Oxazepam. Sertraline. Primidone. Carbamazepine. 351.8 ± 92.2 g day˹. Efficiency of Columbia Wetlands in Removing Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care.
Efficiency of Columbia Wetlands in Removing Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products from Treated Municipal Wastewater Mohamed Bayati1,2, Thi L. Ho1,4, Danh C. Vu1,3, Fengzhen Wang1, Craig Cuvellier5, Steve Huebotter5, Enos C. Inniss2, Ranjith Udawatta1,3, Shibu Jose1,3, Chung-ho Lin1,3 1Center
for Agroforestry, University of Missouri, 2Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Missouri, 3Department of Forestry, University of Missouri, 4Center of Core Facilities, Cuu Long Delta Rice Research Institute, Vietnam 5Columbia Regional Wastewater Treatment Plant, Missouri
Introduction
Study Area
Results- PPCPs Removal Efficiency in CWTs Ritonavir Miconazole Clotrimazole Thiabendazole Flucloxacillin sodium Clarithromycin Sulfamethoxazole Erythromycin Azithromycin dihydrate Trimethoprim Lincomycin Triclocarban
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) represent pollutants of emerging concern, originate from direct human disposal and other personal care use before disposal in the wastewater systems. Several classes of PPCPs that have endocrine disrupting activity are persistent and frequently found in effluents from municipal and hospital wastewater treatment facilities. Endocrine disruptive PPCPs can adversely affect normal reproductive, behavioral, immune system, and neurological functions of aquatic organisms. Several studies indicated that conventional wastewater treatment plants are not efficient in removing PPCPs and they are consequently discharged into the aquatic environment. Constructed wetlands have been successfully used as tertiary treatment process for removal of biological oxygen demand (BOD), total suspended solids (TSS), organic matter, nitrogen, and phosphate from domestic wastewater. However, there are studies showed the effectiveness and efficiency of this low-cost, environmentally friendly tertiary treatment process in removal of the PPCPs. In this study, we conducted sampling sessions over a period of one year on Columbia wetlands (CWTs) and more than fifty PPCPs compounds in the inflow and outflow have been detected. High removal efficiencies were observed for estrone, azithromycin, tolfenamic acid, and diphenhydramine. From the present study it can be concluded that Columbia wetlands may provide a complementary treatment option.
(b)
Carbamazepine Primidone Sertraline [HCl] Oxazepam Norfluoxetine Fluoxetine 0
20
40
60
80
Paracetamol Phenazone Tolfenamic acid Naproxen Ketoprofen Indoprofen Indometacin Ibuprofen Flurbiprofen Fenoprofen Carprofen Salicylic acid Propyphenazone
100
0
20
40
60
80
100
Propranolol
(d)
Metoprolol tartrate Atenolol
(c)
Atorvastatin Pravastatin Furosemide Valsartan 0
20
40
60
80
100
0
20
40
60
80
Warfarin Dipyridamole (a) antibiotics, (b) antidepressants Estrone Triclosan and antiseizure, (c) NSAIDs, (d) βTribenoside blockers and statins, (e) others. Meclizine DEET Clopidogrel hydrogensulfate Tetracaine Prednisolone Metoclopramide Diphenhydramine Iopamidol Cimetidine
Aerial images of Columbia WWTP, WTP, and wetland units
Objective
Results- Average discharge of PPCPs from the Columbia WWTP to the Wetlands
Phenytoin
(a)
Results- Inlet and Outlet PPCPs Average concentration
100
(e)
0
20
40
60
80
100
Removal Efficiency (%)
Approach
Flucloxacillin sodium Trimethoprim Azithromycin dihydrate Ritonavir Miconazole Clotrimazole Thiabendazole Clarithromycin Sulfamethoxazole Erythromycin Lincomycin Triclocarban
Carbamazepine Primidone Sertraline Oxazepam Norfluoxetine Fluoxetine Phenytoin 0
Wastewater
Sampling Collect influent and effluent at each wetland unit over 12 months
Concentrate PPCPs using Solid phase extraction
10
20
30
40
50
60
Ketoprofen Fenoprofen Paracetamol Phenazone Tolfenamic acid Naproxen Indoprofen Indometacin Ibuprofen Flurbiprofen Carprofen Salicylic acid Propyphenazone
0
5
10
15
20
25
Atorvastatin Propranolol Metoprolol tartrate Atenolol Pravastatin Furosemide Valsartan 0
Extraction
351.8 ± 92.2 g dayˉ¹
10
20
30
40
0
50
Dipyridamole
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Iopamidol
Warfarin Tribenoside
Estrone
Prednisolone Triclosan
Meclizine
LC-MS/MS Analysis Determine PPCPs using HPLC coupled with triple quadrupole MS/MS
Metoclopramide
0.001
Cimetidine
Tetracaine
Tetracaine DEET Estrone Iopamidol Clopidogrel hydrogensulfate Tribenoside Prednisolone Triclosan (irgasan) Cimetidine Metoclopramide Meclizine Diphenhydramine Dipyridamole Warfarin Propranolol hydrochloride Metoprolol tartrate Atenolol Atorvastatin Pravastatin Furosemide Valsartan Paracetamol Phenazone (antipyrine) Tolfenamic acid Naproxen Ketoprofen Indoprofen Indometacin Ibuprofen Flurbiprofen Fenoprofen Carprofen Salicylic acid Propyphenazone Phenytoin Carbamazepine Primidone Sertraline Oxazepam Norfluoxetine Fluoxetine Ritonavir Miconazole Clotrimazole Thiabendazole Flucloxacillin sodium Clarithromycin Sulfamethoxazole Erythromycin Azithromycin dihydrate Trimethoprim Lincomycin Triclocarban
Conclusions CWTs outlet CWTs inlet
Acknowledgment 0.01
0.1
1
10
Concentration ( g L-1)
DEET
Diphenhydramine
Clopidogrel 0
2
4
6
Discharge (g dayˉ¹)
8
10
0
50
100
150
200
Discharge (g dayˉ¹)
250
300
➢ CWWTP is not able to completely remove PPCPs from wastewater. ➢ The main mechanisms may involved in PPCPs removal are: adsorption, biological degradation, nutrient uptake by plants, photodegradation or transformation and settling. ➢ The removal efficiency of antibiotics ranged between 4.7% to 96.7%. ➢ The removal efficiency of antidepressants and antiseizure ranged between 5% to 86%. ➢ The removal efficiency of NSAIDs were 3.5% to 88%. ➢ The removal efficiency of were β-blockers and statins 29% to 77%. ➢ The removal efficiency of other PPCPs were 5.5% to 94%. ➢ Columbia wetlands may provide a complementary treatment option.
CWTs inlet and outlet PPCPs average concentration (µg L-1; +/- standard deviation) with x-axis in log unit.
We would like to thank Center for Agroforestry, University of Missouri for its financial support. We would also like to thank Columbia Regional Wastewater Treatment Plant, City of Columbia for supporting this study.
