A synergistic approach towards sustainable land resources

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GEOMATICS AND GEOSCIENCES Volume 6, No 1, 2015 © Copyright by the authors - Licensee IPA- Under Creative Commons license 3.0 Research article ISSN 0976 – 4380

A synergistic approach towards sustainable land resources development in the catchment of Upper Tunga project, Karnataka-using remote sensing and GIS techniques Jayakumar P. D, Govindaraju, Lingadevaru D. C Department of Applied Geology, Kuvempu University, Shnakraghatta-577 451 [email protected] ABSTRACT Natural resources are the wealth of any region and its proper utilisation is utmost concern for future management and developmental activities. Considering the present day problems of watershed, an attempt has been made to prepare implementable land resource development plan for the catchment of Upper Tunga Project (UTP) in Karnataka. The study area lies between longitude 75o 25’ 24.386” E -75o 36’ 49. 296”E, and latitude 13o 51’ 16 . 145”N- 13o 44’19.085” N with an aerial extent of 1041.89 Sq Km. The thematic maps like LU/LC, Geomorphology, Slope and Lineaments were prepared using SOI Toposheets D43P5, D43P6, D43P7, D43P9 and D43P10 and updated using IRS P6 LISS III (23.5 m) data of year 2009(Path/Row: 98/64). The drainage morphometric parameters were extracted by ASTER DEM (30m) using ArcHydro tools with in ArcGIS environment. From the analysis, out of 23 sub watersheds, Bailubadige, Heddur, Kakanahosudi, Muthinakoppa are high prone to erosion and Bailubadige, Hedduru, Kakanahosudi, Muttinakoppa, Sarigere are medium prone to erosion. Quantitative hypsometric analysis, shows concave shape of the curve, which represents the old stage of the catchment with Hypsometric Integral 0.50, indicates the significant fluvial and slope wash processes of landforms. Thus from the study, we realised optimal and sustainable development of resource is required to avoid any future problems. In this regard, site suitable soil conservation practice like Boulder check, Rubble check, Vegetative check, Contour bunds, Agro forestry, Afforestation, Social forestry, Silvipasture and Contour farming has been recommended according to Integrated Mission for Sustainable Development (IMSD) guidelines by using Remote Sensing and GIS techniques. Keywords: Land resources, IMSD, Upper Tunga Reservoir, Remote sensing, GIS 1. Introduction Land degradation can be a temporary or permanent process of reduction in the productive capacity of land. Depending on regional landscape and climatic variables it vary from one place to other, such as wind erosion in arid region and water erosion in humid regions. These are extremely limited and strongly controlled by Land use land cover (LULC), Slope, Geomorphology and Lithology of the area. The catchment of UTP falls under humid to subhumid region and southern transition-hilly zones of agro climatic zone of Karnataka (Raithamitra, 2015). And also, Western Ghats are one of the ecologically sensitive zones declared by World Conservation Monitoring Centre and UNESCO (BOK, 2010). As the resources are in the sensitive zone and extremely limited, it has to be monitored and managed properly in regular interval of time. In this scenario, Remote sensing and GIS techniques are best suited and proven tools to take better decision spatially and temporally (V. S. S. Kiran et,al., 2014, V.M. Rokade et,al., 2004). Due to improper utilisation and rapid population growth exerting pressure on land degradation. This underpins food security and

Submitted on August 2015 published on August 2015

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A synergistic approach towards sustainable land resources development in the catchment of Upper Tunga project, Karnataka-using remote sensing and GIS techniques Jayakumar P. D, Govindaraju, Lingadevaru D. C

environmental quality, both essential to human existence (Humberto Banco, 2008). It's conservation has many agronomic, environmental and economical benefits for sustainable development of watersheds. Reliable and timely information on the available natural resources is very much essential to formulate a comprehensive land resource development plan. Which not only develops the soil quality but also improves the water resources in the region. The study area comprises of rock formations belongings to Archaeaen to lower proterozoic with NS trending of sahyadri hills with an average annual rainfall of about 1900mm. Lithologically it comprises migmatite and gronodiorite - tonalitic gneiss, in the eastern and western part with secondary structures like joints , fissures and faults (CGWB, 2007). In between quartz chlorite schist, which is a weaker weathered fractured zone showing NS trending and a thin band of granite intrusion and towards west, a band of metabasalt encountered within the migmatite and gronodiorite- tonalitic gneiss and exhibits thin band of iron formation is seen trending NESW. The objective of research is to i)

