A Text Book of Practical Science Class IX

A Text Book of Practical Science Class IX

Authors: Prakash Parajuli Bishnu Parajuli MSc, Physics MSc, Physics

Editor: Mr. Kamal Prasad Sapkota M.Sc. (Chemistry), M.A.

ASIA PUBLICATIONS (PVT.) LTD. Bagbazar, Kathmandu, Nepal Tel: 4232879, 4239174, 4257462 Fax.: 4239190 i

ii

Special Thanks goes to: Admirable Persons: Mr. Narayan Parajuli Mr. Laxman Parajuli Advisers: Mr. Dan Bdr. K.C. Principal of Arjun English Boarding High School Tamghas, Gulmi

& Mr. Keshav Parajuli Head of department of science Gulmi

Title

:

A Text Book of Practical Science

Publisher

:

ASIA PUBLICATIONS PVT. LTD.

Bagbazar, Kathmandu Author Edition © Computer Type Computer Setting & Design

: : : : :

Tel: 4232879, 4239174, 4257462 Fax. 4239190 Writer First– 2012 A.D. Publisher Kulchandra, Pradip Parajuli & Suma Poudel Asia computer Section

Price : Rs.180/–

iii

Preface Our world has witnessed great changes and development in the last few decades. Today, everyday is a day of new discovery, invention and achievement in the field of science and Technology. These discoveries, inventions and achievements are the results of practical education. This book is an attempt to present the subject in a special way, because it was felt that competent material to explain the subject was somewhat found lacking in the market. It is hoped that the shortage, or rather the need, will be fulfilled. This book 'A Textbook of practical Science' has evolved as an outcome of a long time classroom teaching experience of the authors. The contents of this book have been presented in accordance with the needs of the students as well as the teachers. So, the authors believe that it is a complete book required for the syllabus prescribed by curriculum development centre (CDC). This book is expected to deserve a significant result because of the following special features:  Correct and lucid explanation of the way to perform experiment.  Scientific explanation of the experiment by theory and Interpretation which helps students to understand the laws related to the experiment.  All the materials are accessible in the simple lab required to perform experiment which are explained in this book.  Way to write experiment with practical copy.  Syllabus provided by CDC with Model Question and Marking Scheme.  Prepared accordance with the syllabus issued by CDC.  Viva questions related to each and every experiment are included. Guide lines for Teachers and Students  All the science teachers are requested to spend at least 1 day per week in lab.  Explain all the information and principles regarding the experiment before performing that experiment.

iv

 To perform project work, all the students of the class must be divided into different group of about 5 students. This book is a result of a long inspiration and moral support of many visible and invisible persons. We are grateful to all of them. We are thankful to Mr. Sachin Pandey (Bro). Mr. Arjun Acharya, Mr.Jagat Psd.Pandey & Mr. Binaya Banjade for their co-operative suggestions and help. At last, heartily thanks to Mr. Nabnidhi Pant of Asia publication for publishing this book and both Himal G. C., Kumar Dulal for their attractive layout designing of this book. We have tried our best to avoid errors in the presentation of contents, and we are entirely responsible for the errors, if any, found in the book. We will be thankful to all the readers who point out the weakness and provided us with suggestions for the improvement of the book. Authors

v

Instruction for the students to write Experiment: 

After performing experiment in the lab write all the Experiment in your practical copy systematically (Provided with this textbook).



No need to write Procedure for the experiment of Physics and Chemistry.



Write the experiment only on one side of the copy and draw figures on the drawing page provided on the left side.



Write comments on the right page of the copy after drawing figure in Biology.



Get information related to the practical by reading VivaQuestions.



At least 30 experiments must be performed in the lab within one academic session.



Submit the experiment and get signed from your Science teacher.



Fill the experiment and date on the table provided in this book and get signed from your Science teacher.

vi

CONTENTS Expt.No.

Name of the Experiment

Page No.

PHYSICS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

1–28

To determine the Time period of Simple Pendulum. To study the relation between Mass and Inertia. To Verify Newton’s First Law of Motion. To verify Newton’s Second Law of Motion. To verify Newton’s Third Law of Motion. To determine the Efficiency of First class lever. To determine the Efficiency of Two pulley system. To determine the Efficiency of Inclined Plane. To study the Refraction of Light and verify Laws of Refraction by using Glass Slab. To study the Dispersion of Light in Laboratory. To determine the Refractive Index of Water. To produce Wave by using Tuning fork. To study the Longitudinal wave produced from helical coil. Project work: To study the dependence of loudness of sound waves on different factors like length of wire, diameter of wire, energy supplied in the wire. To draw different symbol used in Electric Circuit. To measure the magnitude of a Current by using Ammeter. To measure the magnitude of Potential Difference by using Voltmeter. To study the factors affecting the Resistance of wire. To verify the Ohm's Law in Laboratory. To study the Magnetic Field of any Bar Magnet. Viva Questions

Chemistry 21. 22. 23. 24. 25.

1 2 3 4 5 8 9 10 12 14 15 16 17

17 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 29–43

To study the Electrolysis of Water. To study the electrolysis of copper sulphate. To study the Electroplating of Copper on Iron. To study the Unsaturated, Saturated and Supper saturated solution in

29 30 31

Laboratory.

33

To study the variation of Solubility of any substance with Temperature.

34

vii

26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31.

To study the process of Crystallization and obtain the crystal of copper sulphate (CuSO4). To prepare Hydrogen gas in the Laboratory. To prepare Oxygen gas in the Laboratory by using heat. To prepare the Oxygen gas in Laboratory without using heat.

35 36 38 39

To prepare Nitrogen gas in the Laboratory. To show that sugar contains carbon. Viva Questions

40 41 41

Biology Astronomy and Geology To Study the different parts of Compound Microscope 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48.

To study the Museum Specimen of the following organisms and classify it with one Characteristics. To observe the following Organism and classify it with one characteristic. To observe the Permanent slide To observe the permanent slide of, To prepare the Temporary slide of Onion cell and observe it through microscope. To prepare the Temporary slide of Human check cell and observe it through microscope. To draw the figure of lifecycle of Mosquito. To draw the fig. of life cycle of Silk worm. To draw the fig of Meristematic tissue and Permanent tissue of plant. To draw the fig. of Epithelial, Nervous and Muscular tissue of Animal. To study Skeletal system of Human body and draw its figure. To draw the fig. of Human Heart. To draw the figure of Lunar Eclipse. To draw the figure of Solar Eclipse. To Prepare the Model of Volcanic Eruption. Project work: To make the Report of Natural Disaster. A Sample of Excursion Report: Viva Questions Specification Grid & Model Questions Experimental Sheet

viii

44–74

44

45 53 60 61 62 63 64 64 65 66 67 68 69 69 69 71 71 72 75 79

PHYSICS  Experiment No.1 To determine the Time period of Simple Pendulum. Materials Required:  Pendulum Bob(Made of iron or steel)  String or Thread  Fixed Support  Stopwatch Theory: The duration between two events is called Time. There are different devices to measure time and these are based on different principles, such as Pendulum clock, Quartz clock, Atomic watch etc. Pendulum clock is based on the principle of vibration of pendulum bob. The Time period of Pendulum Clock is defined as the time taken by bob to reach next extreme from one extreme. Fig. Oscillation of bob. Procedure:  Take a metal bob of suitable shape and size as a Pendulum bob.  Suspend the metal bob from fixed support such that the length of the string must be of the order of 25-30 cm, and take reasonable mass.  Displace the bob slightly from point O such that it moves towards point B and then return back to point A and then to B and so on.  Note the time taken by the bob to oscillate 5 complete oscillations i.e. time taken to move from point A to B.  After noting the time bring pendulum to rest and take data for other 5 oscillations.  Calculate Time period by dividing time by number of oscillations.  Take at least 3 observations and fill the table below. Observation Table: S. N. 1 2 3

No. Of Oscillations(n)

Time(t) Time Period(T= Fehler!)

Mean Time Period(T)

Class-9 Practical Science 1

Result: From the above experiment it is found that the Time period of the given simple Pendulum is ……….sec. Precaution:  Fixed support must be rigidly fixed.  The bob must be tied by the thread tightly.  Note the time carefully and correctly. Experimental No. 2 To study the relation between Mass and Inertia. Materials Required:  Two different masses  Rope or Thread  Stopwatch  Long rectangular bar Theory: The property of body due to which, it oppose the change in state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line is called inertia. The inertia of any object is directly proportional to its Mass i.e. the Inertia possessed by heavier object is greater than lighter object.

Rectangular Bar

Recentangular Bar

Brick Fig. Motion of Brick

Procedure:  Take two different masses i.e. one full brick and next less than half brick.  Suspend both bricks on the rectangular bar tightly with the help of string of same length. Such that the separation between two bricks must be greater than 1 meter.  Displace small brick by pushing it to the distance of 15cm, and allow it to oscillate freely.  Note the time taken by brick to come to rest by using stopwatch.  Displace larger brick by pushing it to the same distance and note the time period to come to rest. Take at least 3 observations and fill the observed data in given table below. Observation Table: S.N. 1 2

2

Types of brick Half Brick Full Brick

Physics

1

st

Time (T) 2nd

3

rd

Mean (T) T 1= T 2=

Remarks T2 >T1

Interpretation: Since the mass of full brick is more than half brick, inertia of full brick is greater so it possess more Time Period. Conclusion: From the above experiment it is concluded that the inertia of heavier object is greater than lighter object. Precaution:  The difference between two masses must be reasonable large.  Care must be given while suspending bricks.  Time period must be taken carefully. Experiment No.3 To Verify Newton’s First Law of Motion. Materials Required:  Table  Book  Match box  Duster Theory: Newton’s first law of motion states that ever body continues in its state of rest or state of uniform motion in a straight line unless external force is acted upon it . It leads to the definition of Force. st

Fig. Verification of Newtons I Law

Procedure: 

Place a match box vertically on the book on the table.



