonging to I-type of pole-density and corresponding to the basal slip. In general the stereograph reflect meso to low thermal deformation. 1) Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources of Shandong Province. 1: 200000 Map of Yantai Regional Geological Survey, P.R.C, 1991; Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources of Shandong Province. 1: 200000 Map of Weihai-Wendeng Regional Geological Survey, P.R.C, 1992; Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources of Shandong Province. 1: 200000 Map of Haiyang-Chaoli Regional Geological Survey, P.R.C, 1992; Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources of Shandong Province. 1: 200000 Map of Laiyang Regional Geological Survey, P.R.C, 1996 2) Zhang H Y, Cao D Y, Hou Q L. Study of thrust and nappe tectonics in the eastern Jiaodong Peninsula, Dissertation of Master's Degree (in Chinese with English abstract). China University of Mining & Technology (Beijing), 2003
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Although a lot of regional chronological data have ― been attained in the past two decades[1,9 23], a systematic study of tectono-chronology in the research area is still needed. 40Ar/39Ar chronology is one of the most valuable methods for determining the age of a tectonic- thermal event. But for an orogenic belt, such conditions as pressure, temperature and deformation mechanism would affect the formation of target minerals among shear zones[24]. Precise determination of tectono-chro- nology is of far reaching importance for the recognization of Mesozoic tectonic process about not only Jiaodong but also the whole Sulu area. In recent years, the study about the isotopic ages of intruded rocks in Jiaodong and the evolutionary laws regionally provide a solid foundation for the tectono-chronological research in this paper. Rock samples for chronology were selected systematically in the research area, and then were observed through microscope, and then the microscopic quartz petrofabrics. Therefore, the deformational environment was defined. Then, new minerals such as biotite, hornblende, and muscovite were selected for precise experiment of 40Ar/39Ar isotopic chronology. And lastly, the importance of tectono-chronological features and the tectonic conversion in the eastern Jiaodong Peninsula were discussed on the basis of information about regional chronology, structural geology and petrology.
1
40
Ar/39Ar chronological experiments
1.1 Samples preparation Total seven samples were selected in the eastern Jiaodong peninsula. Three of them were sampled from the Shidao shear zone (F1 in Figure 1), two from the Rongcheng nappe (II in Figure 1), one from the Rongcheng shear zone (F2 in Figure 1), and one from the Moping shear zones (F4 in Figure 1) (Table 2). Sample 01120905, granitic gneiss in Shidao shear zone, was sampled from the Qiandao coastal area. Quartz optic axis fabrics indicate that strain belongs to deformation with mid to low thermal (Figure 1b). Biotite was chosen as the target mineral for tectono-chronology. Sample 01121002, granitic gneiss in the Shidao shear zone, was sampled from the quarry of Beiqishan, Renhe. Quartz optic axis fabrics suggest that a mid to low thermal deformation happened (Figure 1d). Biotite was chosen as the target mineral for tectono-chronology. Sample 01121005, monzonitic gneiss in the Shidao shear zone, was sampled from Daoxitou, Moyedao. Field
research shows asymmetric folds indicating a mechanism of shearing. Quartz optic axis fabrics indicate that a mid to low thermal deformation happened (Figure 1e). Biotite was chosen as the target mineral for tectono-chronology. Sample 01120908, quartz-feldspar nature gneiss in Rongcheng nappe (Figure 1; Table 1), was sampled west to Dashijia, Houjia. Quartz optic axis fabrics indicate that a mid thermal deformation happened (Figure 1c). Biotite and hornblende were chosen as the target mineral for tectono-chronology. Sample 01120807, monzonitic gneiss in Mishan nappe (Figure 1; Table 1), was selected 3 km east to Zetou Town. It shows band extinction and subgrain structure of quartz under cross light of microscope. Muscovite was chosen as the target mineral for tectono-chronology. Sample 01121101, granitic gneiss in the Rongcheng shear zone (Figure 1; Table 1), was sampled from Xilongjia, Rongcheng. Quartz optic axis fabrics indicate a mid to low thermal environment of deformation (Figure 1i). Biotite was chosen as the chronology of deformational mineral. Sample 01121504, quartzofeldspathic mylonite in the Mouping shear zone, was sampled from Wanggezhuang, Xixia. Sheath fold were seen in the field. Subgrains and dynamitic recrystallization were observed under a microscope. Biotite was chosen as the chronology of deformational mineral. Micro-scale analyses show that all those chronological minerals have no alteration phenomena and they are not the relics of pre-metamorphic minerals (Figure 2). Therefore, the closure ages of the minerals selected here represent the ages of both the cooling and the deformation event. 1.2 Analytical methods Such processes as smash, fine grinding, magnetic separation and dense separation were performed firstly. And then individual minerals with no alteration phenomena were concentrated from each sample under paired eyepiece. These individual minerals include biotite, muscovite and hornblende. Next, these individual minerals were put into the 49-2 reactor in China Institute of Atomic Energy and the fast neutron exposure was carried out. Finally, when the radioactivity dose decayed to safety conditions, the samples were conducted 40Ar/39Ar incremental-heating experiments in Institute ofGeology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy Sciences.
