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A survey on tourist attitudes towards invertebrate conservation through entotourism activities in Sabah, Borneo of Malaysia Ak Mohd Rafiq Ak Matusin, Fiffy Hanisdah Saikim, Norazah Mohd Suki, Mahadi Menakbar M. Dawood

The Tabin Wildlife Reserve (TWR), Lahad Datu, Sabah is a popular tourist spot in Malaysia.

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It is the largest wildlife reserve in Sabah, mainly focusing on endangered mammals and birds. Thus, in this research, it is proposed to include invertebrates’ information in the current ecotourism activities in TWR. Implicitly, it could increase a sustainable invertebrate conservation. Invertebrates possess many benefits to humankind, namely waste recycling whereby, they cycle minerals and organic minerals for plants and animals. Thus, this investigation aimed to study the tourists’ perception on including invertebrate information in the current TWR ecotourism activity. Hence, to collect data from tourists, pre-visit and post-visit questionnaire surveys were adopted as the methodological approach during preliminary entotourism activities. Two different conceptual framework sets (pre-visit and post-visit) were posited in this investigation. The collected data were analysed via Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and Analysis of Moment Structure (AMOS) software program by adopting Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). SEM analyses revealed that both pre-visit and post-visit surveys have significant variance towards Ecotourism. This implied a good potential in including invertebrates in ecotourism activities especially in Sabah. The findings of this study are important to contribute to the literature of invertebrate conservation awareness in Sabah, since very limited researches were conducted specifically on entotourism field.

PeerJ PrePrints | https://dx.doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.1313v1 | CC-BY 4.0 Open Access | rec: 18 Aug 2015, publ: 18 Aug 2015

MANUSCRIPT TITLE: A survey on tourist attitudes towards invertebrate conservation through entotourism activities in Sabah, Borneo of Malaysia.

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AUTHOR(S): AK. Mohd Rafiq Bin AK. Matusin1,a,i, Fiffy Hanisdah Saikim 2,b,ii , Norazah Mohd Suki 3,c,iii , Mahadimenakbar Mohamed Dawood 4,d.iv i

1,2,4

a

Master Degree, ii Doctoral Degree, iii Major (PA) Associate Professor Dr., iv Doctoral Degree

Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS), 3 Labuan Faculty of International Finance, Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS)

[email protected],

b

[email protected], c [email protected], d [email protected],

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ABSTRACT The Tabin Wildlife Reserve (TWR), Lahad Datu, Sabah is a popular tourist spot in Malaysia. It is the largest wildlife reserve in Sabah, mainly focusing on endangered mammals and birds. Thus, in this research, it is proposed to include invertebrates’ information in the current ecotourism activities in TWR. Implicitly, it could increase a sustainable invertebrate conservation. Invertebrates possess many benefits to humankind, namely waste recycling whereby, they cycle minerals and organic minerals for plants and animals. Thus, this investigation aimed to study the tourists’

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perception on including invertebrate information in the current TWR ecotourism activity. Hence, to collect data from tourists, pre-visit and post-visit questionnaire surveys were adopted as the methodological approach during preliminary entotourism activities. Two different conceptual framework sets (pre-visit and postvisit) were posited in this investigation. The collected data were analysed via Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and Analysis of Moment Structure (AMOS) software program by adopting Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). SEM analyses revealed that both pre-visit and post-visit surveys have significant variance towards Ecotourism. This implied a good potential in including invertebrates in ecotourism activities especially in Sabah. The findings of this study are important to contribute to the literature of invertebrate conservation awareness in Sabah, since very limited researches were conducted specifically on entotourism field.


1. INTRODUCTION Invertebrates are commonly known as dominant group of animals on Earth today and have enormously outnumbered all other terrestrial animals globally (Triplehorn & Johnson, 2005:23). Indeed, invertebrates provide a bewildering array of goods and services to the people and economies of the world yet much ignored in part of our natural capital (Collen, Bohm, Kemp & Baillie, 2012:12). An important service afforded by the invertebrates is waste recycling. They are

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making the minerals and organic material available again for plants and other animals (Srivastava & Saxena, 2007:97). Nonetheless, flowering plants especially rely on insects to pollinate their flowers in order to complete their reproductive cycle (Gallai, Salles, Settele & Vaissiere, 2008:810). In addition, most environmental agencies are routinely using the assessments of the number and variety of aquatic invertebrates that existed alongside of the chemical analyses (Losey & Vaughan, 2006:311). People are now becoming more interested in nature as whole. This ideology suggests that there is a potential for including invertebrates in ecotourism activities, in turn, this would contribute to invertebrate conservation and improve tourism services as well as tourism products (Huntly, Noort & Hamer, 2005:53).


2. LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1

Invertebrates threatened

The human population has reached to an estimation of 7 billion people at the end of 2011 (UNFPA, 2011:167). Reaching this human population milestone indicates the enhancement pressure in our ecosystems as well as the species we are sharing in this planet. Pollinator decline have made the news in the previous years because of the obvious

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effects on ecosystem stability, crop production and food security (Potts, Biesmeijer, Kremen, Neumann, Schweiger & Kunin, 2010:345). Bumblebee has been particularly well studied and its decline has been observed throughout North America, Europe and Asia. It is most often caused by the changing of agricultural policies and land use (Williams & Osborne, 2009:367). Freshwater groups (Darwall, Sedddon, Clausnitzer & Cumberlidge, 2012:18) are consistently at higher risk than their terrestrial counterparts (Gerlach, Hoffman, Hochkirch, Jepsen, Seddon, Spector & Williams, 2012:15). Terrestrial invertebrates are primarily threatened by agriculture and logging which both are affected by 31% of threatened species, followed by 28% of infrastructure development (Collen et al., 2012:51). The impacts of climate change remain complex, though an increased understanding of species biology may provide some clues (Foden, Mace, Vie, Angulo, Butchart, DeVantier, Dublin, Gurtsche, Stuart & Turak, 2009:77). The lack of invertebrate coverage on the IUCN Red List is particularly showing the ignorance in view of the ecosystem services that they are providing. Therefore, it is important that they should be assessed, inventoried, monitored, and protected (Rohr, Mahan & Kim, 2007:422).


2.2

Ecotourism benefits

It is widely known that the sustainability criterion of ecotourism includes economic and sociocultural dimensions, at the same time, it serves to minimise its ecological costs and maximise its ecological benefits (Weaver, 2008:124). It is often suggested by tourism industry associations and government tourism agencies that the ecotourism industry should contribute to conservation (Guclu and Karahan, 2004:1371). Kiss (2004:232) reported that an ecotourism project in Peru during early 2000s has

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yielded a mean annual household income about US$735 in the community. Similarly, 20% of the US$181,000 in commercial expenditure was generated by eco-tourists in the Apo Island Marine Sanctuary in Philippines during 1999 that went directly to local residents (Cadiz & Calumpong, 2002:22). 2.3

Invertebrates in ecotourism

Butterfly and other insect pavilions in museums and zoos have become popular within international visitor attractions, especially in Western Europe, North America and recently in Asia (Russell, 2003:155). Observing butterflies in natural settings or as part of specimen counts are continuing to attract thousands of individual visitors every year (Pyle, 2009:15). In Japan, festivals such as the Dragonfly Citizen Summit provide dragonfly enthusiasts with the opportunity to practise and enhance their skills (Kadoya, Suda & Washitani, 2004:461). Glow worms are an important element of tourism in both Australia and New Zealand (Baker, 2002:25). In Australia, glow worm tourism has become a multi-million dollar industry, meanwhile in New Zealand, glow worm in Waitomo Caves is attracting an average of more than 400,000 tourist visits annually (Baker, 2003:14). In Malaysia, fireflies are an important element for the ecotourism activity especially in Kampung Kuantan Firefly Park that located 67 KM south of Kuala Lumpur. Indeed, this park has been selected and practised as the Community-based ecotourism (CBE) (Mohd Shahwahid, Mohd Iqbal, Amira Mas & Farah, 2013:22).


2.4

Development of Invertebrates Conservation Framework

Specifically, seven variables were posited in the conceptual framework of this study, namely: Awareness, Interest, Willingness, Activity, Support, Information and Ecotourism. Awareness Awareness has been established as the first indicator to the fundamental first step towards the sustainability of ecotourism and also considered as very important signal especially on the environmental implications issues and action (Xin and Chan,

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2014:31). The aim to raise tourist’s Awareness on conservation has been made as the main theme in many ecotourism activities in order to encourage tourists to comply with the pro-conservation practices while participating in the experience (Ballantyne, Packer and Hughes, 2009:659). Furthermore, Awareness has shown in other research to be an important element to determine the linked of policy acceptance towards creating the public support on conservation (Karanth, Kramer, Qian and Christen, 2008:2357). Therefore, this variable was aimed to examine the tourists’ awareness on the important roles played by invertebrates in ecosystem and their need for conservation action. Interest Bennet and Dearden (2014:113) suggested that Interest either it personal or communities has considered to be a very important element to engage with the creation and management on the conservation especially for the ecotourism management. Besides that, Ballantyne et al., (2009:663) revealed that tourists were very particularly interested in the practical information about what they could do to help protect the wildlife. Hence, this variable was aimed to determine the tourist’s interest on the inclusion of invertebrate’s information in the current ecotourism activity. Willingness Ballantyne et al., (2009:660) showed a significant response on the Willingness of participants to accept the conservation messages during the ecotourism activities in the post-visit questionnaire. Bennett and Dearden (2014:112) revealed that there are significant number of respondents have expressed their Willingness to work in the ecotourism area in order to support the conservation work in that environment. In PeerJ PrePrints | https://dx.doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.1313v1 6 | CC-BY 4.0 Open Access | rec: 18 Aug 2015, publ: 18 Aug 2015

addition, there are evidence suggested that tourists are more willing to pay to support the conservation of species that they have encountered (Tisdell and Wilson, 2001:235). Henceforth, this variable was aimed to determine the tourists’ willingness to participate the tourism activity focusing only on invertebrates. Activity it is been proven that the lack of top-down governance structures, processes and coordination of ecotourism can be solved through the participation of advance and new ecotourism Activity (Bennett and Dearden, 2014:113). A suggestion has been