Put a duster at some distance from book on the same table.



Push the book slowly towards the duster and increase its speed continuously.



Observe what happens when book meets the duster.

Interpretation: Class-9 Practical Science 3

When book meets the duster the lower part of book comes into rest immediately but the upper part of book along with duster tends to continue in uniform motion so match box falls down.

Conclusion: From the above experiment it is found that everybody continues in its state of rest or state of uniform motion in a straight line unless external forces is acted upon it. Precaution:  The surface of table must be smooth.  While pushing the book speed must be increased slowly such that the match box must not fall down before touching the duster.  The book must meet the duster suddenly at last. Experiment No. 4 To verify Newton’s Second Law of Motion.

Materials Required:  Toy car  Table  Rubber  Rope Theory: Newton’s second law of motion states that in any motion acceleration is directly proportion to the applied force and inversely proportion to the mass of body. This law gives the measurement of Force. I.e. F=ma Where; F is force, m is Mass and a is acceleration.

nd

Fig. Verification of Newtons 2 Law

Procedure:  Place a toy car on a table.  Fit the spring balance at the front side of car with rubbers.  First pull the car with less force so that car starts to move slowly.  Increase the pulling force applied to the car so that speed of car increases and then acceleration also. i.e. (acceleration is directly proportional to the Force)  Add some heavier masses (like books) above the car to increase the mass and observe the difference in acceleration. 4

Physics



Add other masses repeatedly and observed the change in acceleration i.e. (acceleration decrease with increase in mass)

Interpretation: In the above experiment acceleration increases with increase in Force and decreases with increase in mass. Conclusion: From the above experiment it is found that the acceleration is directly proportional to the applied force and inversely proportional to the mass of the body. Precaution:  The table must be smooth and can be made inclined to reduce friction.  Mass must be added carefully.  Force should be applied carefully and should be increased continuously. Experiment No. 5 To verify Newton’s Third Law of Motion. Materials Required:  Rope  Spool  Tape  Rubber  Balloon Theory: Newton’s third law of motion states that, in every action there is equal but opposite reaction. This Law gives the direction of Force.

rd

Fig. Verification of Newtons 3 Law

Procedure:  Stretch the rope fitted with spool between two poles. The rope may be slightly inclined to reduce the friction.  Inflate the balloon and tie its mouth. Fix the balloon with spool using the pieces of tape making its mouth toward the higher level of rope.  Release the air from the balloon by opening its mouth and observe the motion of balloon. I.e. air moves in forward direction and balloon moves in background direction. Interpretation: Class-9 Practical Science 5

In the above experiment when air escapes (Action) balloon moves backward (Reaction).

Conclusion: From the above experiment it is found that in every action there is equal but opposite reaction. Precaution:  The rope must be stretched.  The mouth of the balloon must be opened gently.  The spool must be freely moveable.

Viva Questions Measurement and force 1

Define Time.  The duration between two events is called time.

2

Define 1 standard Second.  Time taken by cesium-130 atom to perform 9192631770 vibrations.

3

Define 1 Second Time.  1/86400 th part of 1 solar day is called 1 second time.

4

Define Solar Day.  Time taken by Earth to complete one revolution.

5

What is the difference between Pendulum and Quartz?  In pendulum clock, time is measured by the oscillation of pendulum bob where as in Quartz clock time is measured by the oscillation of quartz crystal.

6

Which clock is more defective, pendulum or Quartz?  Pendulum

7

Which clock measure Time accurately?  Atomic watch

8

Define Inertia.  The property of a body to oppose the change in state. State Newton's first law of motion  Every body continues in its state of rest or state of uniform motion in a straight line unless external farce in acted upon it What information is given by Newton's 1st law of motion?  It defines the force.

9

10 11

6

What is the relation between first law of motion and inertia. Physics

12 13

14 15

16 17 18 19

20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27

 Same. Write the example of first law of motion.  Stopping of vehicle by applying brake. State Newton's second law of motion.  In any motion acceleration is directly proportion to the applied force and inversely proportion to the mass of body. What is explained by Newton's second law of motion.  It measures the Force. What is 1 N force?  Force required to bring in motion of a body of mass 1 kg by the acceleration of 1m/s2 What is the unit of acceleration?  m/s2 Define acceleration.  Rate of change of velocity. What is the acceleration of a vehicle moving in a uniform motion?  Zero What is the unit of force in SI and CGS system?  SI unit- Newton CGS unit-dynes Force is scalar or vector quantity?  Vector quantity. State Newton's third law of motion.  In every action there is equal but opposite reaction. Write the example of Newton's third law of motion.  Moving balloon backward when air is escaped. In what condition velocity is zero but not acceleration?  When object is thrown upward and reaches the highest point. Write the formula of acceleration.  a = Fehler! Define mass.  Quantity contained of any object. What is the unit of mass in SI and CGS system?  Kg in SI and gram in CGS. What is the SI and CGS unit of Weitht ?  SI–Newton CGS–dynes.

Experiment No.6 Class-9 Practical Science 7

To determine the Efficiency of first class lever.

Materials Required:  Rectangular wooden plank (ply wood)  Spring balance.  Different loads (1,2,3 Kg)  Solid block in triangular shape.  Scale Theory: Lever is a rigid, straight or bent bar which is capable of rotating about a fixed axis called fulcrum. In lever effort distance and load distance are measured from fulcrum. The distance between load and fulcrum is called load distance where as the distance between effort and fulcrum is called effort distance. A lever containing fulcrum in middle is called first class lever. The efficiency of any machine is defined as the ratio of useful work done by the machine (output work) to the total work put into the machine (input work). Fig. Lever Mathematically Efficiency () = Fehler! ×100% Output work = Load × Load distance Input work = Effort × Effort distance Procedure:  Take a rectangular plank of 2m length and 10cm breadth and not more than 2cm width.  Place the plank over the triangular solid block called fulcrum.  Adjust the suitable position for fulcrum.  Put the load (1kg) on one end of a bar such that the lever is titled to the loaded side.  Fit the spring balance to the unloaded side.  Apply force by using spring balance gently until the load is overcome.  Note the applied force which is sufficient to overcome the load.  Measure load distance and effort distance by using scale and fill the table given below.  Repeat the above steps for 2kg & 3kg loads also. Observation Table: S.N. Load(N) Effort(N)

8

Physics

Load

Effort

Output work Input Work Efficiency

Mean

Distance (Ld) Distance (Ed)

= L×Ld

= E×Ed

()

Efficiency

1. 2. 3.

Result: From above experiment it is found that the efficiency of given rectangular bar is……….. Precautions: 

 

The shape and size of the bar must be suitable and width must be as small as possible. Weight can be taken according to the spring balance available in the lab. The readings must be taken carefully.

Experiment No.7 To determine the Efficiency of Two pulley system. Materials Required:     

Pulleys (Block & Tackle system) Rigid support with ring. Rope Load (1kg,2kg,3kg) Spring balance

Theory: A pulley is a metallic or wooden disc with a grooved rim. The rim rotates about a horizontal axis passing through its centre. Mainly pulleys are of three types they are fixed, movable and block and tackle system. The mechanical advantage of any machine is defined as the ratio of load to the effort. i.e. M.A. = Fehler! and V.R of pulleys is defined as the number of rope segments used to support the load. Efficiency is defined as ratio of mechanical advantage to the velocity ratio. i.e. Efficiency () = Fehler!×100%

Fig. Pulley

Procedure: Class-9 Practical Science 9



Take a block & tackle system containing two pulleys in which one is fixed and another is moveable.



Take the load of 1kg and put it on the pulley system.



Apply Effort by using spring balance, increase it until the load is lifted and note this Effort applied.



Repeat the above steps for 2kg, 3kg load also. And fill the table below.

Observation Table: S.N

Load(L)

Effort(E)

M.A Fehler!

=

V.R

Efficiency()

Mean ()

Efficiency

Result: From the above experiment it is found that the efficiency of given pulley system is… Precaution:  Fixed support must be rigidly fixed. 

Load can be taken according to the spring balance available in the lab.



Reading must be taken carefully.

Experiment No.8 To determine the Efficiency of Inclined Plane. Materials Required:  Rectangular wooden plank (ply wood) 

Spring balance



Loads (Fehler! kg, 1 kg, 2 kg)



Scale

Theory: Slanted surface is called inclined plant. E.g. Slopping Roads, Steep roads, Wooden. Plank etc...

