Advances in Biochemical Engineering / Biotechnology - Springer

Advances in Biochemical Engineering/ Biotechnology Managing Editor: T. Scheper

Editorial Board: W. Babel H. W. Blanch C. L. Cooney S.-0. Enfors K.-E. L. Eriksson A. Fiechter A.M. Klibanov B. Mattiasson S. B. Primrose H. J. Rehm P. L. Rogers H. Sahm K. Schiigerl G. T. Tsao K. Venkat J. Villadsen U.von Stockar. C. Wandrey

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Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York Barcelona Hong Kong London Milan Par is Singapore Tokyo

Recent Progress in Bioconversion of Lignocellulosics Volume Editor: G. T. Tsao

With contributions by A. P. Brainard, H.R. Bungay, N.J. Cao, P. Cen, Z. Chen, J. Du, B. Foody, C.S. Gong, P. Hall, N. W.Y. Ho, D. C. Irwin, P. Iyer, T. W. Jeffries, C.M. Ladisch, M. R. Ladisch, Y. Y. Lee, N. S. Mosier, H.M. Miihlemann, M. Sedlak, N.-Q. Shi, G.T. Tsao, J.S. Tolan, R. W. Torget, D. B. Wilson, L. Xia

Springer

Advances in Biochemical EngineeringlBiotechnology reviews actual trends in modern biotechnology. Its aim is to cover all aspects of this interdisciplinary technology where knowledge, methods and expertise are required for chemistry, biochemistry, microbiology,genetics, chemical engineering and computer science. Special volumes are dedicated to selected topics in which the interdisciplinary interactions of this technology are reflected. New biotechnological products and new processes for synthesizing and purifying these products are at the center of interest. New discoveries and applications are discussed. In general, special volumes are edited by well known guest editors. The managing editor and publisher will however always be pleased to receive suggestions and supplementary information. Manuscripts are accepted in English. In references Advances in Biochemical EngineeringIBiotechnology is abbreviated as Adv. Biochem. Engin.1Biotechnol.as a journal.

ISSN 0724-6145 ISBN 3-540-65577-8 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 72-152360 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. 63 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

1999

Printed in Germany The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Typesetting: Fotosatz-Service Kohler GmbH, Wiirzburg Cover: Design & Production, Heidelberg SPIN: 10648397 0213020 - 5 4 3 2 1 0 -Printed on acid-free paper

Managing Editor Professor Dr. T. Scheper Institute of Technical Chemistry University of Hannover Callinstrai3e 3 D-30167 HannoverIFRG E-mail: [email protected]

Volume Editor Prof. Dr. G. T. Tsao Laboratory of Renewable Resources Engineering 1295 Potter Center, Room 216 Purdue University West Lafayette, IN 47907-1295lUSA E-mail: [email protected]

Editorial Board Prof. Dr. W. Babel

Prof. Dr. H.W. Blanch

Section of Environmental Microbiology Leipzig-Halle GmbH PermoserstraBe 15 D-04318 LeipzigIFRG E-mail: [email protected]

Department of Chemical Engineering University of California Berkely, CA 94720-99891USA E-mail: [email protected]

Prof. Dr. C. L. Cooney

Prof. Dr. 5-0.Enfors

Department of Chemical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology 25 Ames Street, Room 66-350 Cambridge, MA 02139-4307 /USA E-mail: [email protected]

Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology Royal Institute of Technology Teknikringen 34, S-100 44 StockholmlSweden E-mail: [email protected]

Prof. Dr. K.-E.L. Eriksson

Prof. Dr. A. Fiechter

Center for Biological Resource Recovery The University of Georgia A214 Life Science Building Athens, GA 30602-7229lUSA E-mail: [email protected]

Institute of Biotechnology Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule ETH-Honggerberg CH-8093 ZiirichISwitzerland E-mail: [email protected]

Prof. Dr. A.M. Klibanov

Prof. Dr. B. Mattiasson

Department of Chemistry Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA 02139lUSA E-mail: [email protected]

Department of Biotechnology Chemical Center, Lund University P.O. Box 124, S-22100 LundISweden E-mail: [email protected]

VT

Editorial Board

Prof. Dr. S. B. Primrose

Prof. Dr. H. J. Rehm

21 Amersham Road High Wycombe Bucks HP13 6QSIUK

Institute of Microbiology Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat Miinster Correnstr. 3, D-48149 MiinsterIFRG