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made in which the good governance and management of ecotourism towards the sustainable and conservation of ecosystem is promoted through the Activity on that area (Lockwood, 2010:755). Therefore, this variable details the activity that focus solely on the invertebrate’s information during the ecotourism activity of TWR which lead to determine the tourist’s perception on this type of concept. Support There are many events or ecotourism activity has successfully established due to the Support from personal, group or organizations (Quiros, 2005:44). Mulder and Coppolillo (2005:223) believed that through the Support, people perceptions on wildlife and conservation issues can be built up to conserve the nation biodiversity. In addition, the study of Mulder, Schacht, Caro, Schacht and Caro (2009:880) revealed that nearly 90% public are Supporting to protect the invertebrates species that favour to their conservation and protection. Support has posited in the conceptual framework with the aim to determine the level of tourists support towards the inclusion of invertebrate’s information in ecotourism activity. Information Ballantyne et al., (2009:661) indicated that participants were very concerned on the Information given about the conservation issues and conservation action on wildlife in the Project 1 of post-visit questionnaire. Martin, Sorice and Kreuter (2013:34) argued that by enhancing the environmental Information, it can increase people’s abilities to understand the environmental science and to discern associated policy processes and decision making. Therefore, Information was posited in the conceptual framework of post-visit survey with the aim to determine the tourist’s response on the information given during the preliminary entotourism course. PeerJ PrePrints | https://dx.doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.1313v1 7 | CC-BY 4.0 Open Access | rec: 18 Aug 2015, publ: 18 Aug 2015

Ecotourism The possibility that Ecotourism could contribute to conservation by providing funds and resources on the ground, whether to private reserves or public protected areas has been proposed repeatedly (Lindsey, Alexander, du Toit and Mills, 2005:340). In addition, Ecotourism is a good platform to induce the conservation awareness, disseminate

knowledge

about

conservation

and

promote

environmentally

responsible behaviour among the tourists (Ballantyne, Parker and Hughes, 2008:440). This dependent variable was aimed to be significantly influenced by all

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the independent variables in which to clarify the response of tourists towards the inclusion of invertebrate’s information in ecotourism activity. 2.5

Research opportunities

The substantial literature which underpins this study has revealed the use of ecotourism sector as a conservation tool to increase the level of invertebrate conservation measures and to encourage the public awareness on the crucial roles that invertebrates play in ecosystem functioning. Specifically, this study aimed to determine the response of tourists to the concept of including such invertebrate’s information in the current and future ecotourism activities of TWR, Lahad Datu, Sabah, Malaysia in order to urge effective ways to conserve invertebrates.


3. RESEARCH METHOD 3.1

Research location

This research was specifically conducted in TWR, Lahad Datu, Sabah. TWR is located in the eastern part of Sabah, Malaysia which is on the island of Borneo (see Fig. 1). This reserve area comprises approximately 300, 000 acres in the centre of the Dent Peninsula, north-east of Lahad Datu town which is nearby to the south of lower reaching the Segama River and north of the Silabukan Forest Reserve.

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3.2

Research approach

Basically, systematic sampling was executed in this study which mainly targeting on the tourists and operator staff which have participated the ecotourism activity offered by TWR. Sample size for the preliminary entotourism course and survey was following the recommendation of sample size suggested by Hair et al., (2010:17) in which minimum sample required is 100 sample for five or less latent constructs and each latent construct has more than three items, in order to analyse the data in SEM utilising AMOS. Two set of questionnaires survey (pre-visit and post-visit) was conducted during the preliminary entotourism course which both questionnaire sets were constructed based on the Likert Scale structure on five points scale: (1) Strongly disagree (2) Disagree (3) Neutral (4) Agree (5) Strongly Agree. Figure 2 shows the conceptual framework of pre-visit survey that comprised six variables and hypothesis (H1 to H5: exogenous variables and H6: endogenous variable). H1:

Awareness significantly affects the increased value of invertebrates,

H2:

Interest significantly affects the increased value of invertebrates,

H3:

Willingness significantly affects the increased value of invertebrates,

H4:

Activity significantly affects the increased value of invertebrates,

H5:

Support significantly affects the increased value of invertebrates

H6:

Tourist’s perception on invertebrates significantly affects the ecotourism industry.


Likewise, Figure 3 displays the conceptual framework of post-visit survey that comprised five variables and hypothesis simultaneously (H7 to H10: exogenous variables and H11: endogenous variable). H7:

Activity in ento-trail significantly affects the increased value of invertebrates,

H8:

Information given in ento-trail significantly affects the increased value of invertebrates,

H9:

Interest on ento-trail significantly affects the increased value of

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invertebrates, H10: Willingness on ento-trail significantly affects the increased value of invertebrates H11: Tourist’s perception on invertebrates in ento-trail significantly affects the ecotourism industry.

3.3

Data Collection Techniques

Structured and standardized questionnaire surveys were used to evaluate the response of tourist towards the inclusion of invertebrate tourism into current tourism activities. Preliminary entotourism course which fully focused on invertebrate information was conducted in the early morning from 6.00 am to 8.00 am by utilizing the Gibbon trail and river trail that run 1.0 km in length. These trails were chosen as the preliminary course of entotourism activity due to the trails high number of invertebrates that can be easily seen and heard. Pre-visit questionnaire survey was distributed before the morning session of entotourism guided walk started, while the post-visit questionnaire survey was distributed after the session of entotourism guided walk over. A list of invertebrates was recorded along the trails before conducting the course of entotourism activity. 3.4

