SOME STIGMAEID AND EUPALOPSELLID MITES FROM CITRUS ORCHARDS IN SÃO PAULO STATE, BRAZIL (ACARI: STIGMAEIDAE: EUPALOPSELLIDAE) A. L. Matioli1, E. A. Ueckermann2 and C. A. L. de Oliveira1 1. FAPESP-Brazil Researchers, Departamento de Fitossanidade, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, 14870-000 Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brasil. E-mail:
[email protected] and
[email protected]. 2. ARC-Plant Protection Research Institute, Private Bag X134, Pretoria, 0001 South Africa. E-mail:
[email protected]. ABSTRACT – Two new citrus-inhabiting species in the family Stigmaeidae are described, Agistemus brasiliensis and Zetzellia malvinae and A. floridanus Gonzalez is re-described. Keys to genera of the Stigmaeidae and Eupalosellidae are provided, along with a key to all species of these families associated with citrus. Key words – Stigmaeidae, Eupalopsellidae, Agistemus, Zetzellia, Exothorhis, Brazil, São Paulo State, Citrus, Acari. INTRODUCTION Predatory mites of the families Stigmaeidae Oudemans and Eupalopsellidae Willmann were collected by the senior author in citrus orchards in São Paulo State, Brazil, from July 1999 until March 2001. The aim was to investigate effective control agents
for
the
pest
mite
Brevipalpus
phoenicis
(Geijskes)
(Prostigmata:
Tenuipalpidae). The latter is the vector of an unidentified virus (family Rhabdoviridae), the casual agent of “leprosis” in citrus. “Leprosis” is a serious disease in Brazil, causing branches, leaves and fruits to retrogress and tree death (Rodrigues et al., 1994; Oliveira & Donadio, 1994). In Brazil citrus covers about one million hectares, of which 85% are in São Paulo State, annually producing 16 million tons of citrus fruit and creating an income of about 1.3 billion US dollars (Agrianual, 2000). At the moment 75 million US dollars are spent each year to control B. phoenicis by chemical means. The use of predatory mites as bio-control agents is therefore receiving serious attention in order to reduce the cost of that control and to create a safer environment. Besides the family Phytoseiidae, the Stigmaeidae is the
2
most important predatory mite family (Matioli et al., 1998). The senior author is currently rearing Agistemus brasiliensis n. sp., the dominant stigmaeid in citrus orchards in São Paulo State, on all stages of B. phoenicis and Panonychus citri (McGregor) as well as a supplement, Typha sp. pollen in the laboratory, and evaluating its effectiveness against the pest. Knowledge of the stigmaeids, especially of those on citrus, is fragmentary in Brazil (Flechtmann, 1995). The authors therefore compiled a key to all species found in association with citrus around the world, in order to contribute to future research on stigmaeids as predators of citrus pests. However, stigmaeids are free living and might not be restricted to any particular plant species, it follows that species not included in this key could also be potential predators of citrus pests. A study of the genera of the Stigmaeidae showed that the concepts of some genera are not as clear as Meyer & Ueckermann (1989) stated, and should be thoroughly revised. Wood (1969) created the family Homocaligidae for the genus Homocaligus, placed in the Stigmaeidae by Oudemans (1931), also recognized by Meyer (1969). Gerson & Walter (1998) erected the family Mecognathidae for Mecognathus Wood.
We excluded Paravillersia
Kuznetzov because the original description could not be located and we were unable to distinguish this genus by the character given in the only key to our disposal (Wainstein, 1978). The monotypic genus Mullederiopsis Rimando & Corpus-Raroz are not clearly distinguishable from Mullederia Wood and therefore excluded from the key until more species are discovered bearing the diagnostic characters of Mullederiopsis. The senior author also found the eupalopsellid Exothorhis caudata Summers during his surveys. Some Eupalopsellidae are known as predators of scale insects, therefore we include a key to all genera of this family as well as to the species found
3
in association with citrus. The family Eupalopsellidae originally consisted of seven genera, namely Eupalopsellus Sellnick, Eupalopsis Canestrini, Exothorhis Summers, Saniosulus Summers, Peltasellus Meyer & Ueckermann, Paraeupalopsellus Smiley & Moser and Acaciacarus Gerson et al. Gerson & Walter (1998), however, synonymized Acaciacarus with Mecognatha and placed it together with Paraeupalopsellus in their new family Mecognathidae. Our setal nomenclature follows Kethley (1990) and all measurements are in micrometers (µm).The type material of the new species, preserved as slide mounted specimens, will be deposited in the mite reference collection of the Departamento de Entomologia, Fitopatologia e Zoologia Agrícola, Universidade de São Paulo, ESALQ/USP, Piracicaba, Brasil. Some paratypes will be deposited in the collections of ARC-Plant Protection Research Institute, Pretoria, South Africa; Division of Plant Industry, Gainesville, USA and Departamento de Fitossanidade UNESP-Jaboticabal, Brasil. Family Stigmaeidae Oudemans
Stigmaeidae Oudemans, 1931: 252; Summers, 1966: 231; Chaudhri, Akbar & Rasool, 1974: 192; Wainstein, 1978: 153; Tseng, 1982: 1-52; Kuznetzov & Petrov, 1984: 101; Ueckermann & Meyer, 1987: 371; Meyer & Ueckermann, 1989: 42. Type genus: Stigmaeus Koch, 1836 The Stigmaeidae can be distinguished by the following combination of characters: dorsum almost nude or completely covered by two shields, or partly covered by three or more shields; dorsal body setae 12-14 pairs; chelicerae usually free but partially fused in some genera; palp thumb-claw present, consisting of a tibial claw, with a seta-like or claw-like accessory claw at its base and a palptarsus; terminal
4
sensillum on palptarsus varies from a simple bidentate or a tridentate spine or four sensillia; genital and anal vestibule covered by a single pair of anogenital covers. Key to the genera of the family Stigmaeidae and only those species found in association with citrus – females 1. Opisthosoma completely or partly covered by one or more shields; two or more pairs of setae on at least one of the shields lying anterior to suranal shield.…………………………………………………………………...………....2 - Opisthosoma (excluding suranal shields) without shields, however, raised areas may create an impression that a shield is present; small shields may be present at bases of setae but none with more than one pairs of setae………………………………………………..………….…………..….......32 2. Prodorsal and opisthosomal shields fused…………………………………………..3 - Prodorsal and opisthosomal shields not fused……………………………………..5 3. Idiosoma flat dorsally and raised laterally like a cylinder; integument with a reticulate appearance……………………..…………………...…..Medanaia Wood - Idiosoma convex dorsally and not raised laterally; integument striated……...…….4 4. Adoral setae or3 simple; leg tarsi with membranous pads which may arise between claws……………………………………………...……..………Mullederia Wood - Adoral setea or3 scythe-like……..…....…Makilingeria Rimando and Corpuz-Raros 5. Chelicerae partly fused………..……………..……………………………………...6 - Chelicerae free…………………………………………………………….………..8 6. Lateral plates carrying setae c2 located in front of coxae III or dorsolaterally…...…7 - Lateral plates extend posteriorly beyond coxae III…………...Postumius Kuznetzov 7 Infracapitulum with one pair of setae (m) ventrally; palptibial claw less than half the length of tarsus, accessory seta setaceous; dorsum with 12 pairs of setae……………………..……………………...…....………..Mediolata Canestrini - Infracapitulum with two pairs of setae (m and n) ventrally; palptibial claw almost as long as tarsus, accessory seta clawlike; dorsum with 13 pairs of setae ……………………………………………..………...….Cheylostimaeus Willmann 8. Dorsum covered with nine to 16 shields…………...………………...………..……9 - Dorsum covered with less than nine shields………………...……………..………14 9. Opisthosoma medially covered with unpaired shields in addition to suranal shield, setae f are located on posterior shield, each plate wider than long………………… ………………………………….………………………....…Villersiella Willmann - Opisthosoma covered with a large median and a posterior suranal shield or a median shield and several smaller paired shields, or most shields obscure or absent…………....………………………………………………………….....….10 10. Maximum of four pairs of setae on median opisthosomal shield; median armature sometimes represented by one to three pairs of smaller shields; dorsal setae e1 - 2 never on separate shields……Zetzellia Oudemans…………….….…..…………11 - Maximum of three pairs of setae on median shield; opisthosomal armature comprised either of a single large median shield or one large median shield and two smaller median zonal shields; setae e1 - 2 invariably occur on different shields………………..……………………………….....…….…..Stigmaeus Koch 11. Tarsus IV with seven setae………………………………….…………......……..12 - Tarsus IV with six setae……………………………..….…...Z. languida Gonzalez