generate thematic maps like - Land use/Land cover, Drainage, Lineament, Geomorphology and Slope from satellite images and ground data for quantitative assessment of land resources

ii)

analysis of drainage morphometric parameters like Bifurcation ratio, Drainage density, Circular ratio, Drainage frequency to understand the status and characteristic of the catchment

iii)

preparation of hypsometric curve and hypsometric integral to assess the process of geomorphology

iv)

preparation of implementable land resource development plan on 1:50,000 scale, by using Integrated Mission for Sustainable Development (IMSD) guidelines.

2. Study area The Upper Tunga Project was completed recently during the year 2004-2005 to provide water for drinking and irrigation purpose. The total aerial extent of the catchment is 1041.89 Km2, which lies between longitude 75o 25’ 24.386”E -75o 36’ 49.296”E, and latitude 13o 51’ 16.145”N- 13o 44’ 19.085” N as shown in Figure 1.The study area is located at Tamil Nadu, India. The study area is bounded on the north by latitude (Figure 1). 3. Methodology The study area and base maps prepared form Survey of India new OSM series Toposheets D43P5, D43P6, D43P7, D43P9, D43P10 and IRS P6 LISS III(2009) data used for updating. The drainages were automatically extracted from ASTER DEM (30 m spatial resolution) using Arc Hydro tools with in Arc GIS environment. Digitally extracted drainages are corrected by satellite images with proper ground truth verification using handheld GPS. The technical guidelines provided by Integrated Mission for Sustainable Development (IMSD) adopted for selecting suitable sites for land resource management (D.P. Rao et,al., 2003). The knowledge based weights were assigned to each thematic features after considering their characteristics influence over land degradation and integrated using overlay analysis techniques.

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Figure 1: Study area map 4. Results and discussion The study emphasizes on site suitable soil conservation and development of sub-watersheds in the catchment of UTP on a sustainable basis. To achieve this, various thematic maps were prepared and quantified in GIS framework with the help of satellite Remote Sensing data. 4.1 Geomorphology The relief, depth, type of weathered material and overall assemblage of different landform play an significant role in land resource management and development. UTP catchment consists, NS trending of structural hill with 18.96%, these are considered as poor potential zones. Maximum area is cover by infiltration zones like dissected pediment, valley fill/filled in valley and intermontane valley with 25.44%, 20.65% and 3.44% respectively, which are good potential zones for conservation. Shallow, moderately weathered buried pediplain and pediment valley floor, inselberg complex covered an area 13.68%, 3.76% and 2.84% respectively (Sudarsana Raju. G, 2012). The runoff zones like denudation hill, residual hill with 6.86%, 4.12% respectively with rank as show in Figure 2. 4.2 Slope It is one of the key factor in controlling overland flow, deposition of wet soil and prime consideration for structural conservation measures (Cogo et, at 1984). It also governs soil detachability and hence land capability. All India Soil and Land Use Survey guidelines adopted to classify the slope into seven classes, nearly level(0-1%), very gentle(1-3%), gentle(3-5%), moderate(5-10%), strong(10-15%), moderate steep(15-35%), very steep(>35%). The maximum area covered by gentle, strong and nearly level slope with 24.83%, 17.31% and 16.95% respectively, except strong slope both are favourable zones for soil conservation. Moderate, Very steep slope covered by 14.60%, 11.52% and moderate steep, very gentle slope covered by 7.0% respectively with rank as shown in Figure 3. International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences Volume 6 Issue 1, 2015

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Figure 2: Geomorphology map of UTP catchment area

Figure 3: Slope map of UTP catchment area 4.3 Land Use/Land Cover To evaluate the land use/land cover condition, mono-scopic visual image interpretation technique adopted by enhancing with histogram equalisation. The interpreted details are International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences Volume 6 Issue 1, 2015

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checked on ground for doubtful areas and post classification carried with accuracy assessment of 78%. It was found that, maximum area is covered by Semi evergreen-dense, Deciduous (dry/Moist/Thorn) and Forest plantation with 22.15%, 23.40% and 20.46% respectively. The remaining area with Agriculture crop land, Plantation, Builtup(Rural/Urban) and Scrub forest constitutes 14.80%, 8.56%, 2.53% and 2.10% respectively with rank as show in Figure 4. Natural and manmade factors are driving force in long time scale for the LU/LC changes, but in a short time scale, reservoir is the main driving factors for land use changes (Jayakumar P.D et.al,. 2013). 4.4 Soil Characterisation and classification quantitatively, serves as a crucial input for optimum land use and conservation plans (M. Anji Reddy et,al., 2013). The soil cover in the study area is of order Alfisols, Inceptisols, Molisols, Entisols, Ultisols and Inceptisols and based on temperature, it has been classified as Isohyperthermic. In subwatersheds like Hodeyala, Siddaramath, Honnekoppa, Havaladahalla, Kadigere, Koppa, Kapilehalla and Joginmakki majority of soil cover is fine loamy with 38.64%, followed by fine soil with 32.36% in Sirabail, Jogikoppa, Garga and Bailubadige respectively. Clay, Clayey skeletal with 2.06%, 9.98% in Sakrebailu, Addamane, Garga and coarse loamy, loamy skeletal with 8.25%, 5.46% spread in Kaithotlu, Sarigere, Muthinakoppa and Kakanahosudia respectively with rank as show in Figure 5.

Figure 4: LULC map of UTP catchment area


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Figure 5: Soil map of UTP catchment area 4.5 Drainage The digital drainage morphometric analysis shows dendritic to sub-dendritic drainage pattern with highest VIth order stream of length 126.6 km. There are 176 small to medium water bodies present in the catchment, more is in kakanhosudi, tatahalli, kattehoppa, addamane and kaveri sub-watersheds. The bifurcation ratio (Rb) varies from 2.18(SW-8) to 5.45(SW-20) as shown in Figure 6, drainage density (D) varies from 1.93(SW-6) to 3.66(SW-8) as shown in Figure 7, stream frequency varies from 2.84 (SW-1) to 4.21 (SW-13) as shown in Figure 8 and form factor varies from 0.27 to 1.17 as shown in Figure 9 (Jayakumar P.D et.al,. 2013). Checking the velocity of runoff, harnessing the rainwater lost through these drains and impounding them through various soil and water conservation measures will result in improving the land and water resources of an area. These factors are also considered for suggesting site suitable measurements. 4.6 Lineament A lineament is defined as a large scale linear structural feature, it represent deep seated faults, master fractures and joint sets, drainage lines and boundary lines of different rock formations (Basudev rai et.al., 2005). These are significant from Hydrological point of view, acts as good recharge zones for water harvesting structures. These are extracted by drainages extracted by DEM and cross checked with satellite images by identifying straight course of streams and vegetation, which are the result of faulting and fracturing as shown in Figure 10. In geo hydrological studies, these are the zones of increased porosity and permeability and provide the pathways for groundwater movement.


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Figure 6: Bifurcation ratio

Figure 8: Stream frequency

Figure 7: Drainage density

Figure 9: Form factor

4.7 Hypsometric analysis Hypsometry means relative proportion of an area at different elevations within a region and the curve depicts distribution of area with respect to altitude (Strahler,1964). The convex hypsometric curves are typical of a youthful stage; s-shaped curves are related to a maturity stage, and concave curves are indicative of a old stage of landform (Graph. 1).

Figure 10: Hypsometric curve of UTP International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences Volume 6 Issue 1, 2015

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4.8 Integration and recommendations A synergistic approach for sustainable land resource management and development has been achieved by vector overlay analysis tools in GIS as shown in the Table 1. The classes of respective thematic layers were ranked depending on their impact on soil degradation. It usually happens due to the faulty and uneven management of soil, water and vegetation (Wijesekera N.T.S et.al, 2002). According to the guidelines of IMSD both bionomical and mechanical site suitability land resource development plan is suggested (U.K. Shanwad et al., 2012). The bionomical measures suggested for the study area are vegetative check (6.60%), agro forestry (11.14%), afforestation(2.51%), silvipasture(8.75%), contour forming(7.57%) fuel and fodder(0.55%) and social forestry (6.30%). Whereas mechanical measures like contour bund (1.95%), boulder check (14.57%) and rubble check(4.21%) are suggested as shown in Figure 11. Table 1: Criteria for synergistic land resource development


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Figure 10: Synergistic land resource development map 5. Conclusion Remote sensing and GIS techniques have proved it's utility as best tools for assessing land resource spatially and temporally. From the result, it is clear that land resource development is required in upper Tunga catchment for natural sustainability and reservoir maintenance. Conservation of soil, not only improves the land capability, it also enhances the ground water and surface water availability. As the upper Tunga reservoir is newly constructed, good land management practices can avoid the problems of siltation and water yield capacity. Hence in this regard, site suitable soil conservation practices like Boulder check, Rubble check, Vegetative check, Contour bunds, Agro forestry, Afforestation, Social forestry, Silvipasture and Contour farming were suggested for better management. Acknowledgement Authors would like to thank the Chairman, Co-ordinator UGC- SAP (DRS-II) and all senior faculty members for their support and to utilize the facilities in the Department of Applied Geology, Kuvempu University, Jnanasahyadri, Shankaraghatta-577 451. 6. References 1. Basudeo Rai, A Tiwari and V S Dubey., (2005), Identification of groundwater prospective zones by using remote sensing and geoelectrical methods in Jharia and Raniganj coalfields, Dhanbad district, Jharkhand state, Journal of earth system science. 114(5), pp 515–522. 2. D.P. Rao, K. Radhakrishnan, A. Perumal, S.K. Subramanian, G. Chenniah, Y.V.S.Murthy, G.Hanumanta Rao, J.Ramana Murthy, S.V.C.Kameswara Rao and N.Uday Bhaskar., (2003), Integrated mission for sustainable Development - a International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences Volume 6 Issue 1, 2015

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synergistic approach Towards management of land and water Resources, National remote sensing agency, Balanagar, Hyderabad. 3. Ground Water Information Booklet, Shimoga District, Karnataka, (2007), Government Of India, Ministry Of Water Resources, Central Ground Water Board. 4. Jayakumar P D, Govindaraju, and Lingadevaru D C., (2013), Prioritisation of Subwatersheds in the catchment of upper Tunga reservoir based on Morphometric and land use analysis using remote sensing and GIS techniques, Research and reviews: Journal of engineering and technology, 2(3), pp 18-27. 5. Humberto Blanco, Rattan Lal., (2008), Principles of soil conservation and management, Springer Science Business Media B.V. 6. Anji Reddy M, Uma Devi Randhi, K.Santosh kumar, T. Vijaya Lakshmi, (2013), Land resources action plan in Guntur district using geographical information system, Indian journal of applied research, 3(3), pp 146-148. 7. Jayakumar P.D, Govindaraju and D. C. Lingadevaru., (2013), Reservoir impact assessment on land use/land cover in the catchment of upper Tunga reservoir in Shimoga taluk and district, Karanataka, India, using remote sensing and GIS, Journal of Geomatics, 7(2), pp 186-193. 8. Raithamitra, (2015), Karnataka State Department of Agriculture (KSDA), http://raitamitra.kar.nic.in/ 9. Report, (2011), Biodiversity of Karnataka at a glance. www.kbb.nic.in 10. Strahler A.N., (1964), Quantitative geomorphology of drainage basins and channel networks, Handbook of applied hydrology, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York. 11. Sudarsana Raju. G., (2012), Delineation of groundwater prospects zones in and around Kadiri, Anathapur district, Andhra Pradesh, India, International journal of Geomatics and Geosciences, 2(3), pp 759-769. 12. U.K. Shanwad, V.C. Patil, H. Honne Gowda and K.C. Shashidhar, (2012), Remote sensing and GIS for Integrated resource management policy-A case study in Medak Nala Watershed, Karnataka, India American-Eurasian journal of agriculture & environment science, 12(6), pp 790-806. 13. V. S. S. Kiran, Y. K. Srivastava, M Jagannadha Rao, (2002), Water Resource management Of Simlapal micro-watershed using Rs- Gis based universal soil loss equation, Bankura District, W.B, India, International journal of scientific & technology research, 3(5), May 2014, pp 176-184. 14. V.M. Rokade, R Kundal and A.K. Joshi, (2004), Water resources development action plan Sasti watershed, Chandrapur District, Maharashtra using remote sensing and geographic information system, Journal of the Indian society of remote sensing, 32(4), pp 363-372.


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