ABSTRACT. Software components have played an important role in modern software and system development. The main contribution of software component is ...
$)RUPDO$SSURDFKIRU6SHFLILFDWLRQDQG&ODVVLILFDWLRQRI 6RIWZDUH&RPSRQHQWV 6DWKLW1DNNUDVDH
3HUDSKRQ6RSKDWVDWKLW
&HQWHUIRU$GYDQFHG&RPSXWHU6WXGLHV&$&6 7KH8QLYHUVLW\RI/RXLVLDQDDW/DID\HWWH /DID\HWWH/$86$
$GYDQFHG9LUWXDODQG,QWHOOLJHQW&RPSXWLQJ$9,& &HQWHU)DFXOW\RI6FLHQFH&KXODORQJNRUQ8QLYHUVLW\ %DQJNRN7KDLODQG
NKXQVDWKLW#KRWPDLOFRP
3HUDSKRQ6#&KXODDFWK
$%675$&7 6RIWZDUH FRPSRQHQWV KDYH SOD\HG DQ LPSRUWDQW UROH LQ PRGHUQ VRIWZDUH DQG V\VWHP GHYHORSPHQW 7KH PDLQ FRQWULEXWLRQ RI VRIWZDUH FRPSRQHQW LV UHXVH ZKLFK LQ HVVHQFH KHOSV UHGXFH GHYHORSPHQW FRVW DQG WLPH DQG LQFUHDVH SURGXFWLYLW\ DW WKH H[SHQVH RI XVDJH SUREOHPV 7\SLFDO FRPSRQHQW UHXVH SUREOHPV DUH IRXQG LQ ODUJH VRIWZDUH FRPSRQHQW UHSRVLWRULHV GXH WR LQHIILFLHQW FRPSRQHQW ORRN XS DQG GLIILFXOW\ LQ IXUQLVKLQJ D FRPSUHKHQVLYH GHVFULSWLRQ IRU FRPSRQHQW LGHQWLILFDWLRQ VSHFLILFDWLRQ DQG FODVVLILFDWLRQ 7KLV SDSHU SUHVHQWV D IRUPDO DSSURDFKEDVHG RQ WKH ZHOOHVWDEOLVKHG REMHFWRULHQWHG SDUDGLJP WR UHVROYH WKH DERYH GLIILFXOW\ $V HDFK FRPSRQHQW LV VHDUFKHG DQ DGGLWLRQDO SUHFDXWLRQ LV LQFRUSRUDWHG WR HQVXUH WKH FRUUHFW UHVXOW EHLQJ UHWULHYHG 7KLV H[WUD VWHS LV NQRZQ DV VRIWZDUH FHUWLILFDWLRQ
*HQHUDO7HUPV 0HDVXUHPHQW'HVLJQ6WDQGDUGL]DWLRQ7KHRU\
.H\ZRUGV 5HXVH FRPSRQHQW LGHQWLILFDWLRQ VSHFLILFDWLRQ FODVVLILFDWLRQ VRIWZDUHFHUWLILFDWLRQ
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ermission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. SEKE '02, July 15-19, 2002, Ischia, Italy. Copyright 2002 ACM 1-58113-556-4/02/0700...$5.00
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
- SEKE '02 - 773 -
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
&RPSRQHQW0RGHOLQJ7HFKQLTXH&07 &RPSRQHQW0RGHOLQJ7HFKQLTXHDGKHUHVWRWKH³WKUHHYLHZVRID V\VWHP´ SDUDGLJP QDPHO\ VWUXFWXUH RU VWDWLF PRGHO EHKDYLRU RU G\QDPLF PRGHO DQG IXQFWLRQ RU IXQFWLRQDO PRGHO (DFK PRGHO LV XVHG WR EXLOG D VHW RI FRPSRQHQW YLHZV GHILQHG RQ D GRPDLQ$VVWDWHGLQLWLVSRVVLEOHWRUHFXUVLYHO\UHSUHVHQWWKH HPEHGGHG FRPSRQHQW YLHZ EDVHG RQ WKH FRYHULQJ GRPDLQ :H ZLOO GLVFXVV WKH FRQILJXUDWLRQ RI HDFK PRGHO WR HVWDEOLVK RXU IRUPDODSSURDFKDQGWRGHQRWHWKHFRPSRQHQWVSHFLILFDWLRQLQWKH VHFWLRQVWKDWIROORZ
