Active Surface Technologies for Dust Mitigation in Martian ... - CiteSeerX

Active Surface Technologies for Dust Mitigation in Martian and Lunar Environments Project PI: William Lakin, [email protected], Professor, Dept. of Mathematics Faculty Investigators (all at the University of Vermont) Jeff Marshall (Science-PI), [email protected], Professor, School of Engr Jeff Frolik, [email protected], Assistant Professor, School of Engineering Darren Hitt, [email protected], Associate Professor, School of Engineering Junru Wu, [email protected], Professor, Department of Physics Project Contact Address Prof. William Lakin, VT Space Grant Consortium/ NASA EPSCoR, Votey Building, UVM, Burlington, VT 05405 Requested Amount (by year):

Year 1 – $246,045 Year 2 – $247,300 Year 3 – $256,487 TOTAL = $749,832

Proposed Project Dates: September 1, 2008 – August 31, 2011 Project Summary: The presence of fine soil particles poses a significant threat to human health and machine reliability during Martian and lunar exploration and habitation. This fine dust (with particle diameter as small as 10 nm) can quickly foul electrical equipment, cover solar panels, and penetrate through seals on space suits and hatches. The fine particles tend to be electrostatically charged, so that collision of the particles with space suits, vehicles, or machinery can transfer this charge to these objects, leading to rapid adhesion of dust particles onto the objects in question. Dust mitigation technology for lunar or Martian habitations must be effective for particles of diameter ranging from 0.01-100 microns and it must require small amounts of energy and material, which are highly restricted for space applications. The proposed project will explore the concept of an active surface, i.e., a surface with integrated dust sensors and dust detachment and removal actuators, which is designed to provide mitigation of fine adhesive dust particles with minimal energy expenditures. The active surface will utilize a combination of acoustic radiation, surface vibrations, or electromagnetic pulsing to induce dust detachment, which will be accompanied by a repulsive electrostatic field or fluid flow to remove the detached dust particles. A wireless sensor network will be utilized to regulate the system, ensuring minimal energy usage and maintenance time. Application will be explored for cleaning of solar panels, space suits, hatch covers, heat exchanger surfaces, and filters. The project will be conducted with the aid of a combination of discrete-element modeling and a variety of laboratory experiments, using specialized facilities already in place at the University of Vermont. The project will team with two Vermont companies and two other academic institutions to ensure a high degree of student and industry engagement. 1

TABLE OF CONTENTS page A. Project Description 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Problem Background Project Goals Dust Mitigation Strategies Sensing and System Control Work Plan Existing Research and Facilities a) Vortex and Particulate Flow Laboratory b) Microfluid Mechanics Laboratory and Microscale Optical Diagnostics Laboratory c) Sensor Networks and Wireless Laboratory d) Acoustic Radiation and Ultrasound Laboratory 7. NASA Alignment and Partnerships a) Relevance to NASA and jurisdiction b) Partnerships / sustainability c) NASA interactions d) Diversity 8. Management and Evaluation a) Personnel b) Research program management c) Multi-jurisdiction projects d) Program evaluation e) Tracking of program progress f) Continuity B. References C. Biographical Sketches D. Current and Pending Support E. Statements of Commitment and Letters of Support F. Budget Justification: Narrative and Details

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PROJECT DESCRIPTION (16 pp) 1. Problem Background The presence of fine particles in the Martian and lunar soil pose a significant threat to human and machine health. Both environments are without liquid water, which on earth serves to wash away the fine particulates, and so the lunar and Martian soil includes plentiful particles in a size range extending down to about 10 nm [13,14,28]. This fine dust can quickly foul electrical equipment [37], cover solar panels [3], and penetrate through seals on space suits, hatches, vehicle wheels, etc. [7,12,29,31]. Moreover, particles of this size can penetrate deeply into the lungs, posing a health hazard for astronauts if breathed. The fine particles tend to be electrically charged, so that collision of the particles with space suits, vehicles, or machinery can transfer this charge to these objects, leading to rapid adhesion of dust particles onto the objects in question [1,5,27]. Dust particles can also carry bacterial spores [26], as well as organic chemicals, which if transmitted out of the habitation can contaminate the surrounding lunar or Martian environment [16]. Fundamental results on the mechanics of charged Martian dust particles are reported based on the Space Station experiment by Marshall et al. [30], and a computer model for electrically-charged dust particle interaction is proposed by Marshall and Sauke [32]. Availability of robust dust mitigation technology is necessity for viable long-term exploration and habilitation of either the moon or Mars. To be practicable, such technology must be highly effective for particles of diameter ranging from 0.01-100 μm and the technology must require low amounts of energy and material, since power, volume and weight are all highly limited for extraterrestrial space exploration. Existing dust mitigation technology, such electrostatic precipitators and mechanical filters, either use large amounts of energy or require frequent filter changes of frequent manual cleaning with high dust volume. Moreover, such technologies are designed more for cleaning a flowing gas stream, rather than for the more common problem of dust mitigation from a surface, such as a solar panel, spacesuit, hatch, heat exchanger tube, etc.

2. Project Goals The proposed project will investigate the concept of active-surface dust mitigation. The active surface will incorporate mitigation actuation components designed to both detach dust from the surface and remove the detached dust, as well as sensing components designed to measure dust build-up thickness and charge (Fig. 1). The primary objective of the system will be to effectively remove fine, charged dust particles from the surface in such a way as to utilize minimal energy and manpower. Low-energy usage will be achieved by the following strategies: (a) remove dust from the surface via a two-step mitigation process: (i) first detach the adhered, aggregated dust particles from the surface using specifically-tuned oscillations (surface vibrations, electromagnetic pulsing, or acoustic radiation) and then (ii) remove the detached dust particles by a mean drift (e.g., imposed by an electrostatic field). (b) integrate a wireless sensor network integrated into the surface to measure dust buildup and charge, (c) automate the mitigation actuators using a control algorithm based on the sensor readings. The two-step removal process will significantly reduce energy expenditure for dust removal compared to, e.g., imposing a steady electrostatic field of sufficient strength to remove all adhered particles. The use of an automated dust mitigation system based on sensor indicators will

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ensure that surfaces are continually maintained at an acceptable cleanliness state, while not wasting energy on unnecessary surface cleaning. The use of automated surface cleaning will significant reduce astronaut labor, as well as protect transparent surfaces (e.g., solar panels) from surface abrasion involved in many manual cleaning processes. Concurrent with development of the active surface dust mitigation technology, we will work with undergraduate student design teams at the University of Vermont and the Vermont Technical College, in collaboration with our industrial partners, to explore specific dust mitigation technologies for different NASA systems. These design projects will complement the fundamental active-surface dust mitigation research effort by designing specific components of the system and adapting the system to specific space exploration problems.

Figure 1. Schematic of an active surface, showing possible actuation and sensing components for dust mitigation.

3. Dust Mitigation Strategies The proposed dust mitigation strategy entails a two-step process, to first break adhesive particles off the surface by imposition of some oscillating excitation and then to gather the particles for removal by application of a mean electrostatic field. Approaches under consideration for breaking adhered particle aggregates off of the surface include surface vibration, pulsating electric field, or acoustic radiation (for cases possessing an atmosphere). Surface vibration utilizes the aggregate momentum under the vibration to dislodge adhesive particles from the surface. Since adhesive force varies with surface area and inertia varies with volume, the effectiveness of surface vibration for dust particle break-off diminishes with decrease in size of the particle aggregate. At the same time, in the presence of an atmosphere, surface vibration will induce an oscillating, outward-streaming gas flow near the surface. Fluid drag on small particles varies linearly with particle diameter, so the ratio or fluid force to adhesive force increases with decrease in particle size, implying that smaller particles are increasingly prone to surface break-off from forces induced by the oscillating gas flow induced by surface vibration. To dislodge dust particles from the surface effectively, the surface will be vibrated at the resonant frequency of its lowest-energy mode using a solid-state device called an inter-digital-transducer (IDT) [8], previously developed by one of our group (Wu). For Lamb waves, the lowest energy mode corresponds to the lowest asymmetrical (A0) mode, which also has the highest vibrational amplitude perpendicular to the surface of the plate of the various wave modes [46]. For both gaseous and liquid mediums, it is known that high-frequency sound waves (ultrasound) can be used to induce both particle oscillation and net transport of particles [23,38]. Acousticallyinduced particle oscillations are sometimes used in pollution-control devices to induce formation of particles aggregation in a combustion exhaust gas stream prior to passage of the stream into an electrostatic precipitator, on the principle that the precipitator is more effective for aggregates of particles than for single particles [15]. Mean transport of particles can also be achieved by acoustic radiation [19], but this form of transport is not very energy efficient except for distances on the order of a few microns. In the proposed research, we propose to experiment with focused acoustic radiation as a mechanism of breaking particles off the surface and forming them into

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larger aggregates suspended over the surface, which can then be easily removed by a translating electrostatic field. Application of oscillating electrical fields on particles aggregates has not been extensively investigated in the literature. However, since dust particles tend to be electrically charged, it would appear to us that imposition of an oscillating electrical field with components in the plane of and perpendicular to the surface with a specifically-tuned frequency that matches the resonance frequency of one of the modes of the target could also act to induce intermittent breakoff of the particles from the surface, making them easier to be removed. Detached charged particles will be attracted to a movable and non-touchable particle-trap by an electrostatic field. Assuming the distance between the target and the trap is d and the potential difference between them is V, the electric field E = V/d. The electrical force F applied on a charged particle of q is equal to Eq = Vq/d. If the density and radius of a charged spherical particle (representing a suspended particle aggregate) are and a respectively, the mass (m) of the particle is given by m = (4 / 3)πa 3 ρ . The time t for a particle to get to the particle-trap after

2dm / F = 8d 2πa 3 ρ / Vq . For a typical dust particle aggregate, we might take V= 3.0 V, q =100 e, d = 1 mm, ρ = 1.03 g/cm3, and a = 5 dislodging from the surface can be estimated by t =

μm, we obtain t = 0.25 ms. We are considering two approaches for dust removal from the system. The first approach would be a type of electrostatic wiper, which passes over the surface (without touching it) and collects dust particles by application of an electrostatic field, and then disposes of the dust at the end of the cycle by reversal of the electric field and/or by some mechanical means. The second approach is to collect dust along certain nodal lines along the surface (e.g., nodal lines of the surface vibrations) and then pass a slowly propagating electrical charge down these nodal lines that would carry the dust off the end of the surface.

