abnormal psychology

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NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION

ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY CONTRASTING PERSPECTIVES

JONATHAN D. RASKIN

9781137547163_01_prexxviii_3pp.indd 1

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.

List of Figures

xvi

List of Tables

xvii

List of Diagnostc Boxes

xviii

List of Features

xix

Tour of the Book

xx

Learning and Teaching Resources

xxii

Preface

xxiii

About the Author

xxvi

Author Acknowledgments

xxvii

1.2

1.3

1.4

14 14 15

1.5

RESEARCH PERSPECTIVES QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH PERSPECTIVES Correlatonal Method Experimental Method QUALITATIVE RESEARCH PERSPECTIVES Case Studies Grounded Theory Methods Phenomenological Analysis Trustworthiness, Mixed Methods, and the Status of Qualitatve Methods

21 21 21 23 27 28 29 30

1.6

CLOSING THOUGHTS: CAVEATS BEFORE PROCEEDING KEY TERMS

CONCEPTUAL, HISTORICAL, AND RESEARCH PERSPECTIVES

1.1

PERSPECTIVES DURING THE MIDDLE AGES Avicenna’s Biological Perspectve and Early Hospitals Demonological Perspectves in Europe The Influence of Cultural Context: Dancing Mania and Lycanthropy RENAISSANCE PERSPECTIVES The Renaissance as One of Europe’s Most “Psychically Disturbed” Periods Early Asylums in Europe PERSPECTIVES DURING THE 18TH AND 19TH CENTURIES Moral Therapy Larger Asylums and Their Reform PERSPECTIVES IN THE 20TH AND 21ST CENTURIES Early 20th-Century Mental Hospitals The Expansion of Contrastng Perspectves Deinsttutonalizaton

1

OVERVIEW LEARNING OBJECTIVES GETTING STARTED: WHAT IS ABNORMAL? Case Examples Abnormality in Everyday Life THE CHALLENGE FOR STUDENTS: EXPERTS DON’T ALWAYS AGREE An Example: What Is “Mental Illness?” Contradictory Perspectves Are Common in Abnormal Psychology HOW DOES THIS CHAPTER GET US STARTED?

1 1 1 1 2

BASIC TERMS PSYCHIATRY VS. PSYCHOLOGY PSYCHOPATHOLOGY MENTAL ILLNESS AND MENTAL DISORDER HARMFUL INTERNAL DYSFUNCTION DEVIANCE SOCIAL OPPRESSION

4 5 5 6 6 7 7

2 2 3 4

15 15 15 16 17 17 18 19 19 20 20

31 31 32

2.

THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES

33

COMMON CRITERIA OF ABNORMALITY STATISTICAL DEVIATION VIOLATION OF SOCIAL NORMS AND VALUES BEHAVIOR THAT DISTURBS OTHERS HARMFULNESS TO SELF OR OTHERS EMOTIONAL SUFFERING MISPERCEPTION OF REALITY

7 8 8 9 9 10 10

2.1

OVERVIEW LEARNING OBJECTIVES GETTING STARTED: THE IMPORTANCE OF THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES Case Examples Perspectves as Frameworks for Understanding People’s Problems

33 33

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES HISTORICAL-CULTURAL VS. OBJECTIVE/ UNIVERSAL/LEGAL VIEWS STONE AGE PERSPECTIVES GREEK AND ROMAN PERSPECTIVES Hippocrates’ (Mostly) Biological Perspectve Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle Galen’s Perspectve, Including Early Diagnostc Categories

12

2.2

BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES BRAIN CHEMISTRY PERSPECTIVES BRAIN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION PERSPECTIVES GENETIC AND EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVES Genetc Perspectves Evolutonary Perspectves IMMUNE SYSTEM PERSPECTIVES EVALUATING BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES

34 34

12 12 13 13 13 14

33 33 33

36 37 37 38 39 39

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NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION CONTENTS

2.3

2.4

2.5

3. 3.1

3.2

PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES PSYCHODYNAMIC PERSPECTIVES Freud’s Original Psychoanalytc Theory Psychodynamic Theories COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL PERSPECTIVES Behavioral Perspectves Cognitve Perspectves Combining Cognitve and Behavioral Perspectves HUMANISTIC PERSPECTIVES Rogers’ Person-Centered Therapy Existental Therapy Constructvist Perspectves Evaluatng Humanistc Perspectves

40 42 43 47 49 49 52 55 56 56 58 58 59

SOCIOCULTURAL PERSPECTIVES MULTICULTURAL AND SOCIAL JUSTICE PERSPECTIVES Multcultural Perspectves Social Justce Perspectves CONSUMER AND SERVICE-USER PERSPECTIVES SYSTEMS PERSPECTIVES Minuchin’s Structural Family Therapy Bowen’s Multgeneratonal Family Therapy EVALUATING SOCIOCULTURAL PERSPECTIVES

59

62 63 64 64 64

CLOSING THOUGHTS: SO MANY PERSPECTIVES! KEY TERMS

65 68

3.3

60 60 61

DIAGNOSIS, FORMULATION, AND ASSESSMENT

69

OVERVIEW LEARNING OBJECTIVES GETTING STARTED: DEFINING DIAGNOSIS Case Example Perspectves on Diagnosis

69 69 69 69 69

PSYCHIATRIC DIAGNOSIS: DSM AND ICD PERSPECTIVES WHO WRITES THEM? ICD DSM HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES ICD DSM CURRENT VERSIONS ICD DSM DEFINITION OF DISORDER ICD DSM GUIDELINES, CRITERIA, AND CODES Diagnostc Guidelines Diagnostc Criteria Diagnostc Codes RELIABILITY

70 70 70 71 71 71 71 72 72 72 72 72 73 73 73 74 75 75

3.4

3.5

What is Diagnostc Reliability? Diagnostc Criteria and Reliability Reliability and DSM-5 VALIDITY What is Diagnostc Validity? Validity of the DSM and ICD EVALUATING THE DSM AND ICD Success and Influence Advantages Disadvantages Trends and Future

75 76 76 76 76 77 78 78 78 79 81

OTHER APPROACHES TO DIAGNOSIS FORMULATION Distnguishing Formulaton from Diagnosis Two Examples of Formulaton Evaluatng Formulaton PSYCHODYNAMIC DIAGNOSTIC MANUAL (PDM) Distnguishing PDM from DSM and ICD PDM Axes Evaluatng the PDM RESEARCH DOMAIN CRITERIA (RDoC) Toward a Diagnostc System Based on Biomarkers RDoC’s Five Domains Evaluatng RDoC HIERARCHICAL TAXONOMY OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY (HiTOP) Defining HiTOP and Distnguishing it from DSM and ICD HiTOP and RDoC HiTOP’s Six Spectra Dimensions Evaluatng HiTOP POWER THREAT MEANING (PTM) FRAMEWORK A Psychosocial Framework for Identfying Paterns in Human Distress Evaluatng the PTM Framework

83 83 83 83 85 85 85 86 88 89 89 89 89

ASSESSMENT CLINICAL INTERVIEWS Unstructured Interviews Structured Interviews Using Interviews in Diagnosis and Formulaton PERSONALITY TESTS Self-Report Personality Inventories Projectve Tests EXAMPLES OF PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT FROM OTHER PERSPECTIVES Cognitve-Behavioral Assessment Humanistc Assessment INTELLIGENCE TESTS NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL AND NEUROLOGICAL TESTS Neuropsychological Tests Neurological Tests

93 94 94 94 95 95 95 96

CLOSING THOUGHTS: BEWARE OF CULTURE BIAS KEY TERMS

90 90 91 91 91 92 92 93

98 98 99 100 100 100 101 101 102

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4.

