Addiction Medicine
Bankole A. Johnson, DSc, MD Editor
Addiction Medicine Science and Practice
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Editor Bankole A. Johnson, DSc, MD Departments of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, Medicine and Neuroscience University of Virginia Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
[email protected]
ISBN 978-1-4419-0337-2 e-ISBN 978-1-4419-0338-9 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-0338-9 Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London Library of Congress Control Number: 2010933193 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011 Chapters 1, 10, 11, 13, 50, and 73 are not subject to U.S. copyright protection. All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of going to press, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
For Carolina, and the beautiful dreams and great love that we share together, and the gift of our wonderful son. For Efun, and our eternal bond of family and love. For my father, whom I wish I understood better. For my mother, whom I remember, think of so very fondly, and pray for each day.
Preface
The book Addiction Medicine: Science and Practice is my attempt to bridge the gap between the explosion of neuroscientific and behavioral knowledge in the past three decades and treatment delivery in clinical practice. As such, it should fulfill the role of a comprehensive textbook that integrates addiction medicine from its scientific underpinnings to the treatment of patients in clinical settings. In many ways, addiction is a spectrum of disorders that expands as our knowledge grows about the exposure and acquisition of habit-forming behaviors. This expansion shall eventually bring diseases not considered previously as addictions within its sphere. Due to our increasing use of in silico systems, technology-related behaviors might also become prominent areas of addiction research and treatment in the years to come. Our knowledge about the phenomenology and classification of addictive disorders is rising, and novel concepts related to the staging of disease are being developed. We have learned that the neurobiological correlates of addictions related to substances, behaviors, or both appear to be similar. This discovery opens up new vistas for addiction treatments across a spectrum of disorders. Harnessing the power of understanding addiction at the level of the cell and molecular events across species with our ability to demonstrate the impact of these changes on the behavior of the organism shall usher in an era of personalized medicine. Innovative treatments and disease concepts are being advanced. New efficacious medicines for the treatment of addiction are being discovered. Indeed, our own immune system might someday be used to fight an addiction to various substances. Culture, race, and ethnicity also have a major influence on how addictive behaviors can manifest or are expressed, and how they are viewed by society. Family traditions, religious beliefs and practices, and social setting characteristics are all very relevant and important in understanding addiction. Consequently, this book gives appropriate attention to these very relevant factors. Taking all these essential factors into consideration, I conceptualized the bold design and challenge of a book that not only incorporated and highlighted cutting-edge science but also provided up-to-date and evidencebased treatments for addiction. This book provides a fresh approach that builds upon what the best experts know today—that for most, addiction is a
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Preface
treatable disorder and the outcome need not always be poor. Modern addiction treatment is firmly in the arena of medicine, and is moving rapidly into general clinical practice, with evidence-based procedures replacing the much less well or formally evaluated and more expensive residential programs. For many individuals with an addictive disorder, an office-based approach enables optimum management of the disease whilst allowing engagement in work, play, social relationships, and the general business of daily life to continue. I am most grateful to the distinguished group of leading experts who have come together to produce this book. These experts, united in their mission to deliver a scholarly and comprehensive book, came from the basic and clinical sciences and treatment delivery fields. I am glad for all that they have taught me through their contributions, for the knowledge they shall distill to all who read this book, and for their dedication to alleviating the suffering of those afflicted by the disease of addiction. Charlottesville, Virginia
Bankole A. Johnson, DSc, MD
Acknowledgment
I am most grateful to Robert H. Cormier, Jr., whose editorial assistance was instrumental in completing this project, and whom I also am proud to call my friend.
