ACDSeePrint Job

67

Smart Military Society: Defining the Characteristics to Score the “Smart” of the Military Services

Arwin Datumaya Wahyudi Sumari Asymmetric Warfare Study Program School of Universal War Strategy, Indonesian Defense University (IDU) Jl. Salemba Raya No. 14, Jakarta Pusat – 14340, Indonesia [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract—Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has been a part of military activities since the invention and massive used of electronic-based systems. Military plays an important role in the emergence of Smart Society today. Using advanced ICT for accomplishing military tasks in advanced countries is a common, but that matter is not the same in military society in developing countries such as Indonesia. Therefore there is a need to define the proper characteristics for a military service so that it can be declared as Smart Military Society. On the other hand, the characteristics of Smart Society itself are not unified yet. In this paper, the characteristics of Smart Military Society are proposed by adopting, in some respects, a method used to score Smart City. Because of its unique nature and tasks, one new characteristic called Smart Defense which consists of four factors namely intelligence, weapon system, decision-making cycle, and interoperability, is added. Based on the comprehensive assessment, it is proposed seven characteristics with 26 factors that can be used to score and rank military services, and show if they are eligible to be called as Smart Military Society. This method is called as Smart Military method. Keywords—ICT, characteristics, Smart Defense, Smart City method, Smart Military Society, Smart Military Method, Smart Society

I.

INTRODUCTION

Military, no matter what size the state is, has a common task namely to defend the state from any effort of any other state to disrupt or usurp its sovereignity, or try to occupy one or more area(s) of the state by employing armed forces. In its common activities, military carries out not only training for preparing the soldiers to be ready for 24/7/12 for any nation normal and moreover emergency calls, but also administrative tasks related to personnel administration, logistics, planning and budgeting, security, etc. Before the invention of transistors, the electronic component that boosts many inventions in Information and Communication Technology (ICT) field years after that, tasks in military community were done in conventional ways. There are two obvious examples what military uses in old days to establish a communication amongst units in headquarters and in the fields, and to collect information regarding adversaries’ armed forces. The first is the utilization of pigeons as messengers to deliver messages and the utilization of nonelectronic telescope to observe from the height the strength of

e-Indonesia Initiatives (eII) Forum IX International Conference on ICT for Smart Society 13 – 14 June 2013, Jakarta

adversaries’ aremed forces or to observe targets to be destroyed or area to be occupied. In the digital era where ICT plays important role in almost many societies’ daily activities, the conventional means used by the military in its old days have been replaced by electronicbased systems that deliver various capabilities ranging from long-distance communication and information collection, to decision making. Messages that were sent by the help of pigeons have been replaced with wired or wireless communication networks and can connect the world in seconds, while on the other side, information collection regarding adversaries’ capabilities in peace and war times can be easily done by various manned and unmanned sensors that are deployed in various domains ranging from undersea to cyberspace. ICT conveys many advantages and capabilities that can be applied and used for good as well as bad things. ICT has been a part of military since a long time ago. There are some inventions contributed by militery scientists and engineers such as aircraft tracking Radar used during World War II in order to face Germany invasions to Great Britain, night vision google that is used to enhance visibility in low light situations, Global Positioning System (GPS) for global navigation not only for manned vehicles but also for unmanned vehicles, and one of the ultimate inventions is the Internet by Defense Advanced Researche Project Agency (DARPA) that make the world connected and make people easy and efficient to carry out the works remotely. Those inventions that initially only for military applications are then released for civilian applications with some modifications so that they can fit for commercial use. Eventhough ICT has been used massively in many advanced countries such the ones where some military technologies are invented, but this technology has not been used optimally in Indonesia’s military community. The common uses of ICT in military community range from exchanging information by using wired and cellular phones, electronic mails, to office works such as personnel administration and logistics. But this phenomenon cannot be said that Military Smart Society is formed. A Smart Society is formed when the society has used the ICT in its full capacity and gained advantages from it in term of tasks accomplishment acceleration. In this digital world, every nation wants to have a smart military, namely, military that has used the full capacity