6WUXFWXUDO0RGHO 7KH&076WUXFWXUDOPRGHOFRQVLVWVRI &RPSRQHQWER[ ZLWK VPDOO UHFWDQJOHV UHSUHVHQWLQJ PHWKRGV RQ RQH VLGH DQG OLWWOH OROOLSRSV FRQQHFWHG E\ VROLG OLQH UHSUHVHQWLQJWKHLQWHUIDFHRQWKHRWKHUVLGH ,QWHUQDO ER[ UHSUHVHQWLQJ FODVVHV ZLWK D PDQGDWRU\ FODVV QDPH RSWLRQDO DWWULEXWH QDPH RU GHFODUDWLRQV DQG RSWLRQDO RSHUDWLRQQDPHVDQGGHFODUDWLRQV &ODVVUHODWLRQVKLSV D 'DVKHGOLQHUHSUHVHQWLQJGHSHQGHQF\UHODWLRQVKLS
E F
6ROLGOLQHUHSUHVHQWLQJDVVRFLDWLRQUHODWLRQVKLS 6ROLGOLQHZLWKRSHQHG DUURZ UHSUHVHQWLQJ JHQHUDOL]DWLRQ UHODWLRQVKLSDQG G 'DVKHG OLQH ZLWK FORVHG DUURZ UHSUHVHQWLQJ UHDOL]DWLRQ UHODWLRQVKLS &RPSRQHQWUHODWLRQVKLSV D 6ROLG OLQH ZLWK FORVHG DUURZ UHSUHVHQWLQJ XVHV UHODWLRQVKLS E 'DVKHG OLQH ZLWK RSHQHG GLDPRQG UHSUHVHQWLQJ LPSOHPHQWVUHODWLRQVKLSDQG F 'DVKHG OLQH ZLWK FORVHG GLDPRQG UHSUHVHQWLQJ H[WHQGV UHODWLRQVKLS %UDFNHWHGWH[WXDOLWHPVGHQRWLQJFRQVWUDLQV
)XQFWLRQDO0RGHO 7KH )XQFWLRQDO PRGHO LQ &07 VSHFLILHV KRZ RSHUDWLRQV GHULYH RXWSXW YDOXHV IURP LQSXW YDOXHV ZLWKRXW UHJDUG WR WKH RUGHU RI FRPSXWDWLRQV&RPSRQHQWVSURFHVVWKHLQSXWVDFFRUGLQJWR WKHLU RSHUDWLRQDO VSHFLILFDWLRQ WR \LHOG WKH GHVLJQDWHG RXWSXWV ,Q WKLV SDSHUZHZLOOHPSOR\80/GLDJUDPVIRURXUGLVFXVVLRQ
%HKDYLRUDO0RGHO 7KH %HKDYLRU PRGHO UHILQHV WKH DFWLYLW\ PRGHO SURSRVHG FDSDELOLWLHV DQG FRPSRQHQW FDSDELOLW\ UHTXLUHPHQWV 6RPH FDSDELOLWLHV PD\ EH IXOILOOHG E\ D FRPELQDWLRQ RI PXOWLSOH EHKDYLRUV 7KH EHKDYLRU PRGHO LV GLYLGHG LQWR WZR SDUWV DV IROORZV D E
&RPSRQHQW,QWHUDFWLRQ SDUW WKDW VKRZV WKH PHVVDJHV EHKDYLRUDO QDPH DQGRU PHVVDJH DUJXPHQW VHQW EHWZHHQ FRPSRQHQWVRUVXEFRPSRQHQWVRUFODVVHV 6WDWH7UDQVLWLRQSDUWWKDWSUHVHQWVWKHVWDWHWUDQVLWLRQVRIHDFK FRPSRQHQW RU VXEFRPSRQHQW RU FODVV RU WKH LQWHUDFWLRQ EHWZHHQWKHFRPSRQHQWVRUVXEFRPSRQHQWRUFODVV
$VWDWHFDQEHYLHZHGDVDQHTXLYDOHQWFODVVRUVXEFRPSRQHQWRI DWWULEXWH YDOXHV DQG DVVRFLDWLRQ YDOXHV RI DQ REMHFW FODVV RU VXEFRPSRQHQW7KLVHTXLYDOHQWFODVVRUVXEFRPSRQHQWLVIRUPHG XQGHUDUHODWLRQRI³VDPHEHKDYLRU´ZLWKUHVSHFWWRWKHUHDOZRUOG VLWXDWLRQRUUHTXLUHPHQWVEHLQJPRGHOHG7KHVWDWHWKXVGHILQHVD ³WUDQVLWRU\VXEW\SH´RIWKHREMHFWFODVVRUVXEFRPSRQHQWWRZKLFK LWEHORQJV 6WDWHGHVFULSWLRQFDQEHLQFRUSRUDWHGLQWKHJUDSKEDVHGRQ'DYLG +DUHOHWDO>@WKDWFRQVLVWVRIDQDPHRSWLRQDOLQWHUQDODFWLRQV LQVWDQWDQHRXVRSHUDWLRQV DFWLYLWLHVRSHUDWLRQVWKDWWDNHWLPHWR FRPSOHWH RSWLRQDO HQWU\ WULJJHU DQG H[LW DFWLRQV DQG HGJHV UHSUHVHQWLQJWUDQVLWLRQVEHWZHHQVWDWHV )LJXUH VKRZV WKH PRGHO RI D FRPSRQHQW $UUD\B6WDFNB'DWDB 6WUXFWXUH FRQVLVWLQJ RI WZR VXEFRPSRQHQWV $UUD\ DQG 6WDFN FRPPRQ FODVVHV 0HWKRG FODVV DQG $WWULEXWH FODVV DQG WKHLU LQWHUDFWLRQV