5
12. Shields on opisthosoma rather obscure, median shield absent, dorsal setae on small platelets….…..……………………………….………………...……...…..13 Median shields present but without setae, dorsal setae on rather long platelets; setae ag2 on large spindle-shaped platelets…………...…...…..Z. malvinae n. sp. 13. Tarsus I with 13 setae; setae ag1 - 2 on very small platelets………………………... ……………………………………………...………....…..Z. mapuchina Gonzalez - Tarsus I with 12 setae; setae ag2 on larger spindle-shaped platelets…………………….………………………………..…...…Z. maori Gonzalez 14 Idiosoma elongate, at least three times longer than wide, with 14 pairs of dorsal setae……………………………………..……..…...…….Macrostigmaeus Berlese - Idiosoma fusiform or broadly oval, with 12 to 13 pairs of dorsal setae………......15 15. Prodorsum with four pairs of setae, excluding c2…………………………..…….16 - Prodorsum with three pairs of setae, excluding c2……………………………..…18 16. Dorsum almost completely covered by three to four shields (excluding humeral shields); terminal eupathidium on palptarsus tridentate………………………….17 - Dorsal shields reduced; prodorsal shields confined to midportion of body; palptarsus with four eupathidia…………….....…..……...Prostigmaeus Kuznetzov 17. Dorsum almost completely covered by three shields (prodorsal, opisthosomal and suranal)…………………………………...…..……....……....Eustigmaeus Berlese - Dorsum almost completely covered by four shields (opisthosomal shield divided transversally)………………………………….….…Ledermuelleriopsis Willmann 18. Claws on all legs replaced by a membraneous arolium............................................. ……....………………..…..……..…...................Neilstigmaeus Gerson and Meyer - Claws normal…………………………..…………………...….…………………19 19. Median opisthosomal shield with setae c1, d1, d2, e1 and e2 ………………….….… …………...……....Agistemus Summers………….………….…………………20 - Median opisthosomal shield bears setae c1, d1, e1, e2 and f, setae c2 and d2 on separate shields………………………..………………….....…Villersia Oudemans 20. Two pairs of paragenital setae (ag1-2) present…………………………………....21 - One pair of paragenital setae (ag1) present; dorsal shields reticulated……………... ………………………………..…..…………..……..….…..A. fleschneri Summers 21. Dorsal shields reticulated…………………………………………..………….....22 - Dorsal shields smooth…………………………………………….....……...……23 22. Dorsal setae long, sci, c1, d1, and e1 equal or longer than distances to c1, d1, e1 and h1, respectively; postocular bodies larger and without an associated lenticular structure ………………….……….......A. impavidus Chaudhri, Akbar and Rasool - Dorsal setae short, sci, c1, d1, and e1 shorter than distances to c1, d1, e1 and h1, respectively; postocular bodies smaller and with an associated lenticular structure ……………………….…………………………....….…..…A. clavatus Gonzalez 23. Only one pair of postocular bodies present……….…………..……………....….24 - With extra pair of postocular bodies; median shield on opisthosoma relatively small………………………………………….….……………A. exsertus Gonzalez 24. Postocular bodies very large, setae sce longer, slightly shorter or equal to diameter of postocular body…………………………………………………...………......25 - Setae sce much longer than diameter of postocular body…………………......…27 25. Setae sce as long as or slightly shorter than diameter of postocular body; prodorsal shield broader than median opisthosomal shield………A. macrommatus Gonzalez
6
-
Setae sce clearly longer than diameter of postocular body or distance between sci and sce………………..…………………………………………………………..26 26. Setae sci much longer than ve. Ratio ve/ve-ve = 1.7 ……………………………… …………………………..…………………........A. giganteus Ehara and Wongsiri - Setae sci slightly longer than ve; ratio ve/ve-ve = 2.7……....A. industani Gonzalez 27. Setae c1 equal to or longer than distance to d1……………………………………29 - Setae c1 shorter than distance to d1………………………………………….…...28 28. Ratio ve/ve-ve = 1.4 to 1.7 and c1/c1-c1 = 1,5 to 1.6, setae sci longest…………….. …………………………………………...………..……... A. floridanus Gonzalez - Ratio ve/ve-ve = 1 and c1/c1-c1 = 0.6, dorsal setae short, setae c2 the longest ………………………………………...…….….……....…….A. terminalis Quayle 29. Setae sci, c1 and d1 short, equal to or at least a quarter to a third their length longer than distance to seta next behind………………………………….…...……..…..30 - Setae sci, c1 and d1 much longer, reaching to about half or more their lengths past bases of setae next behind…….………………………..…...A. longisetus Gonzalez 30. Members of setae c1 further apart (52) than those of e1 (38)…………..………..…. …………………………………………………..…..A. africanus Meyer and Ryke - Setae c1 and e1 almost equally spaced…………..……………………….……......31 31. Dorsal setae long, setae f (76) long; genu I with setae d and lII subequal in length, much shorter than lI……………….....A. camerouensis Bolland and Ueckermann - Dorsal setae short, setae f (58) long; genu I with setae lI and lII much shorter than d……………………………………...…....………………..…A. brasiliensis n. sp. 32. Tarsi with membranous arolium………………………………….……….……...33 - Tarsi without arolium…………………………………..……..…………….…….35 33. Claws present; ………...…………………………...………………………….…34 - Claws absent……………………...…………………...…......Pilonychiopus Meyer 34. Empodium at base of arolium; palp-tarsus bend basally.....Summersiella Gonzalez - Empodium distally on arolium; palp-tarsus normal……Parastigmaeus Kuznetzov 35. Palptarsus with four distal eupathidia………..……....……..…Storchia Oudemans - Terminal eupathidia on palptarsus either bidentate or a simple spines…………...36 36. Prodorsal shield well-defined; coxae with endopodal shields……………………... ………………………………………………………….....Pseudostigmaeus Wood - Prodrosal shield ill-defined; endopodal shields absent……………………….……. - …………………………….Eryngiopus Summers………...…………….…..….37 37. Prodorsal shield smooth or obscure; setae f on striated integument……………...38 - Prodorsal shield reticulated; setae f on small platelets….E. citri Rakha and McCoy 38. Terminal sensillum on palptarsus forked; setal formula of genua 4-0-0-0……....39 - Terminal sensillum a simple rod; setal formula of genua 2-1-1-1…………….…... …..……………..…………….…………........E. harteni Van Dis and Ueckermann 39. Only setae h1 on separated suranal shields; three pairs of aggenital setae present (ag1-3)………………………………..…………..…E. siculus Vacante and Gerson - Both setae h1-2 on suranal shields; two pairs of aggenital setae present……..……. ………………………………………………………………...…..E. bifidus Wood
Agistemus Summers
7
Agistemus Summers, 1960b: 234; Gonzalez, 1965: 24; Summers, 1966: 240; Meyer, 1969: 256; Ueckermann and Meyer, 1987: 381: Meyer and Ueckermann, 1989: 46. Zetzellia Oudemans, 1927: 263; Wood, 1967: 125; Tseng, 1982: 5. (In part) Type species - Caligonus terminalis (Quale, 1912).