Data analysis

The data collected were analysed utilising Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and Analysis of Moment Structure (AMOS) computer program. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) utilise the Analysis of Moment Structure (AMOS) computer program was executed with the aims to examine the strength of the relationships between endogenous variables and exogenous variables as posited in the research hypotheses and conceptual framework. PeerJ PrePrints | https://dx.doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.1313v1 10 | CC-BY 4.0 Open Access | rec: 18 Aug 2015, publ: 18 Aug 2015

4. RESULTS 4.1

Demographic data

Demographic data analyses for pre-visit and post-visit survey were executed via SPSS computer program version 20.0 with the aim to figure out the trend of data distribution of the participated respondents. Total respondents participated in the survey were 355 individuals. Specifically, there were 170 participated respondents in the pre-visit survey which comprised 60.6% of male and 39.4% of female. Among the participated respondents, there were 80.6% of tourists, 12.4% of staff and operators,

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4.1% of students, 2.4% of tour guides and 0.6% of researchers. Meanwhile, there were 185 respondents in the post-visit survey which dominated by female (51.4%) followed by male (48.6%), whereby 100% participation was from tourists. 4.2

Structural Equation Modelling (SEM)

SEM technique utilised AMOS computer program version 21.0 was carried out with the aims to examine the strength of the relationships between latent variables and observe variable as posited in the research hypotheses and the conceptual framework for simultaneous test that chains multiple regressions with confirmatory factor analysis to estimate simultaneously a series of interrelated dependence relationships. The SEM analysis was performed through two phases: measurement model and structural model. 4.2.1 Measurement model Measurement model comprised two components, namely, Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). EFA was executed via SPSS computer program version 20.0 with the aim of data reduction of items that was below the recommended value of 0.50 to well represent its expected factor for further analysis. A.

Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) pre-visit survey

Results as presented in Table 1 details the items loadings and the Cronbach’s Alpha values for all factors (Awareness, Interest, Willingness, Activity, Support, and Ecotourism). It is noted that the loading items are greater than 0.50, and Cronbach’s Alpha value exceeded 0.70 had considered the items load heavily to its respective factors and reliable for subsequent level of analysis (Hair et al., 2010:27). The entire investigated factors in this study were designed in five question items. PeerJ PrePrints | https://dx.doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.1313v1 11 | CC-BY 4.0 Open Access | rec: 18 Aug 2015, publ: 18 Aug 2015

During the EFA, all items were reliable to measure its respective factors as it fulfilled the requirement of having loadings above 0.50 with no cross-loadings. However two factors, Awareness and Interest were required to eliminate one item for having loadings below 0.50. Indeed, all constructs have Cronbach’s Alpha values beyond 0.70, Support (0.873), followed by Ecotourism (0.860), Interest (0.845), Willingness (0.845), and Activity (0.815), respectively. Awareness was the lowest value of Cronbach’s Alpha with 0.783. Thus, all factors had high internal consistency. B.

Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) post-visit survey

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Results as presented in Table 2 details the item loadings and Cronbach’s Alpha values for all factors (Activity, Information, Interest, Willingness and Ecotourism). It is acclaimed that the loading items are greater than 0.50 and Cronbach’s Alpha value exceeded 0.70 to acknowledge the items load heavily to its respective factors and reliable for subsequent level of analysis (Hair et al., 2010:27). Likewise, all factors scrutinized in post-visit survey were designed in five question items. In the EFA, all items were reliable to measure its respective factor as it fulfilled the requirements of having loadings above 0.50 with no cross-loadings. However, Information eliminated two items, meanwhile Ecotourism and Interest eliminated one item for having loadings below 0.50. Indeed, all constructs have Cronbach’s Alpha values beyond or approaching to 0.70 with Activity (0.754) followed by Ecotourism (0.730), Willingness (0.693) and Interest (0.674) respectively. Information was the lowest value of Cronbach’s Alpha (0.660). Henceforth, all factors had high internal consistency. C.

Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) pre-visit survey

After each items loaded heavily to its respective factors in the EFA stage, CFA utilising SEM technique via AMOS computer program version 21.0 was performed to test the measurement model of the conceptual framework whether it has a satisfactory level of validity and reliability of each factor before testing for a significant relationship in the structural model that included the standardised item loadings, Composite Reliability (CR) and Average Variance Extracted (AVE). It is a requirement (loading >0.70) which any item that did not fit the measurement model due to low standardised item loadings were needed to be removed from further analysis (Fornell & Larcker, 1981:35; Ifinedo, 2006:16). Furthermore, the CR value for each factor must exceed 0.70 and AVE values must surpass 0.50 to have acceptable results (Hair et al., 2010:27). PeerJ PrePrints | https://dx.doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.1313v1 12 | CC-BY 4.0 Open Access | rec: 18 Aug 2015, publ: 18 Aug 2015

Table 3 depicts the reliabilities and validities for each factors included standardised loadings for each item, CR and AVE. This table details that the data has fulfilled the minimum requirements as stated above. An item was discarded from Willingness and Support, while two items were eliminated from Interest and Activity to improve the model fit. Next, the Cronbach’s Alpha value for this model showed that Support has the highest Cronbach’s Alpha value (0.870), followed by Ecotourism (0.860), Willingness (0.814), Activity (0.807), Awareness (0.783) and Interest (0.769), respectively.

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For CR, Support has the highest value (0.873), followed by Activity (0.871), Willingness (0.855), Ecotourism (0.849), Awareness (0.806) and Interest (0.754). Next, the AVE revealed that Activity demonstrate the highest AVE value (0.701), followed by Support (0.636), Willingness (0.596), Ecotourism (0.534), Awareness (0.510) and Interest (0.506). All variables showed high value than the threshold, hence indicating good convergent validity. D.

Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) post-visit survey

Table 4 arrays the Standardised Item Loadings, CR and AVE for each factor. Factors such as Information, Interest and Willingness were needed to eliminate two items resulting in three items left for each. Further, an item was eliminated in Activity and Ecotourism to fit the model. Next, Cronbach’s Alpha was checked to test internal consistency of the factor items where the results revealed that Cronbach’s Alpha values of this study are acceptable which bellow the recommended value of 0.70 (Hair et al., 2010:27). Among the five factors, Willingness had the highest Cronbach’s Alpha value (0.797), followed by Information (0.760), Ecotourism (0.730), Activity (0.713) and Interest (0.641), respectively. For CR, Ecotourism had the highest value (0.905), followed by Willingness (0.845), Activity (0.821), Interest (0.815) and Information (0.786) respectively. Thus, internal consistency was well handled. Next, convergent validity was evaluated based on the AVE of each factor, whereby the value must surpass 0.50 to be considered as satisfactory. Results discovered that Ecotourism had the highest AVE values (0.711), followed by Willingness (0.645), Interest (0.595), Information (0.551) and Activity (0.535). All variables showed higher value than the threshold value, indicating measurement model has a good convergent validity. PeerJ PrePrints | https://dx.doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.1313v1 13 | CC-BY 4.0 Open Access | rec: 18 Aug 2015, publ: 18 Aug 2015

4.2.2 Structural model The structural model in SEM was evaluated by examining (1) several fit indices and (2) the strength of the relationships between independent and dependent variables. A. Goodness-of-fit indices for structural model of pre-visit survey Table 5A presents the results of the overall Goodness-of-Fit Indices of pre-visit survey for the structural model. To have best fit value, fit indices value for CFI, GFI and NFI must be above 0.90 and RMSEA below 0.80 (Bentler, 1990:23; Byrne, 2001:11). Results specified that the χ2 of the model was 218.909 with 105 degrees

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of freedom. The fit indices value of χ2/df=2.085 and Root Mean Square of Error Approximation (RMSEA) was 0.080. Values of Parsimony Normed Fit Index (PNFI) and Parsimony Comparative Fit Index (PCFI) were 0.613 and 0.645 respectively, which exceeded 0.50. In addition, the fit indices value for Comparative Fit Index (CFI) = 0.940 (>0.90), Goodness of Fit Index (GFI) = 0.885 (>0.90) and Normed Fit Index (NFI) = 0.894 (>0.90), specifying that all indices surpassed the respective common acceptance levels that suggested by previous researchers (Bentler, 1990:23; Byrne, 2001:12). Hence, the structural model had a satisfactory model fit. B.

Goodness-of-fit indices for structural model of post-visit survey

Table 5B itemised the results of the overall Goodness-of-Fit Indices of post-visit survey for the structural model. In this study, the χ2 of the model was 66.691 with 42 degrees of freedom. The fit indices value of χ2/df=1.588 and RMSEA was 0.057. PNFI and PCFI were 0.508 and 0.526 respectively, which exceeded 0.50. In addition, the fit indices value for CFI = 0.978 (>0.90), and GFI = 0.953 (>0.90), evident that all indices surpassed the respective common acceptance levels. Hence, the structural model had a satisfactory model fit. C.

Conceptual framework for structural model of pre-visit survey

Figure 4 displays the framework of structural model which examined the relationships between independent variables (Awareness, Interest, Willingness, Activity, and Support) on the dependent variable (Ecotourism). Specifically, the SEM analysis revealed that 51% variance of Ecotourism was well explained by all the five independent variables.


Table 6A exemplifies that H1 (Awareness) was insignificant (β1 = 0.081, p= 0.682, p>0.05), implying the H1 was not supported. Correspondingly, the next factor, Interest also not able to affect Ecotourism as p>0.50 (β2 = -0.164, p=0.538). Thus, H2 was not maintained. The ensuing hypothesis, H3 proposed that Activity has significant positive relationship with Ecotourism. The results presented in Table 6A indicating that H3 was maintained as Activity significantly and positively affect Ecotourism (β3=0.270, p=0.009, p0.05). Likewise, H9 also not maintained. The final factor, Willingness, also have irrelevant relationship with Ecotourism (β10=0.172), exemplifying that H10 also disqualified with insignificant p-value (p=0.126, p>0.05).


5. DISCUSSION The pre-visit survey was constructed with six variables which five variables are exogenous (Awareness, Interest, Willingness, Activity, and Support) and one endogenous (Ecotourism). Meanwhile, post-visit survey was executed with five variables which four variables (Activity, Information, Interest, and Willingness) are exogenous and one (Ecotourism) endogenous. 5.1

Awareness

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Awareness in pre-visit survey was prevailed insignificant value influencing the Ecotourism. This proves that people are still not aware of the invertebrate roles in the functioning of ecosystems and their needs for conservation. This finding lends a strong support for the findings of Martin-Lopez, Montes & Benayas (2007:67) mentioned that without such awareness, people tend to disregard invertebrates as important for ecosystem functioning or as in need of protection. Indeed, some people view invertebrates as a potential of pest and health threat to human being. There is also a general perception that due to the high abundance of invertebrates, they cannot be possibly in need of conservation (Horwitz, Recher & Majer, 1999:8). 5.2