10 Physics

The efficiency of inclined plane is defined as the ratio of M.A to V.R Again M.A is defined as the ratio of load to the effort and V.R is defined as the ratio of length of inclined plane to the height of inclined plane. Mathematically, M.A = Fehler! ,

Fig. Inclined plane

V.R = Fehler! Efficiency () = Fehler!× 100%

Procedure:  Take a wooden plank of length 1m breadth 15cm and width as small as possible.  Make an Inclined Plane by using this plank such that the vertical height may be in the order of 0.5m as shown in the figure.  Take a load of Fehler!kg and put at the bottom of inclined plane.  Apply Effort using spring balance and lift this load to the top of inclined plane.  Note this effort and fill the table below.  Repeat the above steps using Load of 1kg and 2kg. Observation Table: S.N

Inclined plane

1.

Length 1m

2. 3.

1m 1m

height

V.R

Load (L)

Effort (E)

M.A Efficiency = L/E ()

Mean Efficiency()

Result: From the above experiment it is found that the efficiency of given inclined plane is ... Precaution:  The inclined plane plank must be smooth.  Reading must be taken carefully. Experiment No.9 To study the Refraction of Light and verify Laws of Refraction by using Glass slab. Materials Required:  Glass slab  White chart paper  Drawing board  Pencil Class-9 Practical Science 11



Thumb pin

Theory: The bending of light when it passes from one medium to another is called refraction of light. It is due to the difference in velocity of light in different medium. The Laws of Refraction are:  The incident ray, refracted ray & normal lies in the same plane.  When the light passes Fig. Refraction of light through glass slab. from rarer to denser medium it bends towards the normal and when light passes from denser to rarer medium it bends away from the normal.  The ratio of sine of incident angle to the refracted angle is constant and called as Snell’s Law. i.e.  = Fehler! Where,  is known as Refractive Index. Procedure:  Place a rectangular glass slab on a white sheet of chart paper and fix it on a board.  Draw the boundary of the slab as ABCD.  Take any point Q on boundary line AB and draw line PQ which represent incident ray. Then fixed three pins on this line PQ.      

Remove the glass slab and draw normal line MN such that PQN = i, incident angle is formed. Also produce imaginary line QC as shown in fig. Put the slab in its original place. Observe the image of pins from side DC and fix the image by using pin such that all the pins in the board must be in a straight line. Take out the slab from board remove all the pins and draw the line RS following points. This RS is emergent ray. Draw normal MN to the surface DC at point R and join QR. From fig. ABCD is a glass slab PQ = Incident ray QR = Refracted Ray RS = Emergent Ray

12 Physics

i r



= Incident angle = Refracted angle MN = Normal Measure the angle i and r using protector then fill the table below:

Observation Table: Angle of Incidence (i) Angle of Refraction(r)

 = Fehler!

Result: From the above experiment it is found that:  The incident ray, refracted ray and normal lies on the same plane AB.  When the light rays passes from rarer to denser medium it bends towards the normal and when light passes from denser to rarer medium it bends away from the normal.  The refractive index of glass is ………….. . Precaution:  The image of the pins must be observed carefully and correctly.  The pins representing object and image must in same straight line while observing through glass slab.  The distance between two pins must be at least 8 cm  The refractive index must be of the order of 1.3-1.7 as its actual value is 1.5. Experiment No.10 To study the Dispersion of Light in Laboratory. Materials Required:  Prism  White screen Theory: The phenomenon of splitting of white light into its seven constituent colors is known as Dispersion of Light. The band of seven colors produced on a white screen as a result of dispersion is called the Spectrum. The spectrums consist of a band of red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet light. The red light Class-9 Practical Science 13

Fig. Dispersion of light through prism.

deviates the least and the violet light deviates the must as red light has longest wavelength i.e.7×10-4mm and violet have shortest wavelength i.e. 4×10–4 mm.

Procedure:  Take a prism on a table allow a narrow beam of light through a slit if possible, to fall on one face of the prism.  Adjust a white screen at a certain distance far from the other side, such that the refracted rays from the prism will fall on that screen.  Observe a set of seven colors in the order of red, orange, green, yellow, blue, indigo and violet. Conclusion: From the above experiment it is found that when white light is allowed to pass through a prism, it splits into seven different colors. It is known as dispersion of light. Precaution:  The beam of light must be taken as narrow as possible.  The white screen must be fixed. Experiment No.11 To determine the Refractive Index of Water. Materials Required:  Graduated beaker  Coin  Table  Water Theory: The refractive index of liquid is defined as the ratio of real depth to the virtual depth of any object placed in a beaker. The refractive index of water is 1.33. From figure AO = Real depth AI = Virtual depth Therefore, Refractive index () = Fehler!

14 Physics

Fig. Image of Coin

Procedure:  Take a graduated beaker and place a coin at its bottom.  See the coin from upper edge of beaker i.e. from side PQ  Pour water continuously in a beaker until the image of coin is seen. Care that, the position of observer must be same.  Take the depth of image of coin with the help of graduated beaker.  Note the depth of coin and its image and fill the table below: Observation Table: Real depth (depth of coin AO)

Virtual depth (depth of the image of the Coin AI)

Refractive Index() = Fehler!

Result: From the above experiment it is found that the Refractive index of given water is…. Precaution:  Coin must be placed at the centre of bottom of beaker.  Coin and beaker must be kept fixed.  Reading must be take carefully.  The position of observer must be same while observing coin and its image.  The refractive index of water must be in the order of 1.00-1.50 as its actual value is 1.33. Experiment No.12 To produce Wave by using Tuning fork. Materials required:  Tuning fork.  A beaker with water.  Rubber pad. Theory: The disturbances set up in any medium is called wave. And the propagation of this disturbance is called wave motion. There are two


types of waves they are longitudinal wave and Transverse wave. Longitudinal waves are those in which the particles of medium vibrates to and fro in the direction of propagation of disturbances of medium where as Transverse wave are those in which the particle of medium vibrates

Fig. Wave produced by Tuning Fork

perpendicular to the direction of propagation of disturbances of medium.

Procedure:  Take a Tuning fork and rubber pad.  Strike the rubber pad by prong of Tuning funk, you will fell the vibration.  Again strike the rubber pad by Tuning fork and place in the water of the beaker. Water blow up with bubbles. Conclusion: From above experiment it is found that Tuning fork produces waves. Precaution:  Only the handle of Tuning fork must be hold.  The rubber pad should strike gently by Tuning fork. Experiment No.13 To study the Longitudinal wave produced from Helical coil. Materials Required:  Helical coil. Theory: Wave is defined as the disturbances that set up in any medium. There are two types of waves they are: longitudinal and Transverse wave. Longitudinal waves are those in which the particles of medium vibrates along the direction of propagation of disturbance through the medium. It can be produced by using Helical coil.

Fig. Longitudinal wave

Procedure:  Stretch the long Helical coil with two friends holding each end. 16 Physics

 

Give a sudden jerk on one end. Observe that the sudden jerk that crowds the loop together. Watch the compression travel down the coil. This disturbance is a Longitudinal wave.

Conclusion: From above experiment it is found that the waves produced by the Helical coil are longitudinal in nature. Precaution:  The coil must be hold with less surface area.  Jerk should be sudden  disturbance must be observed carefully. Experiment No.14 Project work To study the dependence of loudness of sound waves on different factors like length of wire, diameter of wire, energy supply in the wire. Theory: The intensity or loudness is defined as the quantity of sound energy crossing per sec per unit area held normally to the direction of propagation of sound waves. Mathematically, it is given as: Intensity (I) = Fehler! Or I = Fehler! I.e. intensity is,  Directly proportional to the energy Fig. Vibration of different wires. supplied.  Inversely proportional to the area (diameter)  Does not depend upon length. Procedure:  Take the wooden plank about 30cm wide and 50cm long.  Put screw nails a, b, c, d, e and f as shown in the figure. The distance between a-b and c-d must be equal. Connect different wires between these screw nails i.e. thick and short wire between a  and b, thin and short wire in between c and d and thin and long wire in between e and f.  Plunk the wire gently one by one and study the loudness of the sound produced. Class-9 Practical Science 17

   

Repeat the above steps by tightening the wire more. Repeat the above steps by plunking the wire forcefully. Write all the conclusion whatever you have observed and discuss with other group. Write overall conclusions of your class and summit to your teacher.

Viva Questions Machine, sound Light 1.

What is Mechanical advantage? 

2.

What is the unit of mechanical advantage? 

3.

5.

There is no unit.

Define Ideal machine. 

4.

Ratio of Load to the Effort.

The machine which have 100% efficiency.

Define lever?  Lever is a rigid, straight or bent bar which is capable of rotating about a fixed axis called fulcrum. Write the formula of efficiency.  Efficiency (N) = Fehler!× 100% = Fehler!× 100%

6.

What is the advantage of using pulley ?  Pulleys changes the direction of the force.

7.

Write the example of second class lever.  Wheel barrow. What is the formula of velocity ratio?  V.R = Load distance /Effort distance. What is the way to increase efficiency of simple machine?  Use of oil or greese. What do you understand by the VR in pulley.  Number of ropes used in pulley. What is the formula to calculate VR in inclined plane ?  Fehler! What do you understand by VR in wheel & Axle ?  Fehler! Which simple machine is called continuous Lever ?  Wheel & axle

8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

18 Physics

14.

15. 16.

17.