PSYCHOSIS

103

4.1

OVERVIEW LEARNING OBJECTIVES GETTING STARTED: WHAT IS PSYCHOSIS? Case Example Psychosis and Reality Contact

103 103 103 103 103

DSM AND ICD PERSPECTIVES FIVE SYMPTOMS OF PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS Delusions Hallucinatons Disorganized Thinking and Speech Abnormal Motor Behavior Negatve Symptoms SPECIFIC PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS IN DSM-5 AND ICD-10 Schizophrenia Delusional Disorder Brief Psychotc Disorder Schizophreniform Disorder Schizoaffectve Disorder Schizotypal Disorder EVALUATING DSM AND ICD PERSPECTIVES Categorical vs. Dimensional Diagnosis Postmodern vs. Medical Views

104 104 104 105 105 105 105 106 106 107 108 108 109 110 110 110 110

4.3

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES DEMENTIA PRAECOX BLEULER COINS THE TERM “SCHIZOPHRENIA” EARLY 20TH-CENTURY TREATMENTS

112 112 112 112

4.4

BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES BRAIN CHEMISTRY PERSPECTIVES Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia Dopamine and Antpsychotc Drugs Glutamate Hypothesis BRAIN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION PERSPECTIVES Ventricle Size Decreased Brain Volume GENETIC AND EVOLTIONARY PERSPECTIVES Genetc Perspectves Evolutonary Perspectves Schizophrenia and Theory of Mind IMMUNE SYSTEM PERSPECTIVES Viral Theory of Schizophrenia Inflammaton and Schizophrenia EVALUATING BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES

113 113 113 114 116

PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES PSYCHODYNAMIC PERSPECTIVES Classic Psychoanalytc and Psychodynamic Views of Schizophrenia Modern Psychodynamic Therapy for Schizophrenia COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL PERSPECTIVES Cognitve Perspectves Behavioral Perspectves Syndrome vs. Symptom Approaches Common Strategies Used in CBTp

123 123

4.2

4.5

4.6

4.7

127 127 128 128

SOCIOCULTURAL PERSPECTIVES CROSS-CULTURAL AND SOCIAL JUSTICE PERSPECTIVES Inequality and Adversity Ethnic and Racial Factors CONSUMER AND SERVICE-USER PERSPECTIVES Stgma of Psychosis Consumer Groups vs. Survivor Groups SYSTEMS PERSPECTIVES Community Care Approaches Family Systems and Psychosis EVALUATING SOCIOCULTURAL PERSPECTIVES

129

CLOSING THOUGHTS: CARING FOR THOSE EXPERIENCING PSYCHOSIS KEY TERMS

129 129 129 130 130 130 133 133 134 135 136 137

5.

MOOD PROBLEMS

138

5.1

OVERVIEW LEARNING OBJECTIVES GETTING STARTED: THE HIGHS AND LOWS OF MOOD Case Examples Depression and Mania Endogenous vs. Exogenous Depression

138 138

DSM AND ICD PERSPECTIVES DEPRESSIVE AND MANIC EPISODES DEFINED Depressive Episodes Manic, Hypomanic, and Mixed Episodes MAJOR DEPRESSION AND BIPOLAR DISORDERS Major Depressive Disorder Bipolar Disorder and Cyclothymic Disorder OTHER DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia) Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder and Disruptve Mood Dysregulaton Disorder Postpartum Depression and Seasonal Affectve Disorder EVALUATING DSM AND ICD PERSPECTIVES Are the DSM-5 Depressive and Bipolar Categories Reliable? Are Persistent Depression and Major Depression Distnct Disorders? Should the Bereavement Exclusion Have Been Maintained? Why Was Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) Added? Why Was Disruptve Mood Dysregulaton Disorder (DMDD) Added?

139 139 139 140

5.2

116 116 116 116 116 120 120 121 121 121 122

123 124 124 124 125 125 125

HUMANISTIC PERSPECTIVES Pre-therapy Narratve Therapy EVALUATING PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES

5.3

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES MELANCHOLIA IN ANCIENT GREECE

138 138 138 139

141 141 142 143 143 144 144 145 145 146 146 146 146 147 147

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ACEDIA AND MELANCHOLIA IN THE EARLY CHRISTIAN ERA AND RENAISSANCE INDUSTRIALIZATION, DEPLETED NERVOUS SYSTEMS, AND NEURASTHENIA KRAEPELIN AND THE MANIC-DEPRESSIVE ILLNESS CONTINUUM FROM MELANCHOLIA TO DEPRESSION 5.4

5.5

5.6

148

6.

148 149

BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES BRAIN CHEMISTRY PERSPECTIVES Monoamine Hypothesis of Depression and Antdepressants Glutamate Hypothesis of Depression Herbal Remedies for Depression Mood Stabilizers and Bipolar Disorder BRAIN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION PERSPECTIVES Hippocampus Amygdala Frontal Lobe Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis Non-Drug Brain Treatments for Depression GENETIC AND EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVES Genetc Perspectves Evolutonary Perspectves IMMUNE SYSTEM PERSPECTIVES EVALUATING BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES

149 149

PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES PSYCHODYNAMIC PERSPECTIVES Classic Psychoanalytc and Atachment Perspectves Short-Term Interpersonal and Psychodynamic Therapies for Depression Interpersonal and Social Rhythm Therapy for Mania COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL PERSPECTIVES Beck’s Cognitve Theory of Depression Learned Helplessness CBT Assessment and Therapy for Depression CBT and Mania HUMANISTIC PERSPECTIVES Person-Centered Therapy Emoton-Focused Therapy (EFT) EVALUATING PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES

162 162

SOCIOCULTURAL PERSPECTIVES CROSS-CULTURAL AND SOCIAL JUSTICE PERSPECTIVES Socioeconomic Inequality and Depression Gender and Depression CONSUMER AND SERVICE-USER PERSPECTIVES The Experience of Depression Stgma SYSTEMS PERSPECTIVES Relatonship Problems and Expressed Emoton Family Therapies EVALUATING SOCIOCULTURAL PERSPECTIVES

5.7

148

6.1

149 154 155 155

6.2

156 157 157 157 158 158 159 159 160 161 161

162

6.3

163 163 164 164 165 166 169 169 169 169 170

6.4

170 171 171 171 172 172 173 173 173 174 174

6.5

CLOSING THOUGHTS: THE WIDE-RANGING RELEVANCE OF MOOD KEY TERMS

175 175

ANXIETY, OBSESSIONS, AND COMPULSIONS

176

OVERVIEW LEARNING OBJECTIVES GETTING STARTED: ANXIETY, FEAR, OBSESSIONS, AND COMPULSIONS Case Examples Defining Anxiety, Fear, Obsessions, and Compulsions A Caveat: We All Feel Anxious Sometmes

176 176

DSM AND ICD PERSPECTIVES ANXIETY DISORDERS Specific Phobia Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia) Panic Disorder Agoraphobia Generalized Anxiety Disorder Separaton Anxiety Disorder Selectve Mutsm OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE AND RELATED DISORDERS Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Other Obsessive-Compulsive Related Disorders EVALUATING DSM AND ICD PERSPECTIVES Diagnostc Reliability Changes to Anxiety Disorders

