A System-Wide Power Quality Monitoring using Machine-to-Machine ...

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using Machine-to-Machine Wireless Broadband. Technology. F. Salim, Member, IEEE, K. M. Nor, Senior Member, IEEE, D. M. Said, Member, IEEE, M. S..
System-Wide Power Quality Monitoring using Machine-to-Machine Wireless Broadband Technology A

F. Salim, Member, IEEE, K. M. Nor, Senior Member, IEEE, D. M. Said, Member, IEEE, M. S. Serwan

quality for the US distribution system. Abstract-the concern towards power quality has increased

In New Zealand, a Power Quality in Future Electricity

rapidly due to the amount of losses it created. Throughout the

Networks Project has been initiated with the main objective is

world, many researchers have proposed a study on various

to develop the power quality guidelines and to identify the

aspects of power quality, which may be used to overcome or reduce the effects. In this paper, a project initiated by the Energy Commission of Malaysia has been carried out to find the level of

mitigation techniques [2]. As one of the project objectives is to influence the power quality standards,

the New Zealand

power quality in Malaysia as well as to estimate the cost

government has made a major chance in the structure and

associated with power quality. The Malaysian data on power

regulatory framework of the Electricity Industry. On the 1

quality will be recorded and collected by using the standards

April 2010, the Electricity Regulations 1997 has been replaced

compliance

equipments,

Fluke

1750.

The

advanced

in

the

sl

with the Electricity (Safety) Regulations 2010. This is the

communication network has made this project successful as a large amount of data can be downloaded online. The analysis of the recorded data can be made systematically as much software is

most substantial change in power quality regulations in New Zealand for 29 years. NZCEP36 has been mandatory and

available in the market which helps the consultant to develop a

AS/NZS61000 standards voluntary; however, the changes give

more user friendly database. The findings from this project will

more weight to AS/NZS61000 standards as they are a possible

be used to determine the best possible solution for the national

means of compliance.

interest.

In Malaysia, power quality problems have been identified

Index

Terms-Harmonics,

Power

Quality,

and recognized in early 1990 but the progress in managing the

Reference

problems nationally has been rather slow. In 2009, Energy

Impedance, Voltage Sag,

Commission of Malaysia has taken the initiative to conduct a study on power quality environment, current industry baseline

I. INTRODUCTION

as well as the impacts of standard compliance and mandatory

Power quality problem has existed a long time ago since

enforcement on stakeholders. By using the outcomes from this

the electricity was generated. However, during that time, it is

study, it is hope that the quality of the supply electricity is

not a major concern as most electric and electronics equipment is

not

as

sophisticated

as

today.

With

the

emerged

of

microprocessor technologies, electrical equipments have been generate

more

revenue.

Unfortunately,

cost as well as comfortable quality of life. Among

designed to meet customer's satisfaction; high productivity and

essential for the national economic competitiveness, optimum the

challenges

in

system-wide

power

quality

monitoring is the location of recorders, their optimum number

the

and data collection. In the past, recorders are independently

microprocessor-based equipment has become less tolerant to

located and the analysis of the data from the many recorders

the irregularity in the power supply.

includes single events recognized as multiple events due to

With most country around the world is now relying to the

differences in recorder's clock, recording blind spots as well as

automation and digital technology, managing power quality

the data collection cost. There have been studies where the

problems is a challenge. In 1990, Electric Power Research Institute (EPRl) has initiated a monitoring project for duration of 24 months. About 300 sites have been monitored to gather the power quality data at the distribution system level [1]. The recorded data have been used to perform the baseline of power

recorders are connected via wired communication such as through

leased

significant

telecommunication

communication

cost.

lines This

and paper

this

incur

reports

a

successful power quality monitoring project where multiple recorders are placed in optimum location to avoid blind spots and networked using machine-to-machine technology (M2M)