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Contents
Part I
History, Perspectives, Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
Emerging Health Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. Westley Clark and Linda Hutchings
3
The Epidemiology of Alcohol and Drug Disorders . . . . . . . . . Deborah Hasin and Katherine Keyes
23
United States Federal Drug Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Angela Hawken and Jonathan D. Kulick
51
Historical Perspectives of Addiction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Howard I. Kushner
75
Diagnosis and Classification of Substance Use Disorders . . . . . . John B. Saunders and Noeline C. Latt
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Part II
Behavioral Theories for Addiction . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Drug Reinforcement in Animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Wendy J. Lynch and Scott E. Hemby Role of the Human Laboratory in the Development of Medications for Alcohol and Drug Dependence . . . . . . . . . . . 129 John D. Roache Conditioning of Addiction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 M. Foster Olive and Peter W. Kalivas Part III
Genetic and Other Biological Theories for Addiction . . 179
Mouse Models: Knockouts/Knockins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 Weihua Huang, Wenhao Xu, and Ming D. Li Vulnerability to Substance Abuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 George R. Uhl, Tomas Drgon, Catherine Johnson, and Qing-Rong Liu The Pharmacogenomics of Addiction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 David Goldman
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Metabolomics in Drug Response and Addiction . . . . . . . . . . . 237 Raihan K. Uddin and Shiva M. Singh Neurobiological Basis of Drug Reward and Reinforcement . . . . 255 David M. Lovinger Neurobehavioral Toxicology of Substances of Abuse . . . . . . . . 283 Martin A. Javors, Thomas S. King, Brett C. Ginsburg, and Lisa R. Gerak Animal Models of Drug Dependence: Motivational Perspective . . 333 George F. Koob Novel Methodologies: Proteomic Approaches in Substance Abuse Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359 Scott E. Hemby, Wendy J. Lynch, and Nilesh S. Tannu Part IV
Clinical Aspects of Alcohol and Drug Addiction . . . . 379
Alcohol: Clinical Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381 Bankole A. Johnson and Gabrielle Marzani-Nissen Cocaine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397 Robert Beech and Rajita Sinha Nicotine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417 Maher Karam-Hage, Jennifer Minnix, and Paul M. Cinciripini Marijuana: An Overview of the Empirical Literature . . . . . . . 445 Michael J. Zvolensky, Marcel O. Bonn-Miller, Teresa M. Leyro, Kirsten A. Johnson, and Amit Bernstein Opiates and Prescription Drugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463 John A. Renner and Joji Suzuki Clinical Aspects of Methamphetamine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495 Richard Rawson, Rachel Gonzales, and Walter Ling Sedative-Hypnotics and Anxiolytics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511 Bachaar Arnaout and Ismene L. Petrakis Clinical Aspects of Inhalant Addiction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525 Yu-Chih Shen and Shih-Fen Chen Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533 Kirk J. Brower Caffeine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551 Jack E. James Serotonergic Hallucinogens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585 Mireille M. Meyerhoefer Ketamine and Phencyclidine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603 Michael F. Weaver and Sidney H. Schnoll
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Part V
Behavioral Addictions and Treatment . . . . . . . . . . 615
The Biology and Treatment of Pathological Gambling . . . . . . . 617 Iris M. Balodis and Marc N. Potenza An Addiction Model of Binge Eating Disorder . . . . . . . . . . . 633 Jacqueline C. Carter and Caroline Davis Compulsive Buying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 649 Joanna M. Marino, Troy W. Ertelt, James E. Mitchell, and Kathy Lancaster Sexual Behavior as an Addictive or Compulsive Phenomenon . . . 661 Kimberly R. McBride, Michael Reece, and Brian Dodge Instant Messaging Addiction Among Teenagers: Abstracting from the Chinese Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677 Hanyun Huang and Louis Leung Hoarding as a Behavioral Addiction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687 Jessica R. Grisham, Alishia D. Williams, and Raja Kadib Part VI
Treatment and Application: Behavioral Treatments . . 703
Motivational Interviewing: Emerging Theory, Research, and Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 705 Karen S. Ingersoll and Christopher C. Wagner Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Addiction . . . . . . . . . . . . 729 J. Kim Penberthy, Jennifer A. Wartella, and Michelle Vaughan Community Reinforcement Approach and Contingency Management Therapies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 751 Nancy M. Petry and Danielle Barry Relapse Prevention and Recycling in Addiction . . . . . . . . . . . 765 Carlo C. DiClemente, Meredith A. Holmgren, and Daniel Rounsaville Brief Interventions for the Treatment of Alcohol or Other Drug Addiction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783 Robert J. Tait and Gary K. Hulse Self-Help Approaches for Addictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 797 Clayton Neighbors, M. Christina Hove, Nicholas A. Nasrallah, and Megan M. Jensen Part VII Treatment and Application: Group Treatments and Specific Settings . . . . . . . . . 819 Community Clinics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 821 Jesse B. Milby, Kimberly Crouch, Adam Perkins, and Octavia Jackson