178 178 178 179 179 180 181 181 182

176 176 177 177

182 182 183 184 184 184

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES ANCIENT GREECE THROUGH THE RENAISSANCE 18TH THROUGH 20TH CENTURIES

185

BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES BRAIN CHEMISTRY PERSPECTIVES Neurotransmiters and Prescripton Drugs for Anxiety Obsessions and Compulsions BRAIN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION PERSPECTIVES Anxiety and Fear Obsessions and Compulsions GENETIC AND EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVES Genetc Perspectves Evolutonary Perspectves IMMUNE SYSTEM PERSPECTIVES Inflammaton The Gut EVALUATING BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES

186 186 186 188

PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES PSYCHODYNAMIC PERSPECTIVES Classic Freudian Case Studies Unconscious Impulses and Anxiety Insecure Atachments and OCD Unified Psychodynamic Protocol for Anxiety Disorders (UPP-ANXIETY)

194 194 194 194 195

185 185

189 189 189 190 190 191 193 193 193 193

195

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6.6

6.7

COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL PERSPECTIVES CBT Conceptualizatons of Anxiety and Panic CBT Conceptualizatons of Obsessions and Compulsions CBT Interventons HUMANISTIC PERSPECTIVES Person-Centered Therapy Existental Perspectves Emoton-Focused Therapy (EFT) EVALUATING PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES

196 196

SOCIOCULTURAL PERSPECTIVES CROSS-CULTURAL AND SOCIAL JUSTICE PERSPECTIVES Cultural Differences in the Expression of Anxiety Economic Conditons and Anxiety Gender and Anxiety CONSUMER AND SERVICE-USER PERSPECTIVES SYSTEMS PERSPECTIVES Expressed Emoton and Accommodaton Structural Family Therapy for Generalized Anxiety EVALUATING SOCIOCULTURAL PERSPECTIVES

204

198 199 202 202 202 203 204

207 208 208 209 210

CLOSING THOUGHTS: ANXIETY AND FEAR AS UNIQUELY HUMAN KEY TERMS

210 211

7.

TRAUMA, STRESS, AND LOSS

212

7.1

OVERVIEW LEARNING OBJECTIVES GETTING STARTED: THE IMPACT OF TRAUMA, STRESS, AND LOSS Case Examples Defining Trauma, Stress, Bereavement, Grief, and Dissociaton

212 212

DSM AND ICD PERSPECTIVES TRAUMA AND STRESS DISORDERS Postraumatc Stress Disorder (PTSD) Acute Stress Adjustment Disorders Persistent Complex Bereavement/Prolonged Grief EVALUATING DSM AND ICD PERSPECTIVES Creatng a New Trauma and Stressor-Related Disorders Chapter in DSM-5 PTSD as an Expectable Reacton, Not a Disorder Adjustment Disorder as a “Waste-Basket” Diagnosis Should Prolonged Grief Be a Disorder?

215 215 215 217 218 219 219

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES EARLY CLINICAL DESCRIPTIONS OF TRAUMA TRAUMATIC NEUROSIS WAR NEURASTHENIA AND SHELL SHOCK THE EMERGENCE OF PTSD AS A DIAGNOSIS

221 221 221 222 222

BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES BRAIN CHEMISTRY PERSPECTIVES Postraumatc Stress Stress and Adjustment

223 223 223 224

7.2

7.3

7.4

7.5

204 204 205 205

7.6

212 212 213

7.7

219 220 220 220

Prolonged Grief BRAIN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION PERSPECTIVES Hippocampus Amygdala and Medial Prefrontal Cortex Autonomic Nervous System and HPA Axis GENETIC AND EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVES Genetc Perspectves Evolutonary Perspectves IMMUNE SYSTEM PERSPECTIVES EVALUATING BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES

224

PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES PSYCHODYNAMIC PERSPECTIVES Postraumatc Stress Bereavement COGNTIVE-BEHAVIORAL PERSPECTIVES Behavioral Perspectves Cognitve and CBT Perspectves on Postraumatc Stress HUMANISTIC PERSPECTIVES Postraumatc Growth Meaning Reconstructon following Trauma and Loss EVALUATING PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES

228 228 229 229 230 230

SOCIOCULTURAL PERSPECTIVES CROSS-CULTURAL AND SOCIAL JUSTICE PERSPECTIVES Sociocultural Factors and Postraumatc Stress Cross-Cultural Differences in Bereavement CONSUMER AND SERVICE-USER PERSPECTIVES Postraumatc Stress Adjustment Issues Prolonged Grief SYSTEMS PERSPECTIVES Group Therapy for Postraumatc Stress Couples and Family Therapy Approaches EVALUATING SOCIOCULTURAL PERSPECTIVES

238

CLOSING THOUGHTS: ERASE TRAUMA, LOSS, AND GRIEF? KEY TERMS

224 224 225 225 226 226 226 227 228

231 235 235 236 236

238 238 240 240 240 241 241 241 241 242 243 243 244

8.

DISSOCIATION AND SOMATIC COMPLAINTS

245

8.1

OVERVIEW LEARNING OBJECTIVES GETTING STARTED: DISSOCIATION, SOMATIC SYMPTOMS, AND STRESS Case Examples The Postraumatc Model Defining Dissociaton and Somatc Complaints

245 245

DSM AND ICD PERSPECTIVES DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS Dissociatve Amnesia and Dissociatve Fugue Depersonalizaton/Derealizaton

247 248 248 249

8.2

245 245 246 246

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Dissociatve Identty Disorder SOMATIC SYMPTOM AND RELATED DISORDERS Somatc Symptom Disorder, Somatzaton Disorder, and Bodily Distress Disorder Conversion Disorder Illness Anxiety Disorder and Hypochondriacal Disorder Psychological Factors Affectng Other Medical Conditons Facttous Disorder EVALUATING DSM AND ICD PERSPECTIVES Doubts About Dissociaton and Dissociatve Identty Disorder Debate Over Somatc Symptom Disorders in DSM-5 8.3

8.4

8.5

8.6

249 251

Cross-Cultural Differences and the Risk of Culture Bias The Sociocognitve Model of Dissociatve Identty Disorder Dissociaton and the Reality of Child Sexual Abuse CONSUMER AND SERVICE-USER PERSPECTIVES Dissociaton, Abuse, and Stgma Somatc Symptoms as Less Stgmatzing than Psychological Symptoms SYSTEMS PERSPECTIVES Family Systems Perspectves on Dissociaton Family Systems Perspectves on Somatc Symptoms EVALUATING SOCIOCULTURAL PERSPECTIVES

251 252 253 253 254 255 255 255

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES HYSTERIA AND THE WANDERING WOMB SYDENHAM, BRIQUET, AND CHARCOT ON HYSTERIA Sydenham, Briquet, and Briquet’s Syndrome Charcot, La Belle Indifférence, and Hypnosis JANET AND DISSOCIATION

256 256

BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES BRAIN CHEMISTRY PERSPECTIVES Dissociaton Somatc Symptoms BRAIN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION PERSPECTIVES Dissociaton Somatc Symptoms GENETIC AND EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVES Genetcs of Dissociaton Genetcs of Somatc Symptoms Evolutonary Explanatons of Dissociaton Evolutonary Explanatons of Somatc Symptoms IMMUNE SYSTEM PERSPECTIVES Psychoneuroimmunology, Stress, and Vulnerability to Illness The Negatve Effect of Stress on Lymphocytes EVALUATING BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES

257 257 257 258

PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES PSYCHODYNAMIC PERSPECTIVES Primary vs. Secondary Gain Dissociaton as Response to Trauma Somatc Symptoms Due to Unconscious Conflicts COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL PERSPECTIVES Cognitve and Behavioral Perspectves on Dissociaton Cognitve and Behavioral Perspectves on Somatc Symptoms/Bodily Distress Biofeedback for Psychosomatc Illnesses HUMANISTIC PERSPECTIVES Dissociaton as Meaningful and Adaptve Strategy Somatc Symptoms and the Need to Integrate Bodily Awareness EVALUATING PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES

264 264 264 264 265 267 267

SOCIOCULTURAL PERSPECTIVES CROSS-CULTURAL AND SOCIAL JUSTICE PERSPECTIVES

271

8.7

256 256 256 257

258 258 258 259 259 260 260 261 261

271

272 272 272 273 273 274 275

275 277

9.