ZHANG HongYuan et al. Sci China Ser D-Earth Sci | January 2007 | vol. 50 | no. 1 | 25-32
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Table 1 Partition and the main basis of nappes in the eastern Jiaodong Peninsula (From [7,12]) Shidao nappe
Rongcheng nappe
Mishan nappe
Mouping nappe
North to
The Yellow Sea
Shidao shear zone
Rongcheng shear zone
Mishan shear zone
South to
Shidao shear zone
Rongcheng shear zone
The Yellow Sea
The Yellow Sea
East to
Shidao shear zone
Rongcheng shear zone
Mishan shear zone
Mouping shear zone
West to Rock assemblages
The Yellow Sea High pressure assemblage: pyrigarnite, garnet gabbro, kyanite granulite, garnet amphibolite, serpentine peridotite, pyroxene peridotite, quartzite and metamorphic calc-siciceous rock. Ductile deformation
The Yellow Sea Ultra high pressure assemblage: eclogite, ultramafic rock and metamorphic sedimentary rocks.
The Yellow Sea Ultra high pressure assemblage: coesite-bearing granulite, amphibolite, ultramafic rock and metamorphic sedimentary rocks.
Mishan shear zone Metamorphic complex: biotite double feldspar gneiss, marble, amphibolite, granite and graphite mafic-neutral granulite.
Ductile deformation
Brittle-ductile deformation
Granulite facies, eclogite facies superimposed metamorphism. Shear environment of low-medium thermal flow, base on Yangtze craton.
Amphibolite facies, high-grade amphibolite facies, amphibolite degrading facies. Ultra-metamorphic rocks intruded into wall with amphibolite degrading facies metamorphism.
Brittle-ductile deformation Granulite facies superimposed metamorphism, amphibolite degrading facies. Structural emplacement with medium-to-high thermal flow value.
Deformational behavior Metamorphic features and tectonic settings
Greenschist-amphibolite facies. Having features of overriding to fault subsidence transition facies.
Table 2 Abridged table of 40Ar/39Ar precise dating results of individual minerals in the eastern Jiaodong Peninsula Sample position and sample number Qiandao01120905 Beiqishan01121002 Daoxitou01121005 Dashijia01120908B Dashijia01120908H Zetou01120807 Xilongjia01121101 Wanggezhuang01121504
Lithology granite gneiss granite gneiss granite gneiss granite gneiss granite gneiss granite mylonite granite gneiss quartzofeldspathic mylonite
Serial number
biotite biotite biotite biotite hornblende muscovite biotite Biotite
R03020 R03002 R03026 R03005 R03019 R03009 R03008 R03025
2 40Ar/39Ar dating results and tectonochronological analysis 2.1
40
Ar/39Ar dating results
Regional tectonic position, lithologic characteristics, minerals tested and dating results of 40Ar/39Ar thermal experiments are shown in Table 2 and Figure 3. 2.2 Movement substages of the slip thrust structure in the eastern Jiaodong Peninsula Blocking temperatures of the hornblende, biotite and muscovite are 500±50℃, 300℃ and 350℃ respectively. Petrofabrics figures (Figure 1(B)) indicate medium to low thermal deformational environment and are equivalent to blocking temperatures of those new minerals. The data of our 40Ar/39Ar experiments represent deformational and cooling ages and therefore they are creditable. 40 Ar/39Ar data obtained were separated into two stages: 28
40
Minerals selected
Ar/39Ar plateau age (Ma)
126.49 ± 0.23 126.59 ± 0.22 125.72 ± 0.15 188.96 ± 0.50 196.04 ± 0.28 192.13 ± 0.46 124.20 ± 0.21 122.82 ± 0.28
Tectonic setting of samples shidao shear zone shidao shear zone shidao shear zone rongcheng nappe rongcheng nappe mishan nappe rongcheng shear zone mouping shear zone