4. Sensing and System Control The proposed effort will utilize sensing for two complementary purposes. The first sensing function is to ascertain whether the surface under consideration has accumulated dust amounts sufficient to hinder system performance. For example, if the dust on a solar panel is sufficient to significantly reduce the panel’s efficiency the sensor data will be input for the dust mitigation control scheme. The second sensing function is to understand the nature of the dust particles; specifically, what charges are associated with the particles and how large are the particles. This information will then be used to guide the parameters used for controlling the dust mitigation response (e.g., vibration frequency, electrostatic field strength, etc.). The proposed research will considere a distributed sensing approach for the first function and a centralized approach for the latter. For dust detection, we will consider approaches that can be readily integrated as part of the surface’s design. In particular, a solar cell fabricated via gallium arsenide (GaAs) technology would employ a sensing technology based on similar technologies. For this application we will leverage GaAs LED and photodiodes to develop a reflected light sensor which will be insensitive to ambient conditions. As dust accumulates on the sensor’s lens, the reflectivity (i.e., photodiode response) will increase. An alternative approach readily integrated in surfaces are patches based on surface acoustic wave (SAW) whose response will change as a function of accumulated material [39]. In order to measure dust particle charge, we will investigate adoption for this purpose of a MEMS-based, airborne particle analyzer currently being developed by Frolik’s group to measure charge of particulates in vehicle emissions. ADD SENTENCE ON THE CHARGE SENSOR OPERATING PRINCIPLE

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A near autonomous, distributed sensing and control system is to be developed where localized sensing influences localized mitigation response. This approach has the advantage that it will reduce overall energy requirements below what would be achievable using a global control approach. The proposed strategy will leverage Frolik’s existing work for the control of quality of service in large wireless sensor network clusters [9,20,25]. In the proposed approach, sensors and mitigation treatments are associated with a portion of the surface (i.e., a zone). Each sensor node will actuate a localized treatment response with some probability based on the severity of dust accumulation. The advantage of the approach is twofold. First, since actuation is localized, individual mitigation treatments will necessarily require less energy than a global treatment. Second, in areas where dust concentration is high, multiple sensors may determine the need to conduct a treatment. However, if each treatment source were to be activated simultaneously (i.e., not randomly), not only would peak energy needs be high but the total treatment may be more than needed to mitigate the accumulated dust. Under this scenario in the proposed approach, each sensor actuation zone would randomly treat with probability proportional to the severity of the dust. Such an approach alleviates the need at the system level to schedule treatment and enables sensor zones to operate autonomously. Such approaches are used in distributed communication system to access a shared channel and are known as random access, or contention-based, protocols.

5. Work Plan The active-surface dust mitigation technology will be developed via a two-pronged approach, involving a research thrust and a design thrust. The research thrust will deal with fundamental issues of active-surface mitigation approaches for particle detachment, aggregation and deaggregation, transport and removal, as well as sensor development and system control. The design thrust will utilize results of the research thrusts to design specific devices for dust mitigation actuation and sensing, as well as integration of the active-surface mitigation system. The Research Thrusts will be conducted by the four-member faculty research team at the University of Vermont, working together with four graduate students in the Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Programs and the Department of Physics at the University of Vermont. Efforts will also include collaborations with faculty and students in the Thermal Engineering Department at Tsinghua University (China), who have extensive experimental capabilities with fine particle mitigation technology in the context of soot mitigation. Specific research tasks are described below. The Design Education Thrust will involve a partnership between the University of Vermont, Vermont Technical College (VTC) and local industry in Vermont centered intended to provide unique engineering design opportunities to undergraduate students. The primary mechanism for this will involve the Senior Capstone Design Course at the partnering institutions, along with opportunities for summer research and design internships among the collaborating entities.

A. Research Thrust in Dust Mitigation Task #A1 - Approximate Analytical Models for Experimental Design Simplified analytical models will be developed to estimate onset of breakup of surface-adhered particles and particle aggregates for each of the three different modes of forcing: active surface vibration, focused acoustic radiation, and pulsed electrodynamic fields. These models will be used to identify key operating parameters for the design of the experimental dust mitigation apparatus, such as the optimal vibration frequency and amplitude. The analytical models will be validated in Task A.6 by comparison to direct numerical computation using the discrete-element method.

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Task #A2 - Construction of Experimental Test Chamber and Apparatus A central experimental facility will be designed and constructed for the purposes of performing the experimental investigations outlined in this proposal. For the fundamental experiments to be performed over the first two years of the project, the test surface will be relatively modest in size; a surface area of a few square inches or less will be sufficient to assess the mitigation procedures. Outcomes and results from the modeling efforts in Task #A1 will aid in the design process. The facility will serve two essential roles: (1) to establish a precisely-controlled environment with specified operating conditions for experiments; and (2) to provide integrated optical/electrical access for all sensing, measurement and dust mitigation apparatus used in experiments. To this end, there are a number of key features which will be required, and these are Fig. 2. Components of experimental summarized in the schematic diagram shown at the apparatus. left. In order to reasonably simulate a Martian surface atmosphere, a three-part gas mixture (95% CO2, 3% N2, 2% Ar) will be used and maintained at an operating pressure of approximately 30 Pa (225 mTorr) using a vacuum pump. The extremely low humidity should be well established by the canister gasses; however, additional support will be available via a desiccant-based dehumidifier apparatus. For simulated lunar conditions, the chamber will be evacuated to the extent possible by the vacuum apparatus. All experiments will be conducted under room temperature conditions to avoid the inherent difficulties in performing studies under the extreme cold conditions resident to the Martian surface. This is a limitation which could potentially manifest itself in altered material surface properties; however we posit the effect to be small. This point will be revisited in Task #A5. Among the key challenges in establishing the simulated environment will be creation of realistic dust particles of appropriate size and charge. The target size of the particles will range on the order of 1-100 nm in diameter, a size range which also poses safety/inhalation risks in experiments. Here we plan to work closely with colleagues at NASA/KSC and the SETI Institute to identify an appropriate simulated dust for the experiments.

Task #A3 - Experiments on Active Surface Breakup of Adhered Dust Particles Approach: Vibrating Substrate. The use of a vibrating substrate will be investigated as a means for dislodging adhered particles. This task will focus on resonant standing surface wave patterns of different frequencies and amplitudes both for dislocation of the adhered dust particles and for collection of particles along nodal lines of the surface wave pattern. Approach: Focused Acoustics. Focused ultrasound is widely used to localize acoustic radiation force in a small volume. Focusing can be achieved by a spherical-shaped concave piezoelectric ceramic radiator. The main challenge we will face is the acoustic impedance mismatch between the ceramic and gaseous medium. Appropriate coating of a quarter wave-length thickness will be used for the ceramic transducer to maximize the energy coupled to the surface of the target. A set of small focusing transducers will be mounted together and focused to the surface of the target to de-aggregate and dislodge dust particles. Effect of variation of the ambient atmospheric pressure and acoustic frequency and intensity will be examined.

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Approach: Electrodynamic Pulsing. A third approach to dislodging the adhered dust particles is to pulse the electrical charge of the surface. Since the dust particles are charged themselves, pulsing the surface charge will lead to oscillatory attractive and repulsive forces between the particles and the surface, creating an effect on the particles that might be akin to surface vibration. For many types of surfaces, pulsating charges might be easier to incorporate into the surface design than actual surface vibration. We will perform experiments to examine the effect of pulsed electrical charge on adhesive particles with varying particle ambient charge, and surface charge frequency and magnitude.

Task #A4 - Electrostatic Sweeping of Levitated Dust Particles With successful disruption, it is expected that dust particles will be suspended at a small height above the surface for a short, but finite period of time owing to the combination of small size and low gravity. While suspended, these particles are amenable to collection and transport away from the surface. The intent in this research task is to develop a moving "sweeper" which uses electrostatic forces to attract and remove the particles. The sweeping motion may be "real" or "virtual". In the former scenario, the moving field is produced by a mechanical translation of a fixed electrostatic field. In the latter case, a series of electrodes could be progressively actuated to create the effective motion. The schematic at the Fig. 3. Schematic showing two options right depicts the essential concepts. Also possible for particle removal approach. is an acoustic enhancement of the sweeping process using the phenomena of "acoustic streaming". By imposing a standing acoustic field near the surface, levitated particles will naturally coalesce towards the pressure nodes. The resulting particle collections and/or aggregate would in turn have known locations and would, in principal, aid the electrostatic sweeping.