FEEDING AND EATING PROBLEMS

278

9.1

OVERVIEW LEARNING OBJECTIVES GETTING STARTED: FEEDING VS. EATING PROBLEMS Case Examples Can We Distnguish Feeding from Eatng Problems?

278 278

DSM AND ICD PERSPECTIVES DISORDERS GENERALLY IDENTIFIED AS EATING DISORDERS Anorexia and Bulimia Binge-Eatng Disorder (BED) Avoidant/Restrictve Food Intake Disorder (ARFID) DISORDERS GENERALLY IDENTIFIED AS FEEDING DISORDERS Pica Ruminaton Disorder EVALUATING ICD AND DSM PERSPECTIVES Impact of Revised Anorexia and Bulimia Criteria on Prevalence Is Binge-Eatng Disorder a Good Additon to the DSM-5 and ICD-11? Concerns about Misuse of the “Other Specified Feeding and Eatng Disorder” Diagnosis Should Orthorexia be Added to the DSM and ICD?

279

284 284 285 285

9.2

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES ANOREXIA, BULIMIA, AND BINGE-EATING PICA RUMINATION

287 287 288 288

9.3

BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES BRAIN CHEMISTRY PERSPECTIVES Monoamine Neurotransmiters Psychopharmacology for Eatng Problems Psychopharmacology for Feeding Problems BRAIN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION PERSPECTIVES

288 288 288 290 291

261 263 263

270 270

271 272

CLOSING THOUGHTS: DISSOCIATION AND SOMATIC SYMPTOMS AS ELUSIVE YET INTRIGUING KEY TERMS

9.2

268 269 269 269

271

278 278 279

280 280 283 283

285 286 286 286

291

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9.4

9.5

9.6

The Hypothalamus and the HPA Axis Reward Pathway Disturbances Other Brain Correlates GENETIC AND EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVES Genetc Perspectves Evolutonary Perspectves IMMUNE SYSTEM PERSPECTIVES EVALUATING BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES

291 292 292

PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES PSYCHODYNAMIC PERSPECTIVES Early Psychoanalytc Conceptualizatons of Anorexia Modern Psychodynamic Approaches Interpersonal Therapy (IPT) COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL PERSPECTIVES Behavioral Interventons Enhanced Cognitve-Behavioral Therapy (CBT-E) Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) HUMANISTIC PERSPECTIVES Emoton-Focused Therapy (EFT) Narratve Therapy EVALUATING PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES

296 296

SOCIOCULTURAL PERSPECTIVES CROSS-CULTURAL AND SOCIAL JUSTICE PERSPECTIVES The Western Ideal of Thinness Cultural and Ethnic Differences Gender and the Media Socioeconomic Status and Educaton Level Cultural Pica CONSUMER AND SERVICE-USER PERSPECTIVES SYSTEMS PERSPECTIVES Psychosomatc Families Family-Based Treatment (FBT) for Anorexia and Bulimia EVALUATING SOCIOCULTURAL PERSPECTIVES

293 293 294 295 296

296 297 297 298 298 299 300 301 301 301

10.3

302

10.4

302 302 302 303 303 306 306 306 307 307 307 308

CLOSING THOUGHTS: ARE FEEDING AND EATING PROBLEMS UNIVERSAL OR UNIQUE TO OUR TIME?

308

KEY TERMS

309

10.

SEXUAL PROBLEMS AND GENDER ISSUES

310

10.1

OVERVIEW LEARNING OBJECTIVES GETTING STARTED: WHAT IS “NORMAL” SEXUAL BEHAVIOR? Case Examples Sex, Gender, and Values Sex and Gender: Basic Terms

310 310

DSM AND ICD PERSPECTIVES SEXUAL DYSFUNCTIONS Disorders of Desire and Arousal

314 315 315

10.2

Disorders of Orgasm Disorders Involving Pain During Intercourse PARAPHILIAS AND PARAPHILIC DISORDERS GENDER DYSPHORIA/INCONGRUENCE AND RELATED DIAGNOSES Gender Dysphoria (DSM-5) Gender Incongruence (ICD-11) Transsexualism and Gender Identty Disorder of Childhood (ICD-10) Using Diagnosis to Aid in Transitoning EVALUATING DSM AND ICD PERSPECTIVES Pathologizing Normal Variatons in Sexual Behavior? Controversies Surrounding Excessive Sexual Drive and Hypersexual Disorder Should Gender Dysphoria Even Be a Mental Disorder?

10.5

310 310 311 311

316 317 318 320 320 320 321 322 322 322 322 322

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES THE MEDICALIZATION OF SEXUAL DEVIANCE The Sexual Instnct Kraf-Ebing’s Psychopathia Sexualis CHANGING ATTITUDES Asking People About Their Sex Lives The Sexual Response Cycle

323

BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES BRAIN CHEMISTRY (AND HORMONAL) PERSPECTIVES Sexual Dysfunctons Paraphilias Gender Dysphoria/Incongruence BRAIN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION (AND ANATOMICAL) PERSPECTIVES Sexual Dysfunctons Paraphilias Gender Dysphoria/Incongruence GENETIC AND EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVES Sexual Dysfuncton Paraphilias Gender Dysphoria/Incongruence IMMUNE SYSTEM PERSPECTIVES EVALUATING BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES

329

PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES PSYCHODYNAMIC PERSPECTIVES Classic Freud Paraphilias as Hostle Fantasies Interpersonal Therapy (IPT) for Transgender Clients COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL PERSPECTIVES Behavioral Perspectves on Sexual Dysfunctons and Paraphilias Cognitve Perspectves on Sexual Dysfunctons and Paraphilias Transgender-Affirmatve CBT HUMANISTIC PERSPECTIVES Critque of Medicalizaton of Sexuality Experiental Sex Therapy

333 333 333 333 334 334

323 323 323 325 325 326

327 327 328 329 329 329 330 330 330 330 331 331 331 331

334 336 337 337 337 337

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10.6

10.7

EVALUATING PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES Sexual Dysfunctons Paraphilic Disorders and Sex Offenders

338 338 338

SOCIOCULTURAL PERSPECTIVES CROSS-CULTURAL AND SOCIAL JUSTICE PERSPECTIVES The New View Critque and Reconceptualizaton of Sexual Dysfunctons Transgender Affirmatve Therapists: Gatekeepers or Advocates? CONSUMER AND SERVICE-USER PERSPECTIVES SYSTEMS PERSPECTIVES Programs for Sexual Offenders Family Systems Perspectves EVALUATING SOCIOCULTURAL PERSPECTIVES

339 339 339 340 341 343 343 344 345

CLOSING THOUGHTS: SEXUALITY AS SOCIALLY CONSTRUCTED?