about 190 Ma and 130―120 Ma. The first stage is about 190 Ma. For this stage, minerals Hb and Bi of sample from Dashijia show different blocking ages, indicating that the blocking temperature of Hb is higher than that of Bi and that Hb formed nearly 7 Ma earlier than Bi did. Dating value of 40Ar/39Ar from areas east to Zetou is about 190 Ma, similar to Dashijia. The two samples come from the nappes and indicate the same deformational period. Three series of rock mass of peridotite latite from Jiazishan, Xingjia and Chashan formed in the period of 205―215 Ma according to zircon U-Pb chronology[1] (Figure 1). Since the blocking temperature of zircon is much higher than that of hornblende, these zircon ages from those three bodies are self-contained with ages of 40Ar/39Ar from Dashijia and Zetou. They represent igneous intrusion activities during the movement of the nappes. The second stage is from 130 Ma to120 Ma. Samples
ZHANG HongYuan et al. Sci China Ser D-Earth Sci | January 2007 | vol. 50 | no. 1 | 25-32
Figure 2 Evidence for sinistral slip thrust and the selection of syn-deformation samples in the main shear zones in the eastern Jiaodong peninsula. a, Field picture from Moyedao in Shidao shear zone shows the deformation of granite gneiss. Top-thick and asymmetric fold morphology is considered as the kinematic indicators of the lower crust deformation and top to the NW thrust structure. b, Cross-lighted microphotograph from Moyedao in Shidao shear zone shows granite gneiss. Deformational features include the biotite foliations that confine growth of quartz minerals. The biotite individual mineral was taken as the target mineral for 40Ar/39Ar dating. The sample serial number is 01121005 slected from positions in Figure 2a. c, d, Field picture and its sketch from Qiandao in Shidao shear zone show asymmetric quartzofeldspathic veins that indicate left lateral strike slip movement and the transpression mechanism happened in the rocks. Black triangle shows the pressing direction, and single arrowhead suggest the unticlockwise shearing happened. e, f, Field picture and its sketch about the occurance of tectonic lens in a position between Yaxi and Rongcheng, Rongcheng shear zone, indicating a pressing event with NW-SE direction. g, Field picture on quartzofeldspathic mylonite from Wanggezhuang along the Mouping shear zone, indicating early deep level mylonite was reconstructed by later brittle structure. h, Microphotograph with serial number 01121504 indicates deformation about quartzofeldspathic mylonite from Wanggezhuang along the Mouping shear zone, cross polarized light. Deformation assemblages include that the porphyroclasts of feldspar minerals, dynamic recrystallization of the quartz and the biotite occurance inside the cleavage. Biotite was taken as the targeted mineral for 40Ar/39Ar dating. The sample position is shown in Figure 2g and Figure 1i, j, Field outcrop photo and the sketch from area west to Shangzhuang along the Mouping shear zone, showing a duplex structure. This indicates the rocks were once under pressing stress field. Single arrowhead shows the strike of the section. A synchronous deformation might happen in rocks with duplex in Shangzhuang with mylonitic rocks in Wanggezhuang. ZHANG HongYuan et al. Sci China Ser D-Earth Sci | January 2007 | vol. 50 | no. 1 | 25-32
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ZHANG HongYuan et al. Sci China Ser D-Earth Sci | January 2007 | vol. 50 | no. 1 | 25-32
Figure 3 Plateau age and isochron age figures resulteding from 40Ar/39Ar geochronological experiments on samples from the eastern Jiaodong Peninsula.
Table 3 Chronological research of the Tan-Lu faults by former workers Time of the first sinistral slip Researchers Dating methods (orogenic epoch )
Time of the second sinistral slip Late Jurassic to early Cretaceous.
Time of extensional movement
−
Not later than Early Jurassic
Ar-Ar
244―209 Ma
−
Zhu et al.