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Unhealthy Alcohol and Drug Use in Primary Care . . . . . . . . . 847 Michael F. Bierer and Richard Saitz Criminal Justice System and Addiction Treatment . . . . . . . . . 875 Karen L. Cropsey, Galen J. Hale, Faye S. Taxman, and Gloria D. Eldridge Adolescent Neurocognitive Development and School-Based Drug Abuse Prevention and Treatment . . . . . . . 889 Pallav Pokhrel, David S. Black, Admin Zaman, Nathaniel R. Riggs, and Steve Sussman The Therapeutic Community for Drug Abuse Treatment: A Journey Yet Unfolding in the Recovery Movement . . . . . . . . 905 David A. Deitch and Liliane Drago Substance Use-Focused Self-Help Groups: Processes and Outcomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 925 Rudolf H. Moos Part VIII Treatment and Application: Pharmacotherapy . . . . . 941 Pharmacotherapy for Alcoholism and Some Related Psychiatric and Addictive Disorders: Scientific Basis and Clinical Findings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 943 Bankole A. Johnson and Nassima Ait-Daoud Alcohol Withdrawal: Treatment and Application . . . . . . . . . . 981 Nassima Ait-Daoud and Robert Malcolm Nicotine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 991 Freda Patterson, Robert A. Schnoll, and Caryn Lerman Pharmacotherapy of Cocaine Addiction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1017 Ahmed Elkashef and Frank Vocci Opioids: Heroin and Prescription Drugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1029 Jason M. White Methamphetamine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1049 Linda P. Dwoskin, Paul E.A. Glaser, and Michael T. Bardo Potential Pharmacotherapies for Cannabis Dependence . . . . . . 1063 Carl L. Hart and R. Douglas Shytle Hallucinogens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1083 John H. Halpern, Joji Suzuki, Pedro E. Huertas, and Torsten Passie Part IX
Molecular Genetics, Alternative Therapies, and Other Topics in the Treatment of Addiction . . . . 1099
Molecular Genetics and the Treatment of Addiction . . . . . . . . 1101 Lara A. Ray and Kent E. Hutchison
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Physical Considerations for Treatment Complications of Alcohol and Drug Use and Misuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1115 Giovanni Addolorato, Lorenzo Leggio, Cristina D’Angelo, Anna Ferrulli, Antonio Mirijello, Silvia Cardone, Veruscka Leso, Noemi Malandrino, Esmeralda Capristo, Raffaele Landolfi, and Giovanni Gasbarrini Pain and Addiction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1147 Lynda T. Wells The Triple Threat: Mental Illness, Substance Abuse, and the Human Immunodeficiency Virus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1181 Harold W. Goforth and Francisco Fernandez Substance Use Stigma as a Barrier to Treatment and Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1195 Jason B. Luoma Religiousness, Spirituality, and Addiction: An Evidence-Based Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1217 J. Scott Tonigan and Alyssa A. Forcehimes Ear Acupuncture in Addiction Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1237 Michael O. Smith, Kenneth O. Carter, Kajsa Landgren, and Elizabeth B. Stuyt Part X
Computer Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1263
In Silico Models of Alcohol Kinetics: A Deterministic Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1265 Marc D. Breton In Silico Models of Alcohol Dependence Treatment: Stochastic Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1277 Boris P. Kovatchev Dynamic and Systems-Based Models for Evaluating Hypotheses Related to Predicting Treatment Response . . . . . . . 1291 Scott F. Stoltenberg Part XI
Dependence in Specific Populations . . . . . . . . . . . 1305
Enhancing Positive Outcomes for Children of Substance-Abusing Parents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1307 Karol L. Kumpfer and Jeannette L. Johnson Vulnerability to Addictive Disorders and Substance Abuse in Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood . . . . . . . . . . 1329 Karen S. Ingersoll and Sarah W. Feldstein Ewing Alcohol and Substance Abuse in African Americans . . . . . . . . 1345 William B. Lawson, Robert G. Lawson, Jessica Herrera, Bikash Sharma, and Akbar Broadway
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Gays, Lesbians, and Bisexuals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1355 Connie R. Matthews Substance Use Disorders in Health Care Professionals . . . . . . . 1375 George A. Kenna, Jeffrey N. Baldwin, Alison M. Trinkoff, and David C. Lewis Identification and Treatment of Alcohol or Drug Dependence in the Elderly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1399 Frederic C. Blow and Kristen Lawton Barry Alcohol and Drugs of Abuse in Pregnant Women: Effects on the Fetus and Newborn, Mode of Action, and Maternal Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1413 Asher Ornoy and Sarah Yacobi Part XII Legal, Disability, and Rehabilitative Issues . . . . . . . 1435 Forensic Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1437 Michael H. Gendel and Laurence M. Westreich Disability and Addiction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1459 Charlene E. Le Fauve The Homeless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1487 David E. Pollio, Karin M. Eyrich-Garg, and Carol S. North Part XIII New Vistas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1505 To Open Up New Vistas in Basic and Preclinical Addiction Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1507 Rainer Spanagel Opportunities, Challenges, and Successes in the Development of Medicines for the Treatment of Addiction . . . . . 1525 Bankole A. Johnson Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1539
Contents
Contributors
Giovanni Addolorato, MD Institute of Internal Medicine, Catholic University of Rome, I-00168 Rome, Italy,
[email protected] Nassima Ait-Daoud, MD Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA,
[email protected] Bachaar Arnaout, MD Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT 06516, USA,
[email protected] Jeffrey N. Baldwin, PharmD, FAPhA, FASHP Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA,
[email protected] Iris M. Balodis, PhD Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA,
[email protected] Michael T. Bardo, PhD Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky College of Arts and Sciences, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, USA,
[email protected] Danielle Barry, PhD Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030-3944, USA,
[email protected] Kristen Lawton Barry, PhD Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,
[email protected] Robert Beech, MD, PhD Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,
[email protected] Amit Bernstein, PhD Department of Psychology, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa, Israel,
[email protected] Michael F. Bierer, MD, MPH General Internal Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA,
[email protected]
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David S. Black, MPH Departments of Preventive Medicine and Psychology, Institute for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Research, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Alhambra, CA 91803, USA,
[email protected] Frederic C. Blow, PhD Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,
[email protected] Marcel O. Bonn-Miller, PhD Center for Health Care Evaluation, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Menlo Park, CA, USA,
[email protected] Marc D. Breton, PhD Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA,
[email protected] Akbar Broadway, MD Psychiatry and Behavioral Science program, Howard University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA,
[email protected] Kirk J. Brower, MD Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2700, USA,
[email protected] Esmeralda Capristo, MD Institute of Internal Medicine and Metabolic Unit, Catholic University of Rome, I-00168 Rome, Italy,
[email protected] Silvia Cardone, MD Institute of Internal Medicine, Catholic University of Rome, I-00168 Rome, Italy,
[email protected] Jacqueline C. Carter, PhD Department of Psychiatry, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada,
[email protected] Kenneth O. Carter, MD, MPH Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; National Acupuncture Detoxification Association, Vancouver, WA, USA,
[email protected] Shih-Fen Chen, MS Department of Life Science and Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, Dong-Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan,
[email protected] Paul M. Cinciripini, PhD Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA,
[email protected] H. Westley Clark, MD, JD, MPH Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD, USA,
[email protected]
Contributors
Contributors
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Karen L. Cropsey, PsyD Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA,
[email protected] Kimberly Crouch, BS Consortium for Substance Abuse Research and Training Program, Department of Psychology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294-1170, USA,
[email protected] Cristina D’Angelo, MD Institute of Internal Medicine, Catholic University of Rome, I-00168 Rome, Italy,
[email protected] Caroline Davis, PhD Health Sciences, York University and Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada,
[email protected] David A. Deitch, PhD Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA; Phoenix House of San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA,
[email protected];
[email protected] Carlo C. DiClemente, PhD Department of Psychology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA,
[email protected] Brian Dodge, PhD Center for Sexual Health Promotion, Department of Applied Health Science, School of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA,
[email protected] Liliane Drago, MA, CASAC Phoenix House Foundation, Inc., Shrub Oak, NY, USA,
[email protected] Tomas Drgon, PhD Molecular Neurobiology Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA,
[email protected] Linda P. Dwoskin, PhD Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Pharmacy, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, USA,
[email protected] Gloria D. Eldridge, PhD Department of Psychology, University of Alaska, Anchorage, AK, USA,
[email protected] Ahmed Elkashef, MD Division of Pharmacotherapies and Medical Consequences of Drug Abuse, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA,
[email protected] Troy W. Ertelt, MA Department of Psychology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA,
[email protected] Karin M. Eyrich-Garg, PhD, MPE School of Social Administration and Department of Public Health, and Department of Geography and Urban Studies, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA,
[email protected]
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Sarah W. Feldstein Ewing, PhD The Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, NM, USA,
[email protected] Francisco Fernandez, MD Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33613, USA,
[email protected] Anna Ferrulli, MD Institute of Internal Medicine, Catholic University of Rome, I-00168 Rome, Italy,
[email protected] Alyssa A. Forcehimes, PhD Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA,
[email protected] Giovanni Gasbarrini, MD Institute of Internal Medicine, Catholic University of Rome, I-00168 Rome, Italy,
[email protected] Michael H. Gendel, MD Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado, Denver, Denver, CO 80206, USA,
[email protected] Lisa R. Gerak, PhD Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA,
[email protected] Brett C. Ginsburg, PhD Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA,
[email protected] Paul E.A. Glaser, MD, PhD Department of Psychiatry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA,
[email protected] Harold W. Goforth, MD Duke University Medical Center and Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Departments of Psychiatry and Medicine, Geriatric Research and Education Clinical Center–Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710,
[email protected] David Goldman, MD Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA,
[email protected] Rachel Gonzales, PhD Integrated Substance Abuse Programs, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90025-7535, USA,
[email protected] Jessica R. Grisham, PhD School of Psychology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia,
[email protected] Galen J. Hale, MA Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA,
[email protected] John H. Halpern, MD Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Laboratory for Integrative Psychiatry, Alcohol
Contributors
Contributors
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and Drug Abuse Research Center, Division of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA,
[email protected] Carl L. Hart, PhD Division on Substance Abuse, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, and Department of Psychology, Columbia College of Columbia University, New York, NY, USA,
[email protected] Deborah Hasin, PhD Departments of Psychiatry and Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA,
[email protected] Angela Hawken, PhD School of Public Policy, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA, USA,
[email protected] Scott E. Hemby, PhD Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA,
[email protected] Jessica Herrera, MD Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Howard University College of Medicine and Hospital, Washington, DC, USA,
[email protected] Meredith A. Holmgren, MA Department of Psychology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA,
[email protected] M. Christina Hove, PhD Trauma Recovery Services, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53295, USA,
[email protected] Hanyun Huang, MSc School of Journalism & Communication, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong,
[email protected] Weihua Huang, PhD Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA,
[email protected] Pedro E. Huertas, MD, PhD Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA; The Laboratory for Integrative Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA,
[email protected] Gary K. Hulse, PhD School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Perth 6008, WA, Australia,
[email protected] Linda Hutchings, MSJ Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, U.S. Department
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of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD, USA,
[email protected] Kent E. Hutchison, PhD Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA,
[email protected] Karen S. Ingersoll, PhD Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA,
[email protected] Octavia Jackson, MA Consortium for Substance Abuse Research and Training Program, Department of Psychology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294-1170, USA,
[email protected] Jack E. James, PhD Department of Psychology, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland,
[email protected] Martin A. Javors, PhD Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA,
[email protected] Megan M. Jensen, BA Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA,
[email protected] Bankole A. Johnson, DSc, MD Departments of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, Medicine, and Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA,
[email protected] Catherine Johnson, MSc Molecular Neurobiology Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA,
[email protected] Jeannette L. Johnson, PhD School of Social Work, University of Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA,
[email protected] Kirsten A. Johnson, BS Department of Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA,
[email protected] Raja Kadib, MPsych (Clin) School of Psychology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia,
[email protected] Peter W. Kalivas, PhD Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA,
[email protected] Maher Karam-Hage, MD Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA,
[email protected] George A. Kenna, PhD, RPh Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA,
[email protected]
Contributors
Contributors
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Katherine Keyes, MPH Departments of Psychiatry and Epidemiology, Columbia University; New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA,
[email protected] Thomas S. King, PhD Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA,
[email protected] George F. Koob, PhD Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA,
[email protected] Boris P. Kovatchev, PhD Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA,
[email protected] Jonathan D. Kulick, PhD BOTEC Analysis Corporation, Los Angeles, CA, USA,
[email protected] Karol L. Kumpfer, PhD Department of Health Promotion and Education, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA,
[email protected] Howard I. Kushner, PhD Department of Behavioral Sciences & Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, and Institute of the Liberal Arts, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA,
[email protected] Kathy Lancaster, BA Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Fargo, ND, USA,
[email protected] Kajsa Landgren, RN, MSc Division of Nursing, Department of Health Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden,
[email protected] Raffaele Landolfi, MD Institute of Internal Medicine, Catholic University of Rome, I-00168, Rome, Italy,
[email protected] Noeline C. Latt, MD Drug and Alcohol Clinic, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, Sydney, Australia and Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia,