Task #A5 - Experimental Impact of Low Temperature Environment The majority of the experimental work will be conducted under typical room temperatures (e.g. 20-25°C). However, the low temperature environments of the Martian or lunar surface may impact the operation of the dust mitigation strategies, primarily through changes in material properties. Efforts in this task will focus on repeating key experiments in a low temperature environment to assess the impact on operating characteristics and performance. Potential cold facilities suitable for this purpose could range from a walk-in meat freezer at the UVM campus to a possible collaboration with formal cold room facilities at the U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CCREL) in Hanover, NH. The latter would be appropriate if preliminary tests suggest notable impact of temperature on performance.

Task #A6 - Computational Modeling of Dust Particle Disruption and Transport Our experiments on dust mitigation and sensing strategies will be aided by a set of numerical simulations, which will allow us to understand the detailed electromechanics of the particle response to different forcing and sensing approaches. The numerical simulations will be performed using a combination of the following computational methodologies: (1) discreteelement simulation for adhesive, colliding particles; (2) finite-volume simulation of fluid flows (e.g., above a vibrating surface), and (3) electrostatic field simulation. In previous research, we

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have developed one of the most advanced discrete-element codes for adhesive particle flows, which is capable of solving for flows with up to 100,000 or so adhesive and colliding particles in three dimensions immersed in a fluid flow. Specifics of this code are given in Section 6. While the code has been extensively utilized for various problem types and geometries [24,34-36,47], the current form of the code does not have electrostatic interaction between the particles. We are in the presence of initiating work with colleagues at Tsinghua University (who are users of this code) to add electrostatic forces, and we have arranged for a Tsinghua student to visit the University of Vermont for one year during the first year of this project to work on this effort. We also have available a multi-purpose finite-volume code for fluid flow simulations which has been extensively used by one of the current investigators (Marshall), and is already fully coupled with the particle transport code. The electrostatic field calculations will be performed using a boundary-element method for the surface charges coupled to the Lagrangian discrete-element method for the charge carried by the particles. A multipole expansion procedure will be used to accelerate the 1 / r 2 electrical field calculation induced by the particles, by which we can accelerate the O( N 2 ) computational effort required for the primitive code to O( N log N ) . All of these methods have been extensively used by members of our group in previous research [33]. The numerical method will be used to model each of the three forcing strategies for particle break-up listed in Task #A3, as well as the particle removal approaches listed in Task #A4. With data from the literature on how the particle and gas properties change at low temperatures, we can use our numerical method to examine the effect of temperature on the experimental results. The numerical computations will provide full information on particle concentration and motion, aggregate size distribution, and optimal forcing conditions for particle detachment and removal. Numerical results will be fully validated by comparison to experimental results described in Tasks #A3-A5. We also propose to use the computational method to aid in development of the particle sensor systems, as described in Task #B1. In particular, numerical simulation of the sensor operation are particularly important in determining the sensitivity and resolution of the sensors, since full information on particle concentration field, velocities, charge and size are available in the computations.

B. Research Thrust in Sensing and Control Task #B1 - Sensor System Design, Test and Evaluation The sensor design work will focus on three specific devices with an approach to adapt existing technologies for the purpose of dust detection and classification. The first sensor will utilize light reflected off a transparent lens to ascertain collected dust levels. The work will develop a testbed utilizing light emitting and sensitive devices based on GaAs fabrication methods. The testbed will consist of these devices along with requisite instrumentation (power supplies, meters, etc.) needed. The testbed will be utilized to ascertain the effectiveness of different emitter and detector devices along with lens materials for this application, as well as surface acoustic wave devices under different particle loading conditions. To categorize the dust particles, the work will leverage an approach currently being investigated for automobile particle emission characterization. The micro airborne particle analyzer is a MEMS-based structure that is used to sort particles by charge. In our work, we will rescale this design to target dust particles on the order 10 nm – 1 μm diameter. The sensor will be calibrated using control tests with known dust quantities and charges.

Task #B2 - Design of Sensor Control Algorithm & System Our work to date in controlling autonomous wireless sensor nodes to achieve overall system level performance has shown such an approach to be robust, energy efficient, and require minimal

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centralized coordination [9,20,25]. We will leverage this work to develop a distributed sensing and treatment strategy in which surface zones operated in a near autonomous manner but will achieve the global objective of dust mitigation. The work will begin by simulating a centralized, scheduled control scheme. This approach will be compared to the distributed, autonomous approach where the comparison metrics will be energy use, control overhead and mitigation effectiveness. To ascertain the latter, we will couple in the computational dust modeling discussed in Task #A6. From this baseline work, the automaton functionality will be refined to improve performance in all three metrics.

Task #B3 - System Integration Need to see what is written for Tasks #A2/#A3/#A4 C. Design Education Thrust in Device Development and Integration The design thrust will be conducted by undergraduate design teams composed of senior-level electrical and mechanical engineering students at the University of Vermont working together with students in the electromechanical engineering technology program at the Vermont Technical College. The design projects will be conducted through the UVM SEED program, which is centrally managed within the School of Engineering. Each SEED project will have a faculty mentor from the research team and an external mentor from one of our two participating industries – Seldon Technology in Windsor, Vermont, and Microstrain Inc. in Burlington, Vermont. There will also be a faculty liaison for the students from the Vermont Technical College to help coordinate the two student groups. Specific student design projects to be conducted during the three years of the project are described below. All design projects will be conducted in concert with the research team, and all projects will last for one year. All projects will involve development of design concepts during the first semester and prototype construction and testing during the second semester.

Task #C1. Dust Sensor Design The student team will examine existing dust sensor technologies, and brainstorm with the faculty on how to develop a sensor that is compatible with the active surface approach proposed in this project. The group's challenge will be to develop a surface-mountable sensor able to measure dust concentration (i.e., build-up) and charge for particles of a given size. We design the sensor to be low-energy, so the group will also examine methods by which to harvest energy from the environment to supply energy for sensor operation. Prototype testing will focus on experimental characterization of the sensor sensitivity and resolution limits.

Task #C2. Particle Removal Technology It is proposed in this project to utilize a moving electrostatic charge for removal of displaced dust particles from the region near the surface, following application of forcing to break the particles off of the surface. However, it is unclear at this time what sort of mechanism might best be used to impose this moving electrostatic charge. For instance, one might utilize a type of electrostatic wiper that moves above the surface to collect dust, or one might have a mechanism under the surface of integrated within the surface to induce a slowly moving electrostatic field (perhaps along certainly "nodal lines" along which the particles collect). The students will explore these various options with the research team and test the most promising options.

Task #C3. System Integration and Control The sensors and dust mitigation devices will be integrated into a single system using a system control strategy, which will monitor the dust build-up on the surface and trigger appropriate mitigation actions. In this project, the student teams will explore and refine the control strategy

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used for system integration, monitoring energy usage and effectiveness of different control approaches to determine an optimal minimum-energy control approach, with a setting to allow the user to adjust the acceptable level of average surface dust coverage.

Year 1

TASK

Year 2

Year 3

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

A. Research Thrust in Dust Mitigation A1. Approximate Analytical Models for Experimental Design A2. Construction of Experimental Test Chamber and Apparatus A3. Experiments on Active Surface Breakup of Adhered Dust Particles a) Vibrating Substrate b) Acoustic Radiation c) Electrodynamic Pulsing A4. Electrostatic Sweeping of Levitated Dust Particles A5. Experimental Impact of Low Temperature Environment A6. Computational Modeling of Dust Particle Disruption and Transport a) Implement electrostatic forcing in code b) Computations to support experiments in A and B B. Research Thrust in Sensing and Control B1. Sensor System Design, Test and Evaluation B2. Design of Sensor Control Algorithm & System B3. System Integration B4. Reconstruction of Dust Characteristics from Sparse Data Sets C. Design Education Thrust in Device Development and Integration C1. Dust Sensor Design C2. Particle Removal Technology C3. System Integration and Control

Table 1. Listing of project tasks and completion dates.

6. Existing Research and Facilities

Vortex and Particulate Flow Laboratory A unique discrete-element model (DEM) has been developed, implemented in a computer code, and extensively tested by J.S. Marshall [22, 31-33, 42] within the Vortex and Particulate Flow Lab in the School of Engineering. The computational method solves for the transport, collision and adhesion of small particles in a fluid stream, and has been developed to include a wide range of adhesion forces, including van der Waals, liquid-bridging, and ligand-receptor binding, and we are currently working to add electrostatic adhesion. The particle collision model includes elastic

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and dissipative normal forces, as well as resistance expressions for sliding, twisting and rolling, all of which are adapted to include the effect of adhesive force. The discrete-element model for the particle phase has been implemented in a finite-volume code for the fluid phase, and can be run with both one-way and two-way coupling between the phases. The model can be run with up to about 150,000 particles and 1.5 million fluid grid points on a high-end workstation. Examples of the application of the discrete-element method to dust adhesion on a filter fiber are given in Figure 4. Research support for development of the discrete-element code has been obtained by the Caterpillar Corporation for mitigation of dust adhesion on radiators, and by the U.S. Department of Transportation and the University of Iowa Facilities Management Group for simulation of biowaste combustion processes. The vortex dynamics work in the laboratory is supported by the Army Research Office.

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Figure 4. Example of the discrete-element method applied to particle accumulation on a fiber array [22].