State principle of Lever.  If there is no friction, in balanced condition of a lever output work and input work are equal.  i.e. L×Ld = E × Ed Define Wave.  The disturbances set up in any medium is called Wave. What is the difference between longitudinal & transverse Wave.  Transverse wave are those in which the particles of medium vibrates at right angles to the direction of propagation of disturbance through the medium whereas the direction of propagation of wave & motion of molecule are in the same direction in longitudinal waves. Sound is Longitudinal or Transverse wave ?  Longitudinal

18.

Sound is Mechanical or Electromagnetic wave?  Mechanical wave

19.

Light is Mechanical or Electromagnetic wave?  Electromagnetic

20.

Define Intensity of sound.  The intensity is defined as the quantity of sound energy crossing per sec per unit area hold normally to the direction of propagation of sound waves.

21.

What is the unit of Intensity or Loudness of sound?  Decibel (db) Which sound is harmful to our eyes?  Sound of intensity greater than 80db. In which medium velocity of sound is high?  Solid Which sound can be heard by human beings?  Audible sound What is Infra sound ?  Sound having intensity less than 20 Hz What is Ultra sound?  Sound having intensity more than 20 KHz What is the frequency range of Audible Sound?  25 Hz to 25 KHz.

22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28.

Define refraction of light.  Bending of light when it passes from one medium to other. Class-9 Practical Science 19

29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34.

35.

Write down the formula of Refractive index.  Refractive index () = Fehler! What is refractive index of water, glass and air?  Water = 1.33 Glass = 1.5 air = 1.0 In which direction light gets bent when light passes from glass to air?  Far from normal Which medium is dense either water or glass?  Glass What is refractive index of Diamond?  2.42 Define dispersion of light.  The phenomenon of splitting of white light into its seven constituent colors when it is passed through prism is known as Dispersion of Light. What is critical angle of water? o

36. 37. 38. 39.

 49 C Why light is dispersed?  Due to the difference in velocity of light in different medium. What is the wave length of Red light?  7 ×10–4mm What is the wavelength of Violet light.  4×10-4 mm What are the colors of Rainbow?  Red, orange, yellow, green, blue indigo and violet

40.

What is denser medium?  Medium having high density.

41.

What is the velocity of sound in air?  332 m/s

42.

What is the velocity of sound in water?  1400 m/s

43.

What is the velocity of sound in glass?  1500m/s

Experiment No.15 To draw different symbol used in Electric Circuit.

20 Physics

Not jointed wire

Direction of current Jointed wire

Cells

Bulb

Rheostat

Resistance

Open switch

Ammeter

.

Voltmeter

Fuse Light indicator One wire crossing

Reversing key

Ac source

Transformer

another Milli-

Galvanometer

ammeter

Experiment No.16 To measure the magnitude of a Current by using Ammeter. Materials required:  Two dry Cells  Bulb  Ammeter  Connecting wires. Theory: Current is defined as the rate of flow of charge. There are two types of Class-9 Practical Science 21

current they are AC and DC current. Dry cell produces DC current. Current in any circuit can be measured by using ammeter connected in series to the load.

Procedure:  Connect Cells, Bulb and Ammeter in series combination with switch as shown in figure.  Switch on the circuit  Observe the deflection of needle of the Ammeter.  Note the current through the Ammeter.

Conclusion: From the above experiment it is found that the current can be measured by the Ammeter. Precaution:  The wire must be connected tightly.  The terminals of the batteries, bulb, Ammeter must be connected correctly.  The non-insulated wire must be made as short as possible. Experiment No.17 To measure the magnitude of Potential Difference by using Voltmeter. Materials Required:  Voltmeter  Cells (2)  Wire Theory: Potential difference between any two points is defined as the amount of work done in moving a unit positive charge from one point to another in an electrical circuit. The P.d. can be measured by using voltmeter. Fig. Voltmeter

Procedure: 22 Physics

Fig. Circuit containing voltmeter, bulbs & cells

   

Connect the cells and voltmeter with switch as shown in figure. Switch on the circuit. Observe the deflection of needle of the voltmeter. Note the P.d. through the voltmeter.

Conclusion: From the above experiment it is found that the P.d. can be measured by using voltmeter. Precaution:  The wire must be connected tightly.  The terminals of the voltmeter and wire must be connected correctly.  The non-insulated wire must be made as short as possible. Experiment No.18 To study the factors affecting the Resistance of wire. Materials Required:  Dry cells  Wires of different lengths and diameter  Bulb Theory: The resistance of any conductors is defined as its property that restricts the flow of current through it. It depends upon the different factors as;  Resistance is directly proportional to the length of wire, i.e. R l  Resistance is inversely proportional to the thickness (cross-sectional area A) of the wire. I.e. R Fehler! Combining both R = Fehler! Where,  is Resistivity, l is length and A is cross sectional area.

Procedure:  Take two dry-cells and a bulb.  Connect cells and bulb with a gap A B as shown in figure.  Take four wires as,  Short and thin (length 5cm and thickness 5mm) Class-9 Practical Science 23

 

 Short and thick (length 5cm and thickness 20mm)  Long and thin (length 1m and thickness 5mm)  Long and thick (length 1m and thickness 20mm) Observe the brightness of bulb by connecting points A and B by using the different wires as stated above. Fill the table below (Give tick mark) from the above observation:

S.N.

Length of wire

Thickness of the wire

1 2

5 cm 5m

5 mm 20 mm

S.N.

Length of wire

Thickness of the wire

1 2

1 cm 1m

5 mm 20 mm

Brightness of bulb More Less

Resistance More Less

Brightness of bulb More Less

Resistance More Less

Interpretation: Since the Resistance of long wire and thin wire is more it is less bright. Conclusion: From the above experiment it is found that the resistance of any conductor is:  Directly proportional to length.  Inversely proportional to its thickness. Precaution:  The polarity of bulbs and cells must be connected correctly.  The wire must be made straight i.e. avoid coiling. Experiment No.19 To verify the Ohm's Law in Laboratory. Materials Required:  1m long Nicrome wire  Voltmeter  Ammeter  4 dry Cells Theory: Ohm's law states that "under the constant physical condition i.e. Temperature, Pressure, nature of material etc. 24 Physics

the current through any conductor is directly proportional to the P.d. across its two ends".

Procedure: Fig. Circuit diagram to  Connect 4-cells in series with ammeter and the verify Ohm Law Nicrome wire as shown in the figure.  The other terminal of Nicrome wire is made free.  Connect Voltmeter in parallel to the Nicrome wire and the free end of Nicrome wire to the point N as shown in the fig.  Observe the reading of ammeter and voltmeter and fill the table below.  Repeat the same process by connecting the free end to the point O,R,S respectively and fill the table below. Observation Table: Connecting points Voltage (V) Current (I) Resistance (R=Fehler!)

N 1.5

O 3

R 4.5

S 6

Conclusion: From the above experiment it is found that the current through any conductor is directly proportional to the P.d. across its two ends under the same physical condition. Precaution:  The polarity of Ammeter, Voltmeter and Cells must be connected correctly.  The connecting wires must be made straight.  The reading of Ammeter and Voltmeter must be taken carefully. Experiment No.20 To study the Magnetic Field of any Bar Magnet. Materials Required:  Bar- magnet  Chart- paper  Pencil  Compass needle Theory: The space around a magnet where magnetic force can be experienced by a magnetic body is called magnetic field of a magnet. The Practical Science 25 Fig. Magnetic Lines Class-9 of the force of Bar Magnet

magnetic lines of force can be drawn by using compass needle.

Procedure:     

Place a Bar- magnet on a white chart paper on a table. Make its outlines with the help of pencil. Place a compass needle near the north pole of magnet and indicate the north and South Pole of a needle by pencil. Move the compass needle in such a way that one end of the compass coincides with the previous dot mark and indicates the other end and indicate next end also. Repeat this process of moving the needle till the other end of bar magnet is reached. Join all the dots, so the area covered by this dotted line is magnetic field.

Conclusion: From the above experiment it is found that Bar- magnet has magnetic field around it. Precaution:  Sharp pencil must be used to indicate the position of compass needle.  Coincide the pole of magnetic compass with the dot mark carefully.

Viva Questions Electricity and Magnetism 1. 2.

3. 4. 5.

Define charge.  The Electrical property of a particle or a body is called electric charge What is cell?  Source of current electricity which convert chemical energy into electrical energy. What is circuit?  The path for the flow of current What is current?  The rate of flow of charge in called current. What is unit and formula of current?

8.

 Current (I) =Q/T and its unit is A. What is the unit of charge?  Coulomb. Which charge is produced when glass rod is robbed with silk?  Negative Which charge is produced when Ebonite is rubbed with fur?

9.

 Positive Write full form of AC and DC.

6. 7.

26 Physics

10. 11. 12.

 AC=Alternate current  DC=Direct current What is the frequency of electricity supplied in Nepal?  50 Hz What is the voltage of electricity supplied in Nepal?  220 volt What is the meaning of 50 Hz AC?  The polarity of current changes 50 times per second.

13.

What does Ammeter Measures ?

14.

 Current What does volt meter measures ?

15. 16. 17. 18.

19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26.