Interest

Interest also showed insignificant value influencing the Ecotourism variable in both pre-visit and post-visit survey. This trend implied that tourists did not show strong interest intention towards invertebrates instead most the tourists were concerning to big mammals in TWR such as Pygmy Elephants, Orang Utans and bird watching. However, the Interest of tourists slightly increased in post-visit survey after they had participated the course of guided walk that focusing on inclusion of invertebrate information or preliminary entotourism activity. This might be caused by the tourists’ realisation on attractiveness of invertebrates and its importance to include such invertebrate information in ecotourism activities. Lemelin (2009:235) stated that invertebrates are interesting and thus able to attract people in many ways. Even though Interest did not significantly influence the Ecotourism, it still showed a little potential of increases after the course of preliminary entotourism activity. This would need improvement in the course for invertebrate activities in the current study in order to enhance the tourists’ interest towards invertebrates in future. PeerJ PrePrints | https://dx.doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.1313v1 16 | CC-BY 4.0 Open Access | rec: 18 Aug 2015, publ: 18 Aug 2015

5.3

Willingness

Willingness was another factor that did not support the Ecotourism which displayed insignificant value. During the pre-visit survey, most respondents showed their lack of willingness to participate the course of preliminary ento-tourism activities. This could be due to the thought that it is not worthy of joining such activities. Willingness slightly increased in post-visit survey after the tourists had participated in the course of preliminary entotourism activity, however, it was not strong enough to support the Ecotourism.

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Even though Willingness insignificantly affect the Ecotourism, the increases after tourists experienced the entotourism walk revealed the potential of tourists Willingness to join this such activities and improvement are needed for the future plan. Bennett and Dearden (2014:112) revealed that there are significant number of respondents have expressed their Willingness to work in the ecotourism area in order to support the conservation work in that environment. 5.4

Information

In post-visit survey, Information displayed insignificant value in influencing the Ecotourism. This may be due to the lack of information contents given during the course of invertebrate inclusion activities due to fewer discoveries about the existence of invertebrates in the Tabin trails. There were only few invertebrates information had been studied in TWR and most invertebrates that had been highlighted during the course of preliminary entotourism activities were considered as the common information and no inclusion of indigenous information of invertebrates given due to the lack of documentation about the invertebrate indigenous information. Moreover, generally only a few invertebrates are known scientifically in TWR especially in Tabin trails. There are many invertebrates that have not been documented and studied. This dilemma will waste the richness of invertebrate’s diversity in Tabin that if the information be carried out very well, it can be used for ecotourism activities, education as well as for conservation purposes in the future. This phenomenon does not only occur in Tabin but in many places over the world. Till now, many invertebrate species are still in progress to be described (Erwin, Pimienta, Murillo & Aschero, 2004:72) and this problem is prevalent in invertebrates PeerJ PrePrints | https://dx.doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.1313v1 17 | CC-BY 4.0 Open Access | rec: 18 Aug 2015, publ: 18 Aug 2015

in which researchers still far from agreeing on the possible number of species for invertebrates (Wilson, 2000:3). Without a large scaling up of taxonomic efforts in most of these cases, the species will disappear without even knowing that they have existed (Mackinney, 1999:1273). 5.5

Support

Support was the highest factor that showed significant value influencing the Ecotourism which implies that Support was the most imperative factor to influence Ecotourism in terms of inclusion of invertebrate information in ecotourism activities.

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Even though many tourist were not aware and willing to participate in the course of invertebrate activities in the pre-visit survey since these two factors were closed to Support, yet they were still support such kind of invertebrate activities in terms of their conservation need and their important roles to our environment and benefits to human being. This support trend from respondents becomes the prior potential towards the inclusion of invertebrate information in ecotourism activities of TWR. Maybe people questioned why we should care whether a few or more species of invertebrates are in the midst of extinction. First and foremost, human as the main causal agent of modern extinctions and because of the intrinsic value of invertebrate’s species, we morally support to avert human mediated extinction (Sagoff, 2009:643). This support often provides us with the best reason for justifying conservation actions (Justus et al., 2009:187). 5.6

Activity

Activity showed a good significant value towards Ecotourism in both pre-visit and post-visit survey. This indicates the strong potential of the inclusion of invertebrate information in ecotourism activities of TWR. This potential has capability to broaden the scope of ecotourism activities by including the invertebrates focused activities rather just narrowing to focus only on mammals or already endangered animals. It is also able to reduce the redundancy in giving the information to the tourists by varying the focus of guided activity. Moreover, it would also able to attract more attention and interest of tourists especially invertebrate’s enthusiasts, ento-lovers or entomologist to visit TWR. Besides that, the operator has more choices or options on activity packages to offer to the tourists or visitors. PeerJ PrePrints | https://dx.doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.1313v1 18 | CC-BY 4.0 Open Access | rec: 18 Aug 2015, publ: 18 Aug 2015

The recreational dimensions of insects have been described in many entomological fields (Hutchins, 2003:133). The high abundance and diversity of invertebrates may attract nature lovers for viewing and photography. Indeed, rare invertebrates mostly attract many scientist and specialist who would want to study them. These interactions can generate interest from tourist who may want to experience how invertebrates contribute to human well-being (Yi et al., 2010:146). 5.7