Microfluid Mechanics Laboratory and Microscale Optical Diagnostics Laboratory The Microfluid Mechanics Laboratory has extensive capabilities for the imaging and interrogation of complex flows on microscopic length scales. Research foci in the past several years have included: (1) experimental measurements of multi-component flow structures formed between converging microchannel flows; and (2) design, modeling and microfabrication of micro-scale catalytic systems for use in micropropulsion applications for miniaturized satellites. The newly created Microscale Optical Diagnostics Laboratory features a state of the art microparticle-image velocimetry (μPIV) system recently acquired by the UVM School of Engineering. The μPIV technique provides a method to quantify particle concentration and velocity field in micro-scale devices, such as microchannels or micro-fibers within a filter. The system also provides an inherent, convenient means to visualize particle aggregation and adhesion to solid surfaces and fibers; its efficacy in this regard can be further enhanced using the laser-induced fluorescent method. Our group will leverage the capabilities of these two laboratories – and specifically the newly acquired μPIV system – to experimentally investigate microscale particle mechanics of the different dust suppression technologies developed in the project. Experiments will be performed in filter testbeds designed and constructed using in-house precision fabrication capabilities within the School of Engineering.

Sensor Networks and Wireless Laboratory This laboratory has been investigating sensor network deployments with an eye to systems operating in harsh environmental and propagation environments. Work to date has developed architectures for systems where the availability of individual sensor nodes is dynamic [8, 18-19, 23] and where the multipath fading environment exceeds the severity of Rayleigh statistics [2, 910, 20]. In addition, the lab has recently deployed a system for monitoring water equivalency in

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snow packs. Techniques developed for each of the above efforts have been motivated by the need to conserve energy in these severely constrained systems. For the proposed project, these lowenergy methods will be leveraged to developed sensor sampling strategies to enable the smart (and thereby energy efficient) dust suppression methods.

Acoustic Radiation and Ultrasound Laboratory This laboratory has performed pioneering theoretical and experimental work on the interaction between ultrasound and particles via the acoustic radiation force during the last decade [41-45]. The research of our group has lately concentrated on the interaction between ultrasound and biological cells. Particularly, the radiation force and shear stress generated by ultrasound could yield positive (targeting DNA and drug delivery) or adversary (cell lysis) bioeffects on cells and tissues. For the proposed project, we will use our expertise in acoustic radiation force for examining the effect of acoustic radiation on particle aggregation and for transporting dust particles small distances away from the adhesive surface.

7. NASA Alignment and Partnerships (a) Relevance to NASA and Jurisdiction: Adhesion of fine dust particles to lunar and Martian exploration equipment is a well-recognized hazard, particularly for prolonged habitation as is currently planned for the moon and later for Mars. NASA has conducted a number of major studies of lunar and Martian dust over the years, which exemplify its on-going interest in extraterrestrial dust composition and mitigation. Some of the major projects include the following: Electrostatics of Granular Material Space Station Experiment – experiment conducted on the space station to study the collective dynamics of charged dust particles in a microgravity environment [30] Mars Wind Tunnel Tests – experiments conducted in the “Mars Wind Tunnel” at NASA Ames to study the interaction of space suits with windblown soil [29] Materials Adherence Experiment – an experiment conducted on the Mars Pathfinder mission to examine obscuration of solar arrays due to dust deposition [3] Mars Environmental Capability Assessment (MECA) – series of experiments conduced by the Mars Surveyor Program 2001 Lander to characterize the physical and chemical properties of Martian soil [14,28]. Further experiments are planned as part of the NASA Phoenix Lander, launched in August 2007. The jurisdiction invited pre-proposals from Vermont qualified researchers within the jurisdiction in response to the NASA solicitation. The winning two pre-proposals were determined by the jurisdiction’s NASA EPSCoR Technical Advisory Committee and invited to submit a full proposal. The basis for selection of the winning pre-proposals followed NASA’s selection criteria as given in the solicitation. The current proposal was selected by the Committee based on the high significance of the proposed research area, the innovativeness of the research idea, the exceptional high research quality of the faculty research team, and the strong NASA and external collaborators (as listed in Sections 7b and c).

(b) Partnerships / Sustainability: All members of the faculty research team are active researchers, with major grants won through a variety of national competitions, including prior recipients of the prestigious NSF Career Award and the ARO Young Investigator Award. All members of the research team publish extensively in their fields of study, and the two senior team members have been recognized for their research contributions by election to fellow rank in various national professional organizations, including the American Society of Mechanical

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Engineers, the Acoustical Society of America, and the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine. All investigators have demonstrated ability to develop and sustain significant research with repeat grants from various federal agencies and industries. Indeed, as discussed in Section 6, this project is made possible by the facilities and expertise developed under a wide variety of previous competitively-awarded grants, including funding from the Caterpillar Corporation and the U.S. Department of Transportation for development of the discrete-element model, funding from the National Science Foundation and the Air Force for development of our microfluidics laboratory, funding from the Goodrich Corporation from development of our wireless sensor laboratory, and funding from the National Institutes of Health for development of our acousticparticle interaction laboratory. Several of our research team members have received previous competitive awards from NASA, including funding in microgravity research from the Office of Biological and Physical Research (involving a flight experiment on-board the KC135) (Marshall) and a NASA Faculty Research Fellowship at Goddard Space Flight Center (Hitt). The current project will allow us to explore how these various areas of expertise might join together and leverage each other to make a substantial contribution to the critical area of mitigation of fine particle surface adhesion. Sustainability of the proposed effort will be enhanced through close partnership with a variety of external industrial and academic partners, described in this subsection, as well as with two groups who lead NASA’s efforts in the area of dust adhesion characterization and mitigation, described in the next subsection.

Non-NASA External Collaborators Seldon Technology, Windsor, Vermont: Seldon Technology manufactures advanced filters made from a mesh of closely-packed nanofibers. The pore spacing in these filters is so close that they can separate particles down to about 100 nm, as well as individual bacteria and virus particles, from either liquid or gas streams. Seldon Technology is the recent recipient of an SBIR grant from NASA on dust mitigation. We will explore with Seldon Technology utilization of aspects of our active-surface technology for advanced filter design for space applications. Microstrain Corporation, Burlington, Vermont: Miocrostrain specializes in design and manufacture of advanced sensors, with an emphasis on low-energy and wireless sensor technology. The President and Vice President of Microstrain serve on the College and School of Engineering Advisory Boards. We will explore with Microstrain development of low-energy and energy-scavenging sensors as part of the dust mitigation system proposed in the current project. Vermont Technical College, Randolph, Vermont: Vermont Technical College operates a fouryear program in Electromechanical Engineering Technology at its Randolph, Vermont campus. VTC has a long record of graduating students who go on to successfully complete more advanced studies in engineering and physics at Vermont universities, including UVM and Norwich, as well as students who join various companies in Vermont and surrounding areas. Students in this program will collaborate with UVM seniors on design studies related to electromechanical dust mitigation systems. Thermal Engineering Department, Tsinghua University, China: A no-cost collaboration is proposed between the project research team and Prof. S. Li and Prof. Q. Yao in the Thermal Engineering Department at Tsinghua University, the leading technical university in China. The Thermal Engineering Department at Tsinghua is renowned for its research on soot mitigation, which shares many features with the fine dust mitigation problem under consideration in this proposal. This collaboration will involve student and faculty exchange, and sharing of research codes and results. The proposed collaboration will further the objectives of the Vermont Governor and the UVM President to establish scholarly and business exchanges between the

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peoples of Vermont and China, and it will further the proposed project by providing a source of outstanding graduate students and opening up the extensive fine-particulate research facilities available in the Thermal Engineering Department at Tsinghua University. Student and faculty exchanges are planned starting Summer 2008 and Fall 2008, following previous faculty exchanges between the Science-PI (Marshall) and Tsinghua faculty during Fall 2007 and Summer 2006, resulting in several joint journal papers.

(c) NASA Interactions: The research will be conducted in close collaboration with the two leading NASA research groups in dust mitigation, lead by Dr. Carlos Calle at the NASA Kennedy Space Center and by Dr. John Marshall (no relation to the Science-PI) at the SETI Institute. Both Dr. Calle and Dr. Marshall contributed support letters for this proposal. Dr. Carlos Calle is the Director of the Electrostatics and Surface Physics Laboratory at NASA Kennedy Space Center. He has contributed extensively to the literature on Martian soil and dust problems [3,4], particularly focusing on the electrostatic interaction of charged dust particles and colliding surfaces. The stated mission of the Electrostatics and Surface Physics Laboratory, taken from their web site is: “The Electrostatics and Surface Physics Laboratory at the NASA Kennedy Space Center is the premier NASA research facility dedicated to investigations in electrostatics and surface physics problems with applications to space flight and planetary exploration. The lab is currently carrying out electrostatic analyses and materials characterization to assist in the detection, mitigation, and prevention of electrostatic charge generation on space flight hardware and Space Shuttle ground support equipment. The lab is also involved in dust mitigation efforts for lunar and Martian exploration. The laboratory, in collaboration with the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and several universities, is developing instrumentation for planetary exploration missions, in particular landing missions to Mars and the moon that will characterize the electrostatic properties of those environments. Current research projects include the development of embedded electrostatic sensors, the development of sensors for charge monitoring on semiconductors, the development of active dust shields for lunar and Martian missions, the study of the electrostatic interactions of dust particles under flow, development of a multisensor electrometer for planetary missions, breakdown discharges at different atmospheric pressures, research work in the fundamental physics of charge exchange and triboelectricity, development of fiber optic sensors for spacecraft, spacecraft charge meter, and field emitting coatings.” Dr. John Marshall is a senior researcher at the Carl Segan Center of the SETI Institute, as well as a co-investigator of NASA’s Phoenix Mission to Mars, launched in August 2007, which will be performing various experiments to better characterize the Martian soil. While not a NASA center, the Carl Segan Center at the SETI Institute provides critical support for NASA research involving planetary exploration. Dr. Marshall has led numerous large-scale projects in collaboration with NASA to better characterize Martian soil [28-32], through which he has conducted significant fundamental research characterizing Martian dust and its dynamics and effects on space exploration. Contact Information Dr. Carlos Calle, Electrostatics and Surface Physics Laboratory, NASA Kennedy Space Center, Cape Canaveral, FL ([email protected]). Dr. John Marshall, The SETI Institute, 515 N. Whisman Rd., Mountain View, CA ([email protected]).