F. Salim is with Centre of Electrical Energy Systems (CEES), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia,(UTM),Malaysia (e-mail: [email protected]). K. M. Nor is with Centre of Electrical Energy Systems (CEES),Universiti Teknologi Malaysia,(UTM),Malaysia (e-mail:khalidmn@tke. utm.my). D. M. Said is with Centre of Electrical Energy Systems (CEES),Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, (UTM),Malaysia (e-mail: dalila@tke. utm.my) M. S. Serwan is with Advanced Power Solutions Sdn Bhd (APS), Shah Alam,Malaysia (e-mail: [email protected])

978-1-4673-1943-0/12/$31.00 ©2012 IEEE

in a Virtual Private Network through a public

wireless

broadband system. II. PROJECT BACKGROUND Power quality management is a very important activity in the electricity industry. Regulator of the Energy Commission

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2

The flow chart to accomplish the data measurement and

has commendably taken a very pro-active role in initiating and carrying

out

the

Baseline

Study

Consultancy Project

on

Power

Quality

acquisition is shown in Figure 1. It will begin with the

30-month

literature study of the power quality event with the emphasis

consultancy project has been awarded to Global Technology

will be given to voltage sag. To get the Malaysian power

and Innovation Management Sdn Bhd (GTIM), the consulting

quality data, three methods have been identified; PQ logging,

for

Peninsular

Malaysia.

This

PQ monitoring and PQ survey. In this paper, only power

arm of Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM).

quality data collected through the PQ monitoring will be

The objectives of this project are as follows: i)

To validate the international power quality standards

discussed in detail.

applicability to Malaysian environment.

A. Power Quality Monitoring

ii) To obtain baseline data on power quality events and sources of events through the power quality monitoring

Power quality monitoring is used to record the voltage sag events. The monitoring devices used in this project are Fluke

programs. iii) To estimate the industry economic loss due to power

1750, which will be installed at the point of common coupling (PCC) of the selected sites for duration of one year.

quality events.

In this project, Fluke 1750 power quality recorder has been

iv) To determine the standard utility and consumer reference

selected to record power quality events. The recorder has a

impedance of the Malaysia electricity supply network. v) To determine the suitable period for implementation and enforcement of the regulations and standards.

local area network (LAN) network interface using the TCP/IP. Thus, a part from transferring the recorded data via SD card, the data can also be downloaded via the LAN interface. The voltage sag data recording will be event triggered, i.e.

III. DATA MEASUREMENT AND ACQUISITION

record will be done whenever a voltage sag event is occurred.

The power quality data will be measured at the industrial,

Data that will be recorded during the event are RMS voltage

commercial and residential sites in the Peninsular of Malaysia.

for all phases, including neutral at pre-event, minimum and

Since only harmonics and voltage sag, is the main concern, the

maximum during event and post event with duration of an

data measurement and acquisition will be based on the general

event. Full waveform comprised of voltage and current for all

principles which are:

phases, including neutral at prior, during and post event will

i)

Site's selection is based on proper sampling to ensure the

also be captured during the occurrence of the event. The

results represent all stakeholders' loads and equipment.

power quality monitor will also record trending data like RMS

ii) All measurements will use IEC standards equipment with

voltage, RMS current, true power factor, percentage of total th distortion and harmonic spectrum up to 50

priority on safety and accuracy.

harmonic

iii) Data collection is through the efficient computer network

harmonics.

with sufficient backup to ensure no corruption or missing

B.

data. Raw data are achieved for independent verification.

Selection ofPower Quality Monitor Locations

use internationally accepted

Fluke 1750 must be placed at a suitable location to reduce

standards and from publication of high international

the number of non-monitored bus as it can eliminate the blind

iv) Data

and

cost

analysis

standings. The analysis technique will be transparent

spot area of the monitor. The blind spot area is the area where

such that independent party can repeat the analysis for

the monitor cannot detect the occurrence of certain voltage sag

verification if necessary.

events. In this project, a minimum of three different monitor locations

v) Data and results of analysis are benchmarked against international

findings

to

help

be

based

in

verification

and

will

be

used

to

ensure

the

reliability

of

the

monitoring system and the correctness of the monitor reading through recording's redundancy.

validation. data

In order to identify the suitable monitor locations, the first

analysis, simulation of practical scenarios and feedback

step is to run a fault analysis simulation by using the

from all stakeholders.