Ecotourism

SEM analysis revealed that 51% variance of Ecotourism in pre-visit survey was well

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explained by all the independent variables stated above and the variance percentages increased by 65% in the post-visit survey. This indicates that all those independent variables were influencing the Ecotourism, indeed indicates the potential to increase the conservation of invertebrates through ecotourism. This percentage showed that ecotourism is one of the tools that enhance and support the conservation of invertebrates. Ecotourism has emerged in many countries as a means of providing the financial resources needed to conserve biodiversity (Goodwin, Kent, Parker & Walpole, 1998:49). Since ecotourism sector is the fastest growing subsector, its growth rate being three times that of tourism overall (Burns & Holden, 1995:17), it may can help to boost the effort of invertebrate conservation. The potential of inclusion of invertebrate information in ecotourism activities of TWR was high and it is not just extended and broadens the activities but also helps the conservation of invertebrates that had been ignored by many people. The inclusion of invertebrate information in ecotourism activities has been practised over the world and it seems to contribute to conservation as well as economic benefits. Ecotourism is mainly contributing to the economic, social and cultural wellbeing of communities that are living close to ecotourism venues and other legitimate stakeholders. Indeed, it serves to minimise the ecological costs and maximise the ecological benefits (Weaver, 2008:124).


6. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS 6.1

Conclusion

This research was conducted in TWR, Lahad Datu, Sabah has triumphed a good results overall. SEM revealed that pre-visit and post-visit survey of preliminary entotourism course has significant variance towards Ecotourism. The findings indicated the positive response from the tourists which implied a good potential for the inclusion of invertebrate information in the ecotourism activity especially in TWR.

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Therefore, support invertebrate conservation through ecotourism. 6.2

Implications

The findings of this research are useful in contributing to the literature and information

about

the

invertebrate

conservation

awareness

specifically

documentation on invertebrate tourism or entotourism information in Sabah. There is very little research conducted globally that focuses on entotourism to promote conservation. Moreover, most tourism management in protected areas in Sabah are concerning the large mammals and endangered wildlife species causing most of those species becoming the attraction icons for Sabah tourism. Besides encouraging invertebrate conservation activities, entotourism is also able to broaden the scope of ecotourism activities that would help to minimize the negative impacts of tourism that are emphasizing more on the endangered species. 6.3

Recommendation of invertebrate inclusion activities

The findings of this research indicated that practically it was quite feasible to include information regarding invertebrates into ordinary drives or walks in ecotourism activities. In addition, it has been established that there was positive response from both tourists and ecotourism service providers towards inclusion of information regarding

invertebrates

into

activities.

According

to

this,

the

following

recommendations are listed for implementation: a. Rapid biodiversity assessment on invertebrates need to be undertaken at suitable ecotourism sites in TWR in order to identify the presence of species or orders that are suitable for inclusion in ecotourism activities. b. The emphasis of the rapid invertebrate biodiversity assessment in TWR should be highlighting the presence of easily seen, endemic, new, charismatic or iconic orders or species. PeerJ PrePrints | https://dx.doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.1313v1 20 | CC-BY 4.0 Open Access | rec: 18 Aug 2015, publ: 18 Aug 2015

c. Vernacular names should be used in listing the invertebrate species as this approach has been identified as one of the effective ways of increasing public awareness (Samways, 2002:39).

6.4

Recommendations for training of guides

Some initiatives suggested improving the training of tour guides relating to the invertebrate inclusion activities to make it more effective and successful in delivering that invertebrate information to the tourists. The followings are the recommendation

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approaches that can be considered. a.

For future inclusion of invertebrate related information into ecotourism activities, it is recommended that information regarding invertebrates should be included in eco-tour guide training courses.

b.

Trainers of ecotourism guides should be taught about the importance of invertebrates and provided with course materials on invertebrates.

c.

Course materials regarding invertebrates should be developed and presented in accessible ways, both for the guides training and the subsequent presentation to tourists.


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Figure 1(on next page)

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Figure 1: Location of Tabin Wildlife Reserve in Lahad Datu, Sabah


PrePrints Figure 1: Source:

Location of Tabin Wildlife Reserve in Lahad Datu, Sabah. Biodiversity Monitoring Lab of Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation



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Figure 2: Conceptual framework of pre-visit survey


PrePrints Figure 2:

Conceptual framework of pre-visit survey



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Figure 3: Conceptual framework of post-visit survey


PrePrints Figure 3:

Conceptual framework of post-visit survey



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Figure 4: Structural Model Framework of Pre-visit survey


β1=0.081

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β2=-0.0164

R2 = 0.51

β3=0.208

β4=0.270

β5=0.422

Figure 4: Structural Model Framework of Pre-visit Survey



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Figure 5: Structural Model Framework of Post-visit survey


β7=-0.258

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R2=0.65

β8=0.575

β9=0.498

β10=-0.172

Figure 5: Structural model framework of post-visit survey


Table 1(on next page)

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Table 1: EFA of Pre-visit survey


1

Table 1: Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) items loading of pre-visit survey