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(d) Diversity and Outreach: The current project includes an important outreach activity with the Vermont Technical College (VTC) in the form of joint student design activities. The VTC is a state institution for students to earn both two-year and four-year degrees in various applied skills, including several different engineering technology degrees. The University of Vermont (UVM) has an Articulation Agreement with VTC which allows any VTC student earning a two-year associates degree in engineering technology with a 3.0 GPA or higher to enter into the UVM School of Engineering. Our previous experience with VTC students is that they often do well once they come to UVM, in part due to the extensive hands-on training that they receive at VTC. In a recent visit to VTC by the Science-PI (Marshall), it was apparent that the leaders of the various technical departments at VTC desired more interaction with UVM and, in particular, more opportunities for their students to participate in academic activities in partnership with UVM students. The joint student design team experience included in this proposal would provide just such an opportunity, affording VTC students an opportunity not only to work side-by-side with UVM students, but also exposing them to research activities of the UVM faculty and enabling close interaction with our collaborating Vermont industries. Since VTC tends to have a more diverse student pool than UVM, this interaction will also enhance our ability to reach out to minority students. The senior design activities included in the current proposal will be conducted as part of the Senior Experience in Engineering Design (SEED) program at the University of Vermont. The SEED projects are presented to the public at an annual Senior Design Night, sponsored by the School of Engineering. All area high school students, as well as representatives of local industries, the School advisory board, and members of the local press, are invited and regularly attend this event, and highlights of the event are usually written up in an article in the Burlington Free Press. This event will provide an ideal forum to disseminate results of our research and design activities to a wide cross-section of the local community. The Coordinator of the SEED Program picks a select number of projects to be included in a display at the ECHO Center, which is a science museum and aquarium in Burlington that is heavily visited by elementary and middle-school children throughout the jurisdiction. If the outcome of the proposed research is successful in developing an active surface for dust mitigation, the research team will discuss with the ECHO center director on the possibility for developing a permanent exhibit at the center related to electrostatics, acoustic radiation and dust adhesion processes, in partnership with the NASA Kennedy Electrostatics and Surface Physics Laboratory and our partner industries in Vermont..

8. Management and Evaluation (a) Personnel: The proposed project leverages a unique expertise of faculty at the University of Vermont working on problems of particle capture and aggregation, discrete-element modeling, micro-fluid dynamics, ultrasound-particle interaction, and low-energy wireless sensor technology. All research personnel are faculty members in the School of Engineering or the Department of Physics at the University of Vermont, although as listed in Section 7b we have close partnerships with a variety of industrial and other academic institutions. Specific responsibilities of the faculty research team are outlined below.

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Jeff Marshall (Co-I / Science-PI) – Dr. Marshall teaches in the Mechanical Engineering Program at UVM. He is an expert in numerical modeling of fluid flows with adhesive particles, and he is also experienced with experimental methods for diagnostics of particulate flows (PIV, LIF). Dr. Marshall will serve as the Science-PI for the project and will lead the computational modeling effort. Jeff Frolik (Co-I) – Dr. Frolik teaches in the Electrical Engineering Program at UVM. He is an expert on wireless and low-energy sensor technology and design. Dr. Frolik will lead the wireless sensor design effort for the project. Darren Hitt (Co-I) – Dr. Hitt teaches in the Mechanical Engineering Program at UVM. He is an expert in experimental diagnostics of micro-scale fluid flows. Dr. Hitt will lead the experimental microscale flow study using our new micro PIV system. Junru Wu (Co-I) – Dr. Wu teaches in the Physics Program at UVM. He is an expert in the effects of acoustic radiation on biological cells and particles. Dr. Wu will lead the acoustic radiation design effort for the project. All Co-Investigators are fully aware of the Diversity goals of NASA and Vermont’s NASA EPSCoR Program. Women, members of underrepresented groups, and persons with disabilities will be especially encouraged to apply for the Postdoctoral position and the Graduate Research Assistantships. We propose to support four graduate research assistants through this project, as well as one undergraduate design team per year. The undergraduate design team will be composed of four electrical or mechanical engineering students at the University of Vermont and four electromechanical engineering technology students at the Vermont Technical College.

(b) Research Program Management: In the management structure of the proposed research project, Vermont’s NASA EPSCoR Technical Advisory Committee (TAC) will provide active oversight. The TAC will review yearly research progress reports provided by the CoInvestigators, evaluate the progress of the Co-Investigators toward research goals, review the progress of funded students toward their degrees, and make recommendations on providing CoInvestigators with an additional year of research funding. As Vermont’s NASA EPSCoR Project Director, Prof. William Lakin will be Principal Investigator for this project. He will assume overall responsibility for the project, manage the project budget, collect information yearly on research and student progress, participate with the TAC in progress review and evaluation, and submit yearly progress reports as required to the National Program at NASA Headquarters. Prof. Jeffrey S. Marshall will be the Science PI for this project and will coordinate the activities of the research team. He will convene at least monthly meetings of the Co-Investigators to discuss results, review research directions, and insure that individual subprojects remain part of an integrated whole. For Vermont’s two approved Phase II NASA EPSCoR research groups, this management structure has worked well and led to a well-coordinated, efficiently managed, and highly productive efforts.

(c) Multi-Jurisdiction Projects: The proposed research project is entirely within the Vermont Jurisdiction.

(d) Program Evaluation:

Milestones and a timetable for the achievement of specific objectives during the award period have been included above in the Work Plan section of the Project Description. The process used in Phase III to evaluate progress toward goals will be patterned after the successful process used to evaluate Vermont’s Phase II NASA EPSCoR Research Groups. Co-Investigators will be asked to submit Research Progress Reports to the Project Director at least 30 days prior to the scheduled formal yearly meeting of the TAC. These

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reports will contain a narrative on individual research accomplishments. In addition, participants will be provided with the template for a Data Reporting Section. Evaluation metrics contained in the Data Section template will include: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Articles submitted to or published in refereed journals Talks, presentations or abstracts at professional meetings Progress of supported students toward their degrees Patents/patent applications and other Technology Transfer activities Follow-on grant proposals submitted/funded in non-EPSCoR Federal funding competitions 6. Improvements in Vermont’s research and development infrastructure attributable to VTNASA EPSCoR research funding.

In addition to the individual Research Progress Reports, the Science PI for the project will prepare a summary report describing how individual efforts are combining into an integrated whole that is accomplishing project goals. TAC members will be sent a packet with all reports for their review prior to their Annual Meeting. These reports will also be included in full in the Project Director’s Annual Report to the National Program. The Data Reporting section of the yearly Co-Investigator reports will contain information on the performance of supported students and allow determination of their continued eligibility for NASA EPSCoR funding. To evaluate the effectiveness of Vermont’s NASA EPSCoR program in addressing important pipeline issues, post-support student outcomes will also be actively tracked. This will be done in collaboration with Vermont Space Grant by making use of the VSGC’s student tracking capabilities. All supported students will be entered into the VSGC Student Tracking Database and followed for at least five years after the end of their EPSCoR support.

(e) Tracking of Program Progress: Adhesion of fine dust particles to solar panels, heat exchanger tubes, space suits, hatches, etc., poses a grave danger to NSAA exploration efforts. Nearly all devices, habitations and vehicles utilized in planetary exploration, and particularly devices with electrical components can be quickly penetrated and fouled by ultra-fine dust particles in the size range found on the moon and on Mars. This danger will become particularly acute in the years to come, as human presence in space becomes increasingly long-term and increasingly focuses on Mars, which is notorious for dust storms with clouds of ultra-fine charged particles. While we already have significant expertise in the core technologies required for fine dust mitigation, the current project will offer an opportunity to integrate and refine these capabilities specifically for dust mitigation efforts. The project will also provide an ideal opportunity to develop close collaborative interactions with the various NASA laboratories, industries, and other academic institutions listed in Sections 7b-c, which will strengthen our ability to make significant impact on this area of research. As noted above, the number of research proposals submitted to NASA and other Federal agencies for non-EPSCoR funding will be tracked. This evaluation metric will be used as an indicator of progress toward self-sufficiency. Indeed, a local VT-NASA EPSCoR requirement is that a CoInvestigator must submit at least one such proposal to a Federal agency for follow-on funding each year in order to be eligible for additional funding from a NASA EPSCoR research project.

(f) Continuity: The proposed project will result in graduation of four students with graduate degrees (M.S. or Ph.D.) focusing on dust adhesion and mitigation processes, and 24 undergraduate students (12 from the University of Vermont and 12 from the Vermont Technical

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Center) with design experience related to dust mitigation for space applications. These students will be encouraged to continue to careers at NASA centers and laboratories, and the undergraduates will be directed toward opportunities for NASA work experience, such as internships through the NASA Undergraduate Student Researchers Project or co-op assignments through the NASA Cooperative Education Program. We will particularly try to place students in internships with the Electrostatics and Surface Physics Laboratory at NASA Kennedy Space Center or with other NASA facilities doing dust mitigation research (such as at JPL) during the summer of the student’s junior year, which would be followed by the students participating in senior design activities related to dust mitigation.

