Systematic & Applied Acarology 22(9): 1413–1421 (2017) http://doi.org/10.11158/saa.22.9.8 Article
ISSN 1362-1971 (print) ISSN 2056-6069 (online)
http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:4B0E3F36-8EEE-4A54-97A4-E2D085DC83A9
A new species of Stigmaeus (Acari: Prostigmata: Stigmaeidae) from South Africa ALEXANDER A. KHAUSTOV1, EDWARD A. UECKERMANN2 & PIETER D. THERON 2 1
Tyumen State University, Tyumen, Russia, e-mail:
[email protected] Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa, e-mail:
[email protected];
[email protected]
2
Abstract A new species of the genus Stigmaeus Koch, 1836 (Acari: Stigmaeidae), S. grandis sp. nov. is described from litter under White Stinkwood (Celtis africana) in South Africa. A key to species of the genus Stigmaeus in Africa is provided. Key words: Acari, Raphignathoidea, systematics, predatory mites
Introduction The predatory mite family Stigmaeidae (Acari: Prostigmata) is the largest in the superfamily Raphignathoidea and includes about 577 species of 33 valid genera (Zhang et al. 2011, Doğan et al. 2015; Fan & Ueckermann 2016; Fan et al. 2016; Khaustov 2016a & b; Paktinat-Saeij et al. 2016). Among them, the genus Stigmaeus Koch, 1836 is the dominant genus with 137 species followed by Eustigmaeus Berlese, 1910 with 124 species and Agistemus Summers, 1960 with 87 species (Doğan et al. 2015; Fakhari et al. 2015; Khanjani et al. 2015; Khaustov 2015, 2016a, b; Uluçay 2015a, b; Paktinat-Saeij et al. 2016; Fan et al. 2016; Paktinat-Saeij et al. 2016). The genus Stigmaeus is represented by nine species in South Africa with a tenth one described here. More than 80% of Stigmaeus species occur in soil/litter, moss, and lichens. Only three species are parasitic on phlebotomine flies namely S. smithi (Mitra & Mitra), S. youngi (Hirst) and S. sinai Swift (Mitra & Mitra 1953; Hirst 1926; Swift 1987; Fan & Flechtmann, 2015).
Materials and methods Mites were collected from litter using Berlese funnels and mounted in Hoyer’s medium. In the description below, the palpal, idiosomal and the leg setations follow Grandjean (1939, 1944, 1946). The nomenclature of prodorsal setae follows Kethley (1990). The nomenclature of the idiosomal shields follows that of Summers (1962). All measurements are given in micrometres (μm) for the holotype and for paratypes (in parentheses). In descriptions of leg setation the number of solenidia is given in parenthesis. Photographs were taken with a digital camera AxioCam ICc5 via compound microscope Carl Zeiss AxioImager A2 with phase-contrast illumination.
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Systematics Family Stigmaeidae Oudemans, 1931 Genus Stigmaeus Koch, 1836 Type species: Stigmaeus cruentus Koch, 1836, by subsequent designation by Berlese (1910).
Stigmaeus grandis sp. nov. (Figs. 1–5) Diagnosis. Dorsal shields reticulated with dorsal shields well separated; prodorsal shield with distinct apodermal marks; seta ve the longest dorsal seta, 120–130 long, pointed and sparsely barbed, rest of dorsal setae with distal half brush-like; setal formulae of femora 6-5-3-2 and genua 4-4-1-1; leg segments not reticulated; eyes absent but postocular bodies present.
FIGURE 1. Stigmaeus grandis sp. nov., female: A—idiosomal dorsum, B—idiosomal venter.
Description. FEMALE. Length of idiosoma 515 (510–540), width 355 (350–375). Idiosomal dorsum (Figs. 1A, 5A–C). Central shield with three pairs of setae c1, d1 and e1; intercalary shields paired. All shields with weak reticulation and large oval dimples (Figs. 5A, C). Prodorsal shield with distinct apodermal marks (Fig. 5A). Postocular bodies large, round, smooth (Figs. 5A, B). Eyes absent. Striation anterolateral to propodosomal plate without microtubercles. Seta ve pointed, sparsely barbed. Other dorsal setae distinctly brush-like in distal half, usually curved (Figs. 1A, 5C). Ratio ve/sci = 2. Length of dorsal setae: vi 71 (69–73), ve 125 (120–130), sci 58 (57– 60), sce 63 (61–67), c1 56 (54–60), c2 58 (56–62), d1 58 (56–64), d2 57 (56–68), e1 67 (66–77), e2 63 (61–67), f1 67 (65–77), h1 64 (62–67), h2 58 (55–62). 1414
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FIGURE 2. Stigmaeus grandis sp. nov., female: A—gnathosoma dorsally, B—subcapitulum.