Agistemus contains species that have two paired and three unpaired shields, with the prodorsal shield bearing three pairs of setae (ve, sci and sce) and the median opisthosomal shields five pairs (c1, d1, d2, e1 and e2). The median opisthosomal shield may be divided (A. infissus, Flechtmann et al., 1999). Agistemus africanus Meyer and Ryke Mediolata africana Meyer and Ryke, 1960: 220. Agistemus africanus (Meyer and Ryke), Gonzalez, 1965: 40. This species differs from the closely related A. camerounensis Bolland and Ueckermann in that dorsal setae e1 are closer together than c1, setae ve and h1 are subequal in length and setae l' and l'' on genu I are much shorter than seta d (opposed to setae l'and d being subequal in length in A. camerounensis). Habitat and Locality – Besides citrus this species was found on a wide range of plant species from several localities in South Africa. It is also known from Zimbabwe, Malawi and Angola. Agistemus camerounensis Bolland and Ueckermann Agistemus camerounensis Bolland and Ueckermann, 1984: 202. This species differs from the closely related A. africanus Meyer and Ryke in that dorsal setae c1 and e1 are almost equally spaced, setae ve are longer than setae h1 and in that setae l' and d of genu I are subequal in length. It is also closely related to A. bakeri Gonzalez, but differs from the latter in the ratio e1/e1-e1 = 3.1 (opposed to 2.1
8
in A. bakeri) and ag1 - 2 which are placed on a horseshoe-shaped shield, instead of on two separate shields. Gonzalez (1965) noted the shortness of the seta on genu II as a distinguishing character, but did not give its measurements. In A. camerounensis this seta is 25 long and reaches to half or more of its length, past the articulation facet between tibia and genu. Habitat and locality - This species, originally described from Cameroun on Passiflora and Asclepiadaceae spp., was subsequently found on citrus in South Africa and other plants on the Cape Verde Islands. Agistemus clavatus Gonzalez Agistemus clavatus Gonzalez, 1965: 41. This species can be recognized by the reticulated dorsal shields, the presence of a lenticular structure associated with the postocular bodies and the short, stout, serrated dorsal setae set on prominent tubercles. Habitat and locality – This species was originally described from citrus and Berlinia sp. in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Agistemus exsertus Gonzalez Agistemus exsertus Gonzalez, 1963: 343; Gonzalez, 1965: 38. Zetzellia exserta (Gonzales), Tseng, 1982: 16-17 Agistemus exsertus has one unique character, namely an extra pair postocular bodies, which is sometimes only vaguely visible. The dorsal shields are smooth and two pairs of aggenital setae are present. Habitat and Locality – This species was originally described from citrus in Japan, but was also collected from citrus in India. It fed on the eggs of Panonychus citri (McGregor) (Gonzalez, 1965). Agistemus fleschneri Summers
9
Agistemus fleschneri Summers, 1960b: 237. Zetzellia fleschneri (Summers), Tseng, 1982: 20-23. This species exhibits the following characters: dorsal shields reticulated, setae sci longer than other dorsal setae, one pair of aggenital setae and setae on tibiae of legs smooth. Habitat and Locality – Besides citrus this species was collected from a large variety of plants in the USA, Mexico, Guatemala, Peru and Chile. Summers (1960) even mentioned a record from South Africa. However, Meyer and Ueckermann (1989) doubted this and opined that it is A. sanctiluciae Meyer. Agistemus floridanus Gonzalez (Figs 12-16) Agistemus floridanus Gonzalez, 1965: 42. This species can be defined by the following combination of characters: dorsal shields smooth and relatively uniform, setae c1 and d2 shorter than distances to d1 and e2, respectively, both setae ag1 - 2 on a horseshoe-shaped shield, ag1 shorter than ag2 and setae d of genu I almost 1.5 times longer than l'. The following is a redescription of A. floridanus based on the Brazilian material compared with the 6 paratype females and specimens collected in Florida (USA) citrus orchards. Female – (n=7) Dimensions in Table 1. Dorsum – Dorsum covered with three smooth shields. Prodorsal shield semilunar and with three pairs of long, serrated setae, one pair of eyes and one pair of postocular bodies, which are twice as large as the eyes. Pentagonal opisthosomal shield bears five pairs of long, serrated setae. Suranal shield bears two pairs of setae. Setae c2 and f are placed on small spindle-shaped shields. The ratio of the dorsocentral
10
setae are as follows: ve/ve-ve = 1.7, c1/c1-c1 =1.6, d1/d1-d1 = 1.1, e1/e1-e1 = 1.1, f/f-f = 0.8, h1/h1-h1 = 3.3 Venter – Venter with three pairs of rather long and very slender setae between coxae. Anogenital area bears two pairs of aggenital setae on a horseshoe-shaped shield, which surrounds the genital opening anteriorly. Genital area with four pairs of slender setae (g 1-3 and ps). Setae g1 are smooth and reach just past g2. Setae g2,-3 and ps are stouter and slightly serrated. Gnathosoma – Palpfemur bears three setae, two are long, slender, and serrated setae and the third also long and serrated, but broad. The genu bears only one serrated seta and the tibia two long slender setae and two claws. Tarsus with four long setae, one long basal and another short solenidion, and a three tined sensillum distally. Infracapitulum with two pairs of long smooth setae ventrally and two pairs of adoral setae distally. Legs – Setae and solenidia (in parentheses) on legs I-IV as follows: coxae 2-12-2, trochanters 1-1-1-1, femora 5-4-2-2, genua 4-1-0-0, tibiae 5(1)-5(1)-5(1)-5(1), tarsi 12(1)-9(1)-7(1)-7. Empodium on all tarsi pad-like, with three pairs of tenent hairs. Setae d of genu I much longer than l' and l'' Male – (n = 5) Dimensions in Table 1. Smaller than female and its opisthosoma tapers posteriorly. Dorsal setae are also shorter than those of female, with setae e1 much shorter, h1 slightly shorter than h2 and f also situating on median shield. Setae c1 are much shorter than the distance to d1. Leg chaetotaxy similar to that of female except for tarsi I and II which bear two long solenidia and tarsus IV, which bears one solenidion. Protonymph – (n=2) Dimensions in Table1. Dorsal setae c1 shorter than the distance to d1. Differs from female in the absence of ag2 and g1, chaetotaxy of the
11
following leg segments: coxae 2-1-2-0, trochanters 0-0-0-0, femora 4-4-2-1, tarsi 12(1)-9(1)-7(1)-6. Habitat and Locality – This species was described from citrus and other plants in Florida, USA. According to Gonzalez (1965) and Childers (personal communication), it feeds on citrus red scale, the eggs of P. citri and rust mites (Eriophyidae) and on several other mites. However, apparently it does not perform very well as a bio-control agent, in Florida citrus orchards, as it is difficult to rear; eggs took too long to hatch and the larvae to develop to nymphs. The senior author also collected it during his surveys: Eight females, six males, one deutonymph, three protonymphs and two larvae from Citrus sinensis, Limeira, São Paulo State, 19 September 1999 to 02 July 2000. Five females, males, protonymph from Citrus sinensis, Jaboticabal, São Paulo State, 15 September 1999 to 25 November 1999. Table 1. Measurements of females, males and protonymphs of Agistemus floridanus. Character measured
Female holotype
Body length Idiosoma Body width ve sci sce c1 c2 d1 d2 e1 e2 f h1 h2 ve-ve c1-c1 d1-d1 e1-e1 f-f h1-h1
403 299 249 39 59 54 54 47 50 50 54 54 49 32 25 19 32 79 32 69 6
*
Females including holotype (n=7) Mean SD Max Min 420 38.5 454 391 305 33.6 334 271 246 24.0 271 195 40 2.1 44 39 64 2.7 66 59 56 1.5 57 54 52 2.3 54 49 46 2.3 50 44 51 2.5 54 47 52 3.9 60 49 55 1.6 57 54 55 1.5 57 54 49 1.4 50 47 33 1.5 35 32 25 2.1 28 22 23 3.0 28 19 33 2.5 35 28 94 8.5 104 79 33 4.7 43 28 65 6.7 76 54 10 2.5 13 6
Male (n=3) Mean SD 346 10.2 237 24.2 180 13.7 34 1.7 50 0 44 0 37 1.7 40 3.5 28 0 39 1.7 23 3.5 40 3.2 46 2.1 12 2.3 19 0 27 1.7 33 4.5 66 6.5 27 2.5 31 5.7 4 1.0
Protonynph
(n=2) Mean SD 237 13.4 156 15.6 125 2.1 27 2.1 41 4.2 40 2.1 34 2.1 28 0 34 2.1 35 0 34 2.1 37 2.1 28 0 19 0 13 0 14 0.7 27 7.1 50 0 19 0 28 0 6 0
12
SD = Standard Deviation * = Idiosoma plus gnathosoma Agistemus giganteus Ehara and Wongsiri Agistemus giganteus Ehara and Wongsiri, 1984: 114. This species is also closely related to A. macrommatus but can be distinguished from the latter in that setae sce are 1.2 times longer than the diameter of the postocular bodies, prodorsal and median opisthosomal shield subequal in width; setae sci are much longer than the distance to sce. Habitat and Locality – Besides citrus this species was collected from a wide variety of plants in Thailand. Agistemus impavidus Chaudhri, Akbar and Rasool Agistemus impavidus Chaudhri, Akbar and Rasool, 1974: 194. The reticulated dorsal shields, very large postocular bodies with setae sce almost as long as their diameter, large opisthosomal shield which almost cover the opisthosoma and the presence of two pairs of aggenital setae separate this species from other Agistemus species with large postocular bodies. Habitat and locality. This species was collected, amongst other plants, from Citrus medica L., citron, in Pakistan. Agistemus industani Gonzalez Agistemus industani Gonzalez, 1965: 40 This species resembles A. macrommatus Gonzalez in having large postocular bodies, but differs in that setae g1 are about one-third longer than g3, setae ag1 - 2 are located on a single platelet (instead of on separate platelets) and the leg setae are distinctly stouter than those of A. macrommatus.
13
Habitat and Locality – This species was described from Cyperus rotundus L. in India. However, specimens collected from citrus in Egypt were recently identified as A. industani and are being reared on P. citri, and rust mites and ice plant pollen at the University of Florida, Lake Alfred, USA (Childers – personal communication). Agistemus longisetus Gonzalez Agistemus longisetus Gonzalez, 1963: 346; Gonzalez, 1965: 36. Zetzellia longiseta (Gonzalez); Tseng, 1982: 8. The smooth dorsal shields, very long dorsal setae sci (120-125 long) and e2 (123-131) the longest, the presence of two aggenital setae, each on a separate platelet, and the ratio c1/c1-c1 = 3, are characteristic of this species. Habitat and Locality – This species was described from various fruit trees and other plants in Chile, Peru, Honduras, El Salvador, New Zealand, Australia and Taiwan and from citrus in Mexico. Agistemus macrommatus Gonzalez Agistemus macrommatus Gonzalez, 1965: 38. Zetzellia macrommata (Gonzalez); Tseng, 1982: 10. The exceptionally large postocular bodies, with setae sce as long as or slightly shorter than the diameter of the postocular bodies, combined with smooth dorsal shields and the location of setae ag1 and ag2 on two separate shields, distinguish this species from other Agistemus spp. Habitat and Locality – This species was described from Erianthus sp. in India, but in Taiwan this species was collected from pomelo. Agistemus brasiliensis n. sp. (Figs. 1-11) This species is similar to A. floridanus and can only be distinguished from the latter in that setae c1 are longer than the distance to d1, in the ratios ve/ve-ve = 2.3 (1.7
14
in A. floridanus), c1/c1-c1 = 2.1 (1.7 in A. floridanus) and in that most dorsal setae are longer. The feeding habits of A. brasiliensis may also distinguish it from A. floridanus. The latter can feed on scale insects, Eotetranychus sexmaculatus (Riley), eggs of P. citri, Fungitarsonemus peregrinosus Attiah and Tydeus gloveri (Ashmead). However, its optimal food seems to be the citrus rust mites, Phyllocoptruta oleivora Ashmead and Aculops pelekassi (Keifer). A. brasiliensis flourished on a diet of Panonychus citri, Brevipalpus phoenicis and Typha sp. pollen, in the laboratory, but when fed on Tetranychus urticae it only survive without laying eggs. This species also seems to be nocturnal. Female – Dimensions inTable 2. Dorsum – Idiosoma covered with three smooth dorsal shields. Prodorsal shield semilunar, with three long serrated setae, two eyes and two postocular bodies, the latter is almost twice as big as the eyes. The median shield on the opisthosoma is almost pentagonal, bearing five pairs of long serrated setae. Setae c2 and f on small oval shields. Suranal shield bears setae h1 - 2. All setae are on small tubercles. Setae c1 longer than distance to setae d1 and the members of setae c1 and e1 are almost equally spaced. The ratios of the dorsocentral setae are: ve/ve-ve = 2.3, c1/c1-c1 = 2.1, d1/d1-d1 = 0.8, e1/e1-e1 = 2.8, f/f-f = 1 and h1/h1-h1 = 5.6 Venter – Venter with three pairs of rather long and very slender setae between coxae. Anogenital area bears two pairs of aggenital setae on a horseshoe-shaped shield, which surrounds the genital opening anteriorly. Genital area with four pairs of slender setae (g 1-3 and ps). Setae g1 are smooth and reach just past g2. Setae g2,-3 and ps are stouter and slightly serrated. Gnathosoma – Palpfemur bears three setae, two are long, slender, and serrated setae and the third also long and serrated, but broad. The genu bears only one
15
serrated seta and the tibia two long slender setae and two claws. Tarsus with four long setae, one long basal and another short solenidion, and a three tined sensillum distally. Infracapitulum with two pairs of long smooth setae ventrally and two pairs of adoral setae distally. Legs – Setae and solenidia (in parentheses) on legs I-IV as follows: coxae 2-12-2, trochanters 1-1-1-1, femora 5-4-2-2, genua 4-1-0-0, tibiae 5(1)-5(1)-5(1)-5(1), tarsi 12(1)-9(1)-7(1)-7. Empodium on all tarsi pad-like, with three pairs of tenent hairs. Setae d of genu I much longer than l' and l'' Male – (n = 5) Dimensions in Table 2. Smaller than female and its opisthosoma tapers posteriorly. Dorsal setae are also shorter than those of female, with setae e1 much shorter, h1 slightly shorter than h2 and f also situating on median shield. Leg chaetotaxy similar to that of female except for tarsi I and II which bear two long solenidia and tarsus IV, which bears one solenidion. Deutonymph – (n=3) Dimensions in Table3. Similar to female but smaller, dorsal setae much shorter and it lacks setae g1 and the seta on trochanter IV. Protonymph – (n=3) Dimensions in Table3. Differs from female in the absence of ag2 and g1, chaetotaxy of the following leg segments: coxae 2-1-2-0, trochanters 0-0-0-0, femora 4-4-2-1, tarsi 12(1)-9(1)-7(1)-6. Larva – (n=2) Dimensions in Table 3. Much smaller than adults and has only three pairs of legs, setae ag1-2 and g1 are absent and the chaetotaxy of the following leg segments of leg I-III differ as follows: genua 3-1-0, femora 4-4-2, trochanters 0-00 and coxae 1-0-0. Type Material - Holotype female, 12 paratype females, 11 paratype males, three paratype deutonymphs and one paratype nymph from Citrus sinensis, Jaboticabal, São Paulo State, 25 November 1999 to 25 March 2001, Seven Paratype
16
females, two paratype males, one paratype deutonymph, six paratype protonymphs and two paratype larvae from Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck, Limeira, São Paulo State, 28 June 1999 to 11 August 2000. Seven Paratype females, two paratype males, two paratype deutonymphs, one paratype protonymph and two paratype larvae from Citrus sinensis, Itápolis, São Paulo State, 17 April 2000 to 21 September 2000, all collected by A. L. Matioli. Etymology - The name of this species is derived from Citrus sinensis, the species it was collected from. Remarks – This species was offered Tetranychus urticae Koch, P. citri and B. phoenicis as prey. Eggs were produced when it fed on the latter two species, but on T. urticae the predator only survived without laying any eggs. Its oviposition rate increased when P. citri and B. phoenicis were combined with Typha sp. pollen. This predator was dormant during the night.
17
Table 2. Measurements of female and male of Agistemus brasiliensis. Character measured *
Female Holotype
Females including holotype (n=10) Mean SD Max Min 389 26.2 432 359 278 36.8 350 246 233 31.7 296 189 49 2.6 54 47 77 1.4 79 76 71 4.5 76 60 60 2.0 63 57 55 3.0 60 50 62 1.8 63 60 64 3.2 69 60 71 3.6 76 66 73 4.3 79 66 58 3.4 60 50 39 2.4 44 35 24 2.5 25 19 21 2.5 25 19 29 3.4 36 25 83 5.4 91 74 25 2.0 28 22 58 9.1 72 45 7 2.2 9 4
416 Body length 299 Idiosoma 261 Body width 47 Ve 77 Sci 72 Sce 63 c1 54 c2 63 d1 66 d2 69 e1 72 e2 57 f 38 h1 20 h2 21 ve-ve 32 c1-c1 85 d1-d1 26 e1-e1 60 f-f 9 h1-h1 SD = Standard Deviation * = Idiosoma plus gnathosoma
Males (n=5) Mean SD 318 39.1 213 33.4 170 22.4 42 4.9 59 3.9 54 7.2 45 4.0 42 5.8 36 4.0 48 5.2 25 4.1 48 5.9 51 6.2 14 1.6 16 2.1 25 2.3 27 6.6 67 3.3 22 6.6 32 2.6 5 1.1
18
Table 3. Measurements of deutonymph, protonymph and larvae of Agistemus brasiliensis. Character measured
Deutonymph (n=3) Mean SD * 296 10.4 Body length 207 10.5 Idiosoma 153 8.0 Body width 34 1.7 ve 51 1.2 sci 44 0 sce 39 2.9 c1 39 1.7 c2 40 1.7 d1 43 1.7 d2 41 0 e1 43 1.7 e2 35 0 f 25 0.6 h1 17 1.7 h2 17 1.7 ve-ve 25 0 c1-c1 60 3.0 d1-d1 19 3.1 e1-e1 38 0 f-f 9 0.6 h1-h1 SD = Standard Deviation * = Idiosoma plus gnathosoma
Protonymph (n=3) Mean SD 196 50.8 154 27.0 143 14.4 27 1.7 45 3.5 40 6.2 34 3.5 29 5.1 33 1.7 38 3.0 34 3.5 38 5.2 27 4.0 17 2.9 14 1.7 13 2.0 25 3.0 51 6.6 19 3.0 28 3.5 5 1.2
Larva (n=2) Mean 142 106 95 27 41 35 37 25 31 34 32 33 25 13 13 14 19 32 12 21 3
SD 31.1 2.1 0 2.1 0 0 2.1 0 1.4 2.1 0 0.7 0 5.0 0 0.7 3.5 0 1.4 2.1 0
Agistemus terminalis Quayle Caligonus terminalis Quayle, 1912: 234. Mediolata terminalis (Quayle), Nesbitt, 1946:15. Agistemus terminalis (Quayle), Summers, 1960b: 234. Zetzellia terminalis (Quayle), Tseng, 1982: 6. A. terminalis can be distinguished by its short, minutely serrated dorsal setae that are not set on tubercles, and no setae on the median opisthosomal shield reach the setae next behind. It is also characterized by setae sci being slightly longer (50-53) than all other dorsal body setae, setae ag1 and ag2 each placed on a small platelet and setae g1 reaching past setae g3.
19
Habitat and Locality – Summers, (1960b) redescribed A. terminalis from material collected in California, Mexico, Guatemala and Japan on Citrus spp., avocado, cypress and juniper. Gonzalez (1965) recorded it from other States in the USA, Chile, Peru and India. The Indian specimens were also collected from citrus. Tseng (1982) collected it from plants other than citrus in Taiwan. Zetzellia Oudemans Zetzellia Oudemans, 1927: 263; Summers, 1960b: 240; Gonzalez, 1965: 15; Summers, 1966: 241; Wood, 1967: 125 (in part); Wainstein, 1978: 161; Ueckermann and Meyer, 1987: 372; Meyer and Ueckermann, 1989: 44. Type species – Zetzellia methlagli Oudemans, 1927. This genus exhibits the following characters: prodorsal shield with three pairs of setae, setae sce may be on separated platelets; setae c2 on small platelets; median opisthosomal shield undivided or divided longitudinally into two or more sections, setae e1-2 never on separate shields; setae d2 and f, however, on separated platelets; suranal shields covering posterior end of opisthosoma, bearing setae h1-2. Zetzellia languida Gonzalez Zetzellia languida Gonzalez, 1965: 21. This species can be recognized by the distal spatulate extensions of the fixed cheliceral digits, tarsus IV bearing six setae instead of the normal seven setae and, in the male, tarsi I, III and IV are devoid of solenidia wΓ. Habitat and Locality – This species was described from an unidentified tree in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Gonzalez (1965) recorded it from citrus in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and in Florida, USA.
20
Zetzellia malvinae n. sp. (Fig. 17-25) This species keyed out to Zetzellia mapuchina Gonzalez, but differs from the latter in the presence of a large median shield devoid of setae, larger platelets bearing the opisthosomal setae and setae ag2 which are placed on a large spindle-shaped platelet. Female – (n=3) Dimensions in Table 4. Dorsum – Covered with 15 shields. Prodorsal shield triangular and bears three rather short and strongly serrated setae, two eyes and two postocular bodies. Opisthosoma with a larger median shield devoid of setae and ornamented with short striae, surrounded by 12 smooth smaller shields, each bearing a rather short and strongly serrated seta. Suranal shield smooth and with two pairs of setae, also strongly serrated. Most setae are subequal in length, setae sci, sce, h1-2 and c1-2 are the longest (22-25). Ratios of dorsocentral setae as follows: ve/ve-ve = 1.5, c1/c1-c1 = 0.5, d1/d1-d1 = 0.3, e1/e1-e1 = 0.5, f/f-f = 0.4 and h1/h1-h1 = 2.0. Venter – With three pairs of rather short setae. Anogenital area with ag1 on a small platelet and ag2 on a larger, spindle-shaped platelet. Genital valves each with four setae (g
1-3
and ps). Setae g1 reach past g3 and g1 and g2 are apparently smooth,
whereas g3 and ps are more stout and serrated. Gnathosoma – Palpfemur with two long, slender, serrated setae and one long, broader, slightly serrated seta, genu with one large, slender seta and tibia with two long, slender setae and two claws. Tarsus with three setae and one basal solenidion and one seta, one solenidion and one three-tined-sensillum distally. Infracapitulum with two pairs of long, slender setae ventrally and two pairs of adoral setal distally. Palpcoxae with a small dorsal spine.
21
Legs – Numbers of setae and solenidia (in parentheses) on segments of legs IIV: coxae 2-1-2-2, trochanters 1-1-1-1, femora 5-4-2-2, genua 4-1-0-0, tibiae 5(1)5(1)-5(1)-5(1), tarsi 12(1)-9(1)-7(1)-7. Seta d of genu I much longer setae l' and l'' Empodia on tarsi pad-like with three pairs of tenent hairs. Male – (n=1) Dimensions in Table 4. Similar to female but differs in that the opisthosoma tapers posteriorly, setae c1, d1, e1 and e2 on a weakly outlined median shield, setae h1 much shorter than h2, tarsi I and II bear two solenidia; those on leg II equally long and tarsi IV also with a solenidion. Ratios of dorsocentral setae as follows: ve/ve-ve = 1.0, c1/c1-c1 = 0.5, d1/d1-d1 = 0.3, e1/e1-e1 = 0,5, f/f-f = 0.7 and h1/h1-h1 = 1.3. Type Material – Holotype female, two paratype females and one paratype male, from Citrus sinensis, Limeira, São Paulo State, 01 January 1999 to 21 May 2000, coll. A. L. Matioli. Etymology – This species is named after the mother of the senior author, Mrs. Malvina Martins Matioli.
22
Table 4. Measurements of females and male of Zetzellia malvinae. Character measured
Female holotype
*
372 Body length 271 Idiosoma 167 Body width 19 ve 25 sci 25 sce 22 c1 25 c2 19 d1 19 d2 19 e1 19 e2 19 f 25 h1 25 h2 14 ve-ve 45 c1-c1 67 d1-d1 41 e1-e1 45 f-f 11 h1-h1 SD = Standard Deviation * = Idiosoma plus gnathosoma
Females including holotype (n=3) Mean SD Max Min 381 21.9 406 365 277 22.6 302 258 179 20.2 202 167 18 1.7 19 16 24 1.2 25 23 24 1.7 25 22 21 1.7 22 19 25 0 25 25 19 0 19 19 21 1.7 22 19 21 1.7 22 19 21 1.7 22 19 21 1.7 22 19 26 1.7 28 25 25 3.0 28 22 12 2.7 14 9 43 2.1 45 41 68 1.2 69 67 43 2.9 46 41 51 6.0 57 45 13 2.5 16 11
Male (n=1) Dimensions 340 245 164 17 22 22 19 22 17 20 16 22 22 14 22 17 38 52 35 33 11
Zetzellia maori Gonzalez Zetzellia maori Gonzalez, 1965: 22. This species exhibits the following characters: Opisthosoma almost nude, with dorsal setae on small platelets, setae very short and apparently smooth with c2, sci and sce, in this order, the longest, setae ag1 on very small platelets and ag2 on larger spindle-shaped platelets, setae g1 reach past g3 and tarsus I with 12 setae (solenidia included). Habitat and Locality – This species was described from citrus and several other plants in New Zealand.
23
Zetzellia mapuchina Gonzalez Zetzellia mapuchina Gonzalez, 1965: 23. Zetzellia mapuchina can be defined as follows: opisthosoma almost nude with all setae very short and serrated, located on small platelets, setae ag1-2 each on very small platelets, setae g1 reach slightly past g3 and tarsus IV bears 13 setae (solenidia included). Habitat and Locality – This species was described from Citrus reticulata Blanco fruit, sent from Argentina and intercepted at Miami, Florida, USA. It was also found on Wisteria sinensis (Sims) DC. in Chile. Eryngiopus Summers Eryngiopus Summers, 1964: 186; Summers, 1966: 244; Wood, 1967: 111; Meyer, 1969: 231; Wood, 1971: 412; Wainstein, 1978: 166; Ueckermann and Meyer, 1987: 394; Meyer and Ueckermann, 1989: 51. Type species – Eryngiopus gracilis Summers, 1964. This genus can be defined as follows: idiosoma elongate; dorsal plates almost obsolete; shields restricted to small, raised areas medially on prodorsum and a suranal shield; terminal sensillum on palptarsus bifid or simple. Eryngiopus bifidus Wood Eryngiopus bifidus Wood, 1967: 114; Vacante and Gerson, 1987: 393. The following combination of characters distinguishes this species: prodorsal shields consist of two raised, elongated areas bearing two pairs of setae, opisthosoma without shields except for suranal shield bearing two pairs of setae, all dorsal setae very short and apparently slightly serrated, two pairs of aggenital setae present, setal formula of genua 4-0-0-0; palptarsus with forked distal sensillum.
24
Habitat and Locality – This species was originally collected and described from various plants in New Zealand. Vacante and Gerson (1987) collected on citrus foliage under the shield of arrowhead scale, Unaspis yanonensis Kuwana, in Italy. Eryngiopus citri Rakha and McCoy Eryngiopus citri Rakha and McCoy, 1984: 505. This species can be recognized by the reticulated prodorsal shield; each member of setae f placed on a small shield and the rod-like sensillum located distally on the palptarsus. Habitat and Locality – This species was described from citrus in Florida, USA. It was observed feeding on eggs of Tydeus mumai Baker. Eryngiopus harteni Van Dis and Ueckermann Eryngiopus harteni Van Dis and Ueckermann, 1993: 123. Eryngiopus harteni exhibits the following diagnostic characteristics: prodorsum with four shields, the anterior two bearing setae vi, ve on a very small platelet adjacent to the anterior shields, sci on posterior shields and sce laterally to these shields; terminal sensillum on palptarsus simple; setal formulae of genua 2-1-11, tibiae 5(1)-4(1)-4(1)-4(1) and tarsi 10(1)-8(1)-6(1)-6. Habitat and Locality –
This species was described from Citrus sp. in
Yemen. Eryngiopus siculus Vacante and Gerson Eryngiopus siculus Vacante and Gerson, 1987: 386. This species has two almost triangular shields on the prodorsum, carrying setae vi and ve, prodorsum with four pairs of setae. The opisthosoma is without shields but according to the figure of the dorsum there are two elongate-oval (Vacante and Gerson, 1987) shields between setae c1 and d1. Each member of setae h1 is on a
25
separate shield and h2 is placed on the striated integument. The anogenital area bears three pairs of aggenital setae and four pairs of genital setae, g1 reaching just past g3. Habitat and Locality – This species was found under the shield of the ivy scale, Aspidiotus nerri Bouché, on a lemon trees in Italy. Family Eupalopsellidae Willmann Eupalopsellidae Willmann, 1952: 163; Evans, 1954: 805; Summers, 1960a: 124-125; Summers, 1966b: 228; Meyer & Rodrigues, 1966:17; Meyer et al., 1973:9; Strandtmann and Prasse, 1976: 15; Livshitz and Kuznetzov, 1976: 69; Charlet and McMurtry, 1977: 199; Wainstein, 1978: 153; Krantz, 1978: 255, 300; Kethley, 1982: 137; Kuznetzov and Petrov, 1984: 94; Meyer and Ueckermann, 1989: 4. Type genus – Eupalopsellus Sellnick, 1949. The Eupalopsellidae can be defined as follows: cheliceral bases fused; peritremes and stigmata absent; palpus long, slender and attenuate with the palptarsus elongate or short; palptarsus with a single unbranched distal eupathidium; tibial claw uncinate, reduced or obsolete; idiosoma oval or elongate; dorsum of idiosoma usually covered with four shields but prodorsal shield reduced or divided, opisthosoma with one to three shields or a single shield may cover the entire dorsum; there are 13 pairs of dorsal body setae, setae sci in dorsocentral position, setae h2 absent or present in male; venter of female without shields; ventral setae usually very long and flagelliform; empodium usually consists of two pairs of raylets on a medium knob. Key to the genera and only species found in association with citrus of the Family Eupalopsellidae-Females. 1.Prodorsal shield divided, sometimes small………………………….………...….…2 - Prodorsal shield undiveded and distinct…………………………...………….....….6 2. Opisthosoma with one or two shields (including suranal shield); prodorsal shields either without or with two pairs of setae; eyes and postocular bodies on integument...................................................................................................................5 - Opisthosoma with three shields; prodorsal shields with three pairs of setae; one pair of eyes and one pair of postocular bodies……...…..Eupalopsis Canestrini….…..…3
26
3. Setae c1 and d2 on integument; opisthosoma caudally with a pair of tubercles……………………………………..…….….…....…….E. jamesi Gerson - Setae c1 and d1-2 on anterior opisthosomal shield; caudal tubercules absent……....4 4. Dorsal setae slender………………...…….………….E. maseriensis Can. and Fanz. - Dorsal setae subspatulate………………...…..….E. gersoni Meyer and Ueckermann 5. Prodorsal shields small and devoid of setae; idiosoma only with suranal shield posteriorly.……………Saniosulus Summers……………….Idiosoma elongate and fusiform; except for a pair of ill-defined prodorsal and suranal shields, dorsum devoid of shields; setae sci widely spaced……………………….S. nudus Summers - Prodorsal shields distinct bearing setae vi and ve, idiosoma with two shields, viz. median opisthosomal and suranal shields; former reduced, bearing only setae e1……………………………………..……..…Peltasellus Meyer and Ueckermann 6. Idiosoma completely or almost completely covered with a thin skeletal sheath or with two to three shields; dorsal body setae stout, coarsely denticulate, all originate on tubercles………………………………Exothorhis Summers………...….....….7 - Idiosoma partly covered by four shields; dorsal setae slender, smooth or slightly serrated, not originating on tubercles…...Eupalopsellus Sellnick………………....9 7. Small spine-like solenidion present distally on tibia I…..……..E. caudata Summers - Spine-like solenidion absent………………………………………………….……..8 8. Chaetotaxy of tibiae 5(2)-5(2)-5(1)-5(1)……….......….………E. okinawana Ehara - Chaetotaxy of tibiae 4(2)-4(2)-3(1)-3(1) (male)………………………..………..…... …………………………………………….…..E. bixae Rimando and Corpus-Raros 9 Tarsus IV with one solenidion; chaetotaxy of femora 4-4-3-1; postocular bodies four to five times as big as eyes…………...….....…..E. sellnicki Meyer and Ueckermann - Tarsus IV without solenidion; chaetotaxy of femora 4-4-2-1…………………....…10 10. Dorsal shields reticulated; chaetotaxy of genua 2-1-0-0………………………...… …………………………………………....……......…E. brevipilis Meyer and Ryke - Dorsal shields smooth; chaetotaxy of genua 2-1-1-1…….….E. rostridus Summers Exothorhis Summers Exothorhis Summers, 1960a: 131; Wainstein, 1978: 153; Meyer and Ueckermann, 1984: 124; Meyer and Ueckermann, 1989: 8. Type species – Exothorhis caudata Summers, 1960. The diagnostic features of this genus are: dorsal body setae and some leg setae are coarsely denticulate and originate on tubercles; idiosoma covered with either a thin skeletal sheath or with one or more ill-demarcated shields; setae c2 in a dorsolateral position. Exothorhis bixae Rimando and Corpuz-Raros Exothorhis bixae Rimando and Corpuz-Raros, 1996: 112.
27
This species is known from three males. According to Rimando and CorpuzRaros (1996) it is distinctive in that leg I is unusually long in relation to the other legs and setae g1-2 are set on tubercles. Habitat and Locality – This species was described from Bixa orellana L. and citrus in the Philippines. Exothorhis caudata Summers Exothorhis caudata Summers, 1960a: 131; Rakha and McCoy, 1985: 142; Rimando and Corpuz-Raros, 1996:110. Exothorhis citri Meyer and Ueckermann, 1989: 10. New synonymy. According to Summers (1960) genu IV is devoid of setae. Based on this Meyer and Ueckermann distinguished their new species, E. citri from E. caudata. However, an examination of the type specimens of E. caudata showed that genu IV does bear a seta. Summers may have confused the female with immature stages in which genu IV is without setae. A diagnostic character of this species is the presence of a small spine-like solenidion on the distal part of tibia I. Habitat and Locality – This species was described from citrus in Florida, USA. Rakha and McCoy (1985) collected it again on citrus at Lake Alfred, Florida, USA. New records: – Eleven females, one deutonymph, two protonymphs and two larvae from Citrus sinensis, Limeira, São Paulo State, 28 June 1999 to 02 June 2000. Seven females, two larvae from Citrus sinensis, Araraquara, São Paulo State, 27 June 1999 to 01 June 2000. One female and one
protonymph from Citrus sinensis,
Olímpia, São Paulo State, 30 October 1999 and 14 January 2000, respectively. Ten females and one protonymph from Citrus sinensis, Jaboticabal, São Paulo State, 30 October 1999 and 14 January 2000; all material was collected by A. L. Matioli.
28
Remarks – Rakha and McCoy (1985) found only larvae, nymphs and females but did not mention males. Likewise, no males were found during surveys in citrus orchards in São Paulo State, Brazil. The almost 50 specimens collected in citrus orchards in São Paulo State, at different localities (Jaboticabal, Olímpia, Limeira and Araraquara), was comprised only of larvae, nymphs and females, no males were found. This may indicate that E. caudata is reproducing parthenogenetically. It was found in association with the following citrus scale insects: Parlatoria cinerea Doane and Hadden, Coccus viridis Green, Saissetia coffeae Walk., Selenaspidus articulatus (Morgan), Orthezia praelonga Douglas and Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret). Exothorhis okinawana Ehara Exothorhis okinawana Ehara, 1967: 322; Meyer and Ueckermann, 1984: 125; Rimando and Corpuz-Raros, 1996: 110. This species can be distinguished from E. citri and E. caudata in that the dorsal body setae are stout and spatulate distally. According to Rimando and CorpuzRaros (1996) it is unique in the chaetotaxy of the genua, 2(1)-1(1)-1(1)-1(1) and tibiae 5(2)-5(2)-5(1)-5(1) (Ehara, 1967). Habitat and Locality – The type specimens were collected from citrus on Okinawa Island, Japan. Saniosulus Summers Saniosulus Summers, 1960a: 135; Summers, 1966: 227; Gerson, 1966: 153; Wainstein, 1978: 153; Meyer and Ueckermann, 1984: 124; Meyer and Ueckermann, 1989: 7. Type species – Saniosulus nudus Summers, 1960. This genus can be defined as follows: idiosoma elongate and fusiform; dorsum without shields except for two ill-defined prodorsal shields and a suranal shield
29
posteriorly; dorsal body setae short and slightly serrated, with setae f1, h1 and h2 the longest. Saniosulus nudus Summers Saniosulus Summers, 1960a: 135; Gerson, 1968: 431; Charlet and McMurtry, 1977: 199; Zaher and Gomaa, 1978: 547; Rakha and McCoy, 1985: 142; Meyer and Ueckermann, 1984: 124; Meyer and Ueckermann, 1989: 7. This species exhibits the same characters as the genus. Habitat and locality – Saniosulus nudus was found on orchids from Mexico intercepted at Brownsville, Texas, USA and in association with diaspidid scale insects on citrus. It was also recorded from California (USA), Israel (associated with the chaff scale, Parlatoria pergandii (Comstock), Gerson and Blumberg (1969) and Egypt. Eupalopsis Canestrini Eupalopsis Canestrini, 1886: 194; Canestrini, 1889: 524; Berlese, 1882-93: 59; Oudemans, 1923: 148; Summers, 1960a: 119; Summers, 1966:227; Gerson, 1966:148; Livshitz and Kuznetzov, 1976: 70; Wainstein, 1978: 153; Meyer and Ueckermann, 1984: 122; Meyer and Ueckermann, 1989: 7. Type species – Eupalus maseriensis Canestrini and Fanzago, 1876. Meyer and Ueckermann (1984) revised this monotypic genus and added a second species and Gerson (1994) a third species. Meyer and Ueckermann also modified Gerson’s (1966) definition of the genus, and now we add more characters, based on Gerson’s (1994) new species; Prodorsal shield divided, bearing setae vi, ve and sci; one pair of eyes and one pair of postocular bodies; opisthosoma with three shields, including suranal shield; setae c1 and d2 usually on anterior opisthosomal shield, but c1 and d2 may also be situated on the integument (E. jamesi); palptibial
30
claw distinct; tubercles absent or present caudally on opisthosoma (E. jamesi); setae h2 present in males; palpfemur of male with or without a brush-like seta. Eupalopsis gersoni Meyer and Ueckermann Eupalopsis gersoni Meyer and Ueckermann, 1984: 123. This species can be distinguished by the following combination of characters: setae c1 and d1-2 located on anterior opisthosomal shield; dorsal body setae subspatulate; palpfemur of male with a brush-like seta. Habitat and Locality – This species was described, amongst other plants, from citrus infested with the California red scale, Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell), in South Africa. Eupalopsis jamesi Gerson Eupalopsis jamesi Gerson, 1994: 64. The presence of only setae d1 on the anterior opisthosomal shield and the presence of a pair of caudal tubercles on the opisthosoma clearly distinguish this species from the other two. Habitat and Locality – The type specimens were found in association with crawlers of the California red scale, Aonidiella aurantii, on citrus in New South Wales, Australia. Eupalopsis maseriensis Canestrini and Fanzago Eupalus maseriensis Canestrini and Fanzago, 1876: 138. Mediolata arvensis Canestrini, 1889: 524; Berlese, 1882-93: 59 Eupalopsis maseriensis (Canestrini and Fanzago); Canestrini, 1886: 670; Berlese, 1882-93: 59; Oudemans, 1923: 148; Summers, 1960a: 119; Gonzalez, 1965: 7; Gerson, 1966: 149; Livshitz and Kuznetzov, 1976: 70; Meyer and Ueckermann, 1984: 123.
31
This species differs from the other two in that setae c1 and d1-2 are situated on the anterior opisthosomal shield (as in E. gersoni), dorsal body setae slender and slightly serrated, no caudal tubercles on opisthosoma and male palpfemur with simple setae. Habitat and Locality – The type locality of this species is apparently Italy but the host plant was not mentioned. Gerson (1966) redescribed it from citrus in Israel where it was observed feeding on the crawlers of the scale insect, Parlatoria pergandii Comstock. Eupalopsellus Sellnick Eupalopsellus Sellnick, 1949: 132; Willmann, 1952: 163; Summers, 1960a: 125; Summers, 1966: 227; Livshitz and Kuznetzov, 1976: 72; Strandtmann and Prasse, 1976: 15; Wainstein, 1978: 153; Kuznetzov and Petrov, 1984: 95; Meyer and Ueckermann, 1984: 125; Meyer and Ueckermann, 1989: 10. Type species – Eupalopsellus ölandicus Sellnick, 1949. This genus closely resembles Eupalopsis Canestrini, but differs from it in that the prodorsal shield is entire, setae sce always located on a prodorsal shield and setae h2 absent in male. Eupalopsellus brevipilus Meyer and Ryke Eupalopsis brevipilus Meyer and Ryke, 1959: 223. Eupalopsellus brevipilus (Meyer and Ryke); Meyer and Rodrigues, 1966: 17; Rodrigues, 1968: 225; Meyer and Ueckermann, 1984: 129. Meyer and Ueckermann, 1989: 12. Eupalopsellus brevipilus can be recognized by the reticulate dorsal shields, the strong serrated dorsal body setae and the chaetotaxy of the genua 2-1-0-0.
32
Habitat and locality – This species was first described from a shrub collected at Kaap Muiden, Mpumalanga Province, South Africa. Since then, it was collected from a wide variety of plants in South Africa, Moçambique and Zimbabwe where it was, amongst other plants, found on citrus. Eupalopsellus rostridus Summers Eupalopsellus rostridus Summers, 1960a: 126; Livshitz and Kuznetzov, 1976: 72; Meyer and Ueckermann, 1984: 130. This species is very closely related to E. ölandicus Sellnick, but differs from the latter in that the solenidion on tibia I is more prominent and the chaetotaxy of the genua is, 2-1-1-1 (instead of 2-1-0-0) and of the tarsi, 11-10-7-6 (instead of 11-9-7-6). Habitat and Locality – This species was described from heather imported from Scotland and intercepted at Boston, USA. It was also recorded in the Ukraine from privet and a juniper. During a survey for predatory mites in citrus in Florida, USA. E. rostridus was collected together with Exothorhis caudata and Saniosulus nudus (Rakha and McCoy, 1985). Eupalopsellus sellnicki Meyer and Ueckermann Eupalopsellus sellnicki Meyer and Ueckermann, 1984; Meyer and Ueckermann, 1989: 11. This species can be defined as follows: dorsal shields punctated; postocular bodies about four to five times larger than eyes; chaetotaxy of genua 2-1-1-1 and of femora 4-4-3-1; tarsus IV bears a solenidion.
33
Habitat and Locality – This species was described, amongst a wide variety of other plants, from citrus infested with the California red scale, Aonidiella aurantii. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors wish to thank the Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)Câmpus de Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil, for equipment and infrastructure which made this study possible, the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP), Brazil, for funding this project. We also wish to thank Drs. M. K. P. Smith-Meyer of ARC-Plant Protection Research, Pretoria, South Africa and Sabina F. Swift of Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, USA for reviewing this manuscript. We also wish to thank Prof. Uri Gerson for is much appreciated assistance with the key to the stigmaeid genera and also for reviewing the manuscript. Last but not the least we would also like to acknowledge the assistance received from various citrus Brazilian farmers who allowed the senior author to collect in their orchards. REFERENCES Agrianual. 2000. Anuário da agricultura brasileira. São Paulo, Brazil. 545p. Berlese, 1882-93. Acari, Myriapoda et Scorpiones hucusque in Italia reperta. Ordo Prostigmata (Trombidiidae).Patavii, Portici. Bolland, R. H. and E. A. Ueckermann. 1984. Raphignathoid mites (Acari: Prostigmata) from Cameron with reference to their chromosome numbers. Phytophylactica 16: 201-207. Canestrini, G. 1886. Prospetto dell’ Acarofauna Italiana. Atti del Ist. Veneto Sci., Let. Art. (Ser.6) 3: 159-311. Canestrini, G. 1889. Prospetto dell’ Acarofauna Italiana, Famiglia dei Tetranchini. Atti del realeIstituto Veneto di Sci. Let. art. (Ser.6)7: 512-513.
34
Canestrini, G. and Fanzago, F. 1876. Nuovi Acari Italiani (sec.ser.). Atti della Soc. Veneto-Trentina Sci. nat. res. Padova 5(1): 130-142. Charlet, L. D. and J. A. McMurtry. 1977. Systematics and bionomics of predaceous and phytophagous mites associated with pine foliage in California. I. Survey on mites on native pines, including a description a new species of Phytoseiidae. II. Population dynamics of mites on three species of pines in the forest Falls area of San Bernadino mountains. III. Laboratory studies on the biology of the phytoseiid Metaseiulus validus Chant and Typhloseiopsis pini Chant. Hilgardia 45(7): 173-236. Chaudhri, W. M., S. Akbar and A. Rasool. 1974. Taxonomic studies of the mites belonging to the families Tenuipalpidae, Tetranychidae, Tuckerellidae, Caligonellidae, Stigmaeidae and Phytoseiidae. US Department of Agriculture and Pakistan Agricultural Research Council. Pl 480 programme. Project n° PK-ARS 30: 234pp. Ehara, S. 1967. Raphignathoidea mites associated with plants in Okinawa Island (Eupalopsellidae, Stigmaiedae). Proc. Japan Acad. 43(4): 322-326. Flechtmann, C.H.W. 1995. On the fauna of bamboo leaves in the Parque Nacional do Itatiaia, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Internat. J. Acarol. 21(4): 243-252. Ehara, S. and T. Wongsiri. 1984. Stigmaeid mites associated with plants in Thailand (Acarina, Stigmaeidae). Kontyû, Tokyo 52(1): 110-118. Evans, G. O. 1954. Some new rare species of Acarina. Proc. Zool. Soc.London 123: 793-811. Flechtmann, C. H. W., S. Kreiter, J. Etienne and G. J. de Moraes. 1999. Plant mites (Acari) of the French Antilles – 5. Stigmaeidae (Prostigmata). Acarologia 40(4): 401-406.
35
Gerson, U. 1966. A redescription of Eupalopsis maseriensis (Canestrini and Fanzago) (Acarina: Eupalopsellidae). Isr. J. Zoo. 15: 148-154. Gerson, U. 1968. Some raphignathoid mites from Israel. J.Nat. Hist. 2: 429-437. Gerson, U. 1994. The Australian Eupalopsellidae (Acari: Prostigmata). Invertebrate Taxonomy 8: 63-73. Gerson, U. and D. Blumberg. 1969. Biological notes on the mite Saniosulus nudus. J. Econ. Entomol. 62(3): 729-730. Gerson, U. and D. E. Walter. 1998. Transfer of Mecognatha Wood from Stigmaeidae of Mecognathidae fam. nov., a new synonymy and Key to families of Raphignathoidea (Acari: Prostigmata). Systematic and Applied Acarology 3: 145-147. Gonzalez, R. H. 1963. Four new mites of the genus Agistemus Summers, 1960 (Acarina: Stigmaeidae). Acarologia 5(3): 342-350. Gonzalez, R. H. 1965. A taxonomic study of the genera Mediolata, Zetzellia and Agistemus (Acarina: Stigmaeidae). University of California Publications in Entomology 41: 64pp. Kethley, J. 1982. Acariformes, Prostigmata. 117-145. In. Parker, S. P (Ed). Synopsis and classification of living organisms, vol. 2. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co. Kethley, J. 1990. Acarina: Prostigmata (Actinedida). 667-756. In: Dindal, D. L. (Ed). Soil Biology Guide. John Wiley and Sars, New York. Krantz, G. W. 1978. A manual of acarology. 2 nd ed. Corvalis, Oregon Book Stores: 1-509. Kuznetzov, N. N. and V. M. Petrov. 1984. Predacious mites of the Baltic region (Parasitiformes: Phytoseiidae, Acariformes: Prostigmata). Riga, Zinatne:142pp (In Russian).
36
Livshitz, I. Z. and N. N. Kuznetzov. 1976. Raphignathoidea of the Crimea. I. Family Eupalopsellidae Wilmann, 1952. Zool. News 1: 68-73. Matioli, A. L., G. L. D. Leite, A. Pallini-Filho and M. Picanço. 1998. Distribuição espacial e temporal e efeitos de diferentes tratos culturais em ácaros associados a laranja pêra-rio. Agro-Ciencia 14(2): 395-405. Meyer, M. K. P. (Smith). 1969. Some stigmaeid mites from South Africa (Acari: Trombidiformes). Acarologia 11(2): 227-271. Meyer, M.K.P. (Smith) and Ryke, P.A.J. 1960. Mites of the superfamily Raphignathoidea (Acarina: Prostigmata) associated with South African plants. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 13(2): 209-234. Meyer, M. K. P. (Smith) and M. C. Rodrigues. 1966. Acari associated with cotton in southern Africa (with reference to other plants). Garcia de Orta 13(2): 33pp. Meyer, M. K. P. (Smith) and E. A. Ueckermann. 1984. The family Eupalopsellidae (Acari: Prostigmata), with descriptions of new species from South Africa. Phytophylactica 16: 121-142. Meyer, M. K. P. (Smith) and E. A. Ueckermann. 1989. African Rhaphignathoidea (Acari: Prostigmata). Entomology Mem. Dep. Agric. Wat. Supply. Republ. S. Afr. No. 74: 58pp. Meyer, M. K. P. (Smith), G. C. Loots, R. van Pletzen, C. M. Engelbrecht and J.B. Walker. 1973. Acari of the Ethiopian Region. Entomology Mem. Dep. Agric. tech. Serv. Repub. S. Afr. No. 29: 45pp. Nesbitt, H.H.J. 1946. Three new mites from Nova Scotian apple trees. Can. Entomol. 78: 15-22. Oliveira, C. A. L. and L. C. Donadio. 1995. Leprose dos citros. Jaboticabal, Brazil. FUNEP. 219 p.
37
Oudemans, A.C. 1923. Acarologische aanteekeningen LXXI. Ent. Ber. 6(130): 145155. Oudemans, A. C. 1927. Acarologische aantekeninge LXXXVIII. Ent. Ber. 7(158): 257-263. Oudemans, A.C. 1931. Over zijne nieuwste ontdekkinge over de ligging der stigmata bij eenige Acari, Verslagen p. XiX-XXVI, f. 1-7. Tijdsch. Entomol. 74. Quayle, J. H. 1912. Red spiders and mites of citrus trees. University of California Agricultural Experimental Station Bulletin: 234-499. Rakha, M. A. and C. W. McCoy. 1984. Eryngiopus citri, a new mite on Florida citrus with descriptions of the development stages (Stigmaeidae: Actinedia). Fl. Ent. 67(4): 504-507. Rakha, M. A. and C. W. McCoy. 1985. Eupalopsellid mites on Florida citrus, with a description
of
Exothorhis
caudata
Summers
development
stages
(Eupalopsellidae: Raphignathoidea). Fl. Ent. 68(1): 141- 144. Rimando, L. C. and L. A. Corpuz-Raros. 1996. Some Philippine Raphignatoidea (Acari) –I. Genera Paraeupalopsellus and Exothorhis (Eupalopsellidae). The Philipp. Ent. 10(2): 97-117. Rodrigues, J. C. V., N. L. Nogueira, H. S. Prates and D. S. Freitas. 1994. Leprose dos citros: importância, histórico, distribuição e relações com o ácaro vetor. Laranja 15(2): 123-138. Sellnick, M. 1949. Milben von der Kuste Schwedens. Ent. Tidskrift 70(3): 123-135. Strandtmann, R. W. and J. Prasse. 1976. Prostigmatic mites from the experimental farm in Etzdorf/Saalkreis, G. D. R. Abhl. Ber. Naturk. Mus. Forschstelle, Görlitz 50(2): 1-33.
38
Summers, F. M. 1960a. Eupalopsis and eupalopsellid mites (Acarina: Stigmaeidae, Eupalopsellidae). Fl. Ent. 43(3): 119-138. Summers, F. M. 1960b. Several stigmaeid mites formaly included in Mediolata redescribed in Zetzellia Oudemans and Agistemus, new genus. Proc.Entomol. Soc. Wash. 62(4): 233-247. Summers, F. M. 1964. Three uncommon genera of the mite family Stigmaeidae. Proc.Entomol. Soc. Wash. 66(3): 184-192. Summers, F. M. 1966. Genera of the mite family Stigmaeidae Oudemans (Acarina). Acarologia 8(2): 230-250. Tseng, Y. H. 1982. Mites of the family Stigmaeidae of Taiwan with key to genera of the world (Acarina: Prostigmata). NTU Phytopathol. Entomol., 9: 1-52. Ueckermann, E. A. and M. K. P.Meyer (Smith). 1987. Afrotropical Stigmaeidae (Acari:Prostigmata). Phytophylactica 19: 371-397. Vacante, V. and U. Gerson. 1987. Three species of Eryngiopus (Acari: Stigmaeidae) from Italy, with key to species and summary of habitats. Redia 70: 385- 401. Van Dis, J. C. S. and E. A. Ueckermann. 1993. New species of the genera Stigmaeus Koch, Eryngiopus Summers and Eupalopsellus Sellnick (Acari: Stigmaeidae, Eupalopsellidae) from the Afrotropical Region. Phytophylactica 25:117-135. Wainstein, B. A. 1978. Identification key of soil inhabiting mites, Trombidiformes. Akademiia Nauk SSR Institut Evoliutsionnoi Morfologii Ekologii Zhivotnykh in A. N. Severlova. Zoologicheskii Institut 7485: 271pp. (In Russian). Willmann,
C.
1952.
Die
Milbenfauna
der
Nordseeinsel
Wangerooge.
Veröffentlichungen aus dem Instituts Meeresforchung, Bremerhaven 1: 139-186. Wood, T. G. 1967. New Zealand mites of the family Stigmaeidae (Acari: Prostigmata). Trans. R. Soc. N. Z. Zool. 9(9): 93-139.
39
Wood, T.G. 1969. The Homocaligidae, a new family of mites (Acari: Raphignathoidea), including a description of a new species from Malaya and the British Solomon Islands. Acarologia 11(4): 711-729. Wood, T. G. 1971. New species and records of Stigmaeidae (Acari: Prostigmata) from New Zealand. II. The genera Apostigmaes Grandjean, Summersiella Gonzalez, Pseudostigmaeus Wood and Eryngiopus Summers. N. Z. J. Sci. 14(2): 406-418. Wood, T. G. 1981. New species and records of Stigmaeidae (Acari: Prostigmata) from New Zealand – III. Genus Stigmaeus Koch. N. Z. J. Zool. 8: 369-377. Zaher, M.A. and E.A. Gomaa. 1978. Incidence of Eupalosellid mites in Egypt, with description of two new species (Eupalosellidae: Prostigmata). Acarologia 20(4): 546-555. Legends to the figures Figs 1-11. Agistemus brasiliensis n. sp. Fig. 1. Dorsal view of female Fig. 2. Ventral view of female Fig. 3. Palp of female Fig. 4. Leg I of female Fig. 5. Leg II of female Fig. 6. Opisthonotum of male Fig. 7. Tarsus I of male Fig. 8. Tarsus II of male Fig. 9. Opisthogaster of deutonymph Fig. 10. Opisthogaster of protonymph Fig. 11. Opisthogaster of larva Figs. 12-16. Agistemus floridanus. Female. Fig. 12. Dorsal view Fig. 13. Opisthogaster Fig. 14. Palp Fig. 15. Leg I
40
Fig. 16. Leg II Figs. 17-25. Zetzellia malvinae n.sp. Fig. 17. Dorsal view of female Fig. 18. Seta sce Fig. 19. Ventral view of female Fig. 20. Palp of female Fig. 21. Leg I of female Fig. 22. Leg II of female Fig. 23. Opisthonotum of male Fig. 24. Tarsus I of male Fig. 25. Tarsus II of male