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REFERENCES 1. Abbas, M.M., Tankosic, D., Craven, P.D., Spann, J.F., LeClair, A., West, F.A., Taylor, L. and Hoover, R., “Measurements of photoelectric yield and physical properties of individual lunar dust grains,” NASA Tech. Rpt. 20050237054 (2005). 2. Bakir, L. and Frolik, J., “Diversity gains in two-ray fading channels,” IEEE Trans. Wireless Communications, submitted, January 2008. 3. Calle, C.I., Buhler, C.R., Mantovani, J.G., Clements, S.A., Mazumder, M.K., Biris, A.S., and Nowicki, A.W., “Electrodynamic dust shield for solar panels on Mars,” NASA Tech. Rpt. 20040062533 (2004). 4. Calle, C.I., Mantovani, J.G., Groop, E.E., Huehler, M.G., Buhler, C.R. and Nowicki, A.W., “Development of a charged particle detector for windborne Martian dust,” NASA Tech. Rpt. 20020046180 (2002). 5. Chen, Y.-L., “A study of Mars dust environment simulation at NASA Johnson Space Center: energy systems test area resource conversion test facility,” NASA Tech. Rpt. 19990063446 (1999). 6. Chen, Y.-L., “Development of charge to mass ratio microdetector for future Mars mission,” NASA Tech. Rpt. 20040121106 (2003). 7. Ferguson, D.C., “Wheel abrasion experiment conducted on Mars,” NASA Tech. Rpt. 20050179380 (1998). 8. Fischer, D., Varhue, W., Wu, J. and Whiting, C., “Lamb-wave microdevices fabricated on monolithic single crystal silicon wafers,” IEEE Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems 9, 88-93 (2000). 9. Frolik, J., “QoS control for random access wireless sensor networks,” 2004 Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC04), Atlanta, March 21-25, 2004. 10. Frolik, J., “A case for considering hyper-Rayleigh fading channels,” IEEE Trans. Wireless Communications, Vol. 6, No. 4, April 2007. 11. Frolik, J., “On appropriate models for characterizing hyper-Rayleigh fading,” IEEE Trans. Wireless Communications, submitted: August 2007; revised: December 2007. 12. Galer, J.R., “The effects of lunar dust on EVA systems during the Apollo missions,” NASA Tech Rpt. TM-2005-213610 (2007). 13. Greeley, R. and Haberle, R.M., “Sand and dust on Mars,” NASA Tech. Rpt. NASA-CP10074 (1991). 14. Hecht, M.H., Meloy, T.P., Anderson, M.S., Buehler, M.G., Frant, M.A., Grannan, S.M., Fuerstenau, S.D., Keller, H.U., Marklewicz, W.J., Marshall, J., “The MSP 2001 Mars environmental compatibility assessment (MECA),” NASA Tech Rpt. 20000110352 (1999).

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15. Hoffmann, T. L., Koopmann, G. H., “Visualization of acoustic particle interaction and agglomeration: Theory and experiments,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 99, 2130-2141 (1996) 16. Horneck, G., Facius, R., Reitz, G., Rettberg, P., Baumstark-Khan, C., and Gerzer, R., “Critical issues in connection with human missions to Mars: protection of and from the Martian environment,” NASA Tech. Rpt. 20040103023 (2003). 17. Huang, B., Yao, Q., Li, S. Q., Zhao, H. L., Song, Q., and You, C. F., “Experimental investigation on the particle capture by a single fiber using microscopic image technique,” Powder Technology 163(3), 125-133 (2006). 18. Ihlefeld, C., Morgan, P.A., Youngquist, R.C., Moerk, J.S., Haskell, W.D., Cox, R.B. and Rose, K.A., “Optoelectronics particle-fallout sensor,” NASA Tech. Rpt. KSC-11687 (1995). 19. Kapishnikov, S., Kantsler, V. and Steinberg, V., “Continuous particle size separation and size sorting using ultrasound in a microchannel,” J. Statistical Mechanics, January 2006, Paper number P01012 (2006). 20. Kay, J. and Frolik, J., “An expedient wireless sensor automation with system scalability and efficiency benefits,” IEEE Trans. Systems, Man and Cybernetics, Part A, accepted pending revisions, January 2008. 21. Kay, J. and Frolik, J., “De-randomization of channel access in wireless sensor networks using simple automata,” International Conference on Autonomic and Autonomous Systems (ICAS06), Silicon Valley, CA July 19-21, 2006. 22. Ketcham, R., Frolik, J. and Covell, J., “Propagation characterization for in-aircraft wireless sensor systems,” IEEE Trans. Aerospace and Electronic Systems, accepted pending revisions, October 2007. 23. Layman, C., Murthy, N.S., Yang, R.-B. and Wu, J., “Interaction of ultrasound with particulate composites,” J. Acoustical Society of America 119, 1449-1456 (2006). 24. Li, S. and Marshall, J.S., “Discrete-element simulation of micro-particle deposition on a cylindrical fiber in an array,” J. Aerosol Science 38, 1031-1046 (2007). 25. Liang, B., Frolik, J. and Wang, X., “Energy-efficient dynamic spatial resolution control for wireless sensor clusters,” Int. Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks, accepted, August 2007. 26. Lin, Y., Cholaklan, T., Gao, W., Osman, S. and Barengoltz, J., “Quantification of sporeforming bacteria carried by dust particles,” NASA Tech. Rpt. 20070016679 (2007). 27. Mantovani, J.G., “A study of the electrostatic interaction between insulators and Martian lunar soil simulants,” NASA Tech. Rpt. 20020050541 (2001). 28. Marshall, J., Anderson, M., Buehler, M., Frant, M., Fuerstenau, S., Hecht, M., Keller, U., Markiewicz, W., Melow, T., Pike, T., “The MECA payload as a dust analysis laboratory on the MSP 2001 lander,” NASA Tech. Rpt. 20000025381 (1999).

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29. Marshall, J., Bratton, C. Kosmo, J. and Trevina, R., “Interaction of space suits with windblown soil: preliminary Mars wind tunnel results,” NASA Tech. Rpt. 20000025386 (1999). 30. Marshall, J., Sauke, T. and Farrel, W., “Electrostatics of granular material (EGM) space station experiment,” NASA Tech. Rpt. 20010024918 (2000). 31. Marshall, J., “Dust on Mars: an Aeolian threat to human exploration,” NASA Tech. Rpt. 20000025367 (1999). 32. Marshall, J. and Sauke, T., “Computer modeling of electrostatic aggregation of granular materials in planetary and astrophysical settings,” NASA Tech. Rpt. 20000025377 (1999). 33. Marshall, J.S., Grant, J.R., Gossler, A.A. and Huyer, S.A., “Vorticity transport on a Lagrangian tetrahedral mesh,” Journal of Computational Physics 161, 85-113 (2000). 34. Marshall, J.S., “Effect of shear-induced migration on the expulsion of heavy particles from a vortex core,” Physics of Fluids 18(11), 113301-1 – 113301-12 (2006). 35. Marshall, J.S., “Particle aggregation and capture by walls in a particulate aerosol channel flow,” J. Aerosol Science 38, 333-351 (2007). 36. Marshall, J.S., “Discrete-element modeling of particulate aerosol flows,” Journal of Computational Physics (submitted). 37. Miller, M.K., “Reduction of calcofluor in solithane conformal coatings of printed wiring boards,” NASA Tech Rpt. 19970019966 (1997). 38. Pohl, M. and Schubert, H., “Dispersion and deagglomeration of nanoparticles in aqueous solutions,” in Partec 2004. 39. Rapp, M., Reibel, J., Stier, S., Voigt, A., and Bahlo, J., “SAGAS: gas analyzing sensor systems based on surface acoustic wave devices - an issue of commercialization of SAW sensor technology,” Proceedings of the 1997 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium, 28-30 May 1997, pp 129 – 132. 40. Utter, M.G., “Blowing dust away with electrostatic wind,” NASA Tech. Rpt. HQN-10936 (1984). 41. Wu, J.R., “Shear stress in cells generated by ultrasound,” Progress in Biophysics & Molecular Biology 93, 363-373 (2006). 42. Wu, J.R., “Acoustical Tweezers,” J. Acous. Soc. Am. 89, 2140-2143 (1991). 43. Wu, J.R., “Calculation of Acoustics Radiation Force Generated by Focused Beams Using the Ray Acoustics Approach,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 97, 2747-2750 (1995). 44. Wu, J., Du, G., Work, S.S. and Warshaw, D.W., “Acoustic Radiation Pressure on a Rigid Cylinder, an Analytical Theory and Experiments,” J. Acous. Soc. Am. 87, 581 (1990).

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45. Wu, J. and G. Du, G., “Acoustic Radiation Force on a Small Compressible Sphere in a Focused Beam,” J. Acous. Soc. Am. 87, 997 (1990). 46. Wu, J. and Zhu, Z., “The propagation of Lamb waves in a plate,” J. Acous. Soc. Am. 91, 861867 (1992) 47. Zhao, Y. and Marshall, J.S., “Spin coating of a colloidal suspension,” Physics of Fluids (in press).

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WILLIAM LAKIN (PI) Project Director, VT-NASA EPSCoR Director, Vermont Space Grant Consortium Professor of Mathematics and Statistics The University of Vermont, 16 Colchester Ave., Burlington, VT 05401-1455 Office: (802) 656-8206 Fax: (802) 656-1102 E-mail: [email protected] EDUCATION: M.I.T. University of Chicago University of Chicago

B.S. M.S. Ph.D.