345

KEY TERMS

347

11.

SUBSTANCE USE AND ADDICTION

348

11.1

OVERVIEW LEARNING OBJECTIVES GETTING STARTED: SUBSTANCE USE AND OTHER BEHAVIORS AS ADDICTIVE? Case Examples Basic Terms: Addicton, Abuse, and Dependence Depressants Stmulants Opioids Hallucinogens Cannabis Using More Than One Drug (Polydrug Use) Beyond Substances: Behavioral Addictons?

348 348

DSM AND ICD PERSPECTIVES ICD-10 AND ICD-11 DISTINGUISH ABUSE FROM DEPENDENCE, BUT DSM-5 DOESN’T GAMBLING DISORDER AND GAMING DISORDER EVALUATING DSM AND ICD PERSPECTIVES Should the Abuse–Dependence Distncton Be Maintained? Should DSM and ICD Include More Behavioral Addictons?

359

11.2

11.5

11.6

348 348 349 350 352 354 355 356 357 358

11.7

359 362 363

364 364 364

11.4

BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES BRAIN CHEMISTRY PERSPECTIVES Dopamine Hypothesis of Addicton Other Neurotransmiters Comparable Neurochemistry in Behavioral vs. Substance Addictons?

365 365 365 366

365

366

PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES PSYCHODYNAMIC PERSPECTIVES Atachment Theory and the Self-Medicaton Hypothesis The Addictve Personality COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL PERSPECTIVES Contngency Management Social Skills Training Relapse Preventon Cognitve Therapy HUMANISTIC PERSPECTIVES EVALUATING PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES

371 371

SOCIOCULTURAL PERSPECTIVES CROSS-CULTURAL AND SOCIAL JUSTICE PERSPECTIVES Socioeconomic Status and Substance Use Social Support Based Interventon Programs CONSUMER AND SERVICE-USER PERSPECTIVES Stgma Alcoholics Anonymous and Other 12-Step Programs SYSTEMS PERSPECTIVES EVALUATING SOCIOCULTURAL PERSPECTIVES

376

371 372 372 373 373 373 374 374 375

376 376 377 378 378 379 381 382 382

KEY TERMS

383

12.

PERSONALITY ISSUES

384

12.1

OVERVIEW LEARNING OBJECTIVES GETTING STARTED: WHAT IS PERSONALITY? Case Examples Defining and Measuring Personality The Five-Factor Model of Personality

384 384 384 384 385 385

12.2

DSM AND ICD PERSPECTIVES FROM CATEGORIES TO DIMENSIONS TRADITIONAL CATEGORIES Cluster A: Odd or Eccentric Personality Disorders Cluster B: Dramatc, Emotonal, or Erratc Personality Disorders Cluster C: Anxious or Fearful Personality Disorders DIMENSIONAL ALTERNATIVES DSM-5’s Proposed Hybrid Trait Model ICD-11’s Complete Overhaul: A Fully Dimensional Approach

386 386 387 387

363

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES DRUG USE THROUGHOUT HUMAN HISTORY MORAL VS. ILLNESS MODELS OF ADDICTION THE FOUNDING OF ALCOHOLICS ANONYMOUS

366 368 369 369 370 370 370

CLOSING THOUGHTS: HOW DO I KNOW IF I’M ADDICTED?

363

11.3

Drug Interventons for Addicton BRAIN STRUCTURE PERSPECTIVES GENETIC AND EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVES Genetc Perspectves Evolutonary Perspectves IMMUNE SYSTEM PERSPECTIVES EVALUATING BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES

388 391 392 392 395

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EVALUATING DSM AND ICD PERSPECTIVES Should Personality Disorder Diagnosis Shif from Categories to Dimensions?

397

12.3

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES PERSONALITY AND BODILY HUMORS MORAL INSANITY PSYCHOPATHIC PERSONALITIES

398 398 399 399

12.4

BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES BRAIN CHEMISTRY PERSPECTIVES Neurotransmiters and Personality Disorders Polypharmacy and Non-Specificity of Drug Treatments Medicaton for Personality Disorders: Debate over Effectveness and Use BRAIN STRUCTURE PERSPECTIVES Antsocial Personality Disorder/Psychopathy Borderline Personality Disorder Schizotypal Personality Disorder GENETIC AND EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVES Genetcs Perspectves Evolutonary Perspectves IMMUNE SYSTEM PERSPECTIVES EVALUATING BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES

400 400 400

PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES PSYCHODYNAMIC PERSPECTIVES Psychodynamic Diagnostc Manual (PDM) Atachment and Object Relatons Approaches Research on Structured Psychodynamic Therapies COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL PERSPECTIVES Schema Therapy Dialectcal Behavior Therapy (DBT) HUMANISTIC PERSPECTIVES Recastng “Personality Disorders” as Fragile Process Research Evidence for Person-Centered Therapy EVALUATING PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES

405 405 405 407 408 409 409 410 411 412 412

SOCIOCULTURAL PERSPECTIVES CROSS-CULTURAL AND SOCIAL JUSTICE PERSPECTIVES Personality Disorders: Culturally Universal or Culturally Relatve? Gender Bias, Trauma, Socioeconomic Disadvantage, and Racism CONSUMER AND SERVICE-USER PERSPECTIVES Stgma Service-User/Survivor Perspectves SYSTEMS PERSPECTIVES Family Systems and Personality Issues Couples and Family DBT for Borderline Personality EVALUATING SOCIOCULTURAL PERSPECTIVES

413

12.5

12.6

12.7

13.

DISRUPTIVE BEHAVIOR AND

397 13.1

13.2

400 401 401 401 402 402 402 402 403 404 404

13.3

412

413 13.4

413 414 416 416 417 417 417 418 418

CLOSING THOUGHTS: CAN YOUR PERSONALITY BE DISORDERED?

419

KEY TERMS

419

DEVELOPMENTAL ISSUES INVOLVING ATTACHMENT

420

OVERVIEW LEARNING OBJECTIVES GETTING STARTED: HOW DO DEVELOPMENTAL ISSUES IMPACT BEHAVIOR? Case Examples Externalizing and Internalizing Behaviors

420 420

DSM AND ICD PERSPECTIVES DISRUPTIVE BEHAVIOR Oppositonal Defiant Disorder and Conduct Disorder Intermitent Explosive Disorder, Pyromania, and Kleptomania Atenton-Deficit/Hyperactvity Disorder (ADHD) SOCIAL CONNECTION AND ATTACHMENT ISSUES Autsm-Related Diagnoses in the DSM and ICD Reactve Atachment Disorder EVALUATING DSM AND ICD PERSPECTIVES Pathologizing Rebelliousness and Social Resistance? Critques of ADHD Objectons to Eliminatng Asperger’s

421 421

420 420 421

422 423 424 425 425 428 428 428 429 430

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES ADHD 18th Century: Identfying “Lack of Atenton” as a Medical Conditon 19th Century: Hoffmann’s “Fidgety Philip” Early 20th Century: Atenton Disorders, Lack of Moral Control, and Hyperkinetc Disease Discovery of Stmulant Medicaton to Treat Atenton Problems Later 20th Century: From Hyerkinetc Reacton to Atenton Deficit Disorder AUTISM Leo Kanner and Autsm Hans Asperger and Asperger’s Syndrome The Refrigerator Mother Theory of Autsm