68 of ICT for carrying out its tasks to serve the nation as well as its people. Until the written of this paper there is no paper that writes about what Smart Military Society is as well as what characteristics that define a military service can be said as a Smart Society. Ironically, there is also no characteristic yet regarding what “Smart Society” is that can be used as a foundation for making the characteristics of Smart Military Society. Therefore, in this paper an idea regarding the characteristics of Smart Military Society is proposed based on relevan sources. Indonesian Armed Forces will be used as the example in this paper. In order to have a comprehensive view before proposing the characteristics, there are some foundations that have to be apprehended such as the task of the Indonesian Armed Forces and their relation to national interest in defense. In order to ease the understanding the contents, this paper is structured as follow. Introduction regarding the thought of the written is delivered in Section I and followed by Section II where some foundations for the written are given. In Section III, will be described the process to obtain the most proper characteristics of Smart Military Society with factors that support each characteristic. The paper will be summarized in Section IV with some concluding remarks. II.

SOME FOUNDATIONS

A. A Glance on National Interest related to Indonesian Armed Forces As grafted in foundation act, the Indonesia’s national goals are to protect the entire nation and homeland of Indonesia, advance the public prosperity, educate the nation life, and to carry out the world orderliness based on freedom, eternal peace, and social justice. To achieve these noble goals, especially the inward goals and as a peace country, Indonesia needs not only a good goverment and governance but also a strong armed forces as a deterrer means to look after the process of goals achievement. According to the act, Indonesian Armed Forces is a defense instrument the Republic of Indonesia that has tasks to carry out nation defense policy to maintain the nation sovereignity, to defend the totality of region, and to protect the nation safety, to carry out Military Operation for War (MOW) and Military Operation Other Than War (MOOTW), as well as participate actively in regional and international peacekeeping tasks. Military is one important aspect in making a country recognized amongst other countries in the world. That is why a superpower country put in military to carry out its country’s national policy namely Diplomatic, Information, Military, and Economic (DIME) especially when having confrontations with other countries[1]. A strong military in this digital era is characterized by the use of advanced military technology and modern weapon systems which are mostly ICT-based and operated electronically either wiredly or wirelessly, manned or unmmaned, closely or remotely. This phenomenon cannot be avoided by Indonesian military and the avoidance of it can endanger the nation defense because modern usurp and disrupt following with region occupation is carried out by using ICTbased weapon systems such as Computer Network Operation


(CNO) when waging information war and cyber war. Based on this trend, Indonesian military has to be accustomed with ICTbased weapon systems and it is started with building Smart Military Society in all services up to the Ministry of Defense. B. A Glance on Indonesian Armed Forces and Its Tasks The main task of the Indonesian Armed Forces is to upright the nation sovereignty, to defend the whole territory of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia building on Pancasila and Constitution 1945 of the State of the Republic of Indonesia, and to protect the whole nation and homeland of Indonesia from threat and disruption to the wholeness of nation and state[2]. The main task is done by carrying out MOW and MOOTW such as to cope with armed separatist moval, to cope with armed rebellion, to cope with terrorism action, to secure border territory, and to secure national vital object. As an example, Indonesia has many border territories in many islands whether big ones or small ones, on the lands as well as on the waters and air, in almost all angle directions. To secure these borders, armed land forces soldiers carry out a regular patrol that can be time-consumed and fatigable. In critical time, the condition of the borders has to be reported timely and real-time so that the high-ranked commander can make decision very quick and accurate. The more critical situation can be happened in the air because aircraft moves in second not in minute or hour. An error in the air can be very fatal and deadly. If the air force is belated to respond any air trespassing, called as black flight, the bet is Indonesia’s air soverignty. These two examples show that without the help of the ICT, it is impossible for the high-ranked commander as the decision maker can make very risky decision timely, accurate, and real-time but safe for his soldiers. In military society, there are characteristics that are not owned by civilian society and this makes Smart Military Society unique. These characteristics include hierarchy of command, rigidly stratified society, self-contained social world[3], and leadership is a primary matter especially for officers. C. Smart Society There is still no convergent definition of “Smart Society” is. Basically, “Society” is the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community, or the community of people living in a particular region and having shared customs, laws, and organizations. Therefore, a society can be an organization in small context is a company or an enterprise either military or civilian, and in a big context can be a city or a nation. “Smart” is intelligence, but in this context “Smart” can be defined as the use of full capacity of ICT to make daily living at home and work more comfortable, better, easier, time-efficient, and effective. Based on these meanings, there are various definitions of “Smart Society” and all depend on each perspective respectively. Such as one literature define “Smart Society” as the use the full potential of ICT for a better, easier, cheaper, and more fun urban living[4]. This definition is viewed in a context of a city but it gives a big view of what goals wanted to be achieved with the application of smart technology. Another literature calls it as “Smart Community”, namely, a concept for