 Potential difference What does Galvanometer measures?  Small current Ammeter is connected in series or parallel?  Series Voltmeter is connected in series or parallel?  Parallel What is Pd?  The amount of work done in moving a unit charge from the region of high potential to low potential What is emf?  The energy provided by the cell to flow 1 culomb charge. What is the unit of emf?  Volt What is Resistance?  Property to resist the flow of current What is the unit of Resistance?  Ohm What is the relation between Resistance and Length of wire?  Directly proportional What is the relation between resistance and diameter of wire?  Inversely proportional Write down the Law of Ohm?  V=IR Define magnetic field. Class-9 Practical Science 27



27.

The space around the magnet upto which the force of magnet can be experienced What is the direction of magnetic lines of force?  North to South 

28 Physics

Chemistry Experiment No.21 To study the Electrolysis of Water. Materials Required:  Two carbon-rods.  Two test tubes.  Cells.  Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)  Water  Beaker  Wires  Voltameter Theory: Electrolysis is the process of decomposition of compounds either in molten state or in aqueous solution by the passes of electric current through it. For electrolysis of water when dilute Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) is added into water they dissociated into ions and become good conductor of current.

Fig. Electrolysis of Water

Chemical Reaction: H2O HCl

 

H+

+

OH-

H+

+

Cl-

At Anode: 4OH4OH Again,

Cl-

 OH + e  2H O + O + H  -

2

+

2

HCl Class-9 Practical Science 29

At Cathode: H+

+

e-

4H



2H2



H


 

Take a Voltameter and place two carbon electrodes in it. Pour sufficient amount of water in Voltameter. Fill two test tubes completely with water and invert them over electrodes. Add few drops of dilute Hydrochloric Acid ( dil.HCl) to the water. Connect electrodes to the battery as shown in the figure, the voltage must be greater than 3V. The liquid begins to conduct so that the bubbles are seen around electrodes. Observe the gas collected in the test tubes.

Interpretation: When a burning match stick is taken to the mouth of test tubes, in one test tube, stick glows brightly this is Oxygen gas whereas it extinguishes with pop sound in next, it is Hydrogen gas. Result: From the above experiment it is found that when electric current is passed through water electrolysis takes place and hydrogen and oxygen gas are formed. Precaution:   

Little amount of Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) should be added drop wise. The voltage of battery must be greater than 3V. Two electrodes must be placed sufficiently apart.

Experiment:-22 To study the Electrolysis of Copper sulphate. Materials required:     

Voltameter Battery Copper sulphate (CuSO4) Connecting Wire Copper electrode

Theory: 30 Chemistry

The electrolysis is the process of decomposition of compound due to the passage of electric current through it. For electrolysis of Copper sulphate (CuSO4) when electricity is passed through it, copper sulphate dissociates as,

Chemical Reaction:

Cu + SO HO H + OH At Anode: Cu Cu + 2e Cu + SO  CuSO At Cathode: Cu + 2e  Cu 4ȯ

++

CuSO4

+

2

++

4ȯ

++

++

-

Fig. Electrolysis of Copper sulphate

-

4

-

Procedure:  Take a voltammeter and place two copper electrodes on it  Make solution of Copper sulphate (CuSO4) and pour it on a voltammeter.  Connect two electrodes with battery as shown in figure and allow electric current to pass through it.  The liquid begins to conduct so that water bubbles are seen.  After some time copper will be deposited on cathode. Result: From the above experiment it is found that when electricity is passed through the solution of Copper sulphate (CuSO4), CuSO4 dissociate into cu++ and S04ȯ such that Cu is deposited at anode and SO4 combines with H+ ion and formed H2SO4. Precaution:  The solution of copper sulphate (CuSO4) must be concentrated.  Two electrodes must be placed apart. Experiment No.23 To study the Electroplating of Copper on Iron. Materials Required:      

Voltameter (beaker) Copper plate Iron nail copper sulphate (CuSO4) Connecting wires Battery Class-9 Practical Science 31

Theory: Electro plating is the process of putting metallic coating on a metal or other conducting surface by electrolysis process. In this experiment copper is plated on iron nail. The chemical Reactions are: CuSO4

Cu

++

+

SO4--

Fig.: Electroplating of copper on iron

At Anode: Cu



Cu++ +

2e-

At Cathode: Cu++

+

2e-

Cu


Take a voltammeter with copper sulphate (CuSO4) solution. Put clean iron nail in copper plate in a voltammeter and connect it to the battery as shown in fig. Allow the electric current to pass through it. Observe copper on iron nail after some time. Stop the process when the plating is complete.

Result: From the above experiment it is found that when electricity is passed through a solution of salt of copper with Cu plate as anode, iron nail as cathodes and copper rod as electrodes, plating of copper on iron is observed. Precaution:  +Ve terminal of battery must be connected to the copper plate and -ve terminal to the iron nail.  The battery must be greater than 3V.  The solution of copper sulphate must be concentrated.

Experiment No.24 To study the Unsaturated, Saturated and Supper saturated solution in Laboratory.

Material required:  

Beaker Water

32 Chemistry

    

copper sulphate (CuSO4) Tripod stand Sprit lamp Glass rod Wire gauge

Theory: When solute is dissolved in solvent it forms solution. There are three types of solution they are: Unsaturated, Saturated, and Super Saturated solution. If additional amount of solute can be dissolved in any solution at given temperature called unsaturated solution. Where as if additional solute cannot be dissolved at given temperature it is called saturated solution. And when the saturated solution is heated, additional solute is dissolved and when it is allowed to cool crystal of solute are observed this is called super saturated solution. Crystal of Copper sulphate

Fig.: Different Solution of Copper Sulphate

Procedure:  Take a beaker with sufficient amount of water with glass rod.  Add CuSO4 crystal and stir with a glass rod so, that CuSO4 can be dissolved. This is unsaturated solution.  Continuous add CuSO4 and stirr until CuSO4 stops to dissolve.  Add little amount of CuSO4such that it could not dissolve. This is saturated solution.  Heat this solution and add some amount of CuSO4 and dissolve it.  Cool this solution for 2-3hrs.  Observe the crystal of CuSO4. This is super saturated solution. Conclusion: From the above experiment we have prepared Unsaturated, Saturated and Supper saturated solution. Precaution:


 

Little amount of solute must be added each time and dissolved completely before adding next time. Sufficient amount of water must be taken to make solution.

Experiment No.25 To study the variation of Solubility of any substance with Temperature. Materials Required:  Beaker  Water  copper sulphate (CuSO4)  Glass rod  Thermometer  Pan balance  Spirit lamp  Tripod stand Crystal of Copper sulphate

Theory: Solubility of any solute is defined as the amount of solute dissolved on 100gm of solvent to make a saturated solution at any constant temperature.

Fig.: Variation of Solubility with Temperature. Mathematically, Solubility = Fehler!× 100% (at constant temperature) Solubility of any substance increases with increase in temperature as the saturated solution changes into unsaturated when heated.

Procedure:  Take 10ml of water (W1) beaker.  Take 20mg of CuSO4 using pan balance.  Put little amount of CuSO4 in the beaker and stir it.  Go on adding CuSO4 until the solution is saturated. If CuSO4is not sufficient take additional weighted amount also.  Note the total amount of CuSO4 needed to make saturated solution (W2).  Heat this solution for one minute and stop it.  Again take weighted CuSO4 and go on adding and stirring until the solution is saturated note the additional amount of CuSO4 required to make the solution saturated (W3) and fill the table below, Observation table: 34 Chemistry

Weight of CuSO4 dissolved before heating (W2)

Weight of CuSO4 dissolved after heating (W3)

Total weight of CuSO4 dissolved (W=W2+W3)

Solubility before heating S1= Fehler! ×100%

Solubility after heating S2=Fehler!× 100%

Remarks

Weight of water (W1)

S2 > S1 Interpretation: Saturated solution when heated it changes into unsaturated so solubility increases. Conclusion: From the above experiment it is found that the solubility of any substance increases with Temperature. Precaution:  Weight must be taken correctly and carefully.  The solution must be saturated before heating and after heating also. Experiment No.26 To study the process of Crystallization and obtain the Crystal of Copper Sulphate (CuSO4). Materials Required:  Beaker  Water  CuSO4  Tripod stand  Sprit lamp  Glass rod  Wire gauge

Theory: Crystal is a piece of solid which has regular and definite geometrical shape, smooth surface and sharp edges that composed its boundary. The process of formation of crystal is called crystallization. Class-9 Practical Science 35

Procedure:  Prepare a saturated solution of copper sulphate (CuSO4).  Heat the above solution.  Dissolve additional copper sulphate(CuSO4) on this solution.  Cool this above solution for 2-3hrs.  Observe the crystal of CuSO4.  To get the complete structure observe this crystal through microscope. Conclusion: From above experiment the crystal of copper sulphate are obtained from saturated solution. Precaution:  Little amount of solute must be added each time and dissolved completely before adding next time.  Sufficient amount of water must be taken to make solution.  The saturated solution must be heated for about one minute only. Experiment No.27 To prepare Hydrogen gas in the Laboratory. Materials Required:  Woulf bottle  Thistle funnel  Sulphuric acid ( H2SO4)  Delivery tube  Zinc dust  Gas jar  Water  Match stick  Water trough  Cork  Beehive shelf Theory: When dilute sulphuric acid ( H2SO4) is reacted with zinc pieces, than Hydrogen gas is produced. Ȯ Zn + H2SO4 → ZnSO4 + H2 , (zinc) (sulphuric acid) (Hydrogen)

36 Chemistry

Fig.: Laboratory Preparation of H2 gas.