431 431

BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES BRAIN CHEMISTRY PERSPECTIVES Disruptve Behavior Autsm BRAIN STRUCTURE PERSPECTIVES Disruptve Behavior Autsm GENETIC AND EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVES Genetc Perspectves Evolutonary Perspectves IMMUNE SYSTEM PERSPECTIVES Inflammatory Hypothesis Viral Infecton and Autoimmune Disease Theories EVALUATING BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES

435 435 435 437 438 438 438

431 432 432 433 433 433 433 434 434

439 439 439 440 440 440 442

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13.5

PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES PSYCHODYNAMIC PERSPECTIVES Disruptve Behavior Autsm COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL PERSPECTIVES Disruptve Behavior Autsm HUMANISTIC PERSPECTIVES Person-Centered Perspectves Narratve Therapy EVALUATING PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES Behavior Therapy vs. Drugs for ADHD Psychological Therapies for Autsm

442 442 442 443 443 443 444 445 445 447

SOCIOCULTURAL PERSPECTIVES CROSS-CULTURAL AND SOCIAL JUSTICE PERSPECTIVES Cultural and Social Influences Environmental Factors CONSUMER AND SERVICE-USER PERSPECTIVES Stgma Identty and Asperger’s SYSTEMS PERSPECTIVES EVALUATING SOCIOCULTURAL PERSPECTIVES

448

CLOSING THOUGHTS: NEURODIVERSITY

453

KEY TERMS

453

14.

OTHER PRESENTING PROBLEMS

454

14.1

OVERVIEW 454 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 454 GETTING STARTED: A BIT OF THIS AND THAT 454

14.2

SLEEP DISTURBANCES Case Examples DSM AND ICD PERSPECTIVES Insomnia, Hypersomnia, and Narcolepsy Parasomnias Evaluatng DSM and ICD Sleep Disorders HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES The Sleep Cycle Biological Explanatons of Sleep Disturbances Drug Treatments for Sleep Problems PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES Psychodynamic Theory and Nightmares Cognitve-Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I) SOCIOCULTURAL PERSPECTIVES

454 454 455 455 458 459 460 460 460 461 462 464 464 464 465

ELIMINATION ISSUES Case Examples DSM AND ICD PERSPECTIVES Enuresis and Encopresis Critcisms of DSM and ICD Perspectves HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES

465 465 466 466 467 467

13.6

13.7

14.3

448 448 448

BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES Genetcs and Enuresis Drug Treatments for Enuresis PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES Behavior Therapy for Enuresis Cognitve-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) for Encopresis Psychodynamic and Humanistc Alternatves SOCIOCULTURAL PERSPECTIVES Culture, Stgma, and Socioeconomic Impact Family Systems Approaches Alternatve Therapies: Hypnosis and Acupuncture

467 467 468 468 468 469 469 470 470 471 471

14.4

INTELLECTUAL AND LEARNING DIFFICULTIES Case Examples DSM AND ICD PERSPECTIVES Intellectual Disability Learning Disorders HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES Intellectual Disabilites Learning Disorders PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES Intellectual Disabilites Learning Disorders SOCIOCULTURAL PERSPECTIVES Intellectual Disabilites Learning Disorders

472 472 472 472 473 475 475 475 476 477 477 477 477 477 478

14.5

MOTOR PROBLEMS Case Example DSM AND ICD PERSPECTIVES HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES Genetcs and Tourete’s Tics Due to Immune System Dysfuncton? Biological Interventons PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES Behavior Therapies Cognitve Therapies SOCIOCULTURAL PERSPECTIVES

478 478 478 480 481 481 481 481 482 482 482 483

14.6

COMMUNICATION PROBLEMS Case Example DSM AND ICD PERSPECTIVES Communicaton Disorders in DSM-5 Communicaton Disorders in ICD-10 and ICD-11 BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES Genetcs and Stutering Dopamine and Drug Treatments PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES Cognitve-Behavioral Therapy Constructvist Therapy and Stutering Relapse SOCIOCULTURAL PERSPECTIVES

485 485 485 485 485 486 486 487 487 487 488 488

14.7

DELIRIUM AND DEMENTIA Case Example DSM AND ICD PERSPECTIVES Delirium Dementa

489 489 489 489 489

448 448 450 451 451 451 452 452

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HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES The Amyloid Hypothesis of Alzheimer’s Disease Genetcs of Alzheimer’s Drugs Prescribed for Alzheimer’s PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES Cognitve and Behavioral Interventons for Alzheimer’s Disease Other Psychological Interventons: Physical Actvity and Pre-Therapy SOCIOCULTURAL PERSPECTIVES Social Factors and Dementa Day Care and Long-Term Care Culture, Context, and Dementa 14.8

491 492 492 492 493 494

512 512

15.3

ETHICAL PERSPECTIVES PROFESSIONAL ETHICS CODES INFORMED CONSENT CONFIDENTIALITY AND PRIVILEGE Confidentality Privilege COMPETENCE CONFLICTS OF INTEREST ACCESS TO CARE Barriers to Care Enhancing Access in the Digital Age via e-Mental Health

512 512 514 514 514 515 516 516 517 517

15.4

LEGAL PERSPECTIVES THE INSANITY DEFENSE Insanity and the Insanity Defense as Legal Terms Historical Origins Legal Tests of Insanity Insanity Defense Reform Act The Insanity Defense Around the World Evaluatng the Insanity Defense FITNESS TO PLEAD/COMPETENCY TO STAND TRIAL Defining Fitness and Competency Determining Competency The Difficulty and Ethics of Declaring Defendants Incompetent CIVIL COMMITMENT Temporary Commitment Extended Commitment Involuntary Outpatent Commitment (IOC) Debate over Civil Commitment RIGHT TO REFUSE TREATMENT Why Might a Patent Refuse Treatment? What Happens When a Patent Refuses Treatment? Debate Surrounding Right to Refuse Treatment RIGHT TO TREATMENT DUTIES TO WARN AND PROTECT

519 519

494 494 495 495 495 496

CLOSING THOUGHTS: INFINITE VARIETY IN PRESENTING PROBLEMS

496

KEY TERMS

496

15.

SUICIDE, ETHICS, AND LAW

498

15.1

OVERVIEW LEARNING OBJECTIVES GETTING STARTED: ABNORMALITY IN MORAL AND LEGAL CONTEXTS Case Examples Self-Harm and Other Ethical and Legal Dilemmas

498 498

PERSPECTIVES ON SUICIDE DEFINING SUICIDE HOW MANY PEOPLE DIE BY SUICIDE? TYPES OF SUICIDE Suicide Subintentonal Death HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES DSM AND ICD PERSPECTIVES Suicidal Behavior Disorder Nonsuicidal Self-Injury Disorder BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES The Search for Suicide Biomarkers Medicaton for Suicide Preventon PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES Psychodynamic Perspectves Cognitve-Behavioral (CBT) Perspectves Humanistc Perspectves SOCIOCULTURAL PERSPECTIVES Durkheim and the Sociology of Suicide Gender and Socioeconomic Status (SES) Age Social Contagion SUICIDE PREVENTION Suicide Preventon Counseling No-Suicide Contracts Public Educaton Method Restricton

500 500 500 501 501 501 502 502 502 503 504 504 505 505 505 505 506 507 507 508 508 509 509 509 510 511 511

15.2

Hospitalizaton Can We Predict Who Will Die By Suicide?