69 the next generation energy and social system that compositely combines regional transportation system, changes in citizens’ life styles, and energy utilization including effective use of electricity as well as heat and untapped energy on a regional basis[5]. This definition raises because it is related to the effort to solve problems through merging of energy and information and this is a narrow perspective for that purpose only. Based on some above definitions, Smart Society, in this paper’s context, can be defined as an aggregate people in an organization who use the full potential of ICT for a better and easier living as well as time-effective and cost-efficient daily works. By using ICT-based systems, tasks can be done remotely, especially dangerous tasks that are very risky and deadly in military community such as ordnance disposals by using Unmmaned Ground Vehicle (UGV) and deep penetration within adversary territory to gather intelligence data by using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). D. Characteristics of Smart Society Eventhough there is no definition yet on what “Smart Society” is, but the advent of this kind of society has been predicted will come after Information Society era. The social paradigm has shifted from Agricultural Society to Industrial Society to Information Society and then to Smart Society[6]. All societies have their own characteristics. There are two views regarding the characteristics of Smart Society as follow. 1) Smart City Characteristics: According to [7], “smart city” is not a term used to describe a city with a certain attibutes, but is used to have to a view that a city can be called as “smart” regarding to the use of ICT for industry process, transportation, mobility, administration, and the level of education of the people living in the city. Term “smart” in broader view can be said that the city’s investment in human and social capital and in communications infrastructure actively promote sustainable economic development and a high quality of life, including the wise management of natural resources through participatory government[8]. So, a “Smart City” is a city that uses ICT to make both its critical infrastructure, its components and utilities more interactive, efficient, making citizens more aware of them[7] and well performing in a forward-looking way in six characteristics, namely, Economy, People/Citizens, Governance/Management, Mobility, Environment, and Smart Living/Quality of Life[7][8]. Each characteristic has its own factors and indicators that will be used to score and rank cities being evaluated. Smart City characteristics are used to score cities that then be used to rank the cities have been evaluated to know how much the capacity of ICT has been utilized. The characteristics of Smart City as well as their indicators asre as follow. a) Smart Economy: This characteristic is related to economic competitiveness that is viewed from innovative spirit, entrepreneurship, economic image and trademarks, productivity, flexibility of labour market, international embeddedness, ability to transform, penetration of ICT use in businesses, financial promotion, retaining and attracting talent