Procedure:  Take a woulf bottle and put zinc pieces on its bottom.  Fit the apparatus as shown in figure.  Pour H2SO4 from this thistle funnel.  Observe the reaction of H2SO4 with zinc.  Collect Hydrogen gas by down ward displacement of water.  Takeout the gas jar when it is full.  Take a burning match stick to the mouth of gas jar; gas burns itself with pop sound. Conclusion: From above experiment Hydrogen gas is prepared in the Lab. Precaution:  Impure zinc must be used to make the reaction fast.  Dilute H2SO4 must be taken otherwise SO2 gas will be formed.  The apparatus must be air tight.  The end of thistle funnel must be dipped in the acid.  Gas must be collected by downward displacement of water.

Experiment No.28 To prepare Oxygen gas in the Laboratory by using heat. Materials Required:  Hard glass test tube Class-9 Practical Science 37

        

Potassium chlorate(KClO3) Dust of manganese dioxide (MnO2) Gas jar Delivery tube Beehive shelf Water trough Sprit lamp Stand Cork

Theory: When Potassium chlorate (KClO3) is heated in the presence of dust of manganese dioxide (MnO2), in the ratio of 4:1, it decompose at 2500c into potassium chloride (KCl) and oxygen i.e. 2KClO3 Fehler!2KCl + 3O2 Fehler! (Potassium clorate) (oxygen) In this reaction MNO2 acts as a Catalyst.

Fig.: Laboratory preparation of O2 gas by using heat

Procedure:  Make a mixture of potassium chlorate and manganese dioxide in the ratio of 4:1.  Put this mixture in a hard glass test tube.  Fit the apparatus as shown in fig.  Heat the mixture up to 2500c.  Observe the gas collected in the gas jar.  Take a burning match stick to the mouth of gas jar, it glows brightly. Result: From the above experiment oxygen gas is prepared in the Laboratory by using heat. Precaution: 

The mixture of potassium chlorate and manganese dioxide must be in the ratio of 4:1



The apparatus must be air tight.



Gas must be collected by downward displacement of water.

Experiment No.29 To prepare the Oxygen gas in Laboratory without using heat. Materials Required:  Conical flask  Delivery tube 38 Chemistry

     

Gas jar Thistle funnel Hydrogen Peroxide(H2O2) Manganese dioxide (MnO2) Water Beehive shelf

Theory: In Laboratory Oxygen gas can be prepared by reacting Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) with Manganese dioxide (MnO2). In this reaction manganese dioxide acts as catalyst. Ȯ MnO2,  2H2O 2H2O2 + O2 ,

Fig.: Laboratory Preparation of O2 gas without using heat

Procedure:  Take conical flask and put water and Manganese dioxide (MnO2) in it.  Fit the apparatus as shown in fig.  Pour Hydrogen Peroxide(H2O2) from thistle funnel  Observe the reaction in the conical flask and the collection of gas in the gas jar.  Take a burning match sitck to the mouth of the gas jar it glows brightly. Conclusion: From the above experiment oxygen gas is prepared in the Lab without using heat. Precaution:  The apparatus should be air tight.  MnO2 must be taken in fewer amounts.  Gas must be collected by downward displacement of water. Experiment No.30 To prepare Nitrogen gas in the Laboratory. Materials Required: Class-9 Practical Science 39

        

Round bottom flask Delivery tube Tripod stand Water trough Gas jar Sprit lamp Stand Sodium Nitrite(NaNO2) Ammonium chloride(NH4Cl)

Theory: In Lab. Nitrogen gas is prepared by heating Sodium Nitrite (NaNO2) and Ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) in the equivalent amount.  Ȯ NaNO2 + NH4Cl , NaCl + H2O + N2 , (Sodium Nitrite) (Ammonium chloride) (Nitrogen)

Fig. Laboratory Preparation of N2 gas.

Procedure:  Take a round bottom flask and put the mixture of Sodium Nitrite (NaNO 2) and Ammonium chloride (NH4Cl).  Fit the apparatus as shown on the fig.  Heat the mixture.  Observe the nitrogen gas in the gas jar.  Take out a gas jar from water trough and introduce a burning match stick in a jar, it extinguishes. Conclusion: From the above experiment Nitrogen gas is prepared in Lab. Precaution:  The apparatus must be air tight.  Sodium Nitrite (NaNO2) and Ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) should be used in a solution form and in equivalent amount. 40 Chemistry

 

Heat should be provided uniformly. Gas must be collected by downward displacement of water.

Experiment No.31 To show that sugar contains carbon. Materials required:  Test tube  Sugar  Sprit lamp Theory: Sugar is an organic compound made up of Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen. Its molecular formula is C11H22O11. Its molecular weight is 384 a.m.u. Fig. Heating of Sugar

Procedure:  Take tea spoon full of sugar in a test tube.  Heat this sugar with sprit lamp.  Observe the change in color of sugar

Interpretation: When sugar is heated due to presence of carbon first it changes into brown color with good smell called caramel and then into black substance called charcoal. Conclusion: From the above experiment it is found that sugar contains carbon. Precaution:  Suitable amount of sugar must be taken.  The test tube must be heated uniformly.

Viva Questions Chemistry 1.

Define ionization.  The process of dissociation of compound into ions

2.

Define electrolysis.  Electrolysis is the process of decomposition of compounds either in molten state or in aqueous solution by the passage of electric current through it.

3.

Define electrode.  Rod which conduct electricity in molten state of a solution Which gas is formed in large amount during electrolysis of water?

4.


5.

6. 7.

8. 9. 10.

11.

12. 13. 14. 15.

16.

17.

18. 19.

 Hydrogen gas Which gas is formed at anode and at cathode during the electrolysis of water?  Anode-oxygen Cathode-Hydrogen What are the uses of electrolysis of water?  Dissociation of H2O into H2 and O2 Define electroplating.  Electro plating is the process of putting metallic coating on a metal or other conducting surface by electrolysis process What must be the anode during the electroplating of copper on iron?  Copper Write one use of electroplating.  Coating of valuable metal on normal metal What will happen if the polarity of battery is reversed during the electroplating of cu on Zn?  Plating of Zinc on Copper occurs. Define solubility.  Solubility of any solute is defined as the amount of solute dissolved on 100gm of solvent to make a saturated solution at any constant temperature. What is the relation between solubility and temperature?  Directly proportional What happen when saturated solution is heated?  It changes into unsaturated Define solution.  Mixture of solute and solvent Define super saturated solution.  When the saturated solution is heated, additional solute is dissolved and when it is allowed to cool crystal of solute are observed this is called super Saturated solution. Define crystal.  Crystal is a piece of solid which has regular and definite geometrical shape, smooth surface and sharp edges that composed its boundary. What happens when conc. H2SO4 is used instead of dil H2SO4 during the preparation of hydrogen gas in laboratory?  SO2 gas is formed. How you can test hydrogen gas?  By taking burning match stick which extinguishes with pop sound. Why the end of thistil funnel is dipped in acid during the Lab preparation of gases ?  To prevent the escape of prepared gas.

42 Chemistry

20.

21.

22. 23. 24.

25. 26.

27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35.

Why we have to use impure zinc instead of pure zinc while preparing hydrogen gas?  To increase the rate of reaction Write uses of hydrogen gas.  To prepare vegetable ghee Reducing agent What is the function of MnO2 during the preparation of O2 gas?  Catalyst to increase the rate of reaction What will be the amount of MnO2 at last during the preparation of O2 gas?  Same amount Write any two uses of O2 gas.  During respiration Wielding How to test O2 gas?  By taking burning matchstick which glows brightly What must be the ratio of sodium nitrite and Ammonium chloride during the preparation of Nitrogen gas?  1:1 Why N2 gas is kept in filament lamp?  Because it is inert gas Write one use of Nitrogen gas?  To keep in filament lamp Which is only one liquid metal?  Mercury Which bond is associated with carbon?  Covalent What is molecular formula of sugar?  C11H22O11 Sugar is organic or Inorganic compound?  Organic What is the mass of electron ?  9.1×10-31kg what is the mass of proton?  1.67 × 10-27kg What is the relation between mass of proton and neutron?  Equal 


To Study the different parts of Compound Microscope

44 Class-9 Practical Science

BIOLOGY, ASTROLOGY AND GEOLOGY Experiment No.32 To study the Museum Specimen of following organisms and classify with one diagnostic character: Name of Classifications Figure Organisms Spirogyra Kingdom :- Plantae Sub kingdom :- Cryptogams Division :- Thalophyta Sub division :- Algae Example :- Spirogyra Characteristics :- Make it's own food

Volvox

Kingdom Sub kingdom Division Sub division Example Characteristics

:- Plantae :- Cryptogams :- Thalophyta :- Algae :- Volvox :- Green in color

Sponge

Kingdom Sub kingdom Phylum Example Characteristics

:- Animalia :- Invertebrate :- Porifera :- Sponge :- Body contains pores

Bio.Astro. & Geo. 45

Euspongia Kingdom Sub kingdom Phylum Example Characteristics

:- Animalia :- invertebrate :- Porifera :- Euspongia :- Found in marine water :- Animalia :- invertebrate :- Porifera :- Spongilla :- Mostly found in marine water