&RPSRQHQW6SHFLILFDWLRQ ,Q RUGHU WR HVWDEOLVK IRUPDO FRPSRQHQW VSHFLILFDWLRQ WKH V\QWD[ DQG VHPDQWLFV PXVW EH DQDO\]HG DQG UHSUHVHQWHG 7KLV VHFWLRQ SUHVHQWVPDWKHPDWLFDOUHSUHVHQWDWLRQVE\PHDQVRI=VSHFLILFDWLRQ ODQJXDJHWRFDSWXUHWKHWKUHHYLHZVRI&07LQIRUPDOFRPSRQHQW VSHFLILFDWLRQ
- SEKE '02 - 774 -
%DVHG RQ WKH DERYH GHILQLWLRQV ZH GHYHORSHG VWDQGDUG = QRWDWLRQVIRUVRIWZDUHFRPSRQHQWDVIROORZV
$UUD\B6WDFNB'DWDB6WUXFWXUH
6WHS'HQRWLQJEDVLFW\SHVHWVZKLFKDUHGHFODUHGDQGHQFORVHG LQVTXDUHEUDFNHWVDVIROORZV >2SHUDWLRQDOQDPH@ >,QSXWSDUDPHWHU@ >2XWSXWSDUDPHWHU@ >/RFDOYDULDEOH@ >([SUHVVLRQ@ >%HKDYLRUDOQDPH@ >&RPSRQHQWQDPH@ >&ODVVQDPH@ >5HTXHVW@ >$FWLRQ@ >6WDWH@ >&ODVV@ >VWULQJ@
6RUW
$UUD\ XV H
,QGH[LQWHJHU
6 UWB VH ,Q
' HOH WHB $
O FDO
6RUW
'HOHWH
'H OHW HB 6
$WWULEXWH $$UUD\,WHP 'DWD,WHP
UWB$ ,QVH
6WDFN
XV H
,QVHUW
XVH
6RUWB$
0HWKRG
7RSLQWHJHU
(PSW\
FDOO
(PSW\B6
,QVHUW 'HOHWH
(PSW\B6WDFN
)LJXUH&RPSRQHQW0RGHO $ VRIWZDUH FRPSRQHQW DEEUHYLDWHG 6& LV D WXSOH HOHPHQW KDYLQJWKHIRUP 6& Q 66& &/
6,*
,
Q66&&/6,*, ZKHUH LVDXQLTXHQDPHRIWKHVRIWZDUHFRPSRQHQW VXEVRIWZDUH FRPSRQHQW LV D VHW RI VRIWZDUH FRPSRQHQW 0&∪&&ZKHUH 0&PHPEHUFODVVVHWRIFODVV &&FRPPRQFODVVVHWRIFODVV && 0HW∪$WEZKHUH 0HW PHWKRGFODVVVHWRIFODVV $WE DWWULEXWHFODVVVHWRIFODVV LV D VHW RI WXSOH VLJQDWXUH GHVFULELQJ WKH RSHUDWLRQIXQFWLRQ KDYLQJ 6,* ^QI,Q/RFDO2XW3UH3RVW `ZKHUH QI QDPHRIRSHUDWLRQIXQFWLRQ ,Q OLVWRILQSXWSDUDPHWHU /RFDO OLVWRIORFDOYDULDEOH 2XW OLVWRIRXWSXWSDUDPHWHU 3UH ([SUHVVLRQ 3RVW ([SUHVVLRQ LV D VHW RI WXSOH LQWHUDFWLRQ GHVFULELQJ WKH WUDQVDFWLRQVXFKWKDW , ^,6,'%K `ZKHUH ,QWHUDFWLRQVRXUFH ,6 ,QWHUDFWLRQGHVWLQDWLRQ ,' %K LV D VHW RI WXSOH EHKDYLRUDO SDUW GHVFULELQJ WKH VWDWH DQG DFWLRQ EHWZHHQ ,6 DQG ,' KDYLQJ %K ^QE6W$F ` :KHUH QEQDPHRIEHKDYLRU 6WVHWRIVWDWH $FVHWRIDFWLRQ
6WHS'HQRWLQJFRPSRVLWHDJJUHJDWHW\SHVHWVDVIROORZV 0HPEHUFODVV )FODVVHV 0HWKRGFODVV )FODVVHV $WWULEXWHFODVV )FODVVHV &RPPRQFODVVPHWKRGFODVV∪DWWULEXWHFODVV ,QWHUDFWLRQVRXUFH FRPSRQHQW QDPH ∪ FODVV QDPH ∪ RSHUDWLRQDOQDPH ,QWHUDFWLRQ GHVWLQDWLRQ FRPSRQHQW QDPH ∪ FODVV QDPH ∪ RSHUDWLRQDOQDPH 3URSHU&RPSRQHQWBQDPH VHWRI&RPSRQHQWQDPH 3URSHU2SHUDWLRQDOBQDPH VHWRI2SHUDWLRQDOQDPH 3URSHU%HKDYLRUBQDPH VHWRI%HKDYLRUDOQDPH 6WHS'HQRWLQJVRIWZDUHFRPSRQHQWλVWUXFWXUHDVIROORZV λ ^6&Q66&&/6,*, _ ∀Q &RPSRQHQWQDPH 66& 3VHWRI6RIWZDUHFRPSRQHQW &/ 3&ODVV 6,* 32S , 37U• Q66&&/6, ∈6& ! Q ∈3URSHU&RPSRQHQWBQDPH∧ 66& ∈)VHWRIVRIWZDUHFRPSRQHQW ∧ &/ ∈&RPPRQFODVV∪0HPEHUFODVV∧ 6,* ∈)2S∧, ∈)7U` 6WHS'HQRWLQJFRPSRQHQWVLJQDWXUHσDVIROORZV σ ^2SVHWRIQI,Q/RFDO2XW3UH3RVW _ 2SHUDWLRQQDPH ∀QI ,Q 3,QSXWSDUDPHWHU /RFDO 3ORFDOYDULDEOH 2XW 32XWSXWSDUDPHWHU 3UH ([SUHVVLRQ 3RVW ([SUHVVLRQ• QI,Q/RFDO2XW3UH3RVW ∈2S=> QI ∈3URSHU2SHUDWLRQDOBQDPH∧ ,Q ∈),QSXWSDUDPHWHU∧ /RFDO ∈)ORFDOYDULDEOH∧ 2XW ∈)RXWSXWSDUDPHWHU∧ 3UH ∈H[SUHVVLRQ∧ 3RVW ∈H[SUHVVLRQ`