and promoting creativity, business spaces, and internationalization. b) Smart People/Citizens: This characteristic is not only described by the level of qualification or education of the citizens but also by the quality of social interactions regarding integration and public life and the openness towards the “outer” world. Therefore this characteristic is viewed from factors, namely level of qualification, affinity to life long learning and training, social and ethnic plurality, flexibility, creativity, cosmopolitanism/openmindedness, participation in public life, education and training, e‐learning, human capital, and Research and Development. c) Smart Governance/Management: This characteristic comprises aspects of political participation, services for citizens as well as the functioning of the administration. The indicators to show this characteristic includes participation in decision-making, public and social services, transparent governance, political strategies and perspectives to promote e‐government and ICT, on‐line public services, e‐democracy, and promoting ICT and innovation. d) Smart Mobility: This characteristic is marked with the availability of ICT, modern and sustainable transport systems, and the ease access to local and international. The indicators for this characteristic are public accessibility, availability of ICT-infrastructure, and sustainable, innovative and safe transport systems. e) Smart Environment: This characteristic is related to natural resources and described by three indicators, namely attractive natural conditions such as climate and green space, pollution, resource management, efforts towards environmental protection, security and trust, and culture and identity. f) Smart Living/Quality of Life: This characteristic is viewed from quality of life and the indicators are cultural facilities, health conditions (e-health), individual safety, housing quality, education facilities, touristic attractivity, and social cohesion. 2) Smart Nations Characteristics: A society in term of a nation can be viewed from five aspects that become the characteristics of a “Smart Nation” in this case is South Korea. These aspects are Technology, Work, Management Strategy, Human Resource Management (HRM), and Core Value[9]. a) Technology: This characteristic consists of network, cooperation, and smart technology. b) Work: This characteristic consists of smartwork and collective intelligent. c) Management Strategy: This characteristic consists of convergence and mobile venture business. d) HRM: This characteristic consists of creative and collaborative. e) Core Value: This characteristic consists of flexibility, creativity, and human oriented.

70 E. Scoring a Smart Society In research done by [7], scoring to have the ranks of cities that are categorized as smart cities is performed by employing z-transformation as depicted in (1).

zi =

xi − x S

• •

(1)

zi is the score of the evaluated city, xi is the evaluated city, x is mean value, and S is the standard deviation. At the where

• • 2

written of this paper, (1) is the only the formulation for scoring a smart society. PROPOSING THE CHARACTERISTICS OF SMART MILITARY SOCIETY In this section the characteristics of Smart Military Society will be proposed. There are two sorts of Smart Society characteristics in term of City and Nation. In creating the characteristics of Smart Military Society, the characteristics of Smart City are more eligible that Smart Nation. Eventhough these two approaches are debatable but Smart City characteristics have been used to rank 70 cities in Europe in 2007’s report [6] and some cities in Asia, Europe, Africa, and Latin America in 2012 Smart Cities study’ report[7]. III.

3

A. Procedure Creating Smart Military Society Characteristics Not all characteristics and factors within Smart City method can be used to assess the “smart” of military society. Therefore a procedure for creating the characteristics of Smart Military Society has to be established first. This simple procedure is as follows. 1) Create a table for assessment (Assessment Table) 2) Put all Smart City characteristics as well as their factors in one column. 3) Assess each characteristic and each factor if they can fit on military society. 4) Collect all selected characteristics and factors.

4

B. Creating Smart Military Society Characteristics 1) Steap 1 and 2 – Creating Assessment Table and put all Smart City characteristics as well as their factors in one column: TABLE I. No. 1

5

ASSESSMENT TABLE

Smart City Characteristics and Factors Smart Economy • innovative spirit • entrepreneurship • economic image and trademarks • productivity • flexibility of labour market • international embeddedness • ability to transform • penetration of ICT use in

Usage Possibility for Smart Military Society Smart Economy • No • No • No • •

Yes No

•

No

• •

No Yes


Smart City Characteristics and Factors

No.

6

businesses financial promotion retaining and attracting talent and promoting creativity business spaces internationalization

Usage Possibility for Smart Military Society • •

No No

• •

No No

Smart People/Citizens • level of qualification • affinity to life long learning and training • social and ethnic plurality • flexibility • creativity • cosmopolitanism/openmin dedness • participation in public life • education and training • e‐learning • human capital • Research and Development and Innovation (R&D&I)

Smart People/Citizens • Yes • No

Smart Governance/ Management • participation in decisionmaking • public and social services • transparent governance • political strategies and perspectives to promote e‐ government and ICT • on‐line public services • e‐democracy • promoting ICT and innovation

Smart Governance/ Management • Yes

Smart Mobility • public accessibility • availability of ICTinfrastructure • sustainable, innovative and safe transport systems

Smart Mobility • Yes • Yes

Smart Environment • attractive natural conditions • pollution • resource management • efforts towards environmental protection • security and trust • culture and identity