PowerWorld Simulator. By using the method of fault position,

vi) Recommendation

will

on

real

data,

the symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults are located at every Literature study

bus in the system. The objective is to have the during-fault voltage magnitude for every bus in the system. The during­ fault voltage magnitude is then will be analyzed by using a

Select representative industries for PQ Monitoring

searching

procedure

that

has

been

developed

using

the

MATLAB software. The detailed of the search procedure and its application can be referred in [3]-[5]. By using the proposed search procedure, about 20 monitor

Monitor PQ events for the selected sites for over a year

locations has been identified to monitor the Peninsular of Malaysia. As the Energy Commission of Malaysia needs to increase the level of redundancy, 50 monitors will be installed at customer sites. During the first year, the monitors will be located at 25 selected sites in the northern and eastern region

Develop power quality database Figure 1: Flow Chart of Data Measurement and Acquisition

and another 25 sites at the central and southern region during the second year of the project. The identified locations of monitor are shown in Figure 2. The length of the Peninsular

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3

Malaysia is about lOOOkm and its widest it is about 350km

network SIM card will provide a dynamic or private internet

wide.

protocol (IP) address for every recorder used in this project. Some of the low-voltage substation or switch room, where the monitor is to be located, has very weak public wireless

egen : • Monitor Locations

communication coverage. This is due to the service provider signals being weak, or it is located in an enclosed area such that the signals cannot penetrate with sufficient strength. In these circumstances, the Viola Artic Modem may need to be located outside the building,

where the service provider

strength is stronger. We have also asked the service provider to optimize the signal strength from their nearby base station to optimize our VPN connection. As the modem may be subject to weather-related disturbances, such as lightning induction, a weatherproof box has been designed to protect the modem. The box is as shown in Figure 4, where the box contains surge protection device and the box itself complies with IP 55standards (Ingress Protection standard).

200km I

Figure 2: 50 Monitor Locations for Peninsular Malaysia

C. Communication Devices Since

the

power

quality

monitors

are

installed at

the

customer site which is far away from the operation office, live

Figure4: 3G High Speed Wireless Router in the Weatherproof Box.

communication between the monitor and the office has to make available. This can be achieved through the usage of Viola Artic Modem with the mobile network SIM (Subscriber

D. Online Remote Data Access

Identity Module) card is attached to it and a Viola M2M gateway installed at the operation office.

The server located in the operation office will be connected to Viola machine-to-machine Virtual Private Network (M2M VPN) gateway, which allows it to communicate with the monitors. The connection is via a public wireless broadband connection using 3G/GPRS technology. The 3G connection has a surfmg speed of 384kbps, while the GPRS connection is about five times slower. The Viola M2M gateway has been used for this project to enable a secure VPN connection between the server network and the remote routers. The VPN connection allowed a user to configure and view the status of every remote monitor. The event recorded can be downloaded and will be stored in the power quality database through the communication

system

provided.

configuration is shown in Figure 5.

Figure 3: Artie 3G High Speed Wireless Router.

By

using

the

network

port

available

at

the

monitor,

connection to the Viola Artic Modem can be made through the local area network (LAN) as shown in Figure 3. The mobile

126

The

communication

4

severity occurred, the recorded data can be retrieved quickly for immediate analysis and action, without the need to travel long distances to get them.

Communication Network

TABLE I TYPICAL DAILy DArA DOWNLOADING TIMES Fluke

1750

Data Transfer

PQ Monitor

PQ Recorder

IP Address

Communicates using TCPliP

Microsoft:® SQL and Web Server

attheOfflce

Size

Time

Rate

(Bytes)

(s)

(byte/s)

172.16.15.2

38718224

960

4033l.483

172.16.2.2

38371732

1140

33659.414

172.16.10.2

52021484

1440

36126.031

-...