Construct

PrePrints

Awareness

Interest

Willingness

Activity

Support

Ecotourism

Items

Standardised Loading

A2

0.806

A3

0.734

A4

0.759

A5

0.790

B1

0.760

B2

0.805

B3

0.830

B5

0.613

C1

0.811

C2

0.772

C3

0.830

C4

0.764

C5

0.785

D1

0.798

D2

0.813

D3

0.819

D4

0.781

D5

0.645

Es1

0.864

Es2

0.794

Es3

0.905

Es4

0.777

Es5

0.724

F1

0.794

F2

0.855

F3

0.788

F4

0.845

F5

0.748

Cronbach’s Alpha

0.783

0.845

0.845

0.815

0.873

0.860


2 3

PrePrints

4



PrePrints

Table 2: EFA of post-visit survey


1

Table 2: Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) Items loading of post-visit survey Construct

PrePrints

Activity

Information

Interest

Willingness

Ecotourism

Items

Standardized Loading

ACT1

0.720

ACT2

0.697

ACT3

0.682

ACT4

0.719

ACT5

0.754

INFO2

0.715

INFO3

0.663

INFO5

0.799

INT1

0.659

INT2

0.714

INT4

0.672

INT5

0.723

WILL1

0.557

WILL2

0.718

WILL3

0.674

WILL4

0.780

WILL5

0.609

ECO1

0.808

ECO2

0.795

ECO3

0.704

ECO4

0.679

Cronbach’s Alpha

0.754

0.660

0.674

0.693

0.730

2 3 4 5



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Table 3: CFA of Pre-visit survey


Table 3: Items reliability and validity of pre-visit survey

1

Construct

PrePrints

Awareness

Interest

Willingness

Activity

Support

Ecotourism

Items


A2

0.681

A3

0.747

A4

0.650

A5

0.772

B1

0.698

B2

0.726

B3

0.709

C1

0.761

C2

0.730

C3

0.825

C4

0.769

D1

0.584

D2

0.915

D3

0.926

Es1

0.875

Es2

0.692

Es3

0.919

Es4

0.674

F1

0.749

F2

0.763

F3

0.779

F4

0.799

F5

0.529

Cronbach’s Alpha

Composite Reliabilitya

Average Variance Extractedb

0.783

0.806

0.510

0.769

0.754

0.506

0.814

0.855

0.596

0.807

0.871

0.701

0.870

0.873

0.636

0.860

0.849

0.534


a

Composite Reliability = (square of the summation of the factor loadings)/ {(square of the summation of the factor loadings) + (square of the summation of the error variances)}. b Average Variance Extracted = (summation of the square of the factor loadings)/ {(summation of the square of the factor loadings) + (summation of the error variances)}

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2 3 4 5



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Table 4: CFA of post-visit survey


Table 4: Items reliability and validity of post-visit survey

1

Construct

PrePrints

Activity

Information

Interest

Willingness

Ecotourism

2 3 4 5 6

Items


ACT1

0.719

ACT2

0.756

ACT4

0.702

ACT5

0.748

INFO2

0.706

INFO3

0.733

INFO5

0.786

INT1

0.727

INT2

0.811

INT5

0.773

WILL1

0.855

WILL2

0.762

WILL3

0.790

ECO1

1.072

ECO2

0.724

ECO3

0.768

ECO4

0.762

Cronbach’s Alpha

Composite Reliabilitya

Average Variance Extractedb

0.713

0.822

0.536

0.760

0.786

0.551

0.641

0.815

0.595

0.797

0.845

0.645

0.730

0.905

0.711

a

Composite Reliability = (square of the summation of the factor loadings)/ {(square of the summation of the factor loadings) + (square of the summation of the error variances)}. b Average Variance Extracted = (summation of the square of the factor loadings)/ {(summation of the square of the factor loadings) + (summation of the error variances)}.


7

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8



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Table 5A & 5B: Goodness Fit Indices of pre & post visit survey


1

Table 5A: Goodness-of-fit indices for structural model of pre-visit survey X2 Recommended Value Model Values

df

X2/df

CFI

GFI

NFI

RMSEA

PNFI

PCFI

N/A

N/A 0.9

>0.9

>0.9

0.5

>0.5

218.909

105

0.940

0.885

0.894

0.080

0.613

0.645

2.085

PrePrints

2 3 4

Table 5B: Goodness-of-fit indices for structural model of post-visit survey X2 Recommended Value Model Values

df

X2/df

CFI

GFI

NFI

RMSEA

PNFI

PCFI

N/A

N/A

0.9

>0.9

>0.9

0.5

>0.5

66.691

42

1.588

0.978

0.953

0.944

0.057

0.508

0.526

5 6



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Table 6A & 6B: Relationship on ecotourism pre & post visit survey


Table 6A: Relationships on ecotourism of pre-visit survey

1

PrePrints

Paths

2

S.E

C.R

P

0.081

0.113

0.410

0.682

-0.164

0.211

-0.616

0.538

0.270

0.090

2.595

0.009*

0.422

0.061

4.152

0.000*

0.208

0.138

1.117

0.264

Estimate

HI

Awareness

--- > Ecotourism

H2

Interest

--- > Ecotourism

H3

Activity

--- > Ecotourism

H4

Support

--- > Ecotourism

H5

Willingness

--- > Ecotourism

*p Ecotourism

H8

Information

--- > Ecotourism

H9

Interest

--- > Ecotourism

H10

Willingness

--- > Ecotourism

Estimate

S.E

C.R

P

-0.258

0.083

-2.837

0.005*

0.575

0.351

1.864

0.062

0.498

0.090

2.595

0.173

-0.172

0.061

4.152

0.126

*p

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