Acari: Tetranychidae

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Effect of different ground cover management on spider mites (Acari: Tetranychidae) and their phytoseiid (Acari: Phytoseiidae) enemies in citrus orchards a

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Wenjuan Zhao , Weiwei Zheng , Bei Zhang , Guilin Yu , Shiquan Hu , Xuenong Xu & Hongyu Zhang

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Institute of Urban and Horticultural Pests, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China b

Specialty Crop Center of Yiling District, 443100, Yichang, China

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Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Crops, Ministry of Agriculture/ Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193, Beijing, China Accepted author version posted online: 13 Dec 2013.Published online: 13 Dec 2013.

To cite this article: Biocontrol Science and Technology (2013): Effect of different ground cover management on spider mites (Acari: Tetranychidae) and their phytoseiid (Acari: Phytoseiidae) enemies in citrus orchards, Biocontrol Science and Technology, DOI: 10.1080/09583157.2013.875127 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2013.875127

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Effect of different ground cover management

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on spider mites (Acari: Tetranychidae) and their phytoseiid (Acari: Phytoseiidae) enemies in citrus orchards

Wenjuan Zhaoa, Weiwei Zhenga*, Bei Zhanga, Guilin Yub, Shiquan Hub, Xuenong Xuc,

Institute of Urban and Horticultural Pests, College of Plant Science and Technology,

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and Hongyu Zhanga*

Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China

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Specialty Crop Center of Yiling District, Yichang 443100, China

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Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Crops, Ministry of Agriculture/Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China

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Downloaded by [Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences] at 06:26 18 December 2013

Biocontrol Science and Technology

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Corresponding authors:

Hongyu Zhang, e-mail: [email protected];

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Institute of Urban and Horticultural Pests, College of Plant Science and Technology,

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Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China

We determined the effect of ground cover on phytoseiid predatory mite populations

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and the potential biological control of Panonychus citri (McGregor). Results showed that citrus trees with ground cover contained higher population densities of predatory better regulation of P. citri than trees in bare soil. The ground

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mites and provided

cover Ageratum conyzoides L. performed better than Palspalum notatum Flugge in

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sheltering phytoseiid mites.

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Key words：Phytoseiidae, Panonychus citri, cover crop, biological control

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Weiwei Zheng, e-mail: [email protected]

Tetranychid mite species, especially the citrus red mite, Panonychus citri (McGregor) (Acari: Tetranychidae), cause serious damage in citrus-growing areas worldwide by sucking sap from citrus leaves, twigs, and fruit (Kasap, 2011; Lei et al., 2004; Osakabe, Goka, Toda, Shintaku and Amano, 2005; Vassiliou and Papadoulis, 2009). Phytoseiid mites, which have shorter life cycles, higher fecundity and

Habitat management using non-crop plant species as well as natural enemies is

recognized as an important strategy to improve the biological control of pest mites by

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increasing populations of natural enemies in agroecosystems (Landis, Wratten and Gurr, 2000), especially when pest mites are present on perennial agricultural systems (Aguilar-Fenollosa,

Ibanez-Gual,

Pascual-Ruiz,

Hurtado

and

Jacas,

2011a;

Aguilar-Fenollosa, Pascual-Ruiz, Hurtado-Ruiz and Jacas, 2008; Liang and Huang 1994; Toyoshima, Ihara and Amano, 2008).

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To determine the effect of ground cover management on the biological control of the citrus red mite, we investigated the dynamics of both P. citri and phytoseiid mites

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in a citrus orchard under three different ground cover management strategies: (1) bare soil, (2) a sown cover of Ageratum conyzoides L. (Asteraceae), and (3) a sown cover

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of Palspalum notatum Flugge (Poaceae). The experiment was conducted in a Ponkan mandarin (a type of mandarin orange)

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citrus orchard located in Yiling district (111°28.21' N; 30°40.49' E; h: 225 m), Yichang city, Hubei province in China. A randomized block experimental design was set up with three ground cover treatments and three replicates per treatment. Each

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important biological control agents of tetranychid mites.

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survivorship, and a more varied diet than other predators of red mites, are considered

treatment occupied approximately 1 ha. Different treatments were separated by at least one row. The three ground cover treatments were as follows: (1) AG: a sown cover of A. conyzoides, (2) PA: a sown cover of P. notatum, and (3) BS: bare soil

treated with herbicide applications. The ground covers were sown in April 2012 and mowed twice during summer with grass clippings left in place. Hexythiazox and petroleum oil were applied equally to all plots to control tetranychid mites and scale insects in April and May. Glyphosate was applied in the BS treatment, but no other

pesticides, acaricides, or herbicides were used. The exotic predatory mite Neoseiulus cucumeris Oudemans (Acari: Phytoseiidae), which was bought from Fujian Yanxuan Bio-Preventing and Biocontrol Technology Cooperation, was released in the citrus orchard at a rate of one bag (1,500 mites) per tree on June 11, 2012. The bags were fixed in the lower branches and opened by a 2–3 cm crack cut off obliquely from one corner.

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every ten days. At each visit, five trees were selected in each block, twenty leaves

were collected from each tree (five leaves from each direction: north, south, east, and

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west), and 100 g leaves of the cover crops were collected around the sampled trees. The numbers of mites were counted by an in situ assessment of the density of all motile stages on both sides of each leaf. The phytoseiid mites were transferred with a small brush to a test tube, preserved in ethanol, and transported to the laboratory. Phytoseiid mites were further separated under a binocular microscope. Results

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indicated that immature phytoseiids were proportionally distributed according to the numbers of adults at each sampling date and location (data not shown) and agreed

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with findings by Aguilar-Fenollosa, Ibanez-Gual, Pascual-Ruiz, Hurtado and Jacas, (2011b).

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The abundance of predators and pest mites was analyzed using a generalized linear model (GLM). In the analysis, ground cover management type was included as

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a fixed factor and time as a random factor in Covariance (COV). The numbers of phytoseiid mites across time differed significantly among

treatments (F = 16.30, p < 0.001) (Fig. 1). The populations of phytoseiid mites

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Population dynamics of both tetranychid and phytoseiid mites were monitored

increased gradually starting in May, peaked in September and October, and then declined in November and December. The highest density of phytoseiid mites in trees associated with the AG treatment was observed on September 28 (28.0±2.3 mites per 100 leaves). This density was significantly higher than that in trees in the PA treatment (18.7±2.9 mites per 100 leaves) and the BS treatment (6.0±1.2 mites per 100 leaves) recorded on the same date. In the AG treatment, the highest phytoseiid

density was found in the ground cover (127.7±4.7 mites per 100 leaves) and was 4.6 times higher than that found in the trees. It seemed that A. conyzoides acted as a sink for the phytoseiid mites. Our results demonstrated that trees with cover crops contained higher densities of phytoseiid mites than those without cover crops and were in agreement with results from previous studies (Aguilar-Fenollosa et al., 2011b; Duso, Fontana and Malagnini,

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phytoseiid mites were higher in trees grown in association with the A. conyzoides

cover than in trees associated with the P. notatum cover. Several factors may explain

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this result. First, A. conyzoides may provide higher-quality pollen, which is favored by phytoseiid mites (Liang et al., 1994) and other small arthropods. Nutritional quality of pollens from the family Poaceae is poor for most mite species (Ouyang, Grafton-Cardwell and Bugg, 1992; Goleva and Zebitz, 2013). Pina, Argolo, Urbaneja and Jacas (2012) also found that relative to Festuca arundinacea Schreber (Poaceae),

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higher-quality pollen in a multifloral cover

could increase the populations of

generalist predators quickly. Second, the hairy surfaces, the raised leaf veins, and the

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large surface areas of the A. conyzoides leaves provide shelter, abundant food supply (fungi and small arthropods), and oviposition places. Such shelters and leaf

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pubescence may be as important as food is for some phytoseiids (Duso, 1992; Karban, English-Loeb, Walker and Thaler, 1995), and it is thought that pollen capture and

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retention by leaf hairs affect these mites greatly (Kreiter, Tixier, Croft, Auger and Barret, 2002). Third, A. conyzoides was shown to release airborne chemicals that maintain the phytoseiid population for a long time (Kong, Hu, Xu, Zhang and Liang,

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2004; Grafton-Cardwell, Ouyang and Bugg, 1999). Interestingly, the densities of

2005). Also, P. notatum in the ground cover was shown to alter the microclimate (temperature and humidity) and provide a favorable habitat for phytoseiid mites (Liang et al., 1994). These findings may explain the increased populations of

phytoseiid mites in trees associated with A. conyzoides and P. notatum. There were two peaks in the P. citri populations during the experiments: the spring peak in June and the autumn peak from October to November (Fig. 2). The numbers of P. citri through time were significantly lowest in the AG treatment and

highest in the BS treatment (F = 45.24, p < 0.001). There were no significant differences in the P. citri populations in the trees among the different treatments in the spring, likely due to the low populations of predatory mites during this season. In the autumn, when the predatory mite populations peaked, the densities of P. citri in the trees in the AG treatment were the lowest (37.7±7.7 to 139.7±19.6 mites per 100 leaves), followed by those in the trees in the PA treatment (203.0±9.5 to 276.0±22.5

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the highest (675.0±68.9 to 848.0±42.7 mites per 100 leaves) during our experiments. No P. citri was found in the ground cover in either the AG or PA treatment, likely

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because the cover crops are not hosts for P. citri.

Our results showed that the populations of P. citri were largest overall in trees grown in bare soil and that both the A. conyzoides and P. notatum covers resulted in smaller P. citri populations in the trees. In contrast, the highest densities of phytoseiid mites were found in trees associated with A. conyzoides, and the lowest were found in

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the trees grown in bare soil. Liang et al. (1994) also showed that the presence of A. conyzoides in citrus groves in China increased phytoseiid mite densities. Our results

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revealed that ground cover had a positive effect on the biological control of P. citri through increasing the populations of predatory mites (Aguilar-Fenollosa et al., 2011a)

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and that A. conyzoides performed better than P. notatum. Thus, A. conyzoides could be

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a good cover crop for hosting predatory mites in a citrus orchard.

Acknowledgments

This research was supported by the Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the

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mites per 100 leaves). The densities of P. citri in the trees with bare soil were always

Public Interest (No. 200903032) and the earmarked fund for the Modern Agro-industry Technology Research System of China (CARS-27). We thank the

Citrus Research Institute of Yiling district, Yichang city, for providing their plots, assistance, and full cooperation. We express our gratitude to Professor Wu Weinan for the help in the identification of predatory mites and to Zeng Ni, Wu Fangyu, Liang Lingyun, Li Qiujia, and Wang Qin for their invaluable assistance in surveying and sampling in the field trials.

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Figure 1. Seasonal population dynamics of Phytoseiidae (number/100 leaves, mean ± SE) on citrus trees with different ground covers: Ageratum conyzoides (AG),

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Palspalum notatum (PA), or bare soil (BS), and on the ground covers AG and PA.

Figure 2. Population dynamics of Panonychus citri (number/100 leaves, mean ± SE) on citrus trees with different ground covers: Ageratum conyzoides (AG), Palspalum

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notatum (PA), or bare soil (BS).