- SEKE '02 - 775 -
6SHFLI\,QWHUDFWLRQ
6WHS'HQRWLQJIXQFWLRQDOLQWHUDFWLRQιDVIROORZV ι ^7UVHWRI,6,'%K _ ∀,6 ,QWHUDFWLRQVRXUFH ,' ,QWHUDFWLRQGHVWLQDWLRQ %K 3%• ,6,'%K ∈7U ! ,6∈,QWHUDFWLRQVRXUFH∧ ,'∈,QWHUDFWLRQGHVWLQDWLRQ∧%K∈)%`
,6" ,QWHUDFWLRQVRXUFH ,'",QWHUDFWLRQGHVWLQDWLRQ %K"3% 7U ι ,6" ∈)VWULQJ∧ ,'" ∈)VWULQJ∧ %K" ∈)%∧ 7U∈ι
6WHS'HQRWLQJFRPSRQHQWEHKDYLRUβDVIROORZV β ^%VHWRIQE6W$F _ ∀QE %HKDYLRUQDPH 6W 36WDWH $F 3$FWLRQ• QE6W$F ∈% ! QE ∈3URSHU%HKDYLRUBQDPH∧ 6W ∈)VWDWH∧$F ∈)DFWLRQ`
)LJXUH)XQFWLRQDOVSHFLILFDWLRQ 6SHFLI\%HKDYLRU QE"EHKDYLRUQDPH 6W"3VWDWH $F"3DFWLRQ %β
6WHS &RPELQLQJ DOO QRWDWLRQV VWHS ± VWHS LQWR = VFKHPD DV VKRZQLQ)LJXUH
6SHFLI\6RIWZDUH&RPSRQHQW Q" &RPSRQHQWQDPH 66&" 3VHWRIVRIWZDUHFRPSRQHQW &/" 3&ODVV 6,*" 32S ," 37U 6& VHWRIλ
QE" ∈)VWULQJ∧6W" $F" ∈)DFWLRQ∧%
)LJXUH%HKDYLRUDOVSHFLILFDWLRQ
Q"∈)VWULQJ∧66&"∈)VHWRIVRIWZDUHFRPSRQHQW ∧ &/"∈&RPPRQFODVV∪0HPEHUFODVV∧ 6,*"∈)2S∧,"∈)7U∧6&∈VHWRIλ
2WKHUGHILQLWLRQVVXFKDVFRQVWDQWVDQGH[SUHVVLRQVFDQEH LQFOXGHGLQWKHGHFODUDWLRQVHFWLRQDQGWKHSUHGLFDWHVHFWLRQ UHVSHFWLYHO\)LJXUHGHPRQVWUDWHDVWHSE\VWHSFRPSRQHQW VSHFLILFDWLRQGHULYDWLRQRIWKH$UUD\B6WDFNB'DWDB6WUXFWXUH H[DPSOHJLYHQLQ)LJXUH 6SHFLI\6WDWLFB6HTXHQWLDOB'DWDB6WUXFWXUH
)LJXUH&RPSRQHQWVWUXFWXUDOVSHFLILFDWLRQ 6SHFLI\6LJQDWXUH QI" ,Q" /RFDO" 2XW" 3UH" 3RVW" 2S QI" ,Q" /RFDO" 2XW" 3UH" 3RVW"
2SHUDWLRQQDPH 3LQSXWSDUDPHWHU 3ORFDOYDULDEOH 3RXWSXWSDUDPHWHU H[SUHVVLRQ H[SUHVVLRQ σ
∈)VWDWH∧ ∈β
$UUD\B6WDFNB'DWDB6WUXFWXUH" &RPSRQHQWQDPH ^$UUD\"6WDFN"`3VHWRIVRIWZDUHFRPSRQHQW ^0HWKRG"$WWULEXWH"` 3&ODVV ^6RUW ",QVHUW "'HOHWH "(PSW\ "` 32S ^6RUWB$",QVHUWB$"'HOHWHB$"«` 37U $UUD\B6WDFNB'DWDB6WUXFWXUH&RPSRQHQW VHWRIλ
$UUD\B6WDFNB'DWDB6WUXFWXUH"∈)VWULQJ∧ ^$UUD\"6WDFN"`∈)VHWRIVRIWZDUHFRPSRQHQW ∧ ^0HWKRG"$WWULEXWH"`∈&RPPRQFODVV∪0HPEHUFODVV∧ ^6RUW ",QVHUW "'HOHWH "(PSW\ "` ∈)2S∧ ^6RUWB$",QVHUWB$"'HOHWHB$"` ∈)7U∧ $UUD\B6WDFNB'DWDB6WUXFWXUH&RPSRQHQW ∈VHWRIλ
∈)VWULQJ∧ ∈)LQSXWSDUDPHWHU∧ ∈)ORFDOYDULDEOH∧ ∈)RXWSXWSDUDPHWHU∧ ∈H[SUHVVLRQ∧ ∈H[SUHVVLRQ∧2S∈σ
)LJXUH([DPSOHRI6WUXFWXUDOVSHFLILFDWLRQ
)LJXUH6LJQDWXUHVSHFLILFDWLRQ
- SEKE '02 - 776 -