498 498 499

518

519 519 520 521 521 522 523 523 523 524 524 525 525 525 526 528 528 528 528 529 530

15.5

CLOSING THOUGHTS: SUICIDE AS ONE EXAMPLE OF A PROBLEM THAT POSES ETHICAL AND LEGAL DILEMMAS

531

15.6

EPILOGUE

531

KEY TERMS

532

Glossary

533

References

573

Name Index

669

Subject Index

000

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LIST OF FIGURES 1.1 Positve Correlaton 1.2 Negatve Correlaton 1.3 No Correlaton 2.1 Parts of a Neuron 2.2 Neurotransmission across a Synapse 2.3 The Cerebrum and Cerebellum 2.4 Structure of DNA and RNA 2.5 Freud’s Iceberg Model of Mind 3.1 The Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) 3.2 Jill’s MMPI-2 Profile 3.3 An inkblot like the ones used in the Rorschach test 4.1 The Onset of Psychosis in the Integratve Sociocultural-Cognitve Model 5.1 Trends in Antdepressant Use Among Persons aged 12 and over, by Sex: United States, 1999–2014

5.2 Percentage of Persons Aged 12 and over who Took Antdepressant Medicaton in the Past Month, by Age and Sex: United States, 2011–2014 5.3 Antdepressant Use Around the Globe 11.1 One standard drink in the U.S. 11.2 The Mesolimbic Dopamine (Reward) Pathway 11.3 Primary Drug Used among People in Drug Treatment, by Region, 2003, 2009 and 2014 13.1 Fidgety Philip: ADHD in 1845? 14.1 Hypnogram showing the Sleep Cycle During an Eight-Hour Night of Sleep 14.2 Percentage of Sleep Spent in Each of the Sleep Stages 14.3 The Atrophying Brain in Alzheimer’s Disease 15.1 Proporton of all Violent Deaths that are Suicides in Different Regions of the World, 2012 15.2 Example of a No Suicide Contract

21 22 22 35 35 36 37 44 90 96 96 136 151

151 152 351 368 377 432 461 461 492 508 510

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LIST OF TABLES 2.1 Five Biological Assumptons 2.2 Five Psychodynamic Assumptons 2.3 “The Best Offense is a Good Defense!”— Defense Mechanisms 2.4 Five Behavioral Assumptons 2.5 Five Cognitve Assumptons 2.6 “You Don’t Really Believe That, Do You?”— Common Cognitve Distortons 2.7 Five Humanistc Assumptons 2.8 Five Sociocultural Assumptons 3.1 ICD-10 Diagnostc Guidelines for Generalized Anxiety Disorder 3.2 ICD-11 Diagnostc Guidelines for Generalized Anxiety Disorder 3.3 DSM-5 Diagnostc Criteria for Generalized Anxiety Disorder 3.4 DSM-5 and the Lowering of Diagnostc Thresholds 3.5 DSM-5’s Cultural Formulaton Interview 3.6 Three Formulatons of Jill’s Presentng Problem 3.7 The P-Axis in PDM-2 3.8 Jill’s PDM Diagnosis 3.9 The PTM Framework’s Functonal Groupings of Threat Responses 4.1 ICD-10 Subtypes of Schizophrenia 4.2 Common First- and Second-Generaton Antpsychotc Drugs 4.3 Schizophrenia Candidate Genes 4.4 CBTp for Psychosis with Luke 5.1 Common Antdepressants 5.2 Common Mood Stabilizers 5.3 Depression and Bipolar Candidate Genes 5.4 Shirley’s Depression-Producing Cognitve Distortons

5.5 Learned Helplessness and Shirley’s Atributon Style 6.1 Common Benzodiazepines 8.1 The Many Names of Dissociatve and Somatc Symptom Disorders 10.1 Transgender Terminology 10.2 Transgender and Other LGBTQ Support and Advocacy Groups 11.1 One Standard Drink by Country, Grams and Milliliters of Alcohol 11.2 Types of DSM-5 Substance Disorders 11.3 Types of ICD-10 and ICD-11 Substance Disorders 11.4 Twelve-Month Prevalence Rates for DSM-5 Substance Use Disorders 11.5 The 12 Steps of Alcoholics Anonymous 12.1 Bodily Humor Personality Types 12.2 Links Between the Classificatons of Galen with Schneider’s and the DSM and ICD Classificatons 12.3 P-Axis Personality Syndromes and their Closest DSM-5 Equivalents 12.4 PDM-2 Levels of Personality Organizaton 12.5 Main Beliefs Associated with Specific Personality Disorders 13.1 Drugs Commonly Prescribed for ADHD 14.1 Common Dementa-Inducing Brain Diseases 15.1 Some Arguments For and Against No Suicide Contracts 15.2 Myths about Suicide 15.3 General Principles of the Ethics Code of the American Psychological Associaton 15.4 Ethics Codes and Commitees in Psychology and Psychiatry 15.5 Some Arguments For and Against Civil Commitment

34 43 47 50 52 54 56 60 73 74 74 80 81 85 86 88 92 107 114 119 126 149 155 159 165

166 187 248 313 341 350 360 361 361 379 398 399 405 407 409 435 490 510 511 513 513 527

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LIST OF DIAGNOSTIC BOXES 4.1 Schizophrenia 4.2 Delusional Disorder 4.3 Brief Psychotc Disorder/Acute and Transient Psychotc Disorder 4.4 Schizophreniform Disorder 4.5 Schizoaffectve Disorder 5.1 Depressive Episodes 5.2 Manic, Hypomanic, and Mixed Episodes 5.3 Major Depressive Disorder 5.4 Bipolar Disorder 5.5 Cyclothymic Disorder 5.6 Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia) 5.7 Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) 5.8 Disruptve Mood Dysregulaton Disorder 6.1 Specific Phobia 6.2 Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia) 6.3 Panic Disorder 6.4 Diagnosing Agoraphobia 6.5 Generalized Anxiety Disorder 6.6 Separaton Anxiety Disorder 6.7 Diagnosing Selectve Mutsm 6.8 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder 6.9 Other Obsessive-Compulsive Related Disorders 7.1 Postraumatc Stress Disorder (PTSD) 7.2 Acute Stress Disorder/Acute Stress Reacton 7.3 Adjustment Disorders 7.4 Persistent Complex Bereavement/ Prolonged Grief 8.1 Dissociatve Amnesia 8.2 Depersonalizaton/Derealizaton Disorder 8.3 Dissociatve Identty Disorder 8.4 Somatc Symptom Disorder, Somatzaton Disorder, and Bodily Distress Disorder 8.5 Conversion Disorder, Dissociatve Disorders of Movement and Sensaton, and Dissociatve Neurological Symptom Disorder 8.6 Illness Anxiety Disorder and Hypochondriasis 8.7 Disorders in which Psychological Factors Impact Medical Conditons 8.8 Facttous Disorder 9.1 Anorexia Nervosa 9.2 Bulimia Nervosa 9.3 Binge-Eatng Disorder (BED) 9.4 Avoidant/Restrictve Food Intake Disorder (ARFID) 9.5 Pica 9.6 Ruminaton Disorder 10.1 Disorders of Desire and Arousal