1964 1966 1968

Applied Mathematics Applied Mathematics Applied Mathematics

SELECTED PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE AND AWARDS:

1989 - Present 1998 1991 – Present 1999 – Present 1992 - 1998 1978 - 1989 1987 - 1988 1980 – 1992

Professor of Mathematics, Statistics, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Vermont (UVM) Named University Scholar in Science, UVM Director, Vermont Space Grant Consortium Director and State Coordinator, VT-NASA EPSCoR Program Department Chair, Mathematics and Statistics, UVM Eminent Prof. of Mathematical Sciences, Old Dominion University Program Director for Applied Mathematics, NSF, Washington, DC Consultant, ICASE, NASA Langley Research Center

SELECTED RECENT PEER-REVIEWED PUBLICATIONS:

S.A. Stevens, W.D. Lakin, and P.L. Penar (2005) Modeling Steady-State Intracranial Pressures in Supine, Head-Down Tilt, and Microgravity Conditions. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine 76, pps 329-338. S.A. Stevens and W.D. Lakin (2006) A Mathematical Model of the Systemic Circulatory System with Logistically Defined Nervous System Autoregulatory Mechanisms. Math. and Computer Modelling of Dynamical Systems 12(6), pps. 555-576. W.D. Lakin, S.A. Stevens, and N.J. Thakore (2006) On the Pressure Dependence of a Starling-Like Resistor. Int. Journal of Pure & Appl. Maths. 32(1) ps. 23-32.

S.A. Stevens, M. Previte, W.D. Lakin, N.J. Thakore, P.L. Penar, and B. Hamschin (2007) Ideopathic Intracranial Hypertension and Transverse Sinus Stenosis: A Modeling Study. Mathematical Medicine and Biology 24, pps. 85-109. W.D. Lakin and S.A. Stevens (2007) Modeling Inracranial Pressure Dynamics in Microgravity. In R. Hoskings & E. Ventorino (Eds.), Aspects of Mathematical Modelling, Basel: Birkhauser, pps. 211-227.

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W.D. Lakin, S.A. Stevens, and P.L. Penar (2007) Modeling Steady-State Intracranial Pressure in Microgravity: The Influence of the Blood-Brain Barrier. Aviation, Space, and Environmental 78, pps. 932-936.

S.A. Stevens, N. Thakore, W.D. Lakin, P.L. Penar, and B.I. Tranmer (2007), A Modeling Study of Ideopathic Intracranial Hypertension: Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Neurological Research 29, pps.777-786. Also available online at DOI: 10.1179/016164107X208112. W.D. Lakin, S.A. Stevens, N. Thakore, and P.L. Penar (2007), A Modeling Study of Ideopathic Intracranial Hypertension. In Modeling in Medicine and Biology VI (C. Brebbia, ed.). Ashurst, Southampton: WIT Press, pps. 179-190.

S.A. Stevens, W.D. Lakin, and P.L. Penar (2007), Modeling Pathological Intracranial Pressure Wavs in Ideopathic Intracranial Hypertension. In Modeling in Medicine and Biology VI (C. Brebbia, ed.). Ashurst, Southampton: WIT Press, pps. 191-200. PATENTS:

U.S. Patent No. 7,182,602, issued on February 27, 2007 to Lakin et al. and entitled "Whole-Body Mathematical Model for Simulating Intracranial Pressure Dynamics."

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JEFFREY S. MARSHALL (Co-I / Science-PI) Professor of Mechanical Engineering The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405 Office: (802) 656-3826 Fax: (802) 656-3358 E-mail: [email protected] PROFESSIONAL INTERESTS Fluid mechanics and particulate flows; particle adhesion; multiscale and Lagrangian computer modeling; vortex-body interaction; fluids with microstructure; thin film flows

EDUCATION Ph.D., Department of Mechanical Engineering University of California, Berkeley, December 1987 M.S.,

Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Nuclear Engineering University of California, Los Angeles, 1984

B.S.,

Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Nuclear Engineering University of California, Los Angeles, 1983 (summa cum laude)

PROFESSIONAL EMPLOYMENT Aug. 06 – present

Professor, 2006-present Director, 2006-2007 School of Engineering The University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont

Aug 01 – present Aug 01 – Aug 05 Aug 93 - Aug 01 Aug 93 - present

Professor, Mechanical & Industrial Engineering Chairman, Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering Associate Professor, Mechanical Engineering Research Scientist, IIHR -- Hydroscience and Engineering The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa

Sept 99 - Dec 99

Visiting Associate Professor Institut de Mécanique des Fluides de Toulouse, France

May 89 - June 93

Assistant Professor, Department of Ocean Engineering Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida

Oct 88 - Apr 89

Staff Engineer Creare Inc., Hanover, New Hampshire

Jan. 88-Jun. 88

Assistant Research Engineer, University of California, Berkeley

HONORS AND AWARDS Fellow, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2004-present Invited Lecturer, European Congress on Computational Methods in Applied Sciences and Engineering, Barcelona, Spain, Sept. 11-14, 2000 C.I.E.S. Fellowship, French Ministry of Education, Sept.-Dec. 1999 Henry Hess Award, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1992 Young Investigator Award, Army Research Office, 1992-95

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RECENT ARCHIVAL PUBLICATIONS (of 62 total) Marshall, J.S., “Discrete-element modeling of particulate aerosol flows,” Journal of Computational Physics (submitted). Zhao, Y. and Marshall, J.S., “Spin coating of a colloidal suspension,” Physics of Fluids (in press, 2008). AlMomani, T., Udaykumar, H.S., Marshall, J.S. and Chandran, K.B., “Micro-scale dynamic simulation of erythrocyte-platelet interaction in blood flow,” Annals of Biomedical Engineering (in press, 2008). Zhao, X.-L., Li, S.-Q., Liu, G.-Q., Yao, Q., and Marshall, J.S., “DEM simulation of the particle dynamics in two-dimensional spouted beds,” Powder Technology (in press, 2008). Li, S.Q. and Marshall, J.S., “Discrete-element simulation of micro-particle deposition on a cylindrical fiber in an array,” Journal of Aerosol Science, Vol. 38, pp. 1031-1046 (2007). Marshall, J.S., “Particle aggregation and capture by walls in a particulate aerosol channel flow,” Journal of Aerosol Science, Vol. 38, pp. 333-351 (2007). Liu, X. and Marshall, J.S., “Amplification of three-dimensional perturbations during parallel vortex-cylinder interaction,” Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 573, pp. 457-478 (2007). Krishnan, S., Udaykumar, H.S., Marshall, J.S., And Chandran, K.B., “Dynamic study of platelet activation during mechanical heart valve operation,” Annals of Biomedical Engineering, Vol. 34, pp. 1519-1534 (2006). Marshall, J.S., “Effect of shear-induced migration on the expulsion of heavy particles from a vortex core,” Physics of Fluids, Vol.18, No.11, pp. 113301-1 – 113301-12 (2006). Zhao, Y. and Marshall, J.S., “Dynamics of driven liquid films on heterogeneous surfaces,” Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 559, pp. 355-378 (2006). Grant, J.R. and Marshall, J.S., “On the diffusion velocity for a three-dimensional vorticity field,” Theoretical and Computational Fluid Dynamics, Vol. 19, No. 6, pp. 377-390 (2005). Marshall, J.S. and Beninati, M.L., “External turbulence interaction with a columnar vortex,” Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 540, pp. 221-245 (2005). McAlister, G., Ettema, R. and Marshall, J.S., “Wind-driven rivulet break-off and droplet flows in microgravity and terrestrial gravity conditions,” Journal of Fluids Engineering, Vol. 127, pp. 257-266 (2005). Marshall, J.S. and Wang, S., “Contact-line fingering and rivulet formation in the presence of surface contamination,” Computers & Fluids, Vol. 34, No. 6, pp. 664-683 (2005). Beninati, M.L. and Marshall, J.S., “An experimental study of the effect of free-stream turbulence on a trailing vortex,” Experiments in Fluids, Vol. 38, No. 2, pp. 244-257 (2005). Marshall, J.S., “Particle dispersion in a turbulent vortex core,” Physics of Fluids, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 025104-1 – 025104-15 (2005). Coton, F.N., Marshall, J.S., McD. Galbraith, R.A., and Green, R.B., “Helicopter tail rotor orthogonal blade-vortex interaction,” Progress in Aerospace Sciences , Vol. 40, No. 7, pp. 453-486 (2004). Liu, X. and Marshall, J.S., "Blade penetration into a vortex core with and without axial core flow," Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 519, pp. 81-103 (2004). Thakur, A., Liu, X. and Marshall, J.S., "Wake flow of single and multiple yawed cylinders," Journal of Fluids Engineering, Vol. 126, No. 5, pp. 861-870 (2004).