6SHFLI\,QVHUW 0D[ 1 ,QVHUW" 2SHUDWLRQQDPH ^'DWD",QWHJHU` 3LQSXWSDUDPHWHU ^,QGH[B$",QWHJHU 7RSB6",QWHJHU $"$UUD\7\SH` 3 ORFDOYDULDEOH ^$¶"$UUD\7\SH` 3RXWSXWSDUDPHWHU 3UH"OHQ$ 0D[ H[SUHVVLRQ 3RVW"OHQ$¶ OHQ$ ∧$¶OHQ$ 'DWD∧ ,QGH[B$¶ ,QGH[B$ ∨ 7RSB6¶ 7RSB6 H[SUHVVLRQ ,QVHUW6LJQDWXUH σ 0D[≤∧ ,QVHUW" ∈)VWULQJV∧ ^'DWD",QWHJHU` ∈)LQSXWSDUDPHWHU∧ ^,QGH[B$",QWHJHU 7RSB6",QWHJHU $"$UUD\7\SH` ∈ ) ORFDOYDULDEOH∧ ^$¶"$UUD\7\SH` ∈)RXWSXWSDUDPHWHU∧ 3UH"OHQ$ 0D[ ∈H[SUHVVLRQ∧ 3RVW"OHQ$¶ OHQ$ ∧$¶OHQ$ 'DWD∧ ,QGH[B$¶ ,QGH[B$ ∨ 7RSB6¶ 7RSB6 ∈ H[SUHVVLRQ∧ ,QVHUW6LJQDWXUH ∈σ )LJXUH([DPSOHRI6LJQDWXUHVSHFLILFDWLRQ 6SHFLI\$UUD\B6RUW
Assign value of Software component
Similarity Software component
Compute the similarlity of software component
Mesure Matrics and Certify Software component
The most similarity Software compoent
Software component Repository
Assign value of Software component
Similarity Function
)LJXUH6RIWZDUHUHXVHPRGHO
&20321(17&/$66,),&$7,21 :H ZLOO HPSOR\ WKH VWDQGDUG VRIWZDUH FRPSRQHQW QRWDWLRQV LGHQWLILHG DQG UHSUHVHQWHG LQ WKH SUHYLRXV VHFWLRQ DV D EDVLV IRU FRPSRQHQW FODVVLILFDWLRQ :H ZLOO ILUVW H[DPLQH KRZ VRIWZDUH FRPSRQHQWLVUHXVHGWKURXJKWKHUHXVHPRGHOLQRUGHUWRHVWDEOLVK D FODVVLILFDWLRQ IUDPHZRUN RYHU WKH FRPSRQHQW DSSOLFDEOH GRPDLQV$IRUPDOFODVVLILFDWLRQDSSURDFKZLOOWKHQEHSUHVHQWHG DORQJ ZLWK D VLPSOH H[DPSOH WR GHPRQVWUDWH WKH DSSOLFDELOLW\ RI WKHSURSRVHGIUDPHZRUN
6RIWZDUH5HXVH0RGHO
6RUW " ,QWHUDFWLRQVRXUFH $UUD\" ,QWHUDFWLRQGHVWLQDWLRQ 6RUWB$" 3% $UUD\B6RUW,QWHUDFWLRQι 6RUW " ∈)VWULQJ∧ $UUD\" ∈)VWULQJ∧ 6RUWB$" ∈)%∧ $UUD\B6RUW,QWHUDFWLRQ
Software component Requirement (Based on formal specification)
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
∈ι
)LJXUH([DPSOHRI)XQFWLRQDOVSHFLILFDWLRQ 6SHFLI\6RUWB$ $UUD\6RUWLQJ"EHKDYLRUQDPH ^,GOH$UUD\"&KHFN$UUD\"6RUW$UUD\"`3VWDWH ^&KHFNHPSW\ " 5HWXUQ(PSW\ " 6RUW$UUD\ " 5HWXUQ 6RUWHG$UUD\ "`3DFWLRQ 6RUWB$%HKDYLRUβ $UUD\6RUWLQJ"∈)VWULQJ∧ ^,GOH$UUD\"&KHFN$UUD\"6RUW$UUD\"`∈)VWDWH∧ ^&KHFNHPSW\ " 5HWXUQ(PSW\ " 6RUW$UUD\ " 5HWXUQ 6RUWHG$UUD\ "`∈)DFWLRQ∧ 6RUWB$%HKDYLRU∈β )LJXUH([DPSOHRI%HKDYLRUDOVSHFLILFDWLRQ
&ODVVLI\LQJ6RIWZDUH&RPSRQHQWV 7KH WKUHH SURSHUWLHV XVHG WR FODVVLI\ VRIWZDUH FRPSRQHQWV DUH FRPSRQHQW VWUXFWXUH IXQFWLRQ DQG EHKDYLRU 7KH FRPSRQHQW VWUXFWXUH LV PDGH XS RI FRPSRQHQW QDPH VXEFRPSRQHQW QDPH FODVV QDPH VLJQDWXUH DQG LQWHUDFWLRQ QDPH 7KH FRPSRQHQW IXQFWLRQ FRQVLVWV RI IXQFWLRQ QDPH LQSXW SDUDPHWHU ORFDO YDULDEOH RXWSXW SDUDPHWHU DQG SUHSRVW H[SUHVVLRQV 7KH