10.2 Disorders of Orgasm 10.3 Pain During Intercourse 10.4 Paraphilias/Paraphilic Disorders 10.5 Gender Dysphoria/Incongruence in Adolescents and Adults 10.6 Gender Dysphoria in Children 11.1 Harmful Use and Dependence in ICD-10 and ICD-11 11.2 Substance Use Disorder in DSM-5 11.3 Gambling Disorder/Pathological Gambling 11.4 Gaming Disorder in ICD-11 12.1 DSM-5 and ICD-10: Cluster A (Odd or Eccentric) Personality Disorders 12.2 DSM-5 and ICD-10: Cluster B (Dramatc, Emotonal, or Erratc) Personality Disorders 12.3 DSM-5 and ICD-10: Cluster C (Anxious or Fearful) Personality Disorders 12.4 DSM-5 Alternatve Model of Personality Disorders: Levels of Personality Functoning 12.5 DSM-5 Alternatve Model of Personality Disorders: Five Trait Domains 12.6 DSM-5 Alternatve Model of Personality Disorders: Diagnostc Criteria 12.7 ICD-11 Model of Personality Disorders: Five Trait Domains 13.1 Oppositonal Defiant Disorder (ODD) 13.2 Conduct Disorder (CD) 13.3 Intermitent Explosive Disorder, Pyromania, and Kleptomania 13.4 Atenton-Deficit/Hyperactvity Disorder (ADHD) 13.5 Autsm 13.6 Disorders of Social (Pragmatc) Communicaton 13.7 Reactve Atachment Disorder 14.1 Insomnia 14.2 Hypersomnia 14.3 Narcolepsy 14.4 Parasomnias 14.5 Other Sleep Disorders 14.6 Eliminaton Disorders 14.7 Intellectual Disability 14.8 Learning Disorders 14.9 Motor Disorders 14.10 Communicaton Disorders 14.11 Delirium 14.12 Dementa 15.1 Suicidal Behavior Disorder 15.2 Nonsuicidal Self Injury (NSSI)

106 108 108 109 109 140 140 141 142 143 143 144 144 178 179 180 180 181 181 182 182 184 216 217 218 219 248 249 251 252 252 253 254 254 280 282 283 284 284 285 316

317 318 319 321 321 359 360 362 363 387 388 392 393 393 394 396 422 423 423 424 426 427 428 457 457 458 458 459 466 472 473 479 486 489 490 502 503

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LIST OF FEATURES Controversial Queston

Try It Yourself Making Judgments about Abnormality (1) Theoretcal Evaluaton Self-Test (2) Free Online Self-Assessments (3) Online Screenings for Psychosis and Schizophrenia (4) CBT Thought Record (5) How Anxious Are You? (6) How Stressed Are You? (7) Is Stress at School Affectng Your Physical and Emotonal Well-Being? (8) Can My Smartphone Help Me Overcome an Eatng Disorder? (9) How Common Are Paraphilias? (10) How Common Are Paraphilias? (Answer Key) (10) Are You Drinking Too Much? (11) The Big Five Project Personality Test (12) Am I on the Spectrum? (13) What’s Your Sleep Like? (14) How Would You Resolve These Ethical and Legal Dilemmas? (15)

Is Shortness a Disorder? (1) Is Theoretcal Integraton a Good Idea? (2) Is DSM Culture-Bound? (3) Should Atenuated Psychosis Syndrome Be in the DSM-5 (4) Antdepressants as Placebo? (5) Can We Diagnose Anxiety Using Everyday Language? (6) Can Racism Cause Postraumatc Stress? (7) Can Your Personality Give You a Heart Atack? (8) Should There Be Warning Labels on Unrealistc Images in Fashion Magazines? (9) Are Rapists Mentally Ill? (10) Should Marijuana Be Legal? (11) Are Personality Disorders Merely Moral Judgements? (12) Do Vaccines Cause Autsm? (13) How Should We Diagnose Learning Disabilites? (14) Does the Right to Treatment Require Empirically Supported Treatments (ESTs)? (15)

2 67 94 104 167 178 214 276 300 320 346 382 386 427 455 499

In Depth Ignorance and Abnormal Psychology (1) Chaining the Inmates in West Africa (1) Myths about Therapy (2) Sane People, Insane Places (3) The Integrated Sociodevelopmental-Cognitve Model of Schizophrenia (4) Childhood Bipolar, Antpsychotcs, and Drugging Our Children (5) Using Inhibitory Learning to Maximize Exposure Therapy (6) Critcal Incident Stress Debriefing vs. Psychological First Aid (7) Psychodynamic Therapy for a Case of Conversion (8) Social Media and Eatng Disorders (9) Votng Homosexuality Out of the DSM (10) Controlled Drinking vs. Total Abstnence (11) Psychopathy and Sociopathy (12) If You Have One Developmental Diagnosis, You Just Might Qualify for Another (13) The First Documented Case of Alzheimer’s Disease (14) Financial Conflicts of Interest and the DSM-5 (15)

4 16 40 77

11 66 81 111 153 196 239 262 305 332 356 411 441 474 529

The Lived Experience What Will Happen in my First Therapy Session? (2) Two of Jill’s TAT Stories (3) Recovering from Schizophrenia (4) “The Shizophrenist” (4) Feeling Depressed (5) A True Story of Living with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (6) Grief 10 Years Later (7) Living with Dissociatve Identty Disorder (8) Brenda’s Story: My Batle and Recovery from Anorexia (9) Call Me Stephanie (10) Stu W’s Story of Recovery (11) Being Labeled as “Borderline” (12) Growing Up Undiagnosed (13) Overcoming the Bully: My Life with Tourete Syndrome (14) Involuntary Hospitalizaton (15)

135 147 201 237 266 303 324 376 389 429 491 516

41 97 130 131 173 207 220 249 281 342 380 417 446 483 527

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TOUR OF THE BOOK

LEARNING OUTCOMES

Structure your learning by focusing on the key points of understanding for this chapter.

CASE EXAMPLES

Follow the developing stories of clients to keep the service-user at the forefront of your practce.

IN DEPTH

Take a deep dive into a partcular issue of interest.

CONTROVERSIAL QUESTION

Explore opposing perspectves on a “hot topic” currently bedevilling the field.

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THE LIVED EXPERIENCE

Hear directly from clients and clinicians in these firsthand accounts.

TRY IT YOURSELF

Complete a questonnaire or partcipate in a suggested real-life exercise to get a more personal perspectve.

DIAGNOSTIC BOXES

DSM and ICD diagnoses summarized in clear, understandable language.

KEY TERMS

Important terminology is highlighted as you encounter it and gathered in a handy checklist at the end of each chapter.

GLOSSARY

Vocabulary from the entre book alphabetcally in one convenient locaton.

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LEARNING AND TEACHING RESOURCES Accompanying this book is a full suite of supportive resources to help both students and lecturers get the most out of their learning and teaching. Access the companion website here:

www.macmillanihe.com/raskin-abnormal-psych

Resources to help instructors teach with this book include:

Online test bank: Multiple choice items to help instructors construct exams and quizzes. Online instructor’s manual: Detailed lecture notes for each chapter. Lecture slides: MS® PowerPoint slides for instructors to use during class lectures. Slides of diagnostic boxes, images, tables, and figures: Visual information from chapters conveniently collected into one MS® PowerPoint file per chapter. • Online videos: YouTube videos related to key topics from the book.

• • • •

Students can benefit from the following resources to help their understanding of the key concepts and ideas in each chapter: • • • •

Online knowledge checks: Test your comprehension using these brief online self-quizzes. Online study guide: Study questions to help students outline material from each chapter. Online vocabulary lists: Key terms and definitions all in one convenient online location. Online flash cards: An excellent study resource to help students master key concepts. xxii


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