+Model JESIT 130 1–10
ARTICLE IN PRESS Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect Journal of Electrical Systems and Information Technology xxx (2016) xxx–xxx
A web-based geographical project monitoring and information system for the road and highways夽
1
2
3
Q2
Junar A. Landicho
4
Q3
Department of Information Technology, Mindanao University of Science and Technology (MUST), Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines Received 11 January 2016; received in revised form 19 August 2016; accepted 21 October 2016
5
Abstract
6
15
The Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) Cagayan de Oro District 1 and 2 is one of the regional offices of the DPWH responsible for implementing transparency of its projects’ information by releasing it publicly for the public to access it. However, most of the accomplished and on-going road projects information is not highly available and not easy to navigate in the current website. The purpose of this study is to design and develop a program application that could provide information about the road projects in a more detailed and informative way and can be easily accessed by the public. Based on the evaluation, the visual clarity, consistency, and effectiveness of the project are rated as excellent. © 2016 Electronics Research Institute (ERI). Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
16
Keywords: DPWH; Road projects; Web-based; Web mapping
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
17
1. Introduction
18
19 20 21 22 Q4 23 24 25 26
Q1
Roads and Highways are cornerstones of any nation’s infrastructure. For centuries, roads and highways have carried people, goods and ideas from one corner of the earth to another. Roads are identifiable routes or paths between two or more places. They are typically smoothed, paved, or otherwise prepared to allow easy travel. Historically, many roads were simply recognizable routes without any formal construction or maintenance (Igbokwe-Ibeto, 2012). It is the responsibility of the designated executive department of the government to build and maintain quality roads and highways, maximizing public convenience (Fiatornu, 2006). The Department of Public Works and Highways is the executive department of the Philippine government responsible for all the projects in the field of public works. It is responsible for the maintenance of the Philippine road network and
夽
This work was supported in part by the DPWH District 1 and 2 Cagayan de Oro, Philippines. E-mail addresses:
[email protected],
[email protected] Peer review under the responsibility of Electronics Research Institute (ERI).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jesit.2016.10.011 2314-7172/© 2016 Electronics Research Institute (ERI). Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Please cite this article in press as: Landicho, J.A., A web-based geographical project monitoring and information system for the road and highways. J. Electr. Syst. Inform. Technol. (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jesit.2016.10.011
+Model JESIT 130 1–10 2
ARTICLE IN PRESS J.A. Landicho / Journal of Electrical Systems and Information Technology xxx (2016) xxx–xxx
45
irrigation system. DPWH is also responsible for collecting, storing, retrieving, managing, analyzing and presenting the data to the public. Many development projects have serious dependence on transport network. Authentic information on the transport infrastructure is fundamental requirement for many decision making process (Anon., 2016). Therefore information requires it to be reliable, updated, relevant and easily accessible. This demand for information requires new approaches in which data related to transportation network should be identified, collected, stored, retrieved, managed, analyzed, communicated and presented. Considering the complexities in developing, updating and processing of the transport related data, there is an urgent need to adopt new concepts and technologies for designing and developing the information resource management of transport infrastructure in the city (Basu, 2002; Djindjan, 2008). Therefore, the development in the field of information technology is especially relevant to the field of transportation engineering. Web mapping is the process of using maps delivered by geographical information systems. The locations can be express in many different ways, such as latitude and longitude, address, or ZIP code. Many different types of information can be compared and contrasted (Kraak, 2001). Web Mapping clearly promises many great benefits to DPWH and to its functionality. Web mapping can be a great help in its aim to inform the citizens about their road projects as well as to build positive relations with the citizens it is serving (Almirante, 2013). Here in Cagayan de Oro, the DPWH consists of two districts. The 1st District office is located at RES Compound, Barangay Bulua while the 2nd District is at Barangay Puntod. The first district’s area of responsibility starts from the roads of Barangay Iponan to the Cagayan de Oro River while the second district starts from the Cagayan de Oro River to Syre Highway.
46
2. Literature review
27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44
60
Project is a common term used in daily conversation by individuals and groups. One eclectic definition sees project as a “planned undertaking of a set of integrated and coordinated activities designed to achieve some declared objectives within a given budget and period of time”. Project has a generic life cycle that begins with its conception, initiation, infancy, maturity, old age and death. Not all projects began are fully completed (Igbokwe-Ibeto, 2012). Corruption is the major bane of focal government project management. Leakages in fund disbursement due to corruption have robbed the government of much needed funds to execute crucial community development projects. As the introduction states, the DPWH is highly perceived as one of the two most corrupt agencies in the Philippines. Up to this day, it is still continuing its effort of fixing its ruined reputation. A transparency on its projects information must be implemented. It must be released and must be accessed easily by the public (Anon., 2012b). A Google map is an excellent tool used to prepare a district road plans. The detailed project report includes the survey information such as detailed design and drawings, cost estimates for various road works, etc which are required for execution of the road works. The same information will be highly useful during construction monitoring, quality control and maintenance activities. This in turn become the basis for award of work, monitoring the progress of the work and quantity control in the field (Anon., 2010).
61
3. Methodology
62
3.1. Designing the graphical user interface
47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59
63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
3.1.1. Website architecture and design The first step during the creation of the website is performing a research. Getting an understanding of the client’s needs and others through thorough examination and brainstorming to learn more about the subject that is to be exposed on the site is the first thing to do. There is a need to a keen gathering of information as much as possible to help develop an outline for the site and also for its design when meeting with the client. This includes asking about the target audience, goals, creative direction and other variables that may affect what they can offer to the client. Performing some industry or market research is most likely done before and after gathering information from the client. This is as simple as looking to see what other websites in the field look like to in-depth research with focus groups. Fig. 1 below is what has been come up. Please cite this article in press as: Landicho, J.A., A web-based geographical project monitoring and information system for the road and highways. J. Electr. Syst. Inform. Technol. (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jesit.2016.10.011
+Model JESIT 130 1–10
ARTICLE IN PRESS J.A. Landicho / Journal of Electrical Systems and Information Technology xxx (2016) xxx–xxx
Q10
3
Fig. 1. Website architectural structure.
Fig. 2. Context flow diagram of the system. 72 73 74 Q5 75 76 77 78
3.1.2. Road project monitoring system flow The primary source of the data is the DPWH where the information of the road project must be stored into the system. In this system, there are three users can utilized: admin, personnel and public. The admin can register and set privileges to the personnel, manage the projects’ information and generate reports. The personnel has limited function in managing the project’s information. Most of the time, the personnel record the project based on the instructions by the admin. The public is restricted to view only in all types of project’s information. Fig. 2 shows the road project monitoring system flow. Please cite this article in press as: Landicho, J.A., A web-based geographical project monitoring and information system for the road and highways. J. Electr. Syst. Inform. Technol. (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jesit.2016.10.011
+Model JESIT 130 1–10 4
ARTICLE IN PRESS J.A. Landicho / Journal of Electrical Systems and Information Technology xxx (2016) xxx–xxx
Fig. 3. ERD model of the system.
79 80 81 Q6 82
3.1.3. Database design After gathering enough information for the database, the entities as then identify for the database design and classified its relationships. Throughout the long process of making lists, creating tables and normalizing, Fig. 3 have come up with a design that intended to the system.
88
3.1.4. The map In today’s Web, using map is a common feature. It is used to view the location of things, to search for the position of an address, to get driving directions, and to do numerous other things. The proposed system is design in a completely modular and open way, and allowing for the incorporation of alternative data sources and software implementations for future development. Embedding a map to the system adds to the design development and also meets the desired functionality of the system (Condon, 2002).
89
3.2. Developing the web-based graphical user interface and the geographical map of Cagayan de Oro City
83 84 85 86 87
90 91
92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101
102 103Q7 104
The primary decision is what should be the underlying structure of the site, which determines the software to be used and what system will make the site “work.” The following are the software used: a. HTML5. This script language is used because of its cross-browser support. The language also has the ability to deliver everything from animation to graphics. As more and more elements got adopted more and more companies started to develop using HTML5. b. CSS3. This style sheet language is used for the site’s design. It also offers browser compatibility that makes the designing faster and easier. c. jQuery. This cross-platform JavaScript library is utilized because it makes things like HTML document traversal and manipulation, event handling and animation much simpler with an easy-to-use API that works across a multitude of browsers. It is versatile and extensible. d. JavaScript (JS). It is used for map manipulation. It is mainly used for creating polylines, markers and other overlays to fully utilize the map. 3.2.1. Framework In developing the system, framework is used to add system functionalities as well as improving the design. Codeigniter, a proven agile and open source PHP web application framework is used because it offers a good code Please cite this article in press as: Landicho, J.A., A web-based geographical project monitoring and information system for the road and highways. J. Electr. Syst. Inform. Technol. (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jesit.2016.10.011
+Model JESIT 130 1–10
ARTICLE IN PRESS J.A. Landicho / Journal of Electrical Systems and Information Technology xxx (2016) xxx–xxx
5
Fig. 4. CodeIgniter MVC diagram. 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114
115 116 117 118 119
120 121 122 123 124
separation and keep things clean. This organizes codes and keeps them in track. With Codeigniter, understanding and changing the behavior of the existing libraries is easy. It also permits the web pages to contain minimal scripting since the presentations separates from the PHP scripting. It is based on the Model-View-Controller development pattern. MVC is a software approach that separates application logic from presentation. There are three types of objects. The Model as the application data, the View as the screen, and the Controller as the definition of the way the View reacts to user input. The Views and Models use the Publish-Subscribe protocol when Model data is changed that updates the View. It allows the system to attach multiple Views to the same Model. The other component of the MVC pattern is the View-Controller relationship. The View uses the Controller to implement a specific type of response. The controller can be change to let the View respond differently to user input. Fig. 4 illustrates how MVC works throughout the system. 3.2.2. Database development MySQL database system is used because it is open source. It is widely available in the market with no ownership cost and is also easy to learn and operate. It also contains APIs integration with PHP and easily connects with different development platforms. Lastly, the MySQL is secure as all access passwords are stored in an encrypted format restricting any unauthorized access to the system. 3.2.3. Embedding the map There are several mapping solutions including Yahoo Maps and Bing Maps, but the most popular one is Google Maps (Anon., 2012a). In order to add a Google map to the site, there is a need register to have a Google Account to get a Google Maps API key. This allows embedding of the maps into their web pages with the terms and services (Avraam, 2009).
129
3.2.4. Project testing As the development of the system progresses, several unit testing are necessary. Performing unit tests is to ensure that the system’s need to be changed in the future can be deal with in predictable ways without causing unexpected side effects. Unit testing is a check against the programmers inadvertently wreaking havoc when trying to modify system behavior. Unit testing gives a bit more confidence in the overall system stability.
130
3.3. Implementing the web-based geographical road project monitoring and information system
125 126 127 128
131 132
During the implementation process, the system together with the main system of the DPWH simultaneously runs. This parallel operation is done so that if the new system does not work correctly, the DPWH can still use the old system Please cite this article in press as: Landicho, J.A., A web-based geographical project monitoring and information system for the road and highways. J. Electr. Syst. Inform. Technol. (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jesit.2016.10.011
+Model JESIT 130 1–10 6
ARTICLE IN PRESS J.A. Landicho / Journal of Electrical Systems and Information Technology xxx (2016) xxx–xxx
Fig. 5. Administrator login.
Fig. 6. Administrator profile.
134
as a backup. This is made until the users, management and the IT personnel are satisfied with the function of the new system and see that it is completely utilizable.
135
3.4. Evaluating the web-based geographical road project monitoring and information system.
133
137
Performing an evaluation process assesses the performance of the website after the implementation. This process helps the researchers determine whether the site is effective or not.
138
4. Results and discussion
139
4.1. System screenshots
136
140 141
Fig. 5 shows the login page of the administrator. The 1st and 2nd District of DPWH Cagayan de Oro City have different administrator and they can only add and update projects according to which district they log in. Please cite this article in press as: Landicho, J.A., A web-based geographical project monitoring and information system for the road and highways. J. Electr. Syst. Inform. Technol. (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jesit.2016.10.011
+Model JESIT 130 1–10
ARTICLE IN PRESS J.A. Landicho / Journal of Electrical Systems and Information Technology xxx (2016) xxx–xxx
7
Fig. 7. Adding new road project.
Fig. 8. List of completed projects.
142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155
Once the admin is logged in the system, he can now add and update projects and contractors. He can also update and view the map. Fig. 6 shows the administrator profile and menus that admin can access. This area is where manipulation of information that the public viewer sees on the main page. Adding and updating a project is essential of the department’s transparency of the project status. Fig. 7 shows the adding section of the project which is done by the administrator. After adding all the project information it will then be registered in the database and the data will then be retrieved for the viewer to see the newly added project. When the admin updates, the same process occurs. In order for the viewer to visualize the data clearly, getting the main information from the database to be displayed on the table is done. Fig. 8 shows the said results. Base on the results it is clearer if the data are categorized according to what project category it belongs. Once the view option is clicked, as mention in the previous figure, a new page will load. In Fig. 9, the specific project location is emphasizing with a colored polyline indicating what project category it belongs. Presentations of different colors on project category allow viewers to identify where it belongs. Viewers prefer this zoomed out image to appear if the viewer clicks the view option. Please cite this article in press as: Landicho, J.A., A web-based geographical project monitoring and information system for the road and highways. J. Electr. Syst. Inform. Technol. (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jesit.2016.10.011
+Model JESIT 130 1–10 8
ARTICLE IN PRESS J.A. Landicho / Journal of Electrical Systems and Information Technology xxx (2016) xxx–xxx
Fig. 9. Project location.
Fig. 10. Public evaluation for visual clarity. 156
157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173
4.2. Evaluation results The following graphs show the results of the evaluation from the public users. There are 20 respondents who evaluated the system. The results assess the performance of the website being implemented. Fig. 10 shows the evaluation results. The first criterion deals with the visual clarity which discusses about the organization of the site from the user’s perspective. The findings show that data is instant and easy basing on the average rating at 4.75. Necessary animations displayed in fact fit the site according to the 4.9 very good rating of the respondents. When it comes to the sites’ design respondents’ average rating is 4.5. A clear presentation of the data is at 4.85 rating. With all of these results the system achieves a very good rating which means that public users agree that it coincide the visual clarity criterion. Fig. 10 shows all the said results. Rating Scale: 1 poor, 2 fair, 3 good, 4 very good, 5 excellent. In Fig. 11, the second criterion which deals with the consistency of navigating different pages of the site, which must reflect in the homepage. When navigating the site, consistency and uniformity are the things that user considers, so respondents’ rate it as 4.75. Icons are understandable based on the 4.75 rate of the respondents. Basing on the 4.85 mark, links labelled with certain texts provide a vivid indication as to where they are leading to. The data from the table in fact corresponds to the data displayed on the map based on the computed average of 4.65. The convenience in navigating from pages is achieved based on the 4.45 evaluation of the respondents. To sum it all, basing from this criterion the system attains a very good rating indicating that respondents agree to its consistency from each page when Please cite this article in press as: Landicho, J.A., A web-based geographical project monitoring and information system for the road and highways. J. Electr. Syst. Inform. Technol. (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jesit.2016.10.011
+Model JESIT 130 1–10
ARTICLE IN PRESS J.A. Landicho / Journal of Electrical Systems and Information Technology xxx (2016) xxx–xxx
9
Fig. 11. Public evaluation for consistency.
Fig. 12. Public’s evaluation for effectiveness.
174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183
users access it. The conformity in the application, typically which is necessary for the logic, accuracy, or fairness is accomplished. In Fig. 12, shows the results from the evaluation that tackles about the effectiveness of the system. With the system’s capacity it facilitates the department’s growth and development which has a mark of 4.33. Execution of the tasks is correctly done, this conclusion is according to the 4.5 admin evaluation. The projects’ locations are precisely displayed as what the 4.17 average results illustrates. The 4.33 average results demonstrate that it is very effective to use map on displaying projects for the public’s awareness. The given information in the map is very necessary based on the 4.33 result. The usefulness of the site is at 4.5 rating. The effectiveness on using map on the project monitoring of the department really helps according to the 4.33 average rating. Effectiveness issues are solved and it is proved that with the systems’ help, the DPWH will surely improve their public service. Please cite this article in press as: Landicho, J.A., A web-based geographical project monitoring and information system for the road and highways. J. Electr. Syst. Inform. Technol. (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jesit.2016.10.011
+Model JESIT 130 1–10 10 184
ARTICLE IN PRESS J.A. Landicho / Journal of Electrical Systems and Information Technology xxx (2016) xxx–xxx
5. Conclusion
203
In the past, the DPWH road projects information is not well presented or displayed. Specific project location is not available as well as the basic information needed by the public. Through the map, the viewer can easily locate the location of the road projects. It is clearly proven that with the aid of the system the data displayed truly matched the data being displayed on the map with 4.65 public rating and 4.33 admin rating. They can easily access its information and details. It is more convenient than the main website and the bulletin board posted outside the department’s compound. The aim to a vivid display of data is certainly attained. The user interface is not easy to navigate. With the web-based geographical road projects monitoring and information system, the information presents in an organized tabular form together with a map that presents a clearer and more satisfying view. A very good visual comprehensive presentation of the data achieved as 4.85 public viewers’ mark and at 4.67 admin’s mark. Only the administrator can edit and update the data so that the information presented will be secure and cannot be easily altered or deleted. It is easy to navigate. The use of Google map can create a custom map for any location of the road project in the city and store or update information in the database from time to time. With the results given, public viewer marks 4.75 and admin at 4.33. Users mostly agree that the study reach its goal to improve the public’s awareness while facilitating the department’s capacity for growth and development. While targeting the effectiveness of the system to road project monitoring it confirms from admin rating at 4.33 which certainly mean that the study is of great help to the department. In accordance to the Cagayan de Oro DPWH’s specification, the system’s capability will definitely give them the support they need in providing and managing for the public’s consciousness specifically on the projects’ transparency.
204
References
185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202
Igbokwe-Ibeto, Chinyeaka Justine, 2012. Issues and challenges in local government project monitoring and evaluation in Nigeria: the way forward. Eur. Sci. J. 8 (18). 207Q8 Fiatornu, Stephen Yao, 2006. GIS a Tool for Transportation Infrastructure Planning in Ghana. A Case Study to the Department of Feeder Roads, 208 Ghana. 209 Anon., Planning of Roads and Highways Planning Tools and Analysis Methods. Online. 17 July 2013. http://www.worldbank.org/transport/roads/ 210 pl sect6.htm. 211 Basu, B., 2002. Accelerated construction and rehabilitation of bridges. Masteral Thesis, 2002. B.E Bangalore University, India. 212 Djindjan, F., 2008. Webmapping In The Historical And Archaeological Sciences. Online 5 October 2013. http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/ 213 indice/PDF19/1 Djindjian.pdf. 214Q9 Kraak, Menno Jan, 2001. Settings and Needs for Web Cartography., pp. 3–4, New York. 215 Almirante, V., 2013. Transcript of Copy of DPWH Corruption. Online 20 December 2013. http://prezi.com/2er3wpx0fe2r/ 216 copy-of-copy-of-copy-of-dpwh-corruption/. 217 Condon, T., 2002. Information Mapping as Support for Learning and Teaching. Computer Education. Online 2 October 2013. 218 http://.parlog.com/infomap.doc. 219 Anon., 2012. Google Maps JavaScript API V3. Online 5 November 2013. www.code.google.com. 220 Avraam, M., 2009. Geoweb, web mapping and web GIS. Online. 2 October 2013. http://michalisavraam.org/2009/03/geoweb-web-mapping-and-web-gis/. 221 Anon., 2012. Transparency Seal. Online 4 August 2013. http://www.dpwh.gov.ph/transparency/index.html. 222 Anon., 2010. Strengthening of Activities in Rural Development Engineering Center(LGED) GIS Unit December. Online. 17 July 2013. 223 http://www.lged.gov.bd/UploadedDocument/UnitPublication/5/1/GIS%20Guideline English.pdf. 205 206
224 225 226 227 228 229 230
Junar A. Landicho was born at Butuan City, Philippines. He took his BS Computer Science at Caraga State University, Butuan City, Philippines last 2006. He earned his Master in Information Technology at Mindanao University of Science and Technology, Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines last 2012. He is a faculty member in the Department of Information Technology of the Mindanao University of Science and Technology, Philippines. His research interest is in the field of database system, mobile application, image and sound processing. He is Certified Cisco Academy Instructor. He is an IBM Certified Database Associate and a National TVET Assessors and Trainers in the field of Computer Programming, Visual Graphic Design and PC Operation.
Please cite this article in press as: Landicho, J.A., A web-based geographical project monitoring and information system for the road and highways. J. Electr. Syst. Inform. Technol. (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jesit.2016.10.011