Spongilla


Hydra


:- Animalia :- Invertebrate :- coelenterate :- Hydra :- It has mouth but no anus

Jelly fish

Kingdom Subkingdom Division Example Characteristics

Sea anemone


:- Animal :- Invertebrate :- Coelenterate :- Jelly fish :- It contains coelenteron cavity :- Animalia :- invertebrate :- Coelenterate :- Sea anemone :- They have large hollow cavity


Tape worm


:- Animalia :- Invertebrate : Platyhelminthes :- Tape worm :- Body is segmented

Liver fluke


:- Animalia :- Invertebrate :- Platyhelminthes :- Liver fluke :- Body is flattened

Ascaris

Kingdom Subkingdom Phylum Example Characteristics

:- Animalia :- Invertebrate :- Nemathelminthes :- Ascaris :- Body is Bilaterally symmetrical


Earthworm


:- Animalia :- Invertebrate :- Annelida :- Earthworm :- They have segmented body

Leech


:- Animalia :- Invertebrate :- Annelida :- leech :- They have segmented body

Prawn


:- Animalia :- Invertebrate :- Arthropoda :- Prawn :- They have exoskeleton


Crab


:- Animalia :- Invertebrate :- Arthropoda :- Crab :- They have exoskeleton

Millipede


:- Animalia :- Invertebrate :- Arthopoda :- Millipede :- They have many pairs of legs

Centipede


:- Animalia :- Invertebrate :- Arthopoda :- Centipede :- They have segmented body

Scorpion


:- Animalia :- Invertebrate :- Arthopoda :- Scorpion :- They do not have compound eyes and feelers


Spider


:- Animalia :- Invertebrate :- Arthopoda :- Spider :- They do not have compound eyes and feelers

Octopus


:- Animalia :- Invertebrate :- Mollusca :- Octopus :- They are unisexual

Snail


:- Animalia :- Invertebrate :- Mollusca :- Snail :- They are unisexual


Slug


:- Animalia :- Invertebrate :- Mollusca :- Slug :- They are unisexual

Star fish


:- Animalia :- Invertebrate :- Echinodermata :- Star fish :- Body is covered with calcareous spines

SeaKingdom Cucumber Sub kingdom Phylum Example Characteristics

:- Animalia :- Invertebrate :- Echinodermata :- Sea cucumber :- Body is covered with calcareous spines

Seaurchin

:- Animalia :- Invertebrate :- Echinodermata :- Sea urchin :- Body is covered with calcareous spines



Sea horse

Kingdom Sub kingdom Phylum Class Example Characteristics

:- Animalia :- Vertebrate :- Chordata :- Pieces :- Sea horse :- Fertilization is external.

Fish


:- Animalia :- Vertebrate :- Chordata :- Pieces :- Fish :- Fertilization is external

Frog


:- Animalia :- Vertebrate :- Chordata :- Amphibia :- Frog :- Skin is thin, soft & moist

Lizard


:- Animalia :- Vertebrate :- Chordata :- Reptilia :- Lizard :- They are cold blooded animal


Snake


:- Animalia :- Vertebrate :- Chordata :- Reptilia :- Snake :- They are cold blooded animal

Bat


:- Animalia :- Vertebrate :- Chordata :- Mammalia :- Bat :- Presence of Mammary gland

Experiment No.33 To observe the following Organism and classify it with one characteristic. Name of Classifications Figure Organisms Mushroom Kingdom :- Plantae Subkingdom :- Cryptogams Division :-Thallophayta Sub-Division :- Fungi Example :- Mushroom Characteristics :- They do not contain chlorophyll


Mucor

Kingdom Subkingdom Division Sub-Division Example Characteristics

:- Plantae :- Cryptogams :-Thallophayta :- Fungi :- Mucor :- They do not contain chlorophyll

Yeast

Kingdom Subkingdom Division Sub-Division Example Characteristics

:- Plantae :- Cryptogams :-Thallophayta :- Fungi :- Yeast :- They grow in dead and decaying matter

Marcantia


Funaria


Fern


:- Plantae :- Cryptogams :- Bryophyta :- Marcantia :- They grow in moist place :- Plantae :- Cryptogams :- Bryophyta :- Mucor :- They are amphibian plant :- Plantae :- Cryptogams :- Pteridophayta :- Fern :- They have feather like leaves


Cycas


:- Plantae :- Phanerogams :- Gymnosperms :- Cycas :- Flowers are replaced by cones

Pine


:- Plantae :- Phanerogams :-Gymnosperms :- Pine :- Flowers are replaced by cones

Maize

Kingdom Subkingdom Division Class Example Characteristics

:- Plantae :- Phanerogams :- Angiosperms :- Monocot :- Maize :- They have hollow stem

Rice


:- Plantae :- Phanerogams :- Angiosperms :- Monocot :- Rice :- They have fibrous root system


Mustard


:- Plantae :- Phanerogams :- Angiosperms :- Dicot :- Mustard :- They have tap root system

Buttterfly


:- Animalia :- Invertebrate :- Arthopoda :- Butterfly :- They have paired lateral jointed appendages

Grass hopper


:- Animalia :- Invertebrate :- Arthopoda :- Grass hopper :- They have paired lateral jointed appendages

Silk worm


:- Animalia :- Invertebrate :- Arthopoda :- Silk worm :- The head bears a pair of feathery antennae


House fly

Bee

Mosquito

Toad


:- Animalia :- Invertebrate :- Arthopoda :- housefly :- The head bears a pair of feathery antennae Kingdom :- Animalia Subkingdom :- Invertebrate Phylum :- Arthopoda Example :- Bee Characteristics :- Body is divided into three parts Kingdom :- Animalia Subkingdom :- Invertebrate Phylum :- Arthopoda Example :- Mosquito Characteristics :- Body is divided into three parts Kingdom Subkingdom Phylum Class Example Characteristics

:- Animalia :- Vertebrate :- Chordata :- Amphibia :- Toad :- Skin is thin, soft & moist

Salamander Kingdom Subkingdom Phylum Class Example Characteristics

:- Animalia :- Vertebrate :- Chordata :- Amphibia :- Salamander :- They have 3 chambered heart


Crocodile

Pigeon

Kingdom Subkingdom Phylum Class Example Characteristics

:- Animalia :- Vertebrate :- Chordata :- Reptilia :- Crocodile :- They have 4 chambered heart Kingdom :- Animalia Subkingdom :- Vertebrate Phylum :- Chordata Class :- Aves Example :- Pigeon Characteristics :- They have Pneumatic bone

Danphe


:- Animalia :- Vertebrate :- Chordata :- Aves :- Danphe :- They have Pneumatic bone

Hen


:- Animalia :- Vertebrate :- Chordata :- Aves :- Hen :- They have Pneumatic bone

Dog


:- Animalia :- Vertebrate :- Chordata :- Mammalia :- Dog :- They have mammary gland


Whale

Rabbit

Platypus

Cow

Cat

Kingdom Subkingdom Phylum Class Example Characteristics Kingdom Subkingdom Phylum Example Characteristics

:- Animalia :- Vertebrate :- Chordata :- Mammalia :- Whale :- It is aquatic :- Animalia :- Vertebrate :- Mammalia :- Rabbit :- They have mammary gland


:- Animalia :- Vertebrate :- Chordata :- Mammalia :- Platypus :- They have mammary gland Kingdom :- Animalia Subkingdom :- Vertebrate Phylum :- Chordata Class :- Mammalia Example :- Cow Characteristics :- They have mammary gland Kingdom :- Animalia Subkingdom :- Vertebrate Phylum :- Mammalia Example :- Cat Characteristics :- They have mammary gland


Experiment No.34 To observe the Permanent slide of the following Organism and classify with one character. Chlamydomonas Classification: Kingdom

Figure

:

Plantae

Subkingdom

:

Cryptogams

Division

:

Thallophayta

Class

:

Algae

Example

:

Chlamydomonas

Characteristics

:

They can move.

:

Animalia

Subkingdom

:

Invertebrate

Phylum

:

Protozoa

Example

:

Amoeba

Characteristics

:

Presence of false leg called pseudopodia

Amoeba Classification: Kingdom

Paramecium Classification: Kingdom

Figure

Figure: :

Animalia

Subkingdom

:

Invertebrate

Phylum

:

Protozoa

Example

:

Paramacium

Characteristics

:

Presence of leg called cilia


Experiment No. 35 To observe the permanent slide of, Animal cell Animal cell

Nucleus

Epithelial Tissue

Plant cell

Plastid

Blood cell


Skin

Experiment No.36 To prepare the Temporary slide of Onion cell and observe it through microscope. Materials Required:      

Fleshy leaf from onion bulb Forceps Glass slides Cover slip Water Microscope


Take out a fleshy leaf from an onion bulb with the help of forceps, Peel off the thin upper membrane of this leaf. Color the cells for a few minutes by dipping it in safranin. Put a drop of water in the centre of a glass slide. Place a bit of colored membrane on the slide and cover it with a cover slip.

Interpretation: Brick like arrangement of cell with prominent Nucleus, Protoplasm etc is observed.

Fig. Onion Cell 62 Class-9 Practical Science

Conclusion: From the above experiment Temporary slide of Onion cell is prepared and observed. Experiment No.37 To prepare the Temporary slide of Human check cell and observe it through microscope.