[email protected] Robert G. Lawson Center for Drug Abuse Research, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA,
[email protected] William B. Lawson, MD, PhD, DFAPA Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Howard University College of Medicine and Hospital, Washington, DC, USA,
[email protected] Charlene E. Le Fauve, PhD Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD, USA,
[email protected] Lorenzo Leggio, MD, MSc Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University Medical School, Providence, RI, 02912, USA,
[email protected]
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Caryn Lerman, PhD Department of Psychiatry, Transdisciplinary Tobacco Use Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA,
[email protected] Veruscka Leso, MD Institute of Internal Medicine, Catholic University of Rome, I-00168 Rome, Italy,
[email protected] Louis Leung, PhD Center for Communication Research, School of Journalism & Communication, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong,
[email protected] David C. Lewis, MD Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA,
[email protected] Teresa M. Leyro, BA Department of Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA,
[email protected] Ming D. Li, PhD Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA,
[email protected] Walter Ling, MD Integrated Substance Abuse Programs, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90025-7535, USA,
[email protected] Qing-Rong Liu, PhD Molecular Neurobiology Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA,
[email protected] David M. Lovinger, PhD Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA,
[email protected] Jason B. Luoma, PhD Portland Psychotherapy Clinic, Research, and Training Center, Portland, OR 97212, USA,
[email protected] Wendy J. Lynch, PhD Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA,
[email protected] Noemi Malandrino, MD Institute of Internal Medicine and Metabolic Unit, Catholic University of Rome, I-00168 Rome, Italy,
[email protected] Robert Malcolm, MD Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA,
[email protected] Joanna M. Marino, MA Department of Psychology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA,
[email protected]
Contributors
Contributors
xxv
Gabrielle Marzani-Nissen, MD Departments of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, Medicine, and Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA,
[email protected] Connie R. Matthews, PhD, NCC, LPC New Perspectives, LLC, State College, PA, 16801, USA,
[email protected] Kimberly R. McBride, PhD Center for Sexual Health Promotion, Department of Applied Health Science, School of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA,
[email protected] Mireille M. Meyerhoefer, MD, PhD Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Center, Lehigh Valley Health Network, Allentown, PA 18103, USA,
[email protected] Jesse B. Milby, PhD Consortium for Substance Abuse Research and Training Program, Department of Psychology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294-1170, USA,
[email protected] Jennifer Minnix, PhD Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA,
[email protected] Antonio Mirijello, MD Institute of Internal Medicine, Catholic University of Rome, I-00168 Rome, Italy,
[email protected] James E. Mitchell, MD Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Fargo, ND, USA,
[email protected] Rudolf H. Moos, PhD Center for Health Care Evaluation, Stanford University School of Medicine and Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Menlo Park, CA, USA,
[email protected] Nicholas A. Nasrallah, PhD Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA,
[email protected] Clayton Neighbors, PhD Social Influence and Health Behaviors Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA,
[email protected] Carol S. North, MD, MPE Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA,
[email protected] M. Foster Olive, PhD Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 67 President Street, Charleston, SC 29425, USA,
[email protected] Asher Ornoy, MD Laboratory of Teratology, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School; Israeli Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel
[email protected]
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Torsten Passie, MD, PhD The Laboratory for Neurocognition and Consciousness, Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany,
[email protected] Freda Patterson, PhD Department of Psychiatry, Transdisciplinary Tobacco Use Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA,
[email protected] J. Kim Penberthy, PhD Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA,
[email protected] Adam Perkins, BA Consortium for Substance Abuse Research and Training Program, Department of Psychology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294-1170, USA,
[email protected] Ismene L. Petrakis, MD Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT 06516, USA,
[email protected] Nancy M. Petry, PhD Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030-3944, USA,
[email protected] Pallav Pokhrel, MPH Prevention and Control Program, Cancer Research Center of Hawaii, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96813,
[email protected] David E. Pollio, PhD University of Alabama School of Social Work, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA,
[email protected] Marc N. Potenza, MD, PhD Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA; Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT 06519, USA,
[email protected] Richard Rawson, PhD Integrated Substance Abuse Programs, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90025-7535, USA,
[email protected] Lara A. Ray, PhD Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA,
[email protected] Michael Reece, PhD, MPH Center for Sexual Health Promotion, Department of Applied Health Science, School of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA,
[email protected] John A. Renner, Jr., MD Division of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02114, USA,
[email protected]
Contributors
Contributors
xxvii
Nathaniel R. Riggs, PhD Departments of Preventive Medicine and Psychology, Institute for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Research, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Alhambra, CA 91803, USA,
[email protected] John D. Roache, PhD Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA,
[email protected] Daniel Rounsaville, MA Department of Psychology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA,
[email protected] Richard Saitz, MD, MPH Clinical Addiction Research and Education Unit, Section of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center and Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Youth Alcohol Prevention Center and Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA,
[email protected] John B. Saunders, MD, FRACP, FAFPHM, FAChAM, FRCP Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia,
[email protected] Robert A. Schnoll, PhD Department of Psychiatry, Transdisciplinary Tobacco Use Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA,
[email protected] Sidney H. Schnoll, MD, PhD Departments of Internal Medicine and Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA; Pinney Associates, Westport, CT 06880, USA,
[email protected] Bikash Sharma, MD Psychiatry and Behavioral Science program, Howard University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA,
[email protected] Yu-Chih Shen, MD Department of Psychiatry, Tzu-Chi General Hospital and University, Hualien, Taiwan; Institute of Medical Science, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan,
[email protected] R. Douglas Shytle, PhD Department of Neurosurgery, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA,
[email protected] Shiva M. Singh, PhD Molecular Genetics Unit, Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A5B7, Canada,
[email protected] Rajita Sinha, PhD Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,
[email protected] Michael O. Smith, MD Lincoln Recovery Center of Lincoln Medical and Mental Health Center, Bronx, NY 10454, USA; Department of Psychiatry,
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Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA,
[email protected] Rainer Spanagel, PhD Department of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany,
[email protected] Scott F. Stoltenberg, PhD Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0308, USA,
[email protected] Elizabeth B. Stuyt, MD Circle Program, Colorado Mental Health Institute at Pueblo, Pueblo, CO 81003, USA,
[email protected] Steve Sussman, PhD Departments of Preventive Medicine and Psychology, Institute for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Research, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Alhambra, CA 91803, USA,
[email protected] Joji Suzuki, MD Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA,
[email protected] Robert J. Tait, PhD School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Perth 6008, WA, Australia; Centre for Mental Health Research, Australian National University, Canberra 0200, ACT, Australia,
[email protected] Nilesh S. Tannu, MBBS, MS Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA,
[email protected] Faye S. Taxman, PhD Department of Administration of Justice, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA,
[email protected] J. Scott Tonigan, PhD Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA,
[email protected] Alison M. Trinkoff, ScD, RN, FAAN Department of Family and Community Health, University of Maryland School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA,
[email protected] Raihan K. Uddin, MSc Molecular Genetics Unit, Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A5B7 Canada,
[email protected] George R. Uhl, MD, PhD Molecular Neurobiology Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA,
[email protected] Michelle Vaughan, PhD Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA,
[email protected] Frank Vocci, PhD Friends Research Institute, Inc., Baltimore, MD, USA,
[email protected]
Contributors
Contributors
xxix
Christopher C. Wagner, PhD, CRC Department of Rehabilitation Counseling, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA,
[email protected] Jennifer A. Wartella, PhD Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA,
[email protected] Michael F. Weaver, MD Departments of Internal Medicine and Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0109, USA,
[email protected] Lynda T. Wells, MBBS, FRCA, DABPM Departments of Anesthesiology and Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0710, USA,
[email protected] Laurence M. Westreich, MD Division of Alcoholism and Drug Abuse, Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA,
[email protected] Jason M. White, PhD Division of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia,
[email protected] Alishia D. Williams, PhD School of Psychology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia,
[email protected] Wenhao Xu, PhD Department of Microbiology and Gene Targeting and Transgenic Facility, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA,
[email protected] Sarah Yacobi, PhD Laboratory of Teratology, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School; Israeli Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel,
[email protected] Admin Zaman, BA Departments of Preventive Medicine and Psychology, Institute for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Research, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Alhambra, CA 91803, USA,
[email protected] Michael J. Zvolensky, PhD Department of Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA,
[email protected]