FRPSRQHQW EHKDYLRU LV FRQVWUXFWHG IURP EHKDYLRU QDPH VWDWH QDPHDQGDFWLRQQDPH7KHVHSURSHUWLHVDUHXVHGWRHYDOXDWHWKH GHVLUHG FRPSRQHQW E\ DSSO\LQJ D XVHUGHILQHG DVVHVVPHQW IXQFWLRQ RQ HDFK FRPSRQHQW VSHFLILFDWLRQ 7KH UHVXOW LV D VLPLODULW\YDOXH7KHPRVWVWUDLJKWIRUZDUGDVVHVVPHQWHYDOXDWLRQ LV REWDLQHG IURP FRPSRQHQW VWUXFWXUH IROORZHG E\ FRPSRQHQW IXQFWLRQDQGFRPSRQHQWEHKDYLRUUHVSHFWLYHO\
- SEKE '02 - 777 -
7KH IROORZLQJ QRWDWLRQV DUH GHILQHG IRU XVH LQ FRPSRQHQW FODVVLILFDWLRQDVVHVVPHQW/HW • :6V :6I :6EEH WKH ZHLJKW RI VWUXFWXUH IXQFWLRQ DQG EHKDYLRUVLPLODULW\UHVSHFWLYHO\DQG≤:6≤ • VIE EHWKHGHJUHHRIVLJQLILFDQFHRIVWUXFWXUHIXQFWLRQ DQG EHKDYLRU UHVSHFWLYHO\ GHSHQGLQJ RQ WKH XQGHUO\LQJ V\VWHP HQYLURQPHQW 7KH VXPPDWLRQ RI V I DQG E LV HTXDO,QWKLVSDSHUZHGRQ¶WFDUHDERXWVIDQGE)RU HDVLO\FDOFXODWHZHZLOOOHWV I E *LYHQWZRFRPSRQHQWV &Q &V &I &E «&Q« DQG &Q¶ &¶V &¶I &¶E «&¶Q« ZKHUH QLVQXPEHURISURSHUWLHVWKDWZHXVHWRFRPSXWHWKHVLPLODULW\ ,Q WKLV SDSHU ZH GHILQH Q ,I DGGLWLRQDO SURSHUWLHV DUH QHFHVVDU\ VXFK DV QRQIXQFWLRQDO TXDQWLWDWLYH DQG TXDOLWDWLYH SURSHUWLHVHWFQ! &V DQG&¶V GHQRWHWKHVWUXFWXUHSURSHUW\RIFRPSRQHQW &Q DQG&Q¶UHVSHFWLYHO\ &I DQG&¶I GHQRWHWKHIXQFWLRQDOSURSHUW\RIFRPSRQHQW&Q DQG&Q¶UHVSHFWLYHO\ &E DQG &¶E GHQRWH WKH EHKDYLRUDO SURSHUW\ RI FRPSRQHQW &QDQG&Q¶UHVSHFWLYHO\DQG &Q« DQG&¶Q« GHQRWHWKHQWKSURSHUW\RIFRPSRQHQW&QDQG &Q¶UHVSHFWLYHO\ )RU EUHYLW\ ZH ZLOO UHSODFH &Q E\ & UHSUHVHQWLQJ WKH WKUHH SURSHUWLHVRILQGLYLGXDOFRPSRQHQW 'HILQLWLRQ6LPLODULW\ 6LPVLPGHWSDUDSDUD Æ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¶ V:6VI:6IE:6E >L:6L@Q L VIE
/HW $6 EH VWUXFWXUDO VSHFLILFDWLRQ RI & 4 EH TXHU\ UHTXLUHPHQWV VSHFLILFDWLRQRI&¶DQGQVEHWKHQXPEHURIVWUXFWXUHPHPEHUV
'HILQLWLRQ6WUXFWXUDO6LPLODULW\ V:6V V6LPV$64 V>6LPV$6Q4Q 6LPV$666&466& 6LPV$6&/4&/ 6LPV$66,*46,* 6LPV$6,4, @QV /HW$)EHIXQFWLRQDOVSHFLILFDWLRQRI&4EHTXHU\UHTXLUHPHQWV VSHFLILFDWLRQRI&¶QI EHWKHQXPEHURIIXQFWLRQPHPEHUVDQGP EHWKHQXPEHURIIXQFWLRQVLQFRPSRQHQW 'HILQLWLRQ)XQFWLRQDO6LPLODULW\ 6LPI$)4 >6LPI$)QI4QI 6LPI$)LQ4LQ 6LPI$)ORFDO4ORFDO 6LPI$)RXW4RXW 6LPI$)SUH4SUH 6LPI$)SRVW4SRVW @QI I:6I I>6LPIM$)4 @P M P
/HW$%EHEHKDYLRUDOVSHFLILFDWLRQRI&4EHTXHU\UHTXLUHPHQWV VSHFLILFDWLRQRI&¶QE EHWKHQXPEHURIEHKDYLRUDOPHPEHUVDQG SEHQXPEHURIEHKDYLRULQFRPSRQHQW 'HILQLWLRQ%HKDYLRUDOVLPLODULW\ 6LPE$%4 >6LPE$%QE4QE 6LPE$%6W46W 6LPE$%$F4$F @QE E:6E E>6LPEN$%4 @S N S