Smart Environment • No

Smart Living/Quality of Life • cultural facilities • health conditions (ehealth) • individual safety • housing quality • education facilities • touristic attractivity • social cohesion

Smart Living/Quality of Life • No • Yes

• • • •

No Yes Yes No

• • • • •

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

• • •

No Yes No

• • •

No No Yes

•

No

• • •

No Yes No

• •

Yes No

• • • • •

Yes Yes Yes No Yes

71 internally or externally and either domestically or oversea. • e‐learning: To have well-educated personnel that scatter in many areas where some of them are difficult to be reached by common transportation system, learning via tele-education is a crucial need. This factor is used to assess how military services carry out this means to make their personnel smarter by establishing such as e-course or eschool. • Human capital: Smart personnel is a foundation to build smart organization. This factor will be used to assess how military services preparing human capital for making organizations better, effective, and efficient. This includes cooperation with universitites domestically and oversea. • R&D&I: This factor is used to assess what done by military services to support ICT-related R&D&I within their organizations and how as well as the quantity of the R&D&I’s products used for supporting the accomphlisment of the tasks.

2) Step 3 – Assess each characteristic and each factor if they can fit on military society: After segregating factors which have usage possibilities and not, these factors will be assessed to know their eligibilities to become factors for the characteristics of Smart Military Society. a) Smart Economy: As known, military is not an organization that works for profit. It works to serve the nation as well as its people regarding nation defense. But there are some factors that have possibilities to be used to score the “smart” of military services, namely: • Productivity: This factor is used to assess the use of ICT for increasing the productivity within military services such administrative tasks in personnel and logistics fields. • Penetration of ICT use in businesses: This factor is used to assess how many offices in a military service use the computers in their daily works to accomplish tasks as well as the use of Internet connection to ease their works. Business in this context is nation defense. b) Smart People/Citizens: This factor differentiates between conventional military and smart military. Conventional military uses ICT technology just for simple works and these can be done by operators who do not need high-level education background. Smart military will consist of many personnel with high-level educational background as well as skilled in their competency especially in the realm of 4th Generation Warfare. Because this characteristic is applied to military services, so this characteristic is best suited as Smart Personnel. • Level of qualification: This factor is used to assess the level of qualification of personnel in military services in term of level of education and level of competency as well as the numbers of each term. From this factor it can be seen how serious the services make the organization smarter and better. • Flexibility: This factor is related with how flexible the personnel of military services performing their works in accomplishing the service’s tasks individually and in a team by utilizing the capacity of ICT. • Creativity: This factor is used to assess how ICT can push creativity of personnel in making their works better, faster, and easier in accomplishing the service’s tasks. • Participation in public life: Military personnel is a part of bigger society where they live. Therefore this factor will be used to assess their use of ICT in participating in the society where they live. • Education and training: This factor is related to the efforts of a military service in obtaining as many as well-educated and well-trained personnel. The education and training can be done either


c) Smart Governance/Management: Indonesian military does not involve in practical politic such done by political parties, but it contributes in state politic for the nation and the people. Therefore only four factors in Smart City characeristics that have usage possibilities, namely: • Participation in decision-making: This factor is used to assess the contribution of military personnel in decision-making process in their organization by utilizing ICT. • Transparent governance: This factor is related to transparent interaction that ranges from the highest structure to the lowest structures in organization that can be in remote regions. • Promoting ICT and innovation: This factor is related to the development of on-line services especially for military personnel in remote units at remote regions. Because military has a unique character, and governance/management in military is related to command and control, so this characteristic is best suited as Smart Command and Control. 1 d) Smart Mobility: • Public accessibility: This factor is used to assess the easy of Internet access for military personnel in their working areas whether in offices or outdoors.

1

Command and Control is the exercise of authority and direction by a properly designated commander over assignned and attached forces in the accomplishment of the mission. Command and control functions are performed through an arrangement of personnel,equipment, communications, facilities, and procedures employed by a commander in planning, directing, coordinating, and controlling forces and operations in the accomplishment of the mission. (Joint Chiefs of Staff, 2008, Joint Publication 1-02, Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms, p. 102).