Materials Required: 

Scalpel



Glass slide



Microscope



Cover slip



Water

Procedure: 

Scrap gently the inside of your check with a scalpel.



color the cells for few minutes by dipping it in the safranin.



Place a drop of water on a glass slide.



Put the tissue in the liquid and cover it with a cover slip.



Examine under the microscope.

Interpretation: Group of irregular cells with prominent Cell membrane, Nucleus etc is observed.

Fig. Human Check Cell Conclusion: From the above experiment Temporary slide of Human Check cell is prepared and observed.


Experiment No.38 To draw the figure of lifecycle of Mosquito.

Experiment No.39 To draw the fig. of life cycle of Silk worm.

Fig. Lifecycle of Silkworm 64 Class-9 Practical Science

Experiment No.40 To draw the fig of Meristematic tissue and Permanent tissue of plant.

Fig. Meristematic Tissue

Fig. Permanent Tissues


Experiment No.41 To draw the fig. of Epithelial, Nervous and Muscular tissue of Animal.

Fig. Epithelial and Muscular Tissues 66 Class-9 Practical Science

Experiment No.42 To study Skeletal system of Human body and draw its figure.

Carp Meta


Fig. Skeletal System


Experiment No.43 To draw the fig. of Human Heart.

Fig. External Structure of Heart

Fig. Internal Structure of Heart


Experiment No.44 To draw the figure of Lunar Eclipse.

Fig. Lunar Eclipse

Experiment No.45 To draw the figure of Solar Eclipse.

Fig. Solar Eclipse

Experiment No.46 To Prepare the Model of Volcanic Eruption. Materials Required:  Vinegar (acid)  Baking powder( Bicarbonate of alkali soda)  Plastic Theory: In the inner part of earth the temperature is high so that iron, nickel etc. are found in molten state is called magma. The coming out of magma from cracks and weak rock above it is called volcano. The mouth of volcano is called crater. The molten mass that comes out it is called lava. Volcanos are of two types active and passive. 70 Class-9 Practical Science

Procedure: 

Make a water tight volcano out of plasticize or clay and place it on a plate.



Mix together a few drops of red food coloring, a squirt of washing up liquid and a table spoon of backing powder. Pour the mixture into the volcano.



Add about a table spoon vinegar.



Observed the eruption of volcano

Interpretation: The vinegar and baking powder react together to form a salt, water and carbon dioxide gas so gives eruption.

Fig. Ways to prepare model of volcanotc eruption

Result: From the above experiment we have prepared a model of volcanic eruption.


Experiment No.47

Project Work To make the Report of Natural Disaster.

Procedure:  Introduce all natural disasters you have studied in class  Gather all the information regarding the natural disasters that occurs in Nepal and in the world also.  Write all the information of these disasters in tabular form.  Sketch the effects (search from net).  Write the preventive measures of all these natural disaster.  Type and submit to your teacher. Experiment No.48 A Sample of Excursion Report: Group or Name:-…… ………………….........................……………………………………. 1. Place,Date and Time of Excursion:……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 2. Objective of the excursion:……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 3. Area of Excursion/ Matters of Observation:……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 4. Observation/Findings of the excursion and materials collected :……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 5. Interesting Features of the excursion:……………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………


6. Problem Faced during the excursion :……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 7. Conclusion:……………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………



 1.

What is Binomial system of nomenclature?  The way of giving scientific name of any organism by two names i.e. Generic name & specific name is called Binomial system of nomenclature.

2.

Write scientific name of following organisms? Man - Homo sapiens. Cat - Felis domestica. Elephant - Elephes maximus. Tiger - Panthera Tigrina. Mustard - Brassica compestris. Frog - Rana tigrina. Pipal - Ficus religiosa. Cauliflower- Brassica olerica. Maize - Zea mays. Pea - Pisum sativum. Cow – Bos premigenus

3.

Who is known as the father of Taxonomy?  Carlous Linnaeus.

4.

Which animal can prepare food them self?  Euglena

5.

Which plant can move?  Chlamydomonas

6.

Which is the tallest plant?  Eucalyptus

7.

What are the cold blooded and warm blooded animals?  Cold blooded are those animals which can change their body temperature with surroundings whereas warm blooded animals can’t change.


8.

What are two types of mosquito?  Anopheles and Culex

9.

Which mosquito causes disease?  Female

10.

Which stage of silkworm produce silk?  Last stage of larva

11.

Which Organelle is present in plant cell only?  Plastid

12.

Which organelle is present in animal cell only?  Centriole

13.

Define tissue.  Tissue is a group of specialized cells which is specialized to perform special function.

14.

Which is longest tissue of our body?  Nerve Tissue

15.

Which is the largest bone of our body?  Femur (Thigh)

16.

Which is the smallest bone of our body?  Stapes of ear

17.

Which organ of our body performs many functions?  Liver

18.

How many bones are present in face?  8

19.

What are two types of silkworm?  Seri and Ari

20.

How many eggs can be laid by a silk worm?  300

21.

What is Meristematic tissue?  Meristematic Tissue is those tissues present at the tip of growing part.

22.

How many types of Meristematic tissue are present?  2 types: Apical and Lateral

23.

What is the unit structure of Nervous system called?  Neuron


24.

What is the size of the Heart?  One's first

25.

How many Valves are present in the Human heart?  4 Valves: Bicuspid, Tricuspid, Aortic & Pulmonary

26.

Why Blood is Red in Colour?  Due to the presence of Haemoglobin

27.

What is the normal human body blood pressure?  120/80 mm of Hg.

28.

Which eclipse is occurred when earth is in between sun and moon?  Lunar eclipse

29.

Which eclipse is occurred when moon is in between sun and earth?  Solar eclipse

30.

Which eclipse is occurred during aausi?  Solar eclipse

31.

Which eclipse is occurred during purnima?  Lunar eclipse

32.

What is the inclination of axis of earth and ecliptic axis?  66.50

33.

What is light year?  Distance travelled by the light in 1 year.

34.

What is the relation between light year & km?  1 light year = 9.4608 × 1012 Km.

35.

What is solar system?  The family of son along with 8 planets, asteroids, etc.

36.

What is our galaxy?  Milky Way galaxy




78

Class –9, Practical Science

Records of Experiments S.N.

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Specification Grid Compulsory science (Practical) Time: 1 hrs 15 minutes

S.

Item/type

Full Marks: 25 Pass Marks: 10 Requirement points

Marks

N. 1.

Number

of item Spotting

Name + diagram + three

Total time (minutes approximately)

5

1

10

5

1

15

5

1

20

6

1

20

4

4

10

25

8

75

characteristics

or classification + two characteristics 2.

3.

4.

Write

up/

Title + Materials +

Field//Report

Procedure

+

Writing

conclusion

Simple material

Objective + materials

preparations or

+

assemble

preparation + uses

Mini project /

Title + Introduction +

Activity

Procedure

method

of

+

conclusion 5.

Oral / Viva /

Not exceeding four

Note

subject

record Total

Book

related

questions

1. Spotting:Correct name or classification + Three correct characteristics or function. Correct name or classification + two correct characteristics or functions. Correct name or classification + one correct characteristics or functions. Only correct name or classification + correct characteristics or function. Correct characteristics or functions only.

5 Marks 4 Marks 3 Marks 2 Marks 1 Mark


2. Write up or Field report writing:Complete and correctly written Incomplete but correctly written Complete and some correctly written Incomplete and some correctly written Incomplete and few correctly written

5 Marks 4 Marks 3 Marks 2 Marks 1 Mark

3. Simple material preparations and assemblies:Complete and correct presentation. Incomplete and correct presentation. Complete and some correct presentation. Incomplete and some correct presentation. Incomplete and some correct presentation. Incomplete and little complete presentation.

5 marks 4 marks 4 marks 3 marks 2 marks 1 mark

4. Mini project/Activity:Complete and correctly written or described in points.

5 marks

Complete and correctly written but some main points missing.

4 marks

Complete and some correctly written or explanation.

4 marks

Incomplete but correctly written or explanation.

3 marks

Incomplete but few correctly written or explanation.

2 marks

Incomplete and unsatisfactory written or explanation

1 mark

5. Viva/class records. Correct and spontaneous answers.

5 marks

Correct answer after the help of some hints.

4 marks

Correct answer after the help of lot of hints.

3 marks

Some correct answer after the help of lot of hints.

2 mark

Very little correct answer even after the help of lot of hints. OR Class Record:

1 mark

100% correctly kept class records.

5 marks


4 marks


3 marks


2 marks

Only some class records kept in a systematic way.

1 mark

76 Specification Grid

Model Question 1.

2. 3.

Observe the museum specimen of following organisms, draw fig and classify with one characteristic. Earthworm b) Spirogyra Perform an experiment to determine the efficiency of given pulley system and write in your copy. Study the Apparatus set in the lab and answer the following question:

Which experiment is explained by the fig? Write balanced chemical equation involved.  Draw this fig in your copy.  Write uses of this gas. Draw a neat diagram to show the activity to be conducted with the help of given objects. Prism, white card board paper, sunlight  

4.

5.

6.

Visit the school garden or a nearby location and make a report on the basis of the following points. Title  Diagram  Procedure  Conclusion Project work:  Project  Activity Materials Required  Procedure  Conclusion Oral / Viva  Class-9 Practical Science 77

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