7KHFODVVLILFDWLRQSURFHVVPD\\LHOGPRUHWKDQRQHFODVVLILFDWLRQ ,Q ZKLFK FDVH FRPSRQHQW FHUWLILFDWLRQ LV UHTXLUHG EDVHG RQ VXJJHVWHG SURFHGXUHV JLYHQ E\ >@ 7KXV WKH PRVWVLPLODURIVRIWZDUHFRPSRQHQWFDQEHVHOHFWHG
$Q([DPSOH :H ZLOO GHPRQVWUDWH JUDSKLFDO YLHZV RI WKH SURSRVHG DSSURDFK WKURXJK DQ H[DPSOH )LJXUH GHSLFWV WKUHH VRIWZDUH FRPSRQHQWV QDPHO\ &¶ &¶ DQG &¶ UHVLGLQJ LQ WKH UHSRVLWRU\ 7KH UHTXLUHPHQWV RI WDUJHW FRPSRQHQW & DUH WR EH FRPSXWHG )LJXUH D E DQG F GHSLFW WKH VWUXFWXUDO IXQFWLRQDO DQG EHKDYLRUDO VLPLODULW\ RI&¶ &¶ &¶ DQG & UHVSHFWLYHO\7KHFLUFOHVDQGFRUUHVSRQGLQJVTXDUHVUHSUHVHQWWKH PHWKRG DQG WKH EHKDYLRU LQWHUDFWLRQ RI WKH FRPSRQHQW )LJXUH G VKRZV WKH FRPSRQHQW VLPLODULW\ 7KH PHWKRGV DQG LQWHUDFWLRQV RI WKH VLPLODU FRPSRQHQWV DUH GHSLFWHG LQ JUD\ DQG EODFNFRORUV 7KHYDOXHVRIFRPSRQHQWVLPLODULW\FDQEHFRPSXWHGDVIROORZV 6WUXFWXUHVLPLODULW\ QR RI PHPEHUV LQ WKH VDPH HTBFOXVWHU QRRIPHPEHUV )XQFWLRQVLPLODULW\ ΣVLPLODULW\YDOXHVRIWKHPHWKRG WDUJHW UHTXLUHGYDOXH
- SEKE '02 - 778 -
)8785(:25.
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
6WXUFWXUDOVLPLODULW\
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
)XQFWLRQDOVLPLODULW\
D
$&.12:/('*0(176
E
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
:H ZRXOG OLNH WR H[SUHVV RXU DSSUHFLDWH WR $VVRF 3URI 'U :LOOLDP 5 (GZDUGV -U RI &$&6 DW 8/ DQG 0UV :LSKDGD :HWWD\DSUDVLW DW $9,& IRU WKHLU LQVLJKW GLVFXVVLRQV FRQVWUXFWLYH VXJJHVWLRQVDQGFRUUHFWLRQRIRXUSDSHU
5()(5(1&(6 >@
%HKLYLRUDOVLPLODULW\
>@
&RPSRQHQWVLPLODULW\
F
G PHWKRG
EHKDYLRU
)LJXUH([DPSOHRI&RPSRQHQW6LPLODULW\ %HKDYLRUVLPLODULW\ WDUJHWUHTXLUHGYDOXH
>@
Σ VLPLODULW\ YDOXHV RI WKH EHKDYLRU
7KHVXPRIVLPLODULW\ 7KHUHVXOWVDUHVKRZQLQ7DEOH
>@
>@
7DEOH6LPLODULW\&RPSDULVRQ &¶ &¶ &¶
6WUXFWXUH
)XQFWLRQ
%HKDYLRU
6XP
>@
>@
&21&/86,21 :H KDYH GHPRQVWUDWHG WKH YLDELOLW\ RI IRUPDO DSSURDFK XVLQJ = VSHFLILFDWLRQ DQG &07 JXLGHOLQHV ZLWK WKH KHOS RI D VLPSOH DUUD\VWDFNH[DPSOHWRGHILQHDQGFODVVLI\H[LVWLQJVRIWZDUHLQWR FRPSRQHQWV EDVHG RQ WKHLU VWUXFWXUDO IXQFWLRQDO DQG EHKDYLRUDO SURSHUWLHV 6LPSOH DV LW PD\ DSSHDU WKH VLPLODULW\ FODVVLILFDWLRQ ZDV FRPSXWHG XVLQJ LQIRUPDWLRQ REWDLQHG IURP WKH HTXLYDOHQW FOXVWHUVDUUDQJHGPDQXDOO\7KHDVVHVVPHQWVRREWDLQHGLVIXUWKHU FODVVLILHG DFFRUGLQJ WR H[LVWLQJ SURFHGXUHV WR HQVXUH WKH FORVHVW VLPLODULW\RIWKHFRPSRQHQWEHLQJUHWULHYHG,WLVHVVHQWLDOWKDWWKH ULJRU DQG FRUUHFWQHVV RI IRUPDO DSSURDFK WR VRIWZDUH FRPSRQHQW LGHQWLILFDWLRQVSHFLILFDWLRQDQGFODVVLILFDWLRQFDQHDVHWKHEXUGHQ RI VRIWZDUH UHXVH LQ WRGD\¶V F\EHUSDFH GHYHORSPHQW OLIH F\FOH $V D FRQVHTXHQFH WKH HYHUJURZLQJ VRIWZDUH GHYHORSPHQW FRVW DQGWLPHFDQEHUHGXFHGDVZHOODVFRQVLGHUDEOHLPSURYHPHQWRQ WKHHQGSURGXFWTXDOLW\