Prof. Dr. P. L. Rogers

Prof. Dr. H. Sahm

Department of Biotechnology Faculty of Life Sciences The University of New South Wales Sydney 2052lAustralia E-mail: [email protected]

Institute of Biotechnolgy Forschungszentrum Jiilich GmbH D-52425 JiilichlFRG E-mail: [email protected]

Prof. Dr. K. Schiigerl

Prof. Dr. G. T. Tsao

Institute of Technical Chemistry University of Hannover CallinstraRe 3, D-30167 HannoverIFRG E-mail: [email protected]

Director Lab. of Renewable Resources Eng. A. A. Potter Eng. Center Purdue University West Lafayette, IN 47907lUSA E-rnail: [email protected]

Dr. K. Venkat

Prof. Dr. J. Villadsen

Phyton Incorporation 125 Langmuir Lab. 95 Brown Road Ithaca, NY 14850-1257lUSA E-rnail: [email protected]

Department of Biotechnology Technical University of Denmark Bygning 223 DK-2800 LyngbyIDenmark

Prof. Dr. U. von Stockar

Prof. Dr. C.Wandrey

Laboratoire de Genie Chimique et Biologique (LGCB) Department de Chimie Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne CH-1015 LausannelSwitzerland E-rnail: [email protected]

Institute of Biotechnology Forschungszentrum Julich GmbH D-52425 JulichlFRG E-mail: [email protected]

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Preface

This volume describes recent advances in the bioconversion of lignocellulosics. It starts with two articles on genetics and properties of cellulases and their reaction kinetics and mechanisms. The cost of cellulases has been a hindrance to large scale use of enzymatic hydrolysis. Two articles on cellulase production by submerged fermentation and by solid state fementation are included to describe the state of the art in this area. Dilute acid hydrolysis of cellulose continues to be of interest as well as potentially useful. The most recent advances in this area is also covered. A great deal of progress has been made in genetic engineering for improved regulation of xylose fermentation by yeasts. An article on genetically engineered Saccharomyces for simulteaneous fermentation of glucose and xylose describes the importance advances made in production of fuel ethanol from lignocellulosic biomass. In recent years, there has been increasing interests in recycling and the reuse of scrap paper as well as environment considerations. A contribution is presented which describes the research perspectives in that area. Finally, recent advances in the use of lignocellulosic biomass for the production of ethanol and organic acids are presented in two articles. Renewable resources are inevitably of great importance in the years to come. There is a never-ending search for better living conditions for human beings. The more resource materials can be recycled, the richer we will be. Bioconversion of lignocellulosics, natural and man-made, is an important link in that cycle. Extensive use of renewable resources will also slow down continued deterioration of the environment. Advances are being made as this volume is being put together. Another volume on the same subject, perhaps, should be prepared in another ten years or ever sooner. March 1999

George T. Tsao

Contents

Genetics and Properties of Cellulases D.B.Wilson, D.C. Irwin . . . . . . . .

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Reaction Kinetics, Molecular Action, and Mechanisms of Cellulolytic Proteins N. S. Mosier, P. Hall, C. M. Ladisch, M. R. Ladisch . . . . Cellulase from Submerged Fermentation J.S. Tolan, B. Foody . . . . . . . . . . . .

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1

23

41

Production of Cellulase by Solid-State Fermentation P. Cen,L. Xia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

69

Dilute-Acid Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass Y.Y. Lee, P. Iyer, R. W. Torget . . . . . . . . . . . . .

93

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Genetic Engineering for Improved Xylose Fermentation by Yeasts T. W. Jeffries,N.-Q. Shi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Successful Design and Development of Genetically Engineered Saccharomyces Yeasts for Effective Cofermentation of Glucose and Xylose from Cellulosic Biomass to Fuel Ethanol N. W. Y. Ho, Z. Chen, A. P. Brainard, M. Sedlak . . . . . . . . . . Research Perspectives for Bioconversion of Scrap Paper H. M. Miihlemann, H. R. Bungay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ethanol Production from Renewable Resources C. S. Gong, N. J. Cao, J. Du, G.T. Tsao . . . . . . .

. . . . . 117

...

. . . . . . . . . . 193

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207

Production of Multifunctional Organic Acids from Renewable Resources G.T. Tsao, N. J. Cao, J. Du, C. S. Gong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287

Author Index Volumes 51 - 65 Subject Index