Ar-Ar
−
132―128 Ma
Wang[17]
Ar-Ar
During 165―140 Ma
120―90 Ma
From late Cretaceous to Paleogene period From 103―94 Ma From late Cretaceous to Paleogene period. from 60 Ma
Ar-Ar\K-Ar\U-Pb
−
132―119 Ma
−
Ar-Ar
About 190Ma
−
−
Xu[13] Chen et al.[14] [15,16]
[9]
Zhu et al.
Zhu et al.[10,11]
ages from Wanggezhuang, Qiandao of Zeku, Moyedao, Xilongjia of Rongcheng and Beiqishan were all between 130 Ma and 120 Ma. They define the left- lateral slip and thrust period of the major shear zone. Figure 2 explaines the structural deformation features of the shear zones and also the relationships between dating and deformation. In the research area, zircon U-Pb dating results of the Duogushan and Wendeng rock bodies are about 160 Ma[1]; ziron U-Pb ages of Kunyushan rock body are about 140 Ma[1]; ziron U-Pb ages from Liudusi, Taiboding, Sanfoshan and Weideshan rock bodies are between 115―105 Ma[1] (Figure 1). This indicates that a large- scale magma movement happened between or after the movement of sinistral slip thrust shear zones.
ging tail and imbrecated fan of the Tan-Lu Faults with prominent left-lateral and right step style slip. Recently, study of Liaodong metamorphic core complex[18] supports that the extensional structure in Liaodong formed just in this second period in the eastern Jiaodong Peninsula. At the same time, the Korea Peninsula showed clockwise rotation[19]. It is easy to draw a conclusion that probably both the left-lateral slip event (with NE-ENE strike) in Jiaodong peninsula and the extensional movement (toward ESE) in the Liaodong Peninsula promoted the clockwise rotation of Korea Peninsula in the Mesozoic era.
2.3 Tectonic conversion of the slip thrust belt in the eastern Jiaodong Peninsula
(1) 190 Ma represents the major deformational age of the rotation-shear nappes and is in perfect agreement with the period of syn-orogenic sinistral slip of the Tan-Lu faults and the clockwise shear in the Eastern Qinling-Tongbaishan part of the Qinling-Dabie-Sulu orogenic belt. Syn-teconic intrusive bodies include Jiazishan, Chashan and Xingjia. (2) 130―120 Ma represents the major active stage of the deep shear zones. And this period was just the beginning of the regional tectonic conversion. The sinistral strikeslip-thrusting in the Jiaodong Peninsula and the extensional tectonism (toward ESE) in the Liaodong Peninsula probably resulted in the clockwise rotation of Korea Peninsula in Late Mesozoic.
The first stage 190 Ma represents one major event inside the nappes in the eastern Jiaodong Peninsula and also the tectonic exhumation period after the continent-continent collision between the Yangtze and Sino-Korea craton in the Mesozoic era. This period of deformation inside the nappes in Jiaodong has correspondence to the regional tectonic evolution. In this period, south part of the Tan-Lu faults experienced synorogenic left-lateral strike slip event[10] (Table 3) while Wang et al.[6] found that a clockwise shearing event might happen in the Eastern Qinling-Tongbai part of the Qinling-Dabie-Sulu orogenic belt on the basis of boundary deformation analysis. The second stage (130―120 Ma) might represent the sinistral slip thrust event in the main shear zones on the basis of field research, microscopic study and 40Ar/39Ar geochronology (Figures 1 and 2). Regionally, sinistral ― slip event also occurred along Tan-Lu faults[9,13,15 17] (Table 3). According to regional structural features, stress field of slip and thrust was at least yielded in the shallow level of the crust because the structural system in the eastern Jiaodong Peninsula was just the pressing drag-
3 Conclusions
We thank Zhang Xidao, Institute of the Fourth Geological Survey for his help in the field research. We also thank the following research fellows for their effort to support and improve the quality of this article: Wang Zongqi, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences; Zhai Mingguo, Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy Sciences; Zheng Yadong, Peking University. Especially, we would like to thank Pro. Guo Jinghui and one anonymous reader, for they gave us valuable suggestions on this paper. Pro. Tim H. Bell (James Cook University, Australia) is also thanked for his perfect modification in English.
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