SYNERGISTIC ACTIVITIES Member, NSF Graduate Fellowship Panel, 2006, 2008 Associate Editor, J. Fluids Engineering, 2001-2004; Open J. Mechanical Engr, 2006-present Textbook: Marshall, J.S., Inviscid Incompressible Flow, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2001 Member, Faculty of the Applied Mathematics and Computational Sciences Interdisciplinary Program, University of Iowa, 1996-2006 ASEE/Navy Summer Faculty Research Program, 1991-94 and 1996-97

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JEFF FROLIK (Co-I) Assistant Professor of Electrical Engineering University of Vermont, Burlington, VT Office: (802) 656-0732 Fax: (802) 656-3358 E-mail: [email protected] PROFESSIONAL INTERESTS Sensor networks, wireless communications, low-energy sensor design EDUCATION: Ph.D. E.E.-Systems (1995): THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, Ann Arbor MI Major Kernel: Signal Processing/Systems, Minor Kernel: Electromagnetics/Remote Sensing Dissertation: Forward and Inverse Scattering for Discrete Lossy 1-D and Lossless 2-D Media MSEE (1988): UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA, Los Angeles CA Specialization: Communication Theory & Signal/Image Processing BSEE (1986): UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH ALABAMA, Mobile AL Concentration: Communications, Digital Design & Controls

EXPERIENCE: UNIVERSITY OF VERMONT, Burlington, VT Aug. 2002 – Present School of Engineering. Assistant Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering. Research and Instruction in the areas of Sensor Networks and Wireless Systems. TENNESSEE TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, Cookeville, TN Aug. 1998 – Aug. 2002 Assistant Professor in Electrical and Computer Engineering. Research and Instruction in the areas of Telecommunications and Signal Processing. INDEPENDENT CONSULTANT Aug. 1995 – Jun. 1998 Shinawatra, Thailand. Research in the area of advanced broadband satellite systems. Hughes Aircraft Company. Consultation in the areas of communication spacecraft design and testing. Binariang Sdn. Bhd., Malaysia. Monitored the build of two high power communication satellites. HUGHES AIRCRAFT COMPANY, Los Angeles, CA Sep. 1986 – Jul. 1995 Hughes Information Technology Co.: Acoustic and vibration signal analysis for fault detection and classification in rotating automobile components. Space and Communications Group: Spacecraft system engineer directly responsible for payload on numerous commercial communication satellites.

RECENT RELATED PUBLICATIONS (Mentored students underlined): J. Frolik, “A case for considering hyper-Rayleigh fading channels,” IEEE Trans. on Wireless Communications 6(4), April 2007. B. Liang, J. Frolik and X. Wang, “Energy-efficient dynamic spatial resolution control for wireless sensor clusters,” Int. Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks, accepted: August 2007. R. Ketcham, J. Frolik, and J. Covell, “Frequency-selective, multipath fading environments for aircraft wireless sensor systems,” IEEE Trans. on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, accepted pending revisions. J. Kay and J. Frolik, “An expedient wireless sensor automation with system scalability and efficiency benefits,” IEEE Trans. Systems, Man and Cybernetics, Part A., accepted pending revisions. J. Frolik, “On appropriate models for characterizing hyper-Rayleigh fading,” IEEE Trans. on Wireless Communications, accepted pending revisions.

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DARREN L. HITT, Ph.D. Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405 Office: 802.656.1940 Fax: 802.656.1929 E-mail: [email protected] PROFESSIONAL INTERESTS Theoretical, computational and experimental micro-fluid mechanics; micropropulsion physics EDUCATION Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD, Dec. 1997 [ Ph.D. Thesis: “Topics in Micro-fluid Mechanics”] M.S. in Mechanical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD; June 1990 [“ThinLayer Thermocapillary Flows Driven by Thermal Radiation”] B.S.E. in Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore, June 1988 B.A. in Mathematics, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, June 1988 EXPERIENCE 2004-present Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering, University of Vermont Joint Appointments: Biomedical Engineering; Materials Science 2003-2004 Interim Chair of Mechanical Engineering, University of Vermont 1998-2004 Assistant Professor of Mechanical Engineering, University of Vermont Joint Appointments: Biomedical Engineering; Materials Science Sum 2000 Visiting Researcher, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center / Propulsion Branch, Greenbelt, MD 1993-1997 Research Fellow & Adjunct Faculty, Loyola College Department of Physics, Baltimore, MD PROFESSIONAL AFFILIATIONS & ACHIEVEMENTS National Science Foundation – CAREER Award (2001) NASA Faculty Research Fellowship, Summer 2000 (Goddard Space Flight Center) AIAA, American Institute for Aeronautics & Astronautics American Physical Society SELECTED RELEVANT PUBLICATIONS

Louisos W., Alexeenko,A.A., Hitt D.L., and Zilic A., 2007, “Design Considerations for Supersonic Micronozzles,’’ Intl. J. Manufacturing Res., (accepted) Louisos W.F. and Hitt D.L., 2007, “Heat Transfer Effects in 2D and 3D Supersonic MicroNozzles”, AIAA Paper 2007-3987 Zilic A. and Hitt D.L., 2007, “Numerical Simulations of a Micro-Scale Linear Aerospike Nozzle”, AIAA Paper 2007-3984. Louisos W. and Hitt D.L., 2006, “Viscous Effects on Supersonic Micro-Nozzle Flow: Transient Analysis”, AIAA Paper 2006-2874. Harris T.R., Hitt D.L., and Jenkins R.G., 2005, “Discrete Micro-Slug Formation for MicroThruster Propellant Delivery”, AIAA Paper 2005-0676. Harris T.R., Hitt D.L., and Macken N., 2004, “Prediction of Interfacial Positions in Steady Converging Microchannel Flows at Low Reynolds Numbers,” ASME Journal of Fluids Engr, Vol. 126, 758-767. Hitt D.L, Zakrzwski, C.M. and Thomas M.K., 2001, “MEMS-Based Satellite Micropropulsion Via Catalyzed Hydrogen Peroxide Decomposition,” Smart Mater. Struct., vol. 10, 1163-1175

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JUNRU WU (Co-I) Professor of Physics, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405 Office: 802.656.8357 Fax: 802.656.0817 E-mail: [email protected] PROFESSIONAL INTERESTS Acoustics, ultrasound, interaction of sound waves with particles and biological cells EDUCATION University of California, Los Angeles, M. S., 1981, Physics University of California, Los Angeles, Ph. D., 1985, Physics University of California, Los Angeles, Postdoc., 1985-87, Physics EXPERIENCE 1998-present 1996-Present 1993-1996 1987-1993 1985-1987 1980-1985

Chair, Department of Physics Professor, Department of Physics 2ndary appts. in Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering Associate Professor, University of Vermont Assistant Professor, University of Vermont Postdoctoral Research Associate and Adjunct Assistant Professor, UCLA Research Assistant and Teaching Assistant, UCLA

HONORS Outstanding Teaching Assistant Award, UCLA, 1983 National Scientific Progress Award (China), First Prize, 1986 Fellow of Acoustical Society of America (1991-present) Fellow of The American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine (1996-present) Elected Full Member of Vermont Academy of Science and Engineering, 2001. SELECT PUBLICATIONS J. Wu, C. Layman and J. Liu, Wave Equations, Dispersion Relations and van Hove Singularities for Applications of Doublet Mechanics to Ultrasound Propagations in Bio- and Nano- Materials, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 115, 893-900 (2004). C. Layman and J. Wu, Theoretical Study in Applications of Doublet Mechanics to Detect Tissue Pathological Change in Elastic Properties Using Ultrasound, J. Acous. Soc. Am. 116, 1244-1253 (2004). J. Wu, .D. Chen, J. Pepe, B. E. Himberg and M. Ricón, Application of liposomes to sonoporation, Ultrasound in Med. & Biol. 32, 429-437 (2006). C. Layman, N. S. Murthy, R-B. Yang and J. Wu, Interaction of ultrasound with particulate composites, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 119, 1449-1456 (2006). J. Wu and M. Wu, Feasibility Study of Effect of Ultrasound on water chestnuts, Ultrasound Med. & Biol.32, 595-601 (2006). D. J. D’Amco, T. M. Silk, J. Wu, M. R. Guo, Inactivation of microorganisms in milk and apple cider treated with ultrasound, J. Food Protection 69, 556-563 (2006). J. Wu, Shear Stress in Cells Generated by Ultrasound, Progress in Biophysics & Molecular Biology 93, 363-373 (2006). J. Wu, J. Pepe, M. Ricon, Sonoporation, anticancer drug and antibody delivery using ultrasounsd, Ultrasonics 44, e21-e25 (2006). H. M. Langevin, D. M. Rizzo, J. R. Fox, G. J. Badger, J. Wu, E. E. Konofagou, D. Stevens-Tuttle, N. A. Bouffard, M. H. Krag, Dynamic morphometric characterization of local connective tissue network structure in human using ultrasound, BMC System Biology, 1:25 (2007). J. Wu, editor and author, Emerging therapeutic ultrasound, World Scientific Publishing Co., Singapore, August, 2006.

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Current and Pending Support WILLIAM D. LAKIN (PI)

Project title: Vermont Space Grant Consortium Name of PI: William D. Lakin Program name and sponsoring agency: National Space Grant and College Fellowship Program, NASA Point of Contact: Diane DeTroye, [email protected], (202) 358-1069 Performance period: April 1, 2005 to March 31, 2010 Total budget: $410,000 for FY 2008 Commitment by PI: 3.3 months/year Status: Awarded ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Project title: Vermont Space Grant, ESMD 2007 Higher Education Supplement Name of PI: William D. Lakin Program name and sponsoring agency: ESMD Space Grant Program, NASA Point of Contact: Theresa C. Martinez, [email protected], (321) 867-0590 Performance period: Sept. 1, 2007 to August 31, 2009 Total budget: $46,000 Commitment by PI: < 10% Status: Awarded ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Project title: Vermont Space Grant Consortium Development Name of PI: William D. Lakin Program name and sponsoring agency: National Space Grant and College Fellowship Program, NASA Point of Contact: Diane DeTroye, [email protected], (202) 358-1069 Performance period: April 1, 2005 to March 31, 2010 Total budget: $177,000 Commitment by PI: