A Web Text Mining Approach Based on Self-Organizing Map ...

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Organizing Map (SOM) method with the principles of the vector- space model, appears to ... There have been several research efforts at creating platform and storage systems that ... 3.1 Document Representation - Vectoring. Documents and ...
A Web Text Mining Approach Based on Self-Organizing Map Chung-Hong Lee and Hsin-Chang Yang Department of Information Management Chang Jung University, Tainan, Taiwan Tel: +886-6-2780123 ext. 310

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