72 These accesses include Wi-Fi and wired connections via Internet Service Provider (ISP). • Availability of ICT-infrastructure: ICT infrastructure is very needed for supporting military tasks. Military needs comprehensive information regarding defense matters that are supplied from such as Executive Information System (EIS) and Command, Control, Communication, Computers, Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (C4ISR). e) Smart Environment: • Resource management: In any military operation, the safety of the personnel is the primary matter. Therefore this factor is used to assess the use ICT for supporting 5-M in safety, namely Man, Machine, Media, Mission, and Management as well as M3TS in combat readiness, namely Man, Machine, Maintenance, Training, and Safety[10]. • Security and trust: The advantages delivers by ICT has consequences in security and trust, and these are very important in military community. This factor is used to assess the use of ICT to build the trust and enhance the security of military matters such as weapon system and computer systems. f) Smart Living/Quality of Life:. • Health conditions (e-health): This factor is used to assess the use of ICT to support the health of not only military personnel but also their family. It can be done by using e-registration, e-consultation, and e-recipe. • Individual safety: This factor is used to assess the use of ICT for the safety of military personnel as individual when he/she is carrying out his/her tasks. This can be done by wearing monitoring system such as camera, radio communication, and GPS device. • Housing quality: This factor is used to assess the use of ICT for increasing the quality of housing for military personnel not only in big cities but also in remote regions. This can be done by utilizing eregistration for a house whan military personnel move to other units in other regions. • Education facilities: This factor is used to assess the use of ICT to support education initiatives as well as for enhancing the level of education of the family of military personnel. This includes schools and universities. • Social cohesion: This factor is used to assess the use of ICT to enhance the social cohesion of military personnel and his/her familiy with the surround societes. At this point the “general” characteristics of Smart Military Society have been defined. As mentioned in previous section, military is a unique community not only because its nature but


also its tasks. Therefore there is one more characteristic should be added to perfect the characteristics of Smart Military Society, namely Smart Defense. The mentioned terminology in this paper has different perspective to the same terminology given by North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Secretary General, Anders Fogh Rasmussen that defined “Smart Defense” as a specific approach capable of ensuring greater security, for less money, by working together with more flexibility, ultimately cooperating wiht others with the aim to pool and share resources so that [NATO members] can together afford to acquire the necessary capabilities[11]. Smart Defense in Rasmussen’s concept is a method which has aims to transform the approach to defense acquisition to deliver capabilities in a more efficient and cost-effective manner[12][13] in the realm of defense budgets in some NATO members. The term “Smart Defense” in this paper is defined as a characteristic that showed by personnel in military services who use the full potential of ICT for making their tasks better, easier, time-effective, and cost-efficient in any form of military operation whether in peace or war time. In this view, “Smart Defense” is a characteristic for measuring the “smart” of military services in utilizing ICT and not related with defense acquisition issues that are faced by NATO members today. Therefore the factors that support this characteristic are: a) Intelligence: This factor is used to assess the use of ICT in performing intelligence tasks that include surveillance and reconnaissance by utilizing manned or unmanned sensors. It also measures the use of ICT in acclerating intelligence cycle, namely planning and direction, collection, processing and exploitation, analysis and production, dissemination and integration. 2 b) Weapon system: This factor is used to assess the use of ICT not only in weapon system operation and maintenance field but also the technology applied to it. The assessment includes the number of unmanned vehicle operated, emaintenance, e-monitoring, and e-controlling. This includes the use of ICT on Ground Control Interceptor that guides smart fighter aircraft to intercept any unrecognizable flight that flies in national airspace. c) Decision-makin cycle: This factor is used to assess the use of ICT in enhancing Military Decision-Making Process (MDMP). Military has specific MDMP with several steps that have to be carried out to reach the most appropriate decision for commad and control. Some importants step are heavily relied on ICT such as observation of field dynamics of own and adversary forces, data/information processing, and information delivery.