Table I shows typical downloading times, the slowest, medium and the fastest, from the recorder to the server. Time

Figure 5: Communication Network Configuration.

taken per site is about 20 minutes. The effective download speed is about 35kbps and thus, the maximum communication

As it has been mentioned before, Fluke 1750 has its own software, which allows users to download via command from

speed of the wireless broadband network of 384kbps is more than sufficient.

The turnaround time for downloading is

a computer. The Fluke also allows connection via Bluetooth's

affected

interface. Since the command has to be initiated manually, the

transmission of data packet. The 384kbps is not the maximum

by

network

latency

and

resending

of

failed

recorded data can only be downloaded by a user at sites. In the

speed service, but the service fee is the lowest and thus the

implementation of this project, two weeks are needed to travel

most cost-effective for the project.

and collect the recorded data from the 25 sites as every

In

this

project,

the

monitor

locations

are

purposely

monitor site is quite far from each other. This is very time­

designed to ensure every voltage sag event can be recorded by

consuming and not an effective way in collecting the recorded

more than one monitor. The usage of the gateway and wireless

data.

router help in stay away from counting the same event more

Thus, an application to have an online communication and remote data capturing with every monitor is developed. The application OHCO,

an

is

developed Odin

by

using

Proprietary

constant

provided

Communication

than

ones

[6],

and

it

allowed

the

usage

of

sufficient

redundancy level in recorded the power quality event [7].

by

Protocol

E.

Limitation a/Online Remote Data Capturing

supplied by Fluke. The constant provided by OHCO is used in

The usage of communication devices (Viola M2M gateway

developing the application in Microsoft® C++ for request and

and Viola Artic Modem) through the 3G communication

response with the monitor in order to determine the status of

network has made the online data access and downloading less

connection, status of monitor, data request and end of data. In

costly as it made use of public networking infrastructure based

this manner, data from every monitor can be downloaded

on competitive fees instead of dedicated leased line.

automatically from the operation office and stored in the

However, there is some limitation on the online remote data

database without having someone has to go to every monitor

capturing: one computer can only be connected to one monitor at one time and one monitor can only be connected by one

location.

computer at one time, i.e only one monitor can download the

As online remote data reading is used in this project, another issue that has to be resolved is time synchronization.

data at one time. Due to this limitation, process of data

Time synchronization is important to avoid miscounting the

downloading from all monitors is achieved by queuing the

same event more than ones due to time differences because of

monitors. Once the downloading from one monitor is finished,

an unsynchronized power quality monitor clock. The power

another

quality monitors time is synchronized daily using command

downloading process is finished, a response such as all data is

issued by the server which updated its clock via internet time.

completely downloaded

An alternative method for time synchronization can be

monitor

will

continue or

to

download.

communication

is

When no

the

longer

available will be indicated by OHCO.

achieved by using the recorder that has a GPS receiver. The

There is also a different between downloading data by

receiver hardware and software will add additional cost to the

using the Fluke 1750 software and by using the developed

monitor. In the configuration that has been adopted, time

online application. Data that is downloaded by using the Fluke

synchronization has been achieved without additional cost.

1750 software is saved in the proprietary FLUKE odn format.

Another advantage of VPN connection to the PQ records is

The downloaded file can only be opened when the download

that their status can be continuously monitored. Whenever the

process is completed properly. If the downloaded process did

PQ recorder fails to function, such as when the software

not complete properly (such as when the communication fails

freezes

halfway), the file is not properly closed and cannot be re­

(hang)

or

the

local

power

supply

goes

off,

inadvertently switched off or localized power failure, the

opened. The downloading process has to be repeated all the

server will give an alert so that appropriate action can be

way from the beginning.

taken. Furthermore, whenever an event with a high degree of

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5

This has been modified in our own developed application,

recorded time accuracy is almost similar if we used the GPS.

where the downloaded data is inserted into the database by a

After the database has been developed, further analysis will

small packet continuously during the data-acquisition process.

be carried out by using software such as three-phase load flow,

If the downloading process did not complete successfully, then

symmetrical

we only need to continue at the point where the download

computation. Automation in analyses will be achieved by

process has stopped. This has made the downloading process

extraction of data from

faster and easier to handle the bulky data.

application. The results from the application will also be put in

and asymmetrical fault database

calculation and cost

and for any particular

the database for consistency and trending behavior. IV. POWER QUALITY DATABASE The

power

quality

database

will

be

built

from

V. VOLTAGE SAGS ANALYSIS

the

consultant's experience of developing a similar database for

Since this project focused on national interest under the

Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) Malaysia. The difference will

Energy Commission of Malaysia, it will provide independent

be based on customization required for the objectives to be

analysis, which will be beneficial to all stakeholders.

achieved. The monitored data, survey data and network data

Voltage sag analysis in this study will use method of fault

will be integrated and managed by using the Microsoft SQL

position where a number of faults are spread throughout the

Server software. The entity relationship in the database is

system to investigate the effect of fault location in the system under study. From the sag depth information and the position

shown in Figure 6.

of the monitor,

the analysis can be narrowed down to

geographical location in identifying the sag source location and the probable cause.

DATA BASE

nd Figure 7 shows voltage sag events occurred on the 22 th th January 2011, 24 January 2011 and 25 January 2011. These

Network Data

D &J Inventory

t2



monitor locations. The voltage sag magnitude shows is in per unit. The voltage waveform on the 22

Specification, F utu re I n put, Data Identification

SERVER

if

external events have been captured and recorded by different

Logged Data

Reference Impedance

t:J

nd

January 2011 event is

shown in Figure 8. The fault has been identified occurred at the eastern region of Peninsular Malaysia (the deepest voltage

Monitored Data

waveform is recorded by the nearby monitor). This event is a major event occurred and has been recorded

Inventory

by the monitor that has been installed at the northern region of Peninsular Malaysia. Statistics that consist of voltage sag magnitude and its duration will be developed by the database reporting system.

Harmonic Analysis

To date, over a year of recording has been successfully

Voltage Sag Analysis

obtained. All events originating from the grid have been Statistical Analysis

Simulation

identified and the extent of the impacts per network event has been successfully determined. The data from the statistics will

Figure 6: Power Quality Database Arrangement.

then be compared with the equipment voltage tolerance curve such as SEMI F-47 and MS IEC 61000-4-34 to determine the

The monitored data (data recorded by Fluke 1750) will be

event severities. Final analysis will include the estimation of

pulled and downloaded automatically by the server regularly

economic impacts of those events.

except under some contingencies such as if the monitor is not VI. CONCLUSION

responding or the monitor needs to switch off when the selected sites have to shut down. The

server

will

regularly

synchronize

the

data.

Important information and data have been gathered through

The

database will store raw data with time sampling. The server

the

system-wide

power

quality

monitoring

programs.

will use the internet time as the reference and the event

Date and Time 11 Jail 2011 3 :50 Pi\1 24 Jail 2011 11:19 .-\,,"11 15 Jail 1011 11:11.-\J.\1

�Ionitoring L oe.ations 1

1

3

4

:.

0.8 8

6

7

0.883 0.893

0.810

0.825

8

9

10

11

0.892

0.895

0.87 9

0.8�7

11

0.8-12

Figure 7: Voltage Sags Event Recorded By Multiple Monitors

128

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

10 OJ 9

11

11

13

14

15

6 [6]

[7] 0.86+_---1I-_+_-+_ 1 ---1--+-+-----,�"_+-+_-+___+-_+_-+____1

f o M t o a t a t i i o l t a g L o 2 0 1 � � ' � " " � O O V e r o n r c o n � � � ' ' � � ' o l t a g f o M i t o a t L o a t i � � v l �����������������· VVoltageef� orr Moonnitorr at Loccatioonn 1J2 f ����B3 t::::::t:

[8]

O.82

0.78

E3=t=E3=1=!�E:i=:E:;=t==t=±=±==:3

0.7 4 0.70+_--+ --I--+_ ---1--+-·��I___+-� Legend:

0.66

0.62

0.58

0.540

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06 0.07 Time, (5)

0.08

0.09

• • • • o

G. Olguin and M. H. J. Bollen, "Optimal Dips Monitoring Program for Characterization of Transmission System," IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting,vol. 4,pp. 2484-2490,2003. Mohamed Amin Eldery, Ehab F. EI-Saadany, Magdy M. A. Salama and Anthony Vannelli, "A Novel Power Quality Monitoring Allocation Algorithm," iEEE Trans. On Power Delivery, vol. 21,no. 2,2006. MS IEC 61000-3-2:2002, Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)-Part32: Limits-Limits for Hannonic Current Emissions (Equipment Input Current < 16 A per Phase).

--,

6 9 7

0.10

0.11

0.12

0.13

IX. BIOGR.APHIES Fatimah Salim was born in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. She received B. Eng. degree and MEE from the Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia. She is currently working toward the Ph.D degree in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia. Her current research interest is in power quality and power system analysis.

0.14

Figure 8: Voltage Wavefonn for Voltage Sag Event.

The

site

selection's

criterion

which

used

a

sufficient

redundancy level is not an issue as recent technology can synchronise the monitors via efficient communication network and PQ monitor cost has decreased from the past. Knowledge in the economic analysis is very important in order to estimate the losses due to harmonic and voltage sag

Khalid Mohamed Nor (M'I98I, SM'I992) was born in Sungai Pelong, Selangor, Malaysia. He received B. Eng. degree with a first class honors from the University of Liverpool, UK. He later received a M. Sc. Degree in 1978 and Ph.D in 1981, both from the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology, UK. He is currently a professor in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. His research interests are in the field of electrical power system simulation

and the mitigation cost. The consultant needs to consider the best and reasonable mitigation technologies in order to arrive at fair mitigation cost estimation. This information and the many standards that have been established will be utilized in this project to detennine the status and statistics of power quality in Peninsular Malaysia. and power quality.

VII. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors wish to express their sincere thanks to Centre of

Dalila Mat Said was born in Pulau Pinang Malaysia. She received B.Eng degree and M.Sc degree from Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. She is currently working towards PhD degrees at the Faculty of Electrical Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. Her research interest includes power quality and energy supply reliability

Electrical Energy Systems (CEES) as well as to Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) for providing all the facilities to support

this

research

and

Malaysian

Electricity

Supply

Industries Trust Account (MESITA), under the Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and Water (KeTTHA) Malaysia and the Energy Commission of Malaysia for the fmancial support to this research. VIII. REFERENCES [I ]

[2] [3]

[4] [5]

E. W. Gunther, H. Mebta, "A Survey of Distribution System Power Quality-Preliminary Results,"iEEE Transactions on POlVer Delivery, Vol. 10,No I,pp. 322-329,Jan 1995. Neville R. Watson,"Power Quality, a New Zealand Perspective," Power Quality Symposium (PQS 2010), Kuala Lumpur,July 13-14,2010. F. Salim and K. M. Nor, "Optimal Voltage Sag Monitor Locations," Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC) 2008. F. Salim and K. M. Nor, "Voltage Sag Observation through Optimal Monitor Locations," ICHQP 2010. F. Salim and K. M. Nor, "Voltage Sag Detection via Optimal Monitor Locations," International Conference: Electrical Energy and Industrial Electronic System,EEIES 2009.

Mohd Salleh Serwan obtained his first degree in Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering (majoring in Computer Aided Design and Computer Aided Manufacturing) from the University of Southwestern Louisiana. He is the software development and software support manager in Advanced Power Solutions (APS) Sdn Bhd. He has developed many customized software solutions for power industry such as TNB Fault and Computer Software Program (TPPLAN, PSS Engine) and database development with data automation and utilization using web as interfacing and interacts with simulation software.

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