>@
>@
>@ >@
- SEKE '02 - 779 -
$P\ 0RRUPDQQ =DUHPVNL DQG -HDQQHWWH 0 :LQJ 6SHFLILFDWLRQ 0DWFKLQJ RI 6RIWZDUH &RPSRQHQWV $&0 7UDQVDFWLRQV RQ 6RIWZDUH (QJLQHHULQJ DQG 0HWKRGRORJ\ 9RO1R2FWREHU / %DXP DQG 0 %HFNHU *HQHULF FRPSRQHQWV WR IRVWHU UHXVH,Q3URFHHGLQJVRIWKHWK,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFH RQ 7HFKQRORJ\ RI 2EMHFW2ULHQWHG /DQJXDJHV DQG 6\VWHPV722/63DFLILF± %HQ3RWWHU-DQH6LQFODLUDQG'DYLG7LOO$Q,QWURGXFWLRQ WR)RUPDO6SHFLILFDWLRQDQG = QG (GLWLRQ3UHQWLFH +DOO (QJODQG * &DOGLHUD DQG 9 5 %DVLOL ,GHQWLI\LQJ DQG TXDOLI\LQJ UHXVDEOH VRIWZDUH FRPSRQHQWV &RPSXWHU 9ROXPH ,VVXH)HE± &KDR7VXQ &KDQJ :& &KX &KXQJ6K\DQ /LX DQG +RQJML@ >@
>@
>@ >@ >@
>@
>@
.HYLQ /DQR DQG +RZDUG +DXJKWRQ 2EMHFW2ULHQWHG 6SHFLILFDWLRQ&DVH6WXGLH3ULQWLFH+DOO(QJODQG .ODXV %HUJQHU $QGUHDV 5DXVFK DQG 0DUF 6LKOLQJ &RPSRQHQWZDUH7KHELJSLFWXUHKWWSZZZVHLFPXHGX FEVLFVHSDSHUVSKWPO SUHVHQW DW WKH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO :RUNVKRS RQ &RPSRQHQW%DVHG 6RIWZDUH (QJLQHHULQJ @ >@
>@ >@ >@
>@ >@
- SEKE '02 - 780 -
6/ 5RKGH .$ '\VRQ 37 *HULQHU DQG '$ &HULQR &HUWLILFDWLRQ RI UHXVDEOH VRIWZDUH FRPSRQHQWV VXPPDU\ RI ZRUN LQ SURJUHVV ,Q 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH QG ,((( ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ (QJLQHHULQJ RI &RPSOH[ &RPSXWHU6\VWHPV 06DHNL%HKDYLRUDOVSHFLILFDWLRQRI*2)GHVLJQSDWWHUQV ZLWK /2726 ,Q 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH WK $VLD3DFLILF 6RIWZDUH(QJLQHHULQJ&RQIHUHQFH$36(& 6WHSKHQ + (GZDUGV 'DYLG 6 *LEVRQ %UXFH : :HLGH DQG 6HUJH\ =KXSDQRY 6RIWZDUH &RPSRQHQW 5HODWLRQVKLSVKWWSZZZXPFVPDLQHHGXaIWSZLVU ZLVUSDSHUVHGZDUGVHGZDUGVKWPO ,7YUG\ )RUPDO DSSURDFK WR UHXVDEOH IRUPDO VSHFLILFDWLRQV ,Q 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH WK 0HGLWHUUDQHDQ (OHFWURWHFKQLFDO&RQIHUHQFH± -0 9RDV &HUWLI\LQJ RIIWKHVKHOI VRIWZDUH FRPSRQHQWV &RPSXWHU9ROXPH,VVXH-XQH± &:RKOLQ DQG % 5HJQHOO 5HOLDELOLW\ FHUWLILFDWLRQ RI VRIWZDUH FRPSRQHQWV ,Q 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH WK ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ 6RIWZDUH 5HXVH ± & :RKOLQ DQG 3 5XQHVRQ &HUWLILFDWLRQ RI VRIWZDUH FRPSRQHQWV,(((7UDQVDFWLRQVRQ6RIWZDUH(QJLQHHULQJ 9ROXPH,VVXH-XQH± - & 3 :RRGFRFN 6WUXFWXULQJ VSHFLILFDWLRQV LQ = 6RIWZDUH (QJLQHHULQJ -RXUQDO 9ROXPH ,VVXH -DQ ±