2

Intelligence process is the process by which information is converted into intelligence and made available to users. The process consists of six interrelated intelligence operations: planning and direction, collection, processing and exploitation, analysis and production, dissemination and integration, and evaluation and feedback. (Joint Chiefs of Staff, 2008, Joint Publication 1-02, Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms, p. 271).

73 d) Interoperability: Crucial matter for ICT-based systems for military applications is interoperability not only amongst weapon systems but also amongst weapon systems and sensor systems. Therefore this factor is used to assess the use of ICT for supporting the interoperability of weapon systems and sensor systems in order to achieve the most optimal unity of command. This includes the interoperability of ICT frameworks namely EIS for military data and information exchanging, C4ISR for command and control means, and Integrated Maritime Surveillance System (IMSS) for maritim surveillance. 3) Step 4 – Collect all selected characteristics and factors: After selecting the factors that have considerable usage possibilties and carrying out assessment to them, these factors along with the characteristics where they reside are collected in Table II. This includes a new characteristic, namely Smart Defense as well the factors that support it. TABLE II. No.

SMART MILITARY SOCIETY CHARACTERISTICS

Smart Military Society Characteristics and Factors

1

Smart Economy (two factors) • productivity • penetration of ICT use in businesses

2

Smart Personnel (eight factors) • level of qualification • flexibility • creativity • participation in public life • education and training • e‐learning • human capital • R&D&I

3

Smart Command and Control (three factors) • participation in decision-making • transparent governance • promoting ICT and innovation

4

Smart Mobility (two factors) • public accessibility • availability of ICT-infrastructure

5

Smart Environment (two factors) • resource management • security and trust

6

Smart Quality of Life (five factors) • health conditions (e-health) • individual safety • housing quality • education facilities • social cohesion

7

Smart Defense (four factors) • intelligence • weapon system • decision-making cycle • interoperability


Based on Table II it can be concluded that in this paper’s perspective, military services that can be said as Smart Military Society has to show good scores viewed from seven characteristics and 26 factors. IV. CONCLUDING REMARKS Smart Society advents as the ICT grows advanced and becomes the foundations of the birth of smart technology, that is hope can make mankind living better, easier, time-efficient, and more effective. What people understand regarding Smart Society is the use of full capacity of ICT to make their daily activity “smart” whether at home or at work in terms of Economy, People/Citizens, Mobility, Governance/ Management, Environment, and Living/Quality of Life. Smart Society ranges from small organizations such as company and services, to big organizations such as city or nation. Such small organization are military services. In this paper, an effort is done to have parameters called characteristics as the basis for a mechanism to score how “smart” military services, so they can be said as Smart Military Society. Actually until now there is no consensus in how to score a Smart Society. Based on Smart City method, there are seven characteristics for Smart Military Society along with 26 factors are proposed. These characteristics are Smart Economy (two factors), Smart Personnel (eight factors), Smart Command and Control (three factors), Smart Mobility (two factors), Smart Environment (two factors), Smart Quality of Life (five factors), and Smart Defense (four factors). Smart Defense is proposed and added the original Smart City method to differentiate the scoring method applied military services with other Smart Societies. In this paper’s perspective, Smart Defense is defined as a characteristic that showed by personnel in military services who use the full potential of ICT for making their tasks better, easier, time-effective, and costefficient in any form of military operation whether in peace or war time. Therefore, it also proposed that the method for scoring and ranking the “smart” of military services is called Smart Military method. To obtain the score of how “smart” a military service is, all characteristics have to be scored using available scoring system such the one in Section II.E. Another alternative for scoring system is A3S (Arwin-Adang-Aciek-Sembiring) InformationInferencing Fusion Method[14] that has been proven good for carrying out ranking tasks. This method is given in (2) as follow. δ

∑ P (ϑ ) j

( )=

P ψ

j 1

i

i =1

(2)

δ

where i = 1, ...,δ is the number of factors or characteristics, j = 1, ..., λ is the number of military services being scored, and

P (ψ 1j ) ∈ Ψ that is called as New Knowledge Probability Distribution (NKPD) at observation time γ 1 . In this case each

P (ψ 1j ) is called as the probability distribution of the scores.

74 Because each characteristic has several factors, therefore the scoring mechanisme will be done hierarchically starting from factors in each characteristic and then finished with scoring all characteristics to obtain probability distribution of the scores. For this case, γ 1 can be thought as probability distribution of the first hierarchy scoring, namely the probability distribution of the scores of factors in each characteristic. This mechanisme is carried out until the probability distribution of the scores of all characteristics is obtained. To have knowledge of what service that gets the best score, it is obtained by applying (3).

( )

P ψ 1j

estimate

( )

=   P ψ 1j 

( )

[4] [5] [6] [7]

[8]

(3)

where  [ ...] = max [ ...] . The military service that gets the highest P ψ 1j

[3]

can be used as a model of Smart Military

[9]

[10]

Society for other military services. Closing these remarks, Smart Military Society is defined as an aggregate personnel in a military service who uses the full potential of ICT for a better and easier living as well as timeeffective and cost-efficient tasks for serving the nation and its people in defense field. REFERENCES [1]

[2]

R.D. Steele, “Information Operations: Putting The “I” Back in to DIME”. Available: http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/ awcgate/ssi/steele.pdf, February 2006. Indonesian Act Number 34/2004 regarding Indonesian Armed Forces, 16 October 2004.


[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

H. Brotz and E. Wilson, “Characteristics of Military Society”, American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 51, No. 5, Human Behavior in Military Society, pp. 371-375. March 1946. A. Jorritsma, 2013, “Almere Smart Society”, Keynote Presentation, Smart Cities Summit, Toronto, 23 January. M. Kishi and Y. Chimura, “OKI aims Smart Society”. Available: http://www.oki.com/en/otr/2012/n219/pdf/otr-219-R02.pdf. J. H. Kang, “IT Paradigm Shift and Smart Society”. Available: http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/asp/CMS/Events/2012/RDF/NIA_ppt.pdf. “Smart cities: Ranking of European medium-sized cities”, Final Report, Centre of Regional Science, Vienna UT, October 2007. Available: http://www.smart-cities.eu/download/smart_cities_final_report.pdf. “Smart Cities Study: International study on the situation of ICT, innovation and Knowledge in cities”, The Committee of Digital and Knowledge‐based Cities of UCLG, Bilbao, 2012. Available: http://www.cities-localgovernments.org/committees/cdc/Upload/ formations/smartcitiesstudy_en.pdf. S. Oh, “The Future Strategy for Smart Society, Smart Korea”. Available: http://www.unescap.org/idd/events/2012-Colombo-meeting/2-3-MrSeongtak-oh.pdf. A.D.W. Sumari, “Konsep Desain dan Implementasi Sistem Pemeliharan Alat Utama Sistem Persenjataan Udara berbasis Kecerdasan”, Angkasa Cendekia, July 2008, pp. 34-46. J.L. MacDonald, “The Basics of Smart Defense”, in J. Henius and J.L. MacDonald, “Smart Defense: A Critical Appraisal”, NATO Defense College Forum Paper, March 2012, pp. 4-25. C. Grand, “Smart Defense”, in L. Aronson and M. O’Donnel, “Smart Defense and the Future of NATO: Can the Alliance Meet the Challenges of the Twenty-First Century?”, Conference Report and Expert Papers, The Chicago Council on Global Affairs, 28-20 March 2012, pp. 45-49. G. Ion, M. Ilie, and A.M., Ilie, “Smart Defense – A Concept Aligned to the Current Physiognomy of the Military Phenomenon”. Available: http://journal.dresmara.ro/issues/volume3_issue1/07_gheorghe_ilie.m_il ie.a.pdf. A.D.W. Sumari, A.S. Ahmad, A.I. Wuryandari dan J. Sembiring, “Strategic Decision Making Based on A3S Information-Interferencing Fusion Method”, the 3rd International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Informatics 2011, 17-19 July 2011, pp. 430-435.