Idiosomal venter (Figs. 1B, 5D, E). All ventral plates with weak reticulation (Fig. 5D). All ventral setae weakly barbed and pointed. Aggenital plate with three pairs of aggenital setae. One pair of genital setae. Length of ventral setae: 1a 34 (33–35), 1b 40 (37–41), 1c 42 (40–44), 2b 35 (33– 37), 2c 32 (30–33), 3a 33 (31–34), 3b 30 (28–31), 3c 30 (28–31), 4a 30 (28–32), 4b 24 (23–28), 4c 27 (25–29), ag1 29 (27–30), ag2 31 (30–35), ag3 32 (30–34), g 20 (19–22), ps1 45 (43–48), ps2 32 (30–34), ps3 29 (27–31). Gnathosoma (Figs. 2, 5F). Tibial claw large, about as long as palptarsus. Seta l’ on palptibia thick, claw-like (Fig. 2A). All palpal setae pointed. Number of setae on palpal segments: Tr 0, Fe 3 (d, l’, v”), Ge 2 (d, l”), Ti 3 (d, l’, l”), Ta 8(1) (fused eupathidia ul’, ul”, sul, eupathidion acm, ba, bp, lp, 1 solenidion ω). Palpal supracoxal seta (ep) small, spine-like. Cheliceral stylets very long. Rostrum of subcapitulum (Figs. 2B, 5F) relatively long. All subcapitular setae pointed. Adoral seta or1 smooth, or2 slightly serrate; other subcapitular setae weakly barbed. Basal part of subcapitulum with weak reticulation (Fig. 5F). Length of subcapitular setae: m 39 (37–42), n 32 (30–33), or1 23 (21–24), or2 30 (29–32). Legs (Figs. 3, 4). Empodial raylets pointed. Leg segments without distinct reticulation. Leg I (Fig. 3A). Coxa I posterodorsally with spine-like leg supracoxal setae (el). Leg setation: Tr 1 (v’), Fe 6 (d, l’, l”, v’, v”, bv”), Ge 4 (d, l’, l”, k), Ti 5(2) (d, l’, l”, v’, v”, φ, φp), Ta 13(1) (p’, p”, tc’, tc”, ft’, ft”, u’, u”, a’, a”, pl’, pl”, vs, ω). Setae d of tibia and (p), (tc), (ft) of tarsus are eupathidia. Seta d of genu subequal with seta k 45 (44–47). Solenidion ω long 20 (20–25), finger-shaped; solenidion φ 13 (13–15) baculiform, φp attenuate 29 (27–30). Leg II (Fig. 3B). Leg setation: Tr 1 (v’), Fe 5 (d, l’, l”, v’, bv”), Ge 4 (d, l’, l”, k), Ti 5(1) (d, l’, l”, v’, v”, φp), Ta 9(1) (p’, tc’, tc”, u’, u”, a’, a”, pl’, vs, ω). Setae d of tibia, p’ and tc’ of tarsus are eupathidia. Solenidion ω 19 (19–25) finger-shaped; solenidion φp 22 (21–23) attenuate. Seta k short 11 (11–12), more than three times shorter than seta d of genu. Leg III (Fig. 4A). Leg setation: Tr 2 (v’, l’), Fe 3 (d, l’, ev’), Ge 1 (d), Ti 5(1) (d, l’, l”, v’, v”, φp), Ta 7(1) (tc’, tc”, u’, u”, a’, a”, vs, ω). Solenidion ω 11 (10–13) finger-shaped; solenidion φp 18 (16–19) attenuate. Leg IV (Fig. 4B). Leg setation: Tr 1 (v’), Fe 2 (d, ev’), Ge 1 (d), Ti 5(1) (d, 2017
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l’, l”, v’, v”, φp), Ta 7(1) (tc’, tc”, u’, u”, a’, a”, vs, solenidion φp 19 (17–20) attenuate.
ω). Solenidion ω 12 (11–13) finger-shaped;
FIGURE 3. Stigmaeus grandis sp. nov., female: A—leg I, B—leg II.
Type material. Female holotype, slide № AK101116, SOUTH AFRICA, Potchefstroom, in litter under White Stinkwood (Celtis africana) near a stream, 26°43’18.9’’S, 027°06’36.2’’ E, 10 November 2016, coll. A.A. Khaustov, S.G. Ermilov, P. Theron. Paratypes: 6 females, same data.
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FIGURE 4. Stigmaeus grandis sp. nov., female: A—leg III, B—leg IV.
Type deposition. The holotype and two paratypes are deposited in the mite collection of the North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa, four paratypes are deposited in the mite collection of the Tyumen State University Museum of Zoology, Tyumen, Russia. Etymology. The name of the new species is derived from Latin “grandis” meaning “large” and refers to very large body size.
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FIGURE 5. Phase-contrast micrographs of Stigmaeus grandis sp. nov., female: A—central part of prodorsal shield, B—lateral part of Prodorsal and auxillary shields, C—anterior part of central shield with seta c1, D— aggenital and genital setae, E—pseudoanal setae, F—subcapitulum.
Differential diagnosis. By the presence of three pairs of setae on central hysterosomal shield, separated intercalary shields, absence of eyes, presence of postocular bodies, pointed empodial chaetoids, three pairs of aggenital setae and the same leg setation, the new species is similar to eight 1418
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species: Stigmaeus scaber Summers, 1962, S. glypticus Summers, 1962, S. livschitzi Kuznetsov, 1977, S. solidus Kuznetsov, 1977, S. tolstikovi Khaustov, 2015, S. kamili Doğan & Ayyildiz 2003, S. campbellensis Wood, 1970, and S. novazealandicus Wood, 1981. It differs from S. solidus and S. novazealandicus in the shape of most dorsal setae which are not long, slender and flagellate; setae ps1-2 are very long and flagellate in S. novazealandicus. Stigmaeus kamili and S. campbellensis differ from S. grandis in that the dorsal setae are smooth or slightly serrate with hyaline sheaths. Stigmaeus glypticus has setae ve, sce and e2 much longer than the rest of the dorsal setae, oppose to all dorsal setae of subequal length in the new species. The dorsal setae of S. scaber and S. livschitzi are serrate but pointed and seta l’ of the palptibia of the former is seta-like and that of the latter is leave-like, but in the new species the dorsal setae are brush-like distally and the seta l’ of palptibia is claw-like. However, the new species is more closely related to S. tolstikovi by the relatively short, subequal and distally thickened dorsal hysterosomal setae as well as long and pointed seta ve. The new species differs from S. tolstikovi by reticulated dorsal shields (vs. not reticulated in S. tolstikovi), setae c2 brush-like distally, similar in shape to other dorsal hysterosomal setae (vs. thin and pointed in S. tolstikovi), distinctly thickened, claw-like setae l’ of palptibia (vs seta-like in S. tolstikovi) and by idiosoma being much longer: 510–540 in new species vs. 270–275 in S. tolstikovi. Stigmaeus grandis is also similar to S. seferihisarensis Koc, 2005 and S. sphagneti (Hull, 1918). By the similar shape of dorsal idiosomal setae and presence of three pairs of setae on central hysterosomal plate. It differs from S. seferihisarensis in that femur I has 6 setae and seta k present on genu II oppose to femur with 5 setae and seta k absent on genu II in the latter The dorsal setae of the new species are also clearly longer than that of S. seferihisarensis. Stigmaeus sphagneti differs in that the dorsal shields of the former almost cover the dorsum completely, eyes are present, the leg segments are reticulated and the dorsal setae are clearly shorter than that of the new species (ex. v2 73 oppose to 120-130). Among African species the new species is similar to S. fissicomus Ueckermann & Meyer, 1987, but differs from it by the presence of three pairs of aggenital setae (vs two in S. fissicomus) and by the absence of eyes (vs present in S. fissicomus).
Key to the African species Stigmaeus (modified from Meyer & Ueckermann, 1989) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. -
Genu and trochanter IV without setae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Genu and trochanter IV with setae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Anogenital area with three pairs of aggenital setae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. pieteri Ueckermann & Meyer, 1987 Anogenital area with three pairs of aggenital setae . . . . . . . . . . S. stramineus Ueckermann & Meyer, 1987 Genu III with setae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Genu III without setae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .S. petilus Ueckermann & Meyer, 1987 Trochanter III with two setae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Trochanter III with one seta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. bellarus Meyer & Ueckermann, 1989 Setal formula of genua 4-4-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Setal formula of genua 6-6-2-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .S. caecus Ueckermann & Meyer, 1987 Central hysterosomal shield with three pairs of setae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Central hysterosomal shield with two pairs of setae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Anogenital area with three pairs of aggenital setae, eyes absent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. grandis sp. nov. Anogenital area with two pairs of aggenital setae, eyes present .S. fissicomus Ueckermann & Meyer, 1987 Aggenital setae on a single plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. sagenatus Meyer, 1969 First pair of aggenital setae (ag1) on two separate small plates . . . S. chaeradi Ueckermann & Meyer, 1987
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Acknowledgements The authors thank to Dr. S.G. Ermilov (Tyumen State University, Tyumen, Russia) for the help in collecting soil samples and V.M. Salavatulin (Tyumen State University, Tyumen, Russia) for extracting mites from alcohol sediments. This work is based on research supported in part by the National Research Foundation of South Africa (UID) 85288. Any opinion, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in the material are those of the authors and therefore the NRF does not accept any liability